Browse Topic: Vehicle performance

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Evaluation of Different Powertrain Topologies for a Premium Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle2025-01-8531To be published on 04/01/2025
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles combine the benefits of both battery electric and internal combustion engine drivetrains. There are multiple possibilities for hybrid configurations, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. In this study, two newly developed traction electric machines were employed alongside a gasoline engine in various hybrid configurations. These configurations, ranging from P1 to P4 and their combinations, were evaluated in terms of vehicle performance, energy consumption, and emissions. The impact of battery capacity was also examined. With a larger battery providing higher discharge power, the electric acceleration time significantly decreases from around 8.6 seconds to approximately 5.2 seconds as the battery capacity increases from 20 kWh to 40 kWh in configurations featuring two traction electric machines. In hybrid mode, the reduction in acceleration time is less pronounced, with a decrease of around 0.7 seconds compared to the configuration with a 20
Nguyen, Duc-Khanh, Tokat, Alexandra, Kristoffersson, Annika, Olsson, Jan-Ola
Technical Paper
Study on an Urban Ramp Driving Cycle Using Self-Organizing Map Neural Network2025-01-8259To be published on 04/01/2025
To tackle the issue of lacking slope information in urban driving cycles used for vehicle performance evaluation, a construction method for urban ramp driving cycle (URDC) is formulated based on self-organizing map (SOM) neural network. The fundamental data regarding vehicles driving on typical roads with urban ramp characteristics and road slopes were collected using the method of average traffic flow, which were then pre-processed and divided into short trips; and twenty parameters that can represent the operation characteristics of vehicle driving on urban ramp were selected as the feature parameters of short trip. Dimension of the selected feature parameters was then reduced by means of principal component analysis. And a SOM neural network was applied in cluster analysis to classify the short trips. An URDC with speed and slope information were constructed by combination of short trips with highly relevant coefficients according to the principle of smooth connection of slope. The
Yin, Xiaofeng, Wu, Zhimin, Liang, Yiming, Wang, Peng, Xie, Yu
Technical Paper
The impact of GCI engines on energy consumption and performance of longhaul trucks in the US and China2025-01-8396To be published on 04/01/2025
This paper focuses on the impacts of GCI engines and automated driving technologies on heavy-duty long-haul trucks in both the Chinese and US markets. The study examines various aspects, including vehicle performance requirements, fuel consumption, emissions, and ownership costs, and their influence on the adoption and impact of these technologies. Furthermore, the GCI engine’s cost advantages in the Chinese market are noteworthy. Its lower urea cost effectively offsets its higher energy expenditure, highlighting its potential for cost-effective overall operation. Additionally, the GCI engine holds promise in the medium-duty trucking sector due to forthcoming low NOx requirements and the potential for cost reductions in hybrid powertrains. Medium-duty trucks, characterized by transient driving patterns and shorter daily distances, can significantly reduce energy demands, thereby diminishing the costs associated with hybrid components. The integration of GCI engines into heavy-duty long
Nieto Prada, Daniela, Vijayagopal, Ram, Yan, Ziming, Sari, Rafael, He, Xin
Technical Paper
Mechanical property analysis of triply periodic minimal surface structure with a novel hybrid structure2025-01-8215To be published on 04/01/2025
Triply periodic minimal surface（TPMS）structure, demonstrates significant advantages in vehicle design due to its excellent lightweight characteristics and mechanical properties. To enhance the mechanical properties of TPMS structures, this study proposes a novel hybrid TPMS structure by combining Primitive and Gyroid structures using level set equations. Following this, samples were fabricated using selective laser sintering (SLS). Finite element models for compression simulation were constructed by employing different meshing strategies to compare the accuracy and simulation efficiency. Subsequently, the mechanical properties of different configurations were comprehensively investigated through uniaxial compression testing and finite element analysis (FEA). The findings indicate a good agreement between the experimental and simulation results, demonstrating the validity and accuracy of the simulation model. For TPMS structures with a relative density of 30%, meshing with S3R elements
Tang, Haiyuan, Xu, Dexing, Sun, Xiaowang, Wang, Xianhui, Wang, Liangmo, Wang, Tao
Technical Paper
Revolutionizing Commercial Vehicles: Integrating Software-Defined Vehicle Architecture for Enhanced E&E Systems2025-01-8138To be published on 04/01/2025
Commercial Vehicle (CV) market is growing rapidly with the advancement of Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs), which provides greater level of flexibility, efficiency and integration of AI & cutting-edge technology. This research provides in-depth analysis of E&E architecture of CVs focusing on SDV based technology, which represents the transition of hardware focused to a more dynamic, software focused methodology. Research begins with the fundamental concepts of E&E architecture in CVs including virtualization, centralized computing, feature based ECU, CAN and modular frameworks which are then upgraded to meet various operational and customer requirements. The capacity of SDV based architecture designs to scale to handle heavy duty commercial vehicles is a primary focus, also to ensure the safety and security, to defend against possible vulnerabilities. Furthermore, the integration of real-time data processing capabilities and advanced E&E architecture is proposed with the features
Saini, Vaibhav, Jain, Ayushi, Meduri, Pramoda, Solutions GmbH, Verolt Technology
Technical Paper
Path Tracking of Autonomous Vehicles with Model Predictive Control (MPC) Optimized with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)2025-01-8036To be published on 04/01/2025
This paper presents a comparative study between many control techniques to investigate the efficiency of the path tracking in various driving scenarios. In this study the Model predictive control (MPC), the adaptive model predictive control (AMPC) and the Stanley controller are employed to ensure that the vehicle follows reference paths accurately and robustly under varying environmental and vehicular conditions. Two driving scenarios are utilized S-road and Curved-road with MATLAB /Simulink under three different vehicle speeds to investigate vehicle performance employing the root mean square error (RMSE) as the performance evaluation function. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) utilized for optimizing the six parameters of the MPC prediction horizon (P), Control horizon(m), manipulated variable rates, manipulated variables weights and two output variables weights. Four objective functions are employed with PSO and compared to each other in terms of the time domain regarding the RMSE of
