Browse Topic: Vehicle performance

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Development of a Load Responsive Mechanical Shifting Mechanism and Its Benefits for Battery Electric Vehicles2026-37-0026To be published on 06/09/2026
Many high-end electric vehicles use an automatic two-speed transmission. The ability of the drivetrain to switch between two gear ratios improves vehicle performance and increases driving range. The aim of the presented research work is to transfer these advantages to small and lightweight battery-electric vehicles, which face significant cost and weight constraints and therefore cannot rely on highly sophisticated electric motors. Direct-drive systems are widely used in this vehicle class due to their simplicity and high baseline efficiency. However, they offer limited flexibility in adapting the operating point of the electric motor under varying load conditions. A two-speed transmission can overcome this limitation by enabling load point shifting, allowing the motor to operate closer to its optimal efficiency region during both urban and extra‑urban driving. This results in improved energy consumption without adding substantial system complexity. Currently, only actuated
Napetschnig, Christof, Tromayer, Juergen, Stückler, David
TOC99-08-02-0TOC4/13/2026
TOC
Tobolski, Sue
Thermal Management of Electric Microtruck Motors2026-01-50264/9/2026
This study investigates the gradeability performance of an L7e-class electric micro truck from both vehicle dynamics and thermal perspectives. A 1D simulation model (Amesim) was developed and validated with multiple test results. Using inputs such as motor characteristics, drivetrain configuration, and vehicle mass, the model analyzed vehicle performance on a 20% gradient, calculating the required torque, achievable motor speed, and corresponding vehicle speed. Furthermore, gradeability limits were evaluated, and the effects of gear ratio and airflow rate around the air-cooled motor on both gradeability and thermal behavior were examined. The findings provide practical insights for improving the powertrain and cooling system design of lightweight electric vehicles. The results showed that selecting an appropriate gear ratio can enable the motor to operate more efficiently under demanding driving conditions. A 20% increase in the gear ratio was found to delay motor heating by up to 10
Turan, Azim, Kantaroğlu, Hasan Hüseyin, Akbaba, Mahir, Kasım, Recep Faruk, Yarar, Göktuğ
Energy Efficiency Analysis of U-Haul Truck and Trailer Systems: Impact of Tongue Weight and Load Variations2026-01-04664/7/2026
The demand for improved energy efficiency in real-world vehicle operations continues to grow with technology enhancement. When transporting large cargo loads with passenger pickup trucks and rental trailers, the interaction between vehicle payload, towing configuration, and fuel consumption becomes a key factor in overall system efficiency. Understanding how towing configurations and trailer loading influence fuel consumption and vehicle performance is critical for both consumer guidance and vehicle system design. This study investigates the energy efficiency of U-Haul truck and trailer systems, with a particular focus on the influence of trailer tongue weight. U-Haul truck and trailer simulation models were developed using AVL Vehicle Simulation Model (VSM) software, with an F-350 engine brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) map integrated to represent realistic engine performance. Two configurations with equal payload were evaluated: (1) a U-Haul truck alone, and (2) a U-Haul truck
Wang, Gang, Kathadi, Mohammad, Yang, William, Chen, Yan
The Development of an Experimental Methodology for the Measurement of Aeroelastic Components2026-01-06484/7/2026
In high-end motorsport engineering, aerodynamic devices such as front and rear wings are prone to aeroelastic deformations under certain conditions, which can be exploited for vehicle performance gains. Considering the complex interactions between the aerodynamics and structures, experimental evaluation can prove to be a time-effective approach for design, optimisation, research and development regarding aeroelastic bodies. This study presents the development and experimental validation of a deformation tracking system using depth-sensing LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) camera technology. The system is based on the use of reflective markers mounted on a given model of interest; this project, a front wing model with a flexible, 3D printed flap element was used as a benchmark. Surface deformation is captured by post-processing point cloud data to extract three-dimensional displacement vectors. A series of controlled measurement tests were first conducted to assess accuracy and
Altinbas, Koray, Soares, Renan F.
Adaptive Torque Vector Control for Distributed Drive Intelligent Electric Vehicles Using Model and Data Driven Approaches2026-01-06284/7/2026
To effectively improve the performance of chassis control of distributed drive intelligent electric vehicles (EVs) under difference road conditions, especially in combing road information and chassis control for improving road handling and ride comfort, is a challenging task for the distributed drive intelligent EVs. Simultaneously, inaccurate chassis control and uncertainty with system input, are always existing, e.g., varying road input or control parameters. Due to the higher fatality rate caused by variable factors, how to precisely chose and enforce the reasonable chassis control strategy of distributed drive intelligent EVs become a hot topic in both academia and industry. To issue the above mentioned, an adaptive torque vector hierarchical controller based on road level and adhesion is proposed, which optimizes the comprehensive. First, combined with the characteristic of the unbalance dynamic force caused by the air gap between the stator and the rotor of the in-wheel motor, a
Wang, Zhenfeng, Zhao, Gaoming, Zhang, Zhijie, Zhou, Zitao, Huang, Taishuo, Ma, Changye
Development of a Virtual Test Rig to Evaluate Thermal Management of a Battery-Electric Vehicle under Battery Heating-Cooling Modes2026-01-04164/7/2026
A battery-electric vehicle (BEV) has multiple powertrain components (battery, inverter, e-motor), a thermal management system (compressor, heat exchanger, cabin heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning), and a vehicle body, among others. Vehicle testing is time-consuming, and changing powertrain components during the testing and design process is costly. Simulation models (aka virtual or simulation test rig) have been widely used for efficient vehicle design. This work presents a systematic approach to developing a virtual test rig to evaluate the thermal performance of battery-electric vehicles. A Tesla Model Y is tested in a chassis dynamometer, and the measured vehicle performance data are used as boundary conditions for the complete vehicle model. The detailed lithium-ion battery (LIB) pack model, including its cooling system, was developed and calibrated using various transient driving cycle data. The HVAC model uses a simplified controller to maintain the cabin temperature at
Sok, Ratnak, Kusaka, Jin
Lap Time Performance Sensitivity to Tire Model Parameters: An Optimal Control Framework for Model Selection and Calibration2026-01-02144/7/2026
The push for vehicle development through virtual prototyping and testing in motorsports highlights the critical challenge of tire model selection and calibration, especially when vehicle dynamics must be accurately captured. The calibration process for tire models such as the Pacejka Magic Formula (MF) relies on parameter identification and experimental data fitting. While optimization algorithms have been implemented to calibrate tire models, few studies explore the effects of parameter selection on overall vehicle performance, complicating prioritization for the vehicle’s modeling and simulation strategy. To bridge this gap, this paper leverages optimal control methods to quantify how the variability of MF tire model parameters propagates to the overall vehicle model and impacts lap time prediction accuracy. To achieve this, a subset of parameters critical to combined slip of the MF tire model are varied through a Design of Experiments (DOE). These variations are executed on a flat
