Browse Topic: Vehicle ride

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Design Strategies for “Front Stabilizer Link Assembly” for Maximized Wheel Articulation in all terrain for passenger car applications2025-28-0309To be published on 11/06/2025
The stabilizer link, also commonly referred to as the sway bar link or anti-roll bar link, plays a crucial role in the suspension system, that connects the sway bar to the suspension components like knuckle/Control arm/Struts. Primary function of stabilizer link is helping to reduce the body roll during cornering or uneven terrain, it helps to stabilize the wheels during extreme articulation & ensuring the smoother operation in terms of vehicle ride comfort & handling. it is designed for assists in distributing forces across the suspension system, in off-road or rugged terrain applications. This case study represents the failure of stabilizer link assembly @ extreme articulation events. The Front stabilizer link was frequently failing in vehicle level durability and functional testing at multiple terrains. The investigation highlights the root cause analysis of the failure. based on the root cause analysis, design strategies prepared to prevent such failures, ensure reliable operation
S, Praveen Kumar, Chilakala, Raghavendra, Senthil Raja, T, Jadhav, Prashant, Kundan, Lal, J, Akhil, Pawar, Sandip
Evaluation of Optimal Tire Pressure for Three-Wheeled Vehicles Performance and Safety2025-28-0272To be published on 11/06/2025
Tire pressure plays a critical role in determining the overall performance and efficiency of a vehicle, influencing factors such as handling, braking, and fuel consumption. Proper tire pressure ensures optimal interaction between the tire and the road surface, thereby improving safety and performance. When tire pressure is too low, the contact patch increases, resulting in higher rolling resistance, which in turn leads to a decrease in fuel efficiency. Low pressure also causes excessive wear on the tires and can reduce vehicle stability. On the other hand, excessively high tire pressure causes a reduction in the contact patch, leading to a harsher ride, reduced traction, and a higher risk of skidding. This imbalance not only affects the ride quality but also compromises safety, particularly in adverse weather conditions. This paper aims to develop a governing equation that computes the optimal tire pressure for a speculative three-wheeled vehicle, considering factors such as load
S, Shakeel, V M, Brathikan, K, Krisnan, M, shruthi
Development of Electronic Control in Strong Hybrid Motorcycle2025-32-0091To be published on 11/03/2025
In response to the growing demand for environmental performance, the mobility industry is actively developing electrification, and in particular, the use of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) in commuting motorcycles is advancing. However, in the case of vehicles for leisure, which require high riding performance, there are problems such as cruising range and charging time, and there are currently few mass-produced models. Therefore, we proposed a hybrid motorcycle to achieve both environmental performance and high riding performance by means other than BEV. The proposed vehicle is equipped with a strong type hybrid system in which an engine and a drive motor are connected in parallel via a hydraulic electronically controlled clutch. It is possible to run only by the motor (EV driving) or by a hybrid running powered by both the engine and the motor (HEV driving). In order to improve environmental performance, it is necessary to develop a function for switching between EV and HEV driving
Obayashi, Kosuke, Terai, Shohei, Jino, Kenichi, Kawai, Daisuke
Investigation of Driving Characteristics for Road Alignments with High Traffic Accident Rates on Hilly and Mountainous Roads Using a Motorcycle Simulator2025-32-0035To be published on 11/03/2025
Accidents involving riders visiting mountainous areas such as Nagano Prefecture in Japan on motorcycles for sightseeing and driving are common. In a previous study, analysis of traffic accident statistics data suggested that the fatality and serious injury rates for uphill right curves and downhill left curves are high, however the true causes of these accidents remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, a motorcycle simulator was used to evaluate the driving characteristics due to these road alignments. Evaluation courses based on combinations of uphill/downhill slopes and left/right curves were created, and experiments were conducted. The subjects of the study were expert riders, specifically police motorcycle riders, and novice student riders. The results showed that right curves are even more difficult to see near the entrance of the curve when accompanied by an uphill slope, making it easier to delay recognition and judgment of the curve. Expert riders recognized curves faster than
Kuniyuki, Hiroshi, Katayama, Yuta, Kitagawa, Taisei, Numao, Yusuke
Electromagnetic, Thermal, and Dynamic Performance Analysis of Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motor and MR Damper Integrated Active Suspension2025-01-0409To be published on 10/07/2025
Active suspension systems are crucial for enhancing ride quality and passenger comfort in vehicles because they can dynamically adjust their stiffness and damping characteristics. Significant studies have recently been conducted on corporations' and academic institutions' structural design of active suspension systems. Currently, hydraulic and electromagnetic systems make up the majority of active suspension types. Notably, hydraulic active suspensions exhibit a comparatively slower response time, whereas electromagnetic actuator-based active suspensions typically lack the capability to actively modify the damping force's characteristics. Therefore, we proposed an active suspension system that consists of a permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM) and a Magnetorheological (MR) fluid