Eldesouky, Dina M.Mustafa, Abdelaziz, Taha Helmy, Mohamed, Amr.E
Technical Paper
Aerodynamic Simulation of a Parametrically Deformed Rotating Tire2025-01-8765To be published on 04/01/2025
As the automotive industry increasingly shifts toward electrification, reducing vehicle drag becomes crucial for enhancing battery range and meeting consumer expectations. Additionally, recent European regulations require car manufacturers to provide reliable drag data for vehicles as they are configured (WLTP). Vehicle and tire manufacturers can assess tire impacts on vehicle performance through testing. However, to improve designs, it is essential to identify which tire features influence the flow field and overall vehicle performance. Physical tests measure tire behavior under load, but isolating contact patch and tire bulge effects is difficult, as both change together. Simulation allows independent analysis of these factors—something that physical testing alone cannot achieve. This paper investigates the aerodynamic impact of realistic tire deformation parameters—specifically, bulge and contact patch deformations—using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations conducted with
Martinez Navarro, Alejandro, Parenti, Guido, Shock, Richard
Technical Paper
Impact of Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Energy Consumption and Emission Reduction for Agricultural Applications2025-01-8540To be published on 04/01/2025
As the agricultural industry seeks to enhance sustainability and reduce operational costs, the introduction of mild hybrid technology in tractors presents a promising solution. This paper focuses on downsizing internal combustion (IC) engine, coupled with integration of electric motor, to reduce fuel consumption and meet stringent emission regulations while maintaining power requirement for agricultural applications in India. The hybridization aims to deliver instant power boosts during peak loads and capitalizes on energy recovery during part loads and braking. Furthermore, the idle avoidance feature minimizes fuel consumption during periods of inactivity thus significantly improving fuel efficiency. The hybridization also aims to hybridize auxiliary systems for flexible power management, enabling operation of either engine, auxiliaries, or both as needed. A newly developed hybrid supervisory control prototype efficiently manages the electric power and the mechanical power, enabling
Prasad, Lakshmi P., PS, Satyanarayana, Paygude, Tejas, Gangsar, Purushottam, Thakre, Mangesh, Choudhary, Nagesh, Gitapathi, Ajinkya
Technical Paper
Sensory-driven Design Method for Personalizing Ride Comfort Tailored to Individual Vibration Perception2025-01-8273To be published on 04/01/2025
This study aims to develop a design method that tailors the ride comfort and design variables of vehicle components according to individual differences in vibration perception. In conventional development, variations in vibration perception have been recognized; however, quantification methods remain undeveloped, preventing designs from being adapted to individual driver perceptions. The two unresolved problems include the uniformization of vibration perception in sensory performance modeling, which predicts sensory scores from vehicle vibrations, and design approaches that focus on minimizing vehicle vibrations without considering vibration perception. First, the authors' previous study quantified the existence of individual differences in vibration perception through sensory scores obtained from ride simulator experiments involving 24 non-expert drivers using vibrations derived from a uniform vibration perception. Hierarchical clustering identified four perception groups; however
Kikuchi, Hironobu, Inaba, Kazuaki
Technical Paper
A Study of Tire Handling and Ride Performance Map according to Tire Tread Wear State2025-01-8760To be published on 04/01/2025
The electric vehicle market is expected to grow further within the automotive industry, driven by the increasing computing power of vehicle ECUs and the advancement of SDV(Software Defined Vehicle) systems. The results of these advanced and expanded vehicle technologies will offer customers higher quality and increased productivity in the market. A practical application of this technology is tire wear prediction algorithms. Tire wear prediction algorithms can inform customers of the optimal time to change tires while also allowing chassis control systems and other ADAS systems to adjust to varying tire performance as wear conditions change. This trend is growing, prompting several automakers to invest in developing these advanced technologies to enhance their product quality and safety. Therefore, it is essential to understand how vehicle handling and ride performances can change in response to varying tire wear conditions to evaluate the effectiveness of tire wear algorithms. This
Kim, Changsu, Kwon, Seungmin, Sung, Dae-Un, Ryu, Yonghyun, Ko, Younghee
Technical Paper
Machine Learning-Based Digital Twin for Optimizing Automotive Components2025-01-8206To be published on 04/01/2025
This paper presents a Digital Twin approach based on Machine Learning (ML), aimed at creating software-based sensors to reduce the auxiliary devices of the vehicle and enabling predictive maintenance, thus reducing carbon footprint. The solution is applied to the Electric Lubrication Oil Pump (ELOP), a crucial component within a vehicle's powertrain system. The proposed ELOP Digital Twin integrates ML-based sensors to estimate critical parameters such as temperature, pressure and flow rate, reducing the reliance on physical sensors and associated hardware. This estimation approach minimizes manufacturing complexity and cost, enhancing energy efficiency during both production and operation. Furthermore, the digital twin facilitates predictive maintenance by continuously monitoring the component's performance, enabling early detection of potential failures and optimizing maintenance schedules. This leads to lower energy consumption and reduced emissions throughout the component's
Khan, Jalal, D'Alessandro, Stefano, Tramaglia, Federico, Fauda, Alessandro
Technical Paper
Active and passive security generalization algorithm and typical case analysis2025-01-8744To be published on 04/01/2025
In order to be able to effectively predict the safety performance of vehicles and reduce the cost of enterprise safety tests, a generalized model for automotive active and passive safety simulation is proposed. The frontal driver's side collision model under AEB intervention is created by MADYMO software, and the collision acceleration obtained from the bench test is used as the model input to simulate the human body in different seating postures, and the damage values of each part of the Hybrid III 50th dummy are read, and the active-passive simulation model is established by BP neural network according to the correlation relationship between the two, and the model input is the inclination angle centered at the waist of the dummy, and the output is the damage values of each part of the dummy. The input of the model is the tilt angle centered on the waist of the dummy, and the output is the damage value of each part of the dummy. The results surface: the prediction accuracy is more