Zarate Villazon, Angel M., Brown, Ian, Balchanos, Michael, Mavris, Dimitri
High Order Control Lyapunov Function - Control Barrier Function - Quadratic Programming Based Autonomous Driving Controller for Bicyclist Safety2026-01-00344/7/2026
Ensuring the safety of Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs) is a critical challenge in the development of advanced autonomous driving systems in smart cities. Among vulnerable road users, bicyclists present unique characteristics that make their safety both critical and also manageable. Vehicles often travel at significantly higher relative speeds when interacting with bicyclists as compared to their interactions with pedestrians which makes collision avoidance system design for bicyclist safety more challenging. Yet, bicyclist movements are generally more predictable and governed by clear traffic rules as compared to the sudden and sometimes erratic pedestrian motion, offering opportunities for model-based control strategies. To address bicyclist safety in complex traffic environments, this study proposes and develops a High-Order Control Lyapunov Function–High-Order Control Barrier Function–Quadratic Programming (HOCLF-HOCBF-QP) control framework. Through this framework, CLFs constraints
Chen, Haochong, Cao, Xincheng, Guvenc, Levent, Aksun Guvenc, Bilin
Techno-Economic Evaluation of Electrified Vehicle Options in Drayage Fleets2026-01-04544/7/2026
The electrification of drayage fleets offers potential economic and operational benefits, but the financial viability of electrified vehicles remains sensitive to battery cost, energy price, and fleet usage patterns. While total cost of ownership (TCO) is a useful benchmark, fleet operators and investors are equally concerned with investment performance metrics such as payback period (PB) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR), which better reflect financial risks and investment return timelines. This study develops a unified techno-economic framework that jointly evaluates TCO, PB, and IRR to determine when electrified trucks become cost-effective alternatives to diesel trucks. Building on a previously developed cost modeling tool and using real-world telematics data from a Class 8 drayage fleet at the Port of Savannah, the analysis incorporates projected battery cost trajectories, electricity and diesel price trends, vehicle efficiency improvements, and multiple battery capacities
Sun, Ruixiao, Sujan, Vivek, Goulet, Nathan, Wang, Qixing
Automotive Aerodynamics Surrogate Modeling using NVIDIA PhysicsNeMo on Mid-Sized SUV GM Dataset2026-01-06004/7/2026
Aerodynamic simulations are crucial in vehicle design and performance evaluation. Traditionally, these simulations utilize Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques to compute flow quantities such as velocity, pressure, and wall-shear stresses. Accurate prediction of these quantities is vital for estimating drag and lift forces, which directly impact fuel efficiency, stability, and acoustics. This study focuses on developing an AI surrogate for aerodynamic design of production mideo-size SUVs using NVIDIA’s PhysicsNeMo framework. Firstly, high-fidelity 3D CFD data are generated using first-principles solvers on 102 different geometry variants at a uniform inlet velocity of 38.89 m/s and a fixed set of boundary conditions. The DoMINO (Decomposable Multiscale Iterative Neural Operator) AI model, part of the PhysicsNeMo framework, is then used to train on this dataset, accurately predicting surface pressure and flow fields around vehicles for rapid estimation of critical aerodynamic
Keum, Seunghwan, Raul, Vishal, Grover, Ronald, Parrish, Scott, Ranade, Rishikesh, Ghasemi, Abouzar, Kamenev, Alexey, Tadepalli, Srinivas
Multi-Body Dynamics Control Integration Tool Application in Hybrid Vehicle System Identification2026-01-04174/7/2026
The multi-body dynamics (MBD) model and the MATLAB Simulink model can be integrated to create a control-integration model. Using a high-fidelity MBD model to represent the vehicle as the plant, this integrated model can be used to analyze vehicle system physics and develop control strategies. For hybrid vehicles, this process is more complex because the powertrain and other vehicle systems are often built as separate MBD models. This paper describes a method for integrating a powertrain model developed in AMESIM, a vehicle model developed in SIMPACK, and a control model developed in MATLAB Simulink. The resulting integrated model was then used to perform frequency sweep analysis to identify driveline system properties. In particular, the driveline frequency and the amplitude of the transfer function between motor speed and motor torque are critical parameters. By applying active damping control to the driveline system, the peak amplitude and driveline vibrations can be reduced. The
Xing, Xing, Mathew, Vino
Data-Driven Study on Chassis Suspension Performance Degradation2026-01-05824/7/2026
The performance of chassis suspension mechanisms critically affects vehicle handling, ride comfort, and safety. Implementing real-time health monitoring for chassis systems contributes to preventing severe consequences such as increased body roll or loss of handling stability caused by shock absorber softening or spring stiffness degradation under deteriorating operating conditions, while circumventing the substantial costs associated with professional facility-based chassis inspections. With the rapid development of sensing and data analytics technologies, data-driven approaches are increasingly used in health monitoring. This study aims to achieve online monitoring of chassis suspension performance degradation using a deep neural network (DNN). First, a half-car model incorporating both vertical and pitch motions was established to simulate bumpy road conditions, with the aim of constructing a dataset that includes key vehicle suspension parameters and vehicle states related to their
Liao, Yinsheng, Lei, Yisong, Su, Ailin, Wang, Zhenfeng, Shi, Shuai, Zhang, Lei, Zhang, Junzhi, Ma, Changye
Modal Analysis Approach on Vehicle Transient Behavior Considering Roll and Pitch Dynamics2026-01-02104/7/2026
When a vehicle performs planar motion, the tire side force induces a jacking-up effect determined by the suspension roll center height governed by suspension geometry. These jacking forces also excite pitching motion. In this study, the pitching degree of freedom, along with roll degree of freedom, was incorporated in the bicycle model of the vehicle motion, hence it becomes four-degree-of-freedom model, and a new analytical method that applies modal analysis method to the model decomposes the motion of the sprung mass of the vehicle into mutually independent vibration modes. Since the superposition of these vibration modes can reproduce vehicle motion, these vibration modes are the fundamental factors governing sprung-mass behavior. Therefore, understanding how these vibration modes respond to design parameters provides a theoretical foundation to design desired vehicle dynamics from the early stage of car development. This report presents, by conducting modal analysis of the four
Kusaka, Kaoru, Yuhara, Takahiro, Koakutsu, Shingo
Research on Driving Performance of Vehicle Body Control Using Vehicle Height Adjustment System2026-01-06264/7/2026
In recent years, premium vehicles have increasingly incorporated suspension systems capable of adjusting ride height. The primary function of these systems is to enable the vehicle to traverse uneven terrain by elevating the chassis, thereby preventing contact between the underbody and the road surface. Notably, air spring-based mechanisms enhance ride comfort by modulating the wheel rate. The system proposed in this study achieves ride height adjustment through vertical displacement of the spring’s lower seat. By constructing a detailed mechanical topology model using a dynamic simulation tool, this research aims to evaluate the feasibility of improving driving performance not only through height regulation but also by actively controlling the vehicle’s posture during motion.