Ge, Wang, fengyao, LV
Technical Paper
Comparative Study of Optimization Algorithms for 6DOF Design in Electric Vehicle Powertrain Mounting Systems2025-01-8650To be published on 04/01/2025
Optimizing engine mounting systems is a complex task that requires balancing the isolation of vehicle vibrations with the control of powertrain movement within a limited dynamic envelope. This study investigates the application of various optimization algorithms for Six Degrees of Freedom (6DOF) analysis in engine mount design, where the stochastic behavior and probabilistic characteristics of the system present additional challenges. Selecting an appropriate optimization framework is essential for achieving accurate and efficient results. Recent advancements in research have introduced several 6DOF optimization algorithms aimed at determining the optimal stiffness and location of engine mounts. The study evaluates a range of optimization methods, including SHERPA, Quadratic Programming (QP), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm III (NSGA-III), Nelder-Mead, Multi-Star Local, Response Surface Method (RSM), and Simulated
Hazra, Sandip, Khan, Arkadip
Technical Paper
Driver Cognitive Distraction Recognition Based on Multi-Source Data from Simulated Driving Experiments2025-01-714002/21/2025
Nowadays, cognitive distraction in the process of driving has become a frequent phenomenon, which has led to a certain proportion of traffic accidents, causing a lot of property losses and casualties. Since the fact that cognitive distraction is mostly reflected in the driver's reception and thinking of information unrelated to driving, it is difficult to recognize it from the driver's facial features. As a result, the accuracy of prediction is usually lower relying solely on facial performance to detect cognitive distraction. In this research, fifty participants took part in our simulated driving experiment. And each participant conducted the experiment in four different traffic scenarios using a high-fidelity driving simulator, including three cognitive distraction scenarios and one normal driving scenarios. Firstly, we identified the facial performance indicators and vehicle performance indicators that had a significant effect on cognitive distraction through one-way ANOVA. Then we
Qu, Chixiong, Bao, Qiong, Qu, Qikai, Shen, Yongjun
Technical Paper
Deep Learning-Enhanced Direct Torque Control of BLDC Motors for Optimized Electric Vehicle Performance12-08-04-003602/12/2025
Electric vehicles (EVs) represent a promising solution to reduce environmental issues and decrease dependency on fossil fuels. The main drawback associated with the direct torque control (DTC) scheme is that it is incapable of improving the efficiency and response time of the EVs. To overcome this problem, integrating deep learning (DL) techniques into DTC offers a valuable solution to enhance the performance of the drive system of EVs. This article introduces three control methods to improve the output for DTC-based BLDC motor drives: a traditional proportional–integral for speed controller (speed PI), a neural network fitting (NNF)-based speed controller (speed NNF), and a custom neural (CN) network-based speed controller (speed CN). The NNF and CN are DL techniques designed to overcome the limitations of conventional PI controllers, such as retaining the percentage overshoot, settling times, and improving the system’s efficiency. The CN controller reduced the torque ripple by 15
Patel, Sandesh, Yadav, Shekhar, Tiwari, Nitesh
Journal Article
Performance Analysis of Conventional Two Wheeler versus Plug in Hybrid Electric Two Wheeler for Light Goods Transportation2025-28-019902/07/2025
The study investigates the performance of conventional two-wheelers versus Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) two-wheelers in the context of light goods transportation. With growing environmental concerns and the push towards sustainable transportation solutions, the study focuses on understanding the effects of using electric or hybrid electric vehicles for small-capacity load carrying applications, in terms of parameters such as mileage, pollution, and range. A simulation model was created in MATLAB, where the various vehicle parameters can be changed and their effect on vehicle performance such as SOC, motor power, motor speed, vs input velocity can be studied. Similar tests were conducted in the real world and the results obtained were compared with simulation results. Results indicate that PHEV two-wheelers significantly reduce emissions and fuel consumption, while maintaining comparable performance in terms of speed and load capacity. However, the initial investment and
Kumar, V. Sudhir, R, Balamurugan, Pasupuleti, Thejasree, Natarajan, Manikandan
Technical Paper
Crash Performance Study on High-Speed Electric Two-Wheeler Battery Enclosure2025-28-020302/07/2025
The usage of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and the annual production rate have increased significantly over the years. This is due to the development of rechargeable electrical energy storage system (battery pack), which is the main power source for EVs. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) pack is predominantly used across all major vehicle categories such as 2-wheelers, 3-wheelers and light commercial vehicle. LIB is one of the high energy-dense sources of volume. However, LIBs have a challenge to pose a risk of short circuits and battery pack explosions, when exposed to damage scenarios. In the present study, the controlled crash analysis is performed for various velocities ranging from 50 kmph to 72 kmph against an obstruction directly and at an offset from the wheel, so as to mimic the real-world crash of high-speed two-wheelers. The behavior of the battery enclosure is examined through evaluating the structural integrity of the battery enclosure used in a realistic two-wheeler after crash at
Venkatesan Sr, Aiyappan, Nelson, N Rino, Hariharan Nair, Adarsh
Technical Paper
Experimental Study on Vibration Aging Performance of Vehicle Carbon Canisters2025-01-703001/31/2025
Due to the vibration of the vehicle, the performance of the vehicle carbon canisters will be changed, which will affect its control effect on the fuel evaporation emission. In this study, a vibration test platform capable of simulating vehicle vibration characteristics was used to simulate the possible vibration effects of the vehicle carbon canisters, and to analyze the absorption and desorption performance of the carbon canisters before and after long-term operation and its influence on vehicle evaporation emissions. The results show that the carbon canisters will precipitate the carbon powder after the continuous action of the forward and backward vibration of the vehicle. As a result, the ultimate adsorption and desorption amount of fuel vapor decreased, and the adsorption amount decreased more obviously. In the 48-hour Diurnal Breathing Loss (DBL) test, fuel vapor diffusion is more difficult due to the increased flow resistance of the carbon canisters after vibration, and fuel
Yu, Xiaohong, Liu, Yiyao, Feng, Yifang, Zheng, Yushuo, Chen, Tao, Zhao, Hua
Technical Paper
Research on Fuel Cell Vehicle Performance Based on PEMFC Stack Degradation2025-01-707201/31/2025
The degradation of vehicle performance resulting from powertrain degradation throughout the lifecycle of alternative energy vehicles (AEVs) has consistently been a focal issue among scholars and consumers. The purpose of this paper is to utilize a one-dimensional vehicle simulation model to analyze the changes in power performance and economy of fuel cell vehicles as the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) stack degrades. In this study, a simulation model was developed based on the design parameters and vehicle architecture of a 45kW fuel cell vehicle. The 1D model was validated for accuracy using experimental data. The results indicate that as the stack performance degrades, the attenuation rate of the fuel cell engine is further amplified, with a degradation of up to 13.6% in the system's peak output power at the End of Life (EOL) state after 5000 hours. Furthermore, the level of economic performance degradation of the complete vehicle in the EOL state is dependent on the
Li, You, Du, Jing, Guo, Donglai, Wang, Kai, Wang, Yupeng
Technical Paper
Model Predictive Torque Control of PMSM Without Weighting Factors Based on MRAS Parameter Identification2025-01-705701/31/2025
The design of weighting factors in the cost function of traditional model predictive torque control (MPTC) is relatively cumbersome, at the same time, the accuracy of the prediction model decreases obviously when the motor parameters are mismatched. Therefore, a model predictive control without weighting factors based on on-line identification of motor parameters is studied. Firstly, the control objectives transformed from torque and flux of traditional MPTC to active torque and reactive torque, since they are of the same dimension the design of weighting factors is unnecessary. Secondly, aiming at the problem of control performance degradation caused by the change of motor parameters in the prediction model, the online identification of motor parameters based on model reference adaptive system is studied, the identification results are applied to the prediction process to avoid the bad influence caused by the parameter variation. The findings from the simulation indicate that the
Zhang, Yanqing, Jia, Danyang, Yin, Zhonggang, Liu, Qi
Technical Paper
Predictive Torque Control of Open End Winding PMSM Under Single Phase Fault with Torque Ripple Suppression2025-01-705301/31/2025
To enhance the operating performance of the common-bus open-winding permanent magnet synchronous motor under single-phase open-circuit faults, this paper proposes a model predictive torque control strategy with torque ripple suppression. First, the operating principles of the model predictive torque control system for both normal operation and single-phase fault conditions are analyzed. Based on this analysis, the electromagnetic torque controller in the model predictive torque control system is restructured. However, if the conventional space vector modulation strategy used during fault-free operation is continued, the required stator voltage cannot be achieved. Therefore, analyze the phase relationship of the current before and after the fault, derive a new Clark transformation matrix, and then based on the principle of torque invariance that can be generated by the fundamental magnetic flux, derive the coefficients of the Park transformation of the two-phase current. To simplify the
Zhang, Dongdong, Mo, Fushen, Lin, Xiaogang
Technical Paper
Rolling Optimization Shift Strategy of Heavy Truck Considering Power Interruption in Shift Process2025-01-703601/31/2025
The optimization of gear shifting is a critical process in heavy-duty trucks for adjusting engine operating points, enabling a multi-objective balance between power, fuel efficiency, and comfort. However, this process is challenged by the nonlinear characteristics of engine fuel consumption, power interruptions during AMT (Automated Manual Transmission) shifts, and uncertainties in driving conditions. This study proposes a rolling optimization shift strategy for heavy trucks equipped with AMT, based on a multi-scale prediction of internal combustion engine fuel consumption on the road. Firstly, a predictive model for the energy efficiency and dynamics of heavy-duty trucks with AMT was developed, accounting for the engine’s engine’s operating condition points and power interruptions during shifting. Secondly, a future power demand, vehicle speed, and fuel consumption prediction algorithm was designed, iterating based on accelerator pedal position forecasts and dynamic modeling. Finally
Liu, Xingyi, Zhou, Quanyu, Zhang, Leibo, Lv, Dongxuan, Sun, Xiaopeng, Gao, Jinhao, Song, Kang, Xie, Hui
Technical Paper
Simulation Analysis of Seat Ventilation Performance Considering Deformation during Human Occupancy15-18-02-000801/02/2025
The comfort of seats increasingly becomes a crucial factor in the overall driving experience, particularly as vehicles become increasingly integrated into people’s daily lives. Passengers often maintain a relatively fixed posture and have close contact with the seat for extended periods of time, leading to issues such as heat, humidity, and stickiness. In order to enhance the thermal comfort experienced by occupants, manufacturers are no longer satisfied with ensuring the thermal comfort performance of vehicles only through the HVAC system in the cabin, but also developed a microclimate control seat that adjusts the temperature through ventilation between the contact surface of the seat and the human body, trying to improve the thermal comfort of passengers more effectively. However, the ventilation ducts of these seats are commonly designed based on empirical or autonomous standards, and their effectiveness is subsequently assessed through test or simulation, typically under unloaded
Zhang, Tianming, Ren, Jindong, Zhang, Haonan
Journal Article
Vehicle Dynamics Using Matlab Applied to a 4x4 Vehicle2024-36-012112/20/2024
Terramechanics is a pivotal field for understanding the interaction between a vehicle’s tires and the terrain. Over time, numerous models have been developed to predict the performance of wheeled vehicles across different terrains. This study aims to employ Bekker’s model, which considers the deformable ground and the rigid tire, to simulate the motion of a 4x4 off road vehicle using the Matlab Vehicle Dynamics Blockset. The methodology of this study involves the use of a MatLab Simulink blockset diagram in conjunction with Bekker’s theory to describe the tire’s interaction with the soil. This approach will enable us to obtain the vehicle’s longitudinal dynamics, including position and velocity. The primary goal of this study is to juxtapose the simulated motion with the model provided by Matlab. This comparison will serve to validate Bekker’s theory. By achieving this, we aim to contribute to the body of knowledge in the field of terramechanics and enhance the predictive accuracy of