Park, Jaeyong, Sang Hoon, Lee, Jong Min, Kim, Choi, Jang Han
Thermal Insulation Materials Used in Battery Pack Assembly: A Review of Materials, Test Methods, and Key Considerations2026-01-04064/7/2026
Electric vehicle (EV) battery packs have undergone substantial advancements in recent years, driven by engineering design improvements, material innovations, and increasingly stringent regulatory enforcement. These developments have enabled battery packs to become more energy-dense, which is essential for extending driving range and improving overall vehicle performance. However, with increased energy density comes a higher severity of thermal events, such as thermal runaway, which continues to raise concerns regarding vehicle safety, reliability, and long-term durability. This review highlights the critical role that thermal insulation materials play in mitigating the impact of such thermal events within EV battery systems. It presents an overview of commonly used thermal insulation materials, emphasizing their chemical composition, thermal resistance, and mechanical integrity under extreme conditions such as high temperatures and physical stress. The ability of these materials to
Ng, Sze-Sze, Dhyani, Abhishek, Gorin, Craig, Jeon, Junho, Nuguri, Sravya, Repollet Pedrosa, Milton, Rylski, Adrian, Shete, Abhishek, Steinbrecher, Jacob, Thomas, Ryan
On-Road Vehicle Testing and Characterization2026-01-01954/7/2026
Vehicle testing for fuel economy and emissions is typically performed indoors over standard dynamometer drive schedules to minimize variability and maximize repeatability of the results. In contrast, during on-road operation, operational parameters such as vehicle speed and acceleration and environmental factors such as temperature and wind will change unpredictably. These factors influence vehicle fuel economy and emissions, making on-road operation much more variable than dynamometer results. However, even though on-road conditions may be unpredictable, the on-road operational data can still be used to characterize vehicle performance. This paper describes the development of an on-road vehicle test methodology, with a focus on accounting for on-road factors with a high degree of accuracy while requiring only an achievable and reasonable amount of data. To develop this methodology, a 2016 Honda Civic was instrumented and driven multiple times over a route covering urban, rural, and
Moskalik, Andrew, Barba, Daniel
Predicting the Impact of FIA 2026 Power Unit Regulations on the Performance of Formula 1 Car2026-01-02684/7/2026
This work investigates the impact of the forthcoming 2026 FIA Formula 1 power unit regulations on vehicle track performance. This new regulation introduces a rebalanced power distribution between the internal combustion engine and the Motor Generator Unit-Kinetic (MGU-K), with each unit contributing up to 350 kW. This transition nearly triples the previous 120 kW output of the MGU-K while constraining the internal combustion engine through newly imposed fuel energy limits. A full vehicle powertrain model was developed in GT-Suite following the 2026 FIA technical directives. Particular attention was given to Articles 5.4.7 to 5.4.10, which define key constraints on hybrid operation: a maximum variation of 4 MJ in battery state of charge, up to 9 MJ of recoverable energy per lap, and a peak MGU-K electrical power output of 350 kW. The model includes updated architecture specifications, active aerodynamic modules, energy deployment logic, and component-level constraints. Telemetry data
Giaquinta Aitala, Lucio, Samuel, Stephen
Look-Ahead Information based Predictive Cruise Controller for Energy Efficient Powertrain Operation of Heavy-Duty Electric Trucks2026-01-00394/7/2026
Heavy-duty electric trucks represent a growing innovation in the transport and logistics sector, aiming to reduce emissions and reliance on fossil fuels. A major challenge with battery electric trucks is the long recharging time which takes significantly longer than refueling conventional diesel trucks. This limitation highlights the importance of optimizing powertrain operations to reduce energy losses and maximize efficiency. One effective approach is implementing optimal speed control through a predictive cruise controller. By anticipating road conditions, traffic, and elevation changes, the predictive cruise controller can adjust the truck’s speed in real time to minimize energy consumption, enhancing the range and reducing the need for frequent charging. Many problem formulations for electric trucks focus primarily on minimizing the energy required at the wheels, often overlooking the impact of powertrain efficiencies. This simplification neglects critical factors such as the
Safder, Ahmad Hussain, Villani, Manfredi, Khuntia, Satvik, Nelson, James, Meijer, Maarten, Ahmed, Qadeer
An Integrated Model Approach for Predicting Vehicle Dynamics Performance in HiL Validation2026-28-00442/12/2026
In the automotive industry, increasing noise regulations are influencing product sales and passenger comfort, creating a need for more effective noise testing methods. Hardware-in-Loop (HiL) based virtual acoustic testing serves as a critical step before Driver-in-Loop testing, allowing for the assessment of vehicle performance and noise levels inside and outside the vehicle under various conditions before physical prototype testing is performed. The Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) simulator setup is equipped with joystick control that requires a physical representation of the vehicle dynamics model provided as a Functional Mock-up Unit (FMU) in real-time format. In contrast, the vehicle control logic is implemented in C++ code. The simulator incorporates both lateral and longitudinal dynamics. Additional interfaces are integrated to support joystick input and virtual road visualization enabling realistic vehicle maneuvering and dynamic performance evaluation. However, performing all test
Visuvamithiran, Rishikesan, Chougule, Sourabh, Srinivasan, Rangarajan, Laurent, Nicolas
Measurement of Light Truck Tire Operating Deflection Shapes Using Scanning Doppler Laser Vibrometry: Issues and Insights10-10-02-00102/10/2026
As internal combustion engines are replaced by quieter electric motors in ground vehicles, noise and vibration sources aside from the powertrain have become relatively more important. This is especially true of tires. Measurement of the dynamic vibratory characteristics of tires is critical to understanding their influence on the noise and vibration performance of vehicles, both outside the vehicle body and inside of it. In this work, the normal modes and operating deflection shapes of a Yokohama Geolander A/T light truck tire are measured using traditional modal analysis techniques as well as a non-contact Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometry (SLDV) approach. Boundary conditions including free, fixed, loaded, and rotating are implemented to the tire and investigated. Rotating conditions are accomplished in a physical chassis dynamometer environment, with the measured tire mounted on the front axle of a Chevrolet Silverado 1500 pickup truck. Modes of vibration and associated natural