Duque, Gabriel Leonardo, Uchôa, Lucas Etchells Riley, Lopes, Elias Dias Rossi, Rodrigues, Gustavo Simão
Technical Paper
Assessing Road Load Predictions: A Comprehensive Review and Comparative Analysis of Real-World versus Numerical Simulation2024-36-015712/20/2024
Road loads, encompassing aerodynamic drag, rolling resistance, and gravitational effects, significantly impact vehicle design and performance by influencing factors such as fuel efficiency, handling, and overall driving experience. While traditional coastdown tests are commonly used to measure road loads, they can be influenced by environmental variations and are costly. Consequently, numerical simulations play a pivotal role in predicting and optimizing vehicle performance in a cost-effective manner. This article aims to conduct a literature review on road loads and their effects on vehicle performance, leveraging experimental data from past studies from other researchers to establish correlations between measured road loads and existing mathematical models. By validating these correlations using real-world measurements, this study contributes to refining predictive models used in automotive design and analysis. The simulations in this study, utilizing five distinct empirical
Pereira, Leonardo Pedreira, Braga, Sérgio Leal
Technical Paper
Impact of Replacing a 6-Speed Gearbox with a 5-Speed Gearbox on Vehicle Performance2024-36-012512/20/2024
This study investigates the effects of replacing a 6-speed gearbox with a 5-speed gearbox in a sports vehicle, while keeping all other parameters constant. Through computational simulations, data is collected for comparative performance analysis. The study aims to understand the potential implications of this change on acceleration, fuel efficiency, engine response, as well as aspects such as driver comfort. The results may provide valuable insights for the automotive industry, guiding future transmission design and engineering decisions.
Marinho, Gabriel Jannuzzi, de Campos, Josué Queiroz, Lopes, Elias Dias Rossi, Rodrigues, Gustavo Simão
Technical Paper
Research on the Pull Drift Compensation Control Algorithm based on Steer-By-Wire Systems2024-01-705212/13/2024
SBW(Steer-by-wire) is a steering system that transmits the driver’s request and gives feedback to the driver through electrical signals. This system eliminates the mechanical connection of the traditional steering system, and can realize the decoupling of the steering wheel and the road wheel. In addition, this system has a perfect torque feedback system, which can accurately and delicately feedback the road surface information to the driver. However, vehicle driving deviation is one of the most common failure modes affecting vehicle performance in the automotive aftermarket, this failure mode can exacerbates tire wear, reducing their life cycle, at the same time, the driver must apply a counter torque to the steering wheel for a long time to maintain straight-line travel during driving. This increases the driver’s operational burden and poses safety hazards to the vehicle’s operation. Based on the steer-by-wire system and vehicle driving deviation characteristics, this paper proposes
Xiangfei, Xu, Qu, Yuan
Technical Paper
Leveraging Welding Spot Quality Control Using Camera Vision System2024-28-026412/05/2024
Spot welds are integral to automotive body construction, influencing vehicle performance and durability. Spot welding ensures structural integrity by creating strong bonds between metal sheets, crucial for maintaining vehicle safety and performance. It is highly compatible with automation, allowing for streamlined production processes and increased efficiency in automotive assembly lines. The number and distribution of spot welds directly impact the vehicle's ability to withstand various loads and stresses, including impacts, vibrations, and torsion. Manufacturers adhere to strict quality control standards to ensure the integrity of spot welds in automotive production. Monitoring spot weld count and weld quality during manufacturing processes through advanced inspection techniques such as Image processing by YOLOv8 helps identify the number of spots and quality that could compromise safety. Automating quality control processes is paramount, and machine vision offers a promising
Kadam, Shubham Narayan, Dolas, Aniket, Mishra, Jagdish
Technical Paper
Dynamic Modeling of Torque & Emissions: Digital Twin to Simulate Combustion Process and Exhaust Emissions for Diagnostics & Prognostics Applications2024-28-017212/05/2024
As a journey to green initiatives, one of the focus areas for automotive industry is reducing environmental impact especially in case of internal combustion engines. Latest digital twin technology enable modelling complicated, fast and unsteady phenomena including the changes of emission gases concentration and output torque observed during diesel emission and combustion process. This paper presents research on the emission and combustion characteristics of a heavy vehicle diesel engine, elaborating an engineered architecture for prognostics/diagnostics, state monitoring, and performance trending of heavy-duty vehicle engine (HDVE) and after treatment system (ATS). The proposed architecture leverages advanced modeling methodologies to ensure precise predictions and diagnostics, using data-driven techniques, the architecture accurately model’s engine and exhaust system behaviors under various operating conditions. For exhaust system, architecture demonstrates encouraging predictive
Singh, Prabhsharn, Thakare, Ujval, Hivarkar, Umesh
Technical Paper
Enhancing Bumper & Headlamp Durability: Lightweight Bumper Design with Optimized Resonance Frequency2024-28-023812/05/2024
In the realm of commercial vehicle design, enhancing the durability of bumpers and headlamps is paramount for ensuring safety and reducing maintenance costs. This study explores the development of a lightweight bumper design with optimized resonance frequency to improve the durability of these critical components. The research focuses on innovative design techniques to achieve a balance between weight reduction and structural integrity. The primary objective is to minimize the impact forces transmitted to the bumper and headlamp assemblies during vibrations. By employing finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental validation, the study identifies the optimal resonance frequency that mitigates the risk of resonance-induced damage. Additionally, the study examines the influence of geometric modifications on the bumper’s performance. Various design iterations are analyzed to determine the most effective configuration for enhancing durability while maintaining compliance with industry
Pandey, Sudheer, Ganesan, Balaji
Technical Paper
Investigation on Thermal Performance of Battery Cooling Plate for Lithium-Ion Battery2024-28-025912/05/2024