Bastiaan, Jennifer M., Chauda, Gaurav, Baqersad, Javad, Gupta, Arjun, Dhami, Kevalya
Benchmark of Conventional and By-Wire Brake System Layouts for Electric Vehicle Applications by Numerical Simulations2026-01-50082/3/2026
The recently increasing global concern about sustainability and greenhouse gas emission reduction has boosted the diffusion of electric vehicles. Research on this topic mainly focuses on either re-designing or adapting most conventional vehicle subsystems, especially the propulsion motor and the braking components. In this context, the present work aims to model, analyze, and compare three-braking system layouts design alternatives focusing on their contribution to vehicle performance and efficiency: a commercial vacuum-boosted hydraulic braking system, a commercial integrated electrohydraulic braking system, and a concept distributed electrohydraulic brake system. Braking systems performance are evaluated by simulating key maneuvers adopting a full model of a battery electric vehicle (BEV), which includes all relevant components like tires, and powertrain dynamics, which is validated against real-world data. Implementation and integration of the first two systems are discussed
Savi, Lorenzo, Garosio, Damiano, Floros, Dimosthenis, Vignati, Michele, Travagliati, Alessandro, Braghin, Francesco
2026 Nissan Sentra review: putting the pieces together26AUTP02_162/1/2026
The Nissan Sentra has provided straightforward behavior and performance for sedan shoppers in the U.S. for over forty years. For 2026, Nissan took the solid 2025 model and made enough mechanical tweaks and visual changes to call it an all-new vehicle. This might sound like a bit of a stretch, but given how the advancements add up to an improved drive experience in a better-looking vehicle, we'll let it slide. Available in four grades - S, SV, SR and SL that range from $22,400 to $27,990, before destination fees and packages - the 2026 Sentra puts on airs like it's a simple vehicle, hiding some of its advanced technology to keep the interior clean and clear, from the driver's screen to the steering wheel buttons. Wireless device charging and wireless Apple CarPlay/Android Auto minimize wire clutter. The standard 12.3-in NissanConnect infotainment touchscreen hides its options in a selection of tiles, and it has a single round volume button that makes it easy to turn down quickly.
Blanco, Sebastian
Enhanced Integrated Cooling-Protection Plate for Battery pack Underbody Impact Resistance in Electric Vehicles2026-26-01691/16/2026
In the quest for enhancing electric vehicle performance and safety, this paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the design and performance of high-voltage (HV) battery cooling plates featuring dedicated cooling channels, integrated with structural bottom protection members. The study aims to address the dual challenges of thermal management and crash protection in electric vehicles during bottom impacts. The research evaluates the cooling efficiency and structural resilience of the proposed design through a combination of design iterations, thermal performance evaluation, and crash simulations. Findings reveal that the integrated cooling plates not only maintain optimal battery temperatures under various operating conditions but also significantly improve the vehicle's crashworthiness. It was found that the cooling efficiency of the HV battery plates improved compared to competitor’s design, resulting in a more stable thermal environment for the battery cells. Moreover
Dusad, Sagar, Kummuru, Srikanth, Joshi, Amarja
Fatigue Life Prediction Methodology for Vehicle Suspension Systems and Correlation with Physical Test2026-26-04591/16/2026
Fatigue analysis is a vital aspect of suspension design, especially for load bearing components such as the Rear Twist Beam, where durability under cyclic loading is essential for long-term vehicle performance. Among the various durability tests, the roll fatigue test is a key procedure for validating suspension strength and reliability. However, conducting physical roll fatigue tests can be both expensive and time consuming, particularly when multiple design iterations are required. This not only increases cost but also extends the development timeline. This study presents a virtual simulation methodology that replicates roll fatigue test conditions within a finite element analysis environment, enabling early fatigue assessment and design optimization. Developed to support the early design phase, the roll fatigue test simulation process ensures robust designs that meet targeted fatigue life requirements. The approach begins with a detailed understanding of the physical roll fatigue
Kokare, Sanjay, Nagapurkar, Tejas, Iqbal, Shoaib
Digital Twin for Motor & MCU Incorporating Deep Learning AI-ML Algorithms for Intelligent Prognostics for Electric Vehicles2026-26-04791/16/2026
As electric vehicles (EVs) become more advanced, so ensuring the reliability of critical components like the motor and Motor Control Unit (MCU) is essential. This paper presents a digital twin model designed to predict failures in motor and MCU components using machine learning. The approach focuses on detecting early signs of failure through real-world data and advanced analytics. We collected thermal and performance data from field vehicles, capturing both normal (healthy) and abnormal (faulty) operating conditions. Using this dataset, we developed and trained an Auto Encoder-based machine learning model that learns what “normal” looks like and flags deviations as potential issues. One key outcome of this study is the successful early prediction of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) degradation, where the system identified subtle behavioral changes long before any visible failure symptoms appeared. This digital twin acts as a virtual replica of the physical components
Joshi, Pawan, Pandey, Suchit, KONDHARE, Manish, Upadhyay, Abhay, JaganMoahanarao, Vana, Tank, Prabhu
Multi Speed – Multi Motor Torque Vectoring Control for a Commercial Electric Truck to Enhance Drivability and Performance2026-26-00581/16/2026
This paper explores the requirement of multi speed – multi motor torque vectoring in a battery electric commercial truck. The area of focus was to compare the vehicle performance and range of a BEV truck with conventional central drive single motor configuration with the same vehicle consisting of a multi speed – multi motor torque vectoring control strategy. Through this exercise, we have analysed the motor power and torque requirements to meet the vehicle performance along with the required reduction ratios. A MATLAB based vehicle model is used to simulate the effect of multi motor operation on the vehicle range. Also simulated the effect of torque vectoring control algorithm on the vehicle performance like steady state cornering(SSC), Double Lane change (DLC), Off road dive Cycle, vehicle stability and turning circle diameter(TCD).