Electric vehicles are regarded to be the most effective way to lower emissions of greenhouse gases from the transportation industry. Lithium-ion batteries are rechargeable and ideally suited for vehicle electrification due to their high specific energy and energy density in comparison to other batteries. Electric vehicle performance greatly depends on the efficient operation of lithium-ion battery. Battery thermal management plays a crucial role in ensuring optimum vehicle operation. Heat dissipation from the battery should be dealt with, for safe operation and to prolong the battery life cycle. To achieve the battery’s optimal temperature, an efficient cooling system should be established. The battery cooling plate is an essential component that is necessary for heat transfer from the battery pack to the coolant. Five different battery cooling plates with linear dimple, staggered dimple, straight channel, wave channel and splitter channel are modeled for computational fluid dynamics
K, Muthukrishnan, S, Saikrishna, K, Keshavbalaje
Technical Paper
Methodology for Designing Traction Motor for an Electric Vehicle with Tandem Application of Vehicle System 1D Simulation and Electromagnetic Simulation2024-28-022612/05/2024
This paper presents a comprehensive methodology for sizing an electric motor for a given vehicle performance targets and analyzing the motor performance at different operating zones of the electric vehicle. Designing the powertrain of an electric vehicle starts with understanding the on-road performance requirements of the vehicle relevant to the application such as top speed, gradient and acceleration targets. It is critical to define the operating performance boundary of the vehicle based on end user preference. This paper illustrates a comprehensive approach of implementing 1D simulation tool namely GT-SUITE to simulate the vehicle model for different on-road performance targets so as to conclude the traction motor specifications [3]. These specifications along with the other boundaries of the vehicle such as battery limitations and MCU limitations are taken as input parameters for the electromagnetic simulation assisted by Ansys Motor-CAD to design optimized motor that can meet the
Ghule, Gopal Arjun, Neelakantan, Subramoniyan
Technical Paper
Speed Control Assurance for SnowmobilesJ1222_202412 (Current)12/05/2024
This SAE Standard provides minimum requirements and performance criteria for devices to prevent runaway snowmobiles due to malfunction of the speed control system.
Snowmobile Technical Committee
Recommended Practice
An Experimental Study of Clutch Wear Profile on a Vehicle with Automated Manual Transmission and Simulating the Same on Test Bench for Future Applications2024-28-019312/05/2024
Clutch wear is a significant factor affecting vehicle performance and maintenance costs, and understanding its dynamics is crucial for original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to enhance product reliability and customer satisfaction. It is important to predict clutch wear to enable customers to understand the condition of their clutch and the remaining clutch life, to avoid sudden vehicle breakdowns. This paper explains the approach of measuring the clutch wear profile on an actual vehicle and simulating the same conditions on a powertrain test bench, with the establishment of a correlation in clutch wear profiles.
Chopra, Chandan, Kumar, Varun, Mamidigumpula, Mohan Kumar Reddy
Technical Paper
An Analytical Method to Study Control Strategy of Torque-Vectoring Transmissions for Electric Vehicles Using MATLAB Simulink2024-28-021012/05/2024
Torque vectoring offers drive flexibility and continuous individual wheel torque regulation, which is unavailable in conventional transmission systems. Electric vehicles with multiple drivetrains and torque-vectoring system can significantly enhance vehicle response and handling, and thus the active safety, efficiency, and performance of the vehicle in all driving conditions. The current methodology of predicting performance characteristics is limited through slip rate calculations and yaw rate calculations. The vehicle dynamic performance evaluations with above said methodologies holds good for dynamic cornering. But in the scenarios where the vehicle moving in straight drive with different wheel traction requirements on either side (split-μ condition) and that requires torque vectoring. These above methods do not help to evaluate the performance of vehicle. Because these methodologies are based on predicting dynamic center-of-gravity values of vehicle. In the proposed methodology
Ramakrishnan, Gowtham Raj, Baheti, Palash
Technical Paper
An Intelligent Estimation of Dynamic Vehicle Mass for Electric Vehicle2024-28-022912/05/2024
Dynamic Vehicle mass is one of the most critical parameters in automotive controls such as battery management, transmission shift scheduling, distance-to-empty predictions and most importantly, various active and passive safety systems. This work aims to find out dynamic Vehicle mass for Electric Vehicles in real time transient driving conditions. The work proposes a real-time approach in finding Dynamic vehicle mass where accumulated Energy based vehicle performance, an improvement to the vehicle dynamics equation, has been employed for consistent and accurate results. Factors affecting vehicle mass such as road grade, dynamic friction coefficient, driving pattern, wheel slip etc. have been considered for model optimization. Here recursive Bayesian state estimator has been used for finding vehicle mass as a constant state variable while time varying forgetting factors are used to nullify the impact of major losses. Algorithm is auto tuned using Machine Learning techniques to first
Pandey, Suchit, Sarkar, Prasanta, Sawhney, Chandan, Kondhare, Manish, Joshi, Pawan, CH, Sri Ram
Technical Paper
Study of Impact Forces on Wheel Rim from Pothole Impacts and Improvement of Flange Design to Eliminate Wheel Bend2024-28-026212/05/2024
Typically, an automotive passenger car wheel rim can withstand gradual loading contributed from the vehicle during cornering and high-speed maneuvering and as per the standard as well as customer requirements wheel has to withstand some impact forced contributed from radial and inclined loading. But in some cased wheel rim may not withstand the impact forces generated during impact on potholes and curbs with high-speed maneuvering. This Study helps to understand the impact on wheel rim and the forces acting on the rim flanges during pothole impact and high-speed curb impact. For In this study author tends to explain about the design of the rim flanges considering the impact forces the wheel rims are exposed to during pothole impact. Also in this study, road load data for a double pothole impact in electric vehicle with lightest alloy wheel rim in the segment is acquired to understand the loads acting on the rim. Based on the simulation iterations with several design changes and
Thiyagarajan, Sriram, Jithendhar, A, Singh, Ram Krishnan, Sundaram, Raghupathi, Paua, Ketan
Technical Paper
Real Time Vehicle State Estimation Using Error Map Function2024-28-026612/05/2024
The estimation of vehicle handling and control parameters in dynamic conditions is challenging due to errors and delays in real-time data logging with low-resolution onboard sensors. These issues significantly impact the performance of vehicle stability and control algorithms, particularly in vehicles under testing. This study presents error mapping concept parallel to statistical error method for real-time vehicle state estimation that addresses the limitations of low-resolution sensors with errors and delays in measured signal. In this study, a real-time (RT) model is developed and trained with in-house electric SUV to estimate yaw velocity and slip angle. The model leverages other measured signals available from the vehicle’s onboard sensor setup. It integrates an error and delay function with error predictive model to estimate the targeted parameter signal response in real time. The RT model introduces an error function method that enhances prediction accuracy by combining the
Kumar, Avinash, Asthana, Shivam, Rasal, Shraddhesh, M, Sudhan, Vellandi, Vikraman
Technical Paper
Complex and Nonlinear Resistance Changes of NMC/Gr Cells during Ageing2024-01-432511/05/2024
Li-ion battery cell degradation has a strong impact on vehicle performance through performance degradation and deviation from original control calibration. Ageing leads to complex changes in resistance, arising from various contributions. This results in non-uniform resistance changes with temperature and state-of-charge (SoC) as well as altered time-based dynamic responses to current application. This study examines in detail the complex resistance changes with ageing and the dependencies on temperature, SoC and time. The paper evaluates data from a 9-month Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt (NMC)/Gr cell aging study at 45°C, using both frequency and time-based methods. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy with Distribution of Relaxation Times is employed for frequency analysis, while time domain data is extracted from monthly Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization tests. The combination of frequency and time based data allows identification of the individual resistance features that change with
Stocker, Richard, Mumtaz, Asim, Lophitis, Neophytos
Technical Paper
Novel Approach to Optimize the Ride Handling Performance by Reducing Vehicle Development Time and Cost2024-28-004310/17/2024
The automobile industry strives to develop high-quality vehicles quickly that fulfill the buyer’s needs and stand out within the competition. Full utilization of simulation and Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) tools can empower quick assessment of different vehicle concepts and setups without building physical models. This research focuses on optimizing vehicle ride and handling performance by utilizing a tuning specifications range. Traditional approaches to refining these aspects involve extensive physical testing, which consumes both time and resources. In contrast, our study introduces a novel methodology leveraging virtual Subjective Rating through driving simulators. This approach aims to significantly reduce tuning time and costs, consequently streamlining overall development expenditures. The core objective is to enhance vehicle ride and handling dynamics, ensuring a superior driving experience for end-users. By meticulously defining and implementing tuning specifications, we
Ganesh, Lingadalu
Technical Paper
Effect of Undercover Design on Vehicle Performance: An Investigation2024-28-006209/19/2024
This research study investigates the influence of undercover design on three critical aspects of vehicle performance: water entering into air intake filter, Aerodynamic performance, thermal performance on vehicle engine room components (Condenser, Radiator and Air Intake System). Undercover serves the purpose of protecting Engine, underhood components and also improves aerodynamics of the vehicle. Through CFD simulations, various undercover design configurations: Full Undercover, no undercover and half undercover cases are evaluated to assess their effectiveness in mitigating the water ingress into the air intake system. Additionally, we explore the implications of these design alterations on the thermal performance and aerodynamic drag. By systematically exploring these interactions, results provided valuable insights on the effect of three undercover configurations related to vehicle performance which can help automotive engineers to develop the undercovers that strike a balance
Padakandla, Kishore Kumar, Nagendra, K. Yalla, Bisoyi, Ram Prasad
Technical Paper
Method and System for Efficient Thermal Management in Electric Vehicles2024-28-006009/19/2024
Electric Trucks offer one of the most promising alternatives to vehicles in the field of transport of goods. In battery electric trucks, heat is generated by components present in the electric truck such as battery of the electric vehicle, electric drive system, Endurance Brake System etc. which require cooling and Thermal management system to control and monitor the cooling system. The thermal management system considered here includes two coolant tanks. The first coolant tank performs thermal management for the battery and Electric-Drive(e-Drive) components which can heat up to 600C and the second coolant tank performs thermal management for HPR circuit, and it is used to break the charging circuit to protect the battery getting charged beyond 100% using regenerative braking concept. HPR (High performance resistor) is the component which can heat up to ~950C and make sure the battery is not getting charged beyond the safe limits. Since HPR is a critical component and operates at high
Pekala, Sagar Mohana, Zacharias, Nevin, Kulkarni, Krathika
Technical Paper
Artificial Intelligence in Electric Vehicle Battery Management System: A Technique for Better Energy Storage2024-28-008909/19/2024
The automobile industry is currently undergoing a huge transition from IC Engine based systems to electric based mobility systems. Battery technology based on Li ion has made interesting move towards popularization of electric vehicles (EVs) in world market. battery management system (BMS) forms one of the major constituents of this technology. Battery pack as a whole is the most sought-after component of EVs which needs intensive monitoring and control. Battery parameters such as State of Health (SOH) and State of Charge (SOC) needs precise measurement and calculation. Monitoring them directly is a difficult task. In the present work methodologies and approaches for estimating the batteries parameters using Artificial Intelligent methods were investigated. Six machine learning algorithms used for state estimation were critically reviewed. The employed methods are linear, random forest, gradient boost, light gradient boosting (light-GBM), extreme gradient boosting (XGB), and support
Vashist, Devendra, Raj, Rishi, Sharma, Deepanshu
Technical Paper
Cabin Heating Modelling and Simulation for ICE and EVs through 1D CAE2024-28-010709/19/2024