Pethkar, Shivanand, S, Srivatsa, Ghosh, Sandeep
Optimizing Powertrain Performance a Customer Usage-Centric Approach2026-26-00671/16/2026
The US trucking industry heavily relies on the diesel powertrain, and the transition towards zero-emission vehicles, such as battery electric vehicles (BEV) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV), is happening at a slow pace. This makes it difficult for truck manufacturers to meet the Phase 3 Greenhouse Gas standards, which mandate substantial emissions reductions across commercial vehicle classes beginning of 2027. This challenging situation compels manufacturers to further optimize the powertrain to meet stringent emissions requirements, which might not account for customer application specifics may not translate to a better total cost of ownership (TCO) for the customer. This study uses a simulation-based approach to connect customer applications and regulatory categories across various sectors. The goal is to develop a methodology that helps identify the overlap between optimizing for customer applications vs optimizing to meet regulations. To use a data-driven approach, a real
Mohan, Vignesh, Darzi, Mahdi
Drive Cycle Type Identification Using Data Driven Methodologies2026-26-06491/16/2026
Identifying the type of drive cycle is crucial for analyzing customer usage, optimizing vehicle performance and emission control. Methods that rely on geographical location for drive cycle identification are limited by varying driving conditions at the same location (e.g. heavy traffic during peak hours vs. free-flowing traffic at night). This paper proposes a methodology to identify the type of drive cycle (city, interurban, highway or hybrid) using drive characteristics derived from vehicle data rather than geographical location. Real-world vehicle data from testing trucks is taken, whose drive profiles are already known. Initially, multiple characteristic features of the drive cycle are identified from literature surveys and domain experience. These features, which can be extracted from basic signal data, include gear shifts, time spent in different driving modes (acceleration, cruise, standstill), velocity distributions, and an 'aggressiveness factor' representing overall driving
Reddy, Mallangi Prashanth, Gorain, Raju, Ganguly, Gourav
System-Level Simulation to Design a Hydrogen Powered Refuse Collection Vehicle Based on Real-World Fleet Operational Data2026-26-03991/16/2026
This study addresses one of the challenges in the energy transition of heavy-duty vehicles by converting a diesel Refuse Collection Vehicle (RCV) into a hydrogen-powered prototype. The research is part of the VeH2Dem project funded by NextGenerationEU and focuses on dimensioning the complete hydrogen propulsion system for a RCV, including the energy storage capacity, without compromising payload or operational functionality. The development of the propulsion system is based on a comprehensive analysis of operational data extracted from fleet management systems, complemented by detailed instrumental monitoring of various collection routes. This methodology ensured that the prototype inherits performance equivalent to the original internal combustion engine vehicle across all evaluated scenarios. The vehicle performance objectives were established following a comparative analysis with solutions currently available in the RCV market, incorporating statistical analyses to ensure continuous
Cano, Pablo, Barrio, Roberto, Roche, Marina, de-Lima, Daniela, Batista, Sara, Bertolí, Xavier
Enhancing Range Prediction Accuracy for the BEV: Bridging the Gap between Simulation and Real-World Testing2026-26-05211/16/2026
Accurate range estimation in battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is essential for optimizing performance, energy efficiency, and customer expectations. This study investigates the discrepancies between physical test data and simulation predictions for the BEV model. A detailed range delta analysis identifies key contributors to the observed deviations, including regenerative braking inefficiencies, increased propulsion demand, auxiliary loads, and estimated drivetrain losses within the Electric Drive Module (EDM) during traction and regen. Results indicate that the test vehicle exhibits lower regenerative braking efficiency, higher traction forces and lower regen energy than predicted by simulations, primarily due to EDM inefficiencies and friction brake usage during regeneration. The study underscores the importance of refining simulation methodologies by integrating real-world, test based EDM loss maps to improve accuracy and better align predictive models with actual vehicle
Mahajan, Prasad, Kesarkar, Sidhesh, Ali, Shoaib
Optimization of Propeller Shaft Design to Eliminate Launch Undulation (Lateral Shake) and Vibration Level2026-26-03341/16/2026
During vehicle launches in 1st gear, a lateral shake (undulation) and a pronounced metallic hitting noise were observed in the underbody. The noise was identified as the propeller shaft's second universal joint (UJ) yoke striking the fuel tank mounting bracket. Sensitivity to these issues varied with acceleration inputs: light pedal input during a normal 1st gear launch on a flat road resulted in minimal undulation, whereas wide open throttle (WOT) conditions in 1st gear produced significant lateral shake and intensified hitting noise. Further investigation revealed that the problem persists across all gears and occurs consistently during normal driving conditions, with continuous impact between the propeller shaft yoke and the fuel tank mounting bracket. Extensive experimental measurements at the vehicle level indicated that these issues were primarily caused by the center-mounted propeller shaft joint deviating from its central position and rotating eccentrically under torque. This
Sanjay, L, S, Manickaraja, Kumar, Sarvesh, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj, Senthil Raja, T, B, Prem Prabhakar, M, Kiran
Evaluating Passenger Car Tyre Performance: Lateral and Longitudinal Dynamics in Varied Testing Conditions2026-26-05781/16/2026
The lateral and longitudinal dynamics of passenger car tyres are critical to overall vehicle safety, handling, and stability. These characteristics directly influence braking, acceleration, and cornering performance. This study investigates the impact of key input parameters, namely inflation pressure, vertical load, and inclination angle, on tyre behaviour using a dual approach: Indoor testing with a Flat-Trac CT+ (FTCT+) and Outdoor evaluation using a skid trailer. Lateral dynamics are evaluated at slip angles to analyze lateral force and aligning moment characteristics. The influence of inclination angle, pressure, and load is quantified through cornering stiffness and aligning stiffness. The tests are conducted in both sweep and steady-state modes. To maintain data consistency, all tests use tyres of a single specification sourced from the same production batch. Longitudinal behaviour of a tyre is characterized by various parameters such as peak friction coefficient, sliding
Sethumadhavan, Arjun, Duryodhana, Dasari, Tomer, Avinash, Ghosh, Prasenjit, Mukhopadhyay, Rabindra
Revolutionary EV Motors Innovation in E-Mobility in Depth Analysis of Emerging Technologies, Comparative Insights & Their Ground Breaking Impact on Electric Vehicle Performance2026-26-00731/16/2026
This paper delivers a forward-looking data-driven assessment of the transformative innovation in electric vehicle motor systems with targeting breakthroughs in the power density, energy efficiency, thermal robustness, manufacturability & better intelligent control. A rigorous Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) framework is done to systematically evaluate and defining the rank of emerging motor technologies across eight weighted performance indicators. The findings reveal that which design strategies & material advancements offering the greatest potential for redefine propulsion performance that enabling lighter more compact & more efficient drivetrain capable of sustained high power operation. High ranking solution exhibit strong alignment with the industry's push toward scalable, low cost & rare earth-independent systems while other are identified as high risk/high reward pathway requiring targeted research to overcome critical problems. By integrating engineering performance
Jain, Gaurav, Premlal, P, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang
Integrated Powertrain Domain Controller Using Wide Band Gap Devices for EV Applications2026-26-00551/16/2026
The rapid evolution of electric vehicles (EVs) has amplified the demand for highly integrated, efficient, and intelligent powertrain architectures. In the current automotive landscape, EV powertrain systems are often composed of discrete ECUs such as the OBC, MCU, DC-DC Converter, PDU, and VCU, each operating in isolation. This fragmented approach adds wiring harness complexity, control latency, system inefficiency, and inflates costs making it harder for OEMs to scale operations, lower expenses, and accelerate time-to-market. The technical gap lies in the absence of a centralized intelligence capable of seamlessly managing and synchronizing the five key powertrain aggregates: OBC, MCU, DC-DC, PDU, and VCU under a unified software and hardware platform. This fragmentation leads to redundancy in computation, increased BOM cost, and challenges in system diagnostics, leading to sub-optimal vehicle performance. This paper addresses the core issue of fragmented control architectures in EV
Kumar, Mayank, Deosarkar, Pankaj, Inamdar, Sumer, Tayade, Nikhil
Simulation Research on Torque Vectoring, Braking, Chassis Control Strategies for Electric & Hybrid Vehicles using System Simulation2026-26-04231/16/2026
Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrids alleviate the energy crisis but pose a unique challenge for vehicle dynamics. Though significant developments in motor control strategy and energy density management are evolving, we face significant challenges in torque management, with several ADAS features being an integral part of the EVs/xHEVs. It demands high-fidelity physical and control model exchanges between electric chassis, ride-handling, tire modelling, steering assist, powertrain, and validation using a 0D–1D platform. This paper explicates a unified strategy for improving overall vehicle performance by intelligently distributing and coordinating drive torque to enhance traction, stability, and drivability across diverse operating conditions through co-simulation. The co-simulation platform includes physical models in AMESIM, and control strategies integrated in MATLAB/Simulink. The platform features comprehensive representations of digital vehicles that require detailed modelling of
Eruva, Patrickxavier, Sarapalli Ramachandran, Raghuveeran, Chougule, Sourabh, Natanamani-Pillai, Siva Subramanian, Scheider, Clement, Leclerc, Cedric, Natarajasundaram, Balasubramanian
The Selection of a Two-Speed Gearbox for Small Commercial Electric Vehicles Aims to Optimize Powertrain Efficiency2026-26-04171/16/2026
In response to the significant environmental challenges posed by climate change driven by global warming, the automotive industry is accelerating the transition toward electrification. While electric vehicles offer considerable potential for mitigating CO₂ emissions, their elevated upfront costs pose a notable challenge to large-scale market penetration. Energy efficiency improvement of electric vehicles is emerging field of research to reduce total cost of ownership. Electric vehicle powertrain component selection in small commercial vehicles including three and four wheelers is a complex process which has to fulfil multiple requirements which includes range, performance, drivability, packaging, total cost of ownership of vehicle and comfort. In addition, powertrain configuration including battery, motor and transmission ratio selection plays a fundamental role in cost of electric vehicle. Hence, The task of selecting the right powertrain configuration, encompassing architecture
Wani, Kalpesh, Jadhav, Vaibhav, Shendge, Raman, Warule, Prasad
A Fluid-Structure- Interaction based Methodology to Evaluate Aero-Thermal Performance of Deformable Air Guides2026-26-03641/16/2026
The present work demonstrates a Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) based methodology that couples a Finite Volume Method (FVM) and Finite Element Method (FEM) based tools to estimate air guide deformation, thereby predicting accurate aerothermal performance. The method starts with a digital assembly step where the assembly shape and the induced stress due to assembly is predicted. A full vehicle Aerodynamic simulation is performed to extract the surface pressure on the air guide which is then used to estimate the extent of deformation of the air guides. Based on the extent a subsequent Aerodynamic simulation may be carried out to predict thermal efficiency. Comparison against pressure data and deflection data extracted from the wind tunnel experiments of vehicles has shown reasonable match demonstrating the accuracy and usefulness of the method.