India features diverse climatic zones, spanning from tropical in south to alpine in north. Since most of the regions are hot, vehicle cabin cooling analysis dominates over heating analysis, creating a notable technology gap that exists in cabin heating. Nonetheless, in colder regions of India and Europe, maintaining optimal cabin heating is crucial for human comfort. Furthermore, in climates prone to mist and frost formation, ensuring the accuracy and effectiveness of cabin heating mechanisms becomes crucial, as it directly correlates with safety considerations that comes prior to mere comfort requirements. To reduce the technology gap and physical testing in cold climatic conditions this work is proposed, which will enable us to predict cabin heating performance of vehicle on highway running as well as in stationary condition for Electric Vehicles (EV) and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEV) in 1D Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) software. A detailed Transient Cabin Heating
Soni, Rahul, Shah, Geet, Kulkarni, Shridhar, M, Chandru, Vangala, Sai Krishna, Jaybhay, Sambhaji, Nayakawadi, Uttam
Technical Paper
Brake Heat Capacity Prediction Using a Machine-Learned Friction Coefficient Model and Virtual Wheel Brake2024-01-305409/08/2024
Recently, the increasing complexity of systems and diverse customer demands have necessitated the development of highly efficient vehicles. The ability to accurately predict vehicle performance through simulation allows for the determination of design specifications before the construction of test vehicles, leading to reduced development schedules and costs. Therefore, detailed brake thermal performance predictions are required both for the front and rear brakes. Moreover, scenarios requiring validation, such as alpine conditions that apply braking severity to xEV with the regenerative braking system, have become increasingly diverse. To address this challenge, this study proposes a co-simulation method that incorporates a machine-learned brake pad friction coefficient prediction model to enhance the accuracy of brake thermal capacity predictions within the vehicle simulation environment. This innovative method allows for the simultaneous prediction of both front and rear-wheel brakes
Cho, Sunghyun, Baek, SangHeum, Kim, Min Soo, Hong, Incheol, Kim, Hyun Ki, Kim, Gwichul, Lee, Jounghee
Technical Paper
Features of Assessing Fuel Efficiency and Environmental Performance of Vehicles in Thermal Preparation Processes2024-01-508809/02/2024
The article deals with the peculiarities of developing a method for evaluating the fuel efficiency and environmental performance of vehicle engines under conditions of pre- and post-start thermal preparations. The method was designed for gasoline engines converted to run on both liquid petroleum and gaseous fuels (LPG). A thermal treatment system based on a phase transition heat accumulator was used for pre- and post-start heat treatment in operation. An algorithm for determining and evaluating individual thermal preparation criteria for vehicle engines in operational conditions was developed based on the analysis conducted. The method for assessing fuel consumption and harmful emissions in the exhaust gases of vehicles with engines modified to run on LPG and fitted with a phase transition heat accumulator during pre- and post-start thermal preparations was improved. The method development is based on numerous experimental and computational–analytical studies. To assess the high
Gritsuk, Igor, Pohorletskyi, Dmytro, Pohorletska, Nadiia, Volkov, Vladimir, Volodarets, Mykyta, Khudiakov, Igor, Dotsenko, Serhii, Nesterenko, Viktoriia, Volska, Olena
Technical Paper
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: What is the Future of the Car?1347508/27/2024
From autonomy to software to customization, the future of the car is multifaceted. As one of the world's largest suppliers in the automotive space, Magna International uniquely understands this. The company's capabilities span the entire vehicle -- from design to manufacturing to technology -- thus optimizing vehicle performance and shaping the future of the car. To learn more, we sat down with we sat down with Joerg Grotendorst, Senior Vice President, Corporate R&D, Magna, to discuss advancements in electrification and autonomy, innovative design features, and sustainable technologies -- and why a holistic approach to mobility is necessary.
Hineman, Marcie
Podcast
Braking compatibility between motorvehicle and trailer: identification of impacts on braking behavior under different types of predominance pressure2024-36-030808/09/2024
In recent decades, it can be noted an advance in new technologies applied to commercial vehicles. This advancement led to the development of new functions making products more efficient and safer, benefiting the society in general. Commercial vehicle manufacturers brought their products to levels higher than those required by current legal resolutions. Among the various resolutions applied to the braking system, in CONTRAN #915/22, which specifies minimum requirements of performance of vehicles brakes, the part 7 of NBR 10966 stands out. This standard determines requirements for compatibility between towing and towed units combined as a vehicle. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the thermal balance between the brakes of a motor vehicle combined with a semi-trailer. The tests were carried out by varying the pneumatic pressure that controls the service brake of towed units during braking. Some of the pressure levels were complying with compatibility requirements, others were not
Dias, Eduardo Miranda, Travaglia, Carlos Abílio Passos, Rodrigues, André, Rudek, Cludemir, Britto, Danilo
Technical Paper
Mercedes unveils tech-heavy electric G-Class24AUTP06_1206/01/2024
Surrounded by celebrities in Beverly Hills, Mercedes-Benz unveiled the 2025 G 580 with EQ Technology on a dock in the middle of a reservoir. That mouthful of a name is met with a large offering of technology packed into the luxury off-roader. Sitting atop a 116-kWh capacity battery pack, four motors (one for each wheel), a redesigned rear axle system, and a sound system feature called G-Roar, the German utility vehicle is ready to tackle the great outdoors as well as Rodeo Drive. While its target audience in the United States will unlikely use any of the following features more than a few times a year, the transition from gas to battery has done nothing to reduce the vehicle's off-road capabilities. If anything, it's enhanced them.
Baldwin, Roberto
Magazine Article
A CONSUMER'S VIEW: Perry Parts 3D-printed bump stops24AUTP06_0106/01/2024
Making a Miata feel at home off-road takes ingenuity and some help from modern 3D-printing tech. I have always loved off-road racing. I love the innovation, grit and determination it takes to get across the finish line after 250, 500 or even 1,000 miles (402, 805 or 1,609 km) of racing. I have also always loved Miatas. I bought my first NA in 1994 and never looked back. I currently own a 2004 Mazdaspeed Miata and a 2001 lifted Miata.
Hall, Emme
Magazine Article
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