Gadasu, Ravishastri, Choudhury, Satyajit, Umesh, Acharya Vaibhav, Kumar, Saravanan, Yenugu, Srinivasa, Zander, Daniel, Beesetti, Siva, Hattarke, Mallikarjun
Driving Behavior Modelling with Graph Attention Networks2026-26-06611/16/2026
In automotive engineering, understanding driving behavior is crucial for decision on specifications of future system designs. This study introduces an innovative approach to modeling driving behavior using Graph Attention Networks (GATs). By leveraging spatial relationships encoded in H3 indices, a graph-based model constructed, which captures dependencies between various vehicle operational parameters and their operational regions using H3 indices. The model utilizes CAN signal features such as speed, fuel efficiency, engine temperature, and categorical identifiers of vehicle type and sub-type. Additionally, regional indices are incorporated to enrich the contextual information. The GAT model processes these heterogeneous features, learning to identify patterns indicative of driving behavior. This approach offers several significant advantages. Firstly, it enhances the accuracy of driving behavior modeling by effectively capturing the complex spatial and operational dependencies
Salunke, Omkar
Representative Drive Cycle Velocity Profiles Prediction Using ML Algorithms for Energy Efficiency2026-26-06381/16/2026
Maximizing vehicle energy efficiency and its performance is a high priority for automotive industries as customers’ expectations rise. Engineers constantly face the challenge of balancing the conflicting goals of achieving superior performance and maximizing energy efficiency, all while meeting increasingly tight development timelines. Leveraging digital methods can potentially enable considerable reduction in development timelines. Driving cycles function as standardized measurement procedures for certifying vehicle fuel efficiency and driving range. Representative velocity profiles condense numerous real-life driving cycles to enable quicker energy analysis and driver feedback evaluations. This paper introduces a novel methodology for generating synthetic drive cycles, such as average velocity cycles and ideal consumption velocity cycles, based on real-life driving scenarios. In this study, the importance of creating representative drive cycles to enhance vehicle performance and
Kanakannavar, Rohit, Kelkar, Kshitij, Sadalge, Anand
Powertrain Optimization of Indian City Electric Bus Using Active Learning Simulation Methodology2026-26-06571/16/2026
Public transport electrification is going to play a massive role in India’s COP26 pledge to achieve net zero emissions by 2070. India plans to electrify 800,000 buses in a push towards 30% EV penetration by 2030. Further encouraged by government incentives under National Electric Bus Program (NEBP), e-Bus market is expected to grow at a CAGR of ~86% annually over the next 5 years. With most OEMs going for fleet electrification for reducing CO2 emissions and to cater to growing demand in Indian cities for cleaner public transport, improving powertrain efficiency and performance of state-of-the-art e-Buses is a natural progression of e-mobility sector development in India. The first step in designing powertrain for an electric city bus is to determine the motor(s) size and transmission specifications (number of gears, gear ratios etc.). Complications arise due to a wider and non-linear operation range of eBus. This study focuses on powertrain optimization for a medium duty electric city
Sandhu, Rouble, Chen, Bicheng, Emran, Ashraf, Xia, Feihong, Lin, Xiao, Berry, Sushil
Design Optimization of the Propeller Shaft and Transfer Case for High-Speed 4WD Vehicles2026-26-03431/16/2026
Nowadays, vehicle enthusiasts often vary the driving patterns, from high-speed driving to off-roading. This leads to a continuous increase in demand for four-wheel drive (4WD) vehicles. A 4WD vehicle have better traction control with enhanced stability. The performance and reliability of 4WD vehicles at high speeds are significantly influenced by driveline stiffness and natural frequency, which are largely affected by the propeller shaft and transfer case. This study focuses on the design optimization of the transfer case and the propeller shafts to enhance the vehicle performance at high speeds. The analysis begins with a comprehensive study of factors affecting the power transfer path, transfer case stiffness, and critical frequency, including material properties, propeller shaft geometry, and different boundary conditions. Advanced computational methods are employed to model the dynamic behavior of the powertrain, identifying the natural frequency of the transfer case and propeller
Kumar, Sarvesh, Yadav, Sahdev, S, Manickaraja, Sanjay, L, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj, Jain, Saurabh Kumar, Deole, Subodh M
E-Drive System Selection Criterion for Hybrid Electric Heavy Commercial Vehicles Segments2026-26-04671/16/2026
The automotive industry has been expediting progress toward electrification since climate change driven by global warming represents a significant environmental challenge with far-reaching implications. While electric vehicles offer considerable potential for mitigating CO₂ emissions, their elevated upfront costs pose a notable challenge to large-scale market penetration. Hybrid electric vehicles can serve as an effective intermediary solution, bridging the gap between conventional internal combustion engine vehicles and fully electric vehicles, owing to their comparatively lower initial costs. Hybrid electric vehicle component selection is a complex process that must fulfill multiple requirements: fuel economy, performance, drivability, packaging, total cost of ownership and comfort. Additionally, the selection of hybrid configuration also plays a vital role in determining the cost of the hybrid electric vehicle. Hence, it is a great challenge to select the right powertrain
Shendge, Raman, Jadhav, Vaibhav, Wani, Kalpesh, Warule, Prasad
Tailgate Stiffness Mitigation and Engineering Strategy for Full Width Tailgate-Mounted Tail Lamp Integration2026-26-04941/16/2026
The tailgate, as the rearmost vehicle opening, plays a pivotal role in defining the rear aesthetic theme while ensuring structural durability and maximizing luggage space. Contemporary automotive design trends highlight an increasing demand for Full width tailgate-mounted tail lamp configurations, which deliver a bold and dynamic visual appeal. Enhanced by animated lighting features, these designs cater to the preferences of Gen Z customers, becoming a decisive factor in purchasing decisions. However, integrating these complex tail lamp structures introduces significant engineering challenges, including increased X-dimension lamp volume, thereby providing reduced design space, and intricate mounting schemes constrained by panel stamping limitations. These factors necessitate the development of innovative joinery strategies and structural definitions to maintain durability targets, including achieving 25,000–30,000 slam cycles without failure, while preserving luggage space. This paper
Beryl, Joshua, Mohanty, Abhinab, Unadkat, Siddharth, Selvan, Veera
Methodology for Optimizing the Bench Testing of Steering I-Shaft Using Vehicle Level Data to Reduce Overall Product Development Time and Cost2026-26-05601/16/2026
Steering I-shaft with rubber coupling (or hardy disc) is an important part of complete steering system mainly in body on frame (BOF) vehicles. Hardy discs are used to dampen the vibrations that transmit to steering wheel through frame, steering gear and I-shaft. They also support to accommodate the variation between frame and BIW (Body in white) of body on frame vehicles. They are made up of rubber or other polymer composites, which have less torsional stiffness as compared to metals. The overall torsional stiffness of steering system reduces since the hardy disc is used in series in steering system, that impacts on the overall performance of steering system. So, during development of I shafts with different design, stiffness of hardy discs are used to optimize the steering and NVH performance of vehicle. Considering the development time and cost, each design of I-shaft cannot be validated at vehicle level. The torsional and axial force or displacement of hardy disc is measured at
Kabdal, Amit
Contradictions of Automotive NVH and TRIZ Tools for Innovative Problem Solving2026-26-03471/16/2026
Balance towards various Vehicle attributes often faces design contradictions, particularly in Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) optimization. Traditional approaches rely on trade-offs, but TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) offers a structured methodology to resolve contradictions innovatively. This paper presents TRIZ-based solutions for 2 key NVH challenges: (1) exhaust systems requiring noise reduction while maintaining low engine back-pressure, (2) engine mounts requiring both softness for vibration isolation and hardness for durability & vehicle stability, By applying TRIZ principles such as separation, mechanics change, etc. and using Thinking Tools such as thinking in time & scale, novel solutions are proposed to achieve superior performance without traditional compromises. These case studies demonstrate how TRIZ enhances automotive NVH refinements by enabling systematic innovations. This also explores benefits of Frugal Engineering for profitable launch of new
A, Milind Ambardekar
Development of a New Methodology for Measuring the Dimensions of Lighting Components in Construction Equipment Vehicles (CEVs) as per IS/ISO 12509:2004 using 3-Dimensional Planar Laser2026-26-01451/16/2026
The light and light signaling devices installation test as per as per IS/ ISO 12509:2004 & IS/ISO 12509:2023 for Earth Moving Machinery / Construction Equipment Vehicles is a mandatory test to ensure the safety and comfort of both road users and operators. Considering the shape and size of construction equipment vehicles, accurate measurement of lighting installation requirements is crucial for ensuring safety and regulatory compliance. The international standard IS/ISO 12509:2004 & IS/ISO 12509:2023 outlines specific criteria for these installation requirements of lighting components, including the precise measurement of various dimensions to ensure optimal visibility and safety. Among these dimensional requirements, the dimension 'E' i.e., the “distance between the outer edges of the machine and the illuminating surface of the lighting device” plays a critical role in the performance of vehicle lighting systems. Traditional methods of measuring this dimension, such as using a
Ghodke, Dhananjay Sunil, Belavadi Venkataramaiah, Shamsundara, Tambolkar, Sonali Ameya
Analysis and Mitigation of Parasitic Noise in Hydraulic Engine Mounts: Addressing Cavitation and Membrane Hitting2026-26-03351/16/2026
Hydraulic engine mounts are widely used in automotive applications to reduce vibration and noise transmission from the engine to the vehicle body by providing high damping at low frequencies and low damping/stiffness at higher frequencies. This is achieved by allowing sufficient clearance between components inside the hydro mount, activating hydraulic damping only with sufficient amplitude inputs. However, this inherently leads to the generation of parasitic noises emanating from hydraulic engine mounts which significantly degrade the Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) performance of vehicles, presenting a considerable challenge in the automotive industry. This encompasses phenomena such as cavitation, arising from the formation and subsequent collapse of vapor bubbles within the working fluid due to localized pressure drops below the vapor pressure, and membrane hitting, resulting from the dynamic interaction between the fluid and the elastic membrane within the mount. Both noise
Agrawal, Adheesh, Vineeth, Sekharan, Ghosh, Chiranjit, Saxena, Akshansh, Parmar, Aashish, Seenivasan, Gokulram, Nandal, Abhishek, Dhankhar, Dinesh Singh, Khan, Prasenjit
All New 1.2L Turbocharged Gasoline Direct Injection Engine from Tata Motors2026-26-00711/16/2026
There is continuous push from the legislation for stringent fuel economy and emission regulations while the modern customers are demanding more engaging driving experience in terms of performance and refinement. To meet this Tata Motors has developed an advanced 1.2L 3-cylinder turbocharged gasoline direct injection engine. This next-generation powertrain delivers optimum efficiency, reduced emissions, superior performance with refined NVH characteristics. The key features used to enable these demanding requirements includes a 35 MPa fuel injection system, Miller Cycle operation and electrically actuated variable nozzel turbocharger (VNT). A uniquely designed BSVI complaint (WLTP ready) exhaust after-treatment system with Four-Way Conversion Catalyst (FWC+TM) ensures optimum emission control. A centrally mounted variable cam phaser minimizes pumping losses. The lightweight yet rigid all-aluminum engine structure, featuring an integrated structural oil sump, enhances durability and
Hosur, Viswanatha, Ghadge, Ganesh Narayan, Joshi, Manoj, Jadhav, Aashish, Panwar, Anupam
Failure Investigation and Geometric Optimization of Torsional Vibration Damper for Enhanced Durability and Noise Reduction in Automotive Drivetrain Systems2026-26-03501/16/2026
Internal Combustion engines exhibit multi-order vibrations caused by the inertial forces of reciprocating masses. These vibrations induce drivetrain resonance, negatively impacting occupant comfort and the durability of drivetrain components. Torsional vibrations, a critical subset of these oscillations, demand efficient damping mechanisms. Torsional Vibration Dampers are instrumental in minimizing such vibrations by tuning mass and frequency characteristics to prevent resonance. By splitting resonant frequencies into avoidable zones within the engine's operational range, TVD enhance vehicle performance and refinement by dampening the vibrations. Structurally, TVD comprise an inertia ring integrated with a damping medium, such as vulcanized rubber, which attenuates torsional oscillations by permitting controlled oscillation of the inertia ring. This study focuses on the failure investigation and the geometric optimization of oscillating masses of TVD for performance and durability
Wani, Sujit Ashok, S, Manickaraja, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj, Senthil Raja, T, Vellandi, Vikraman, Patil, Dilip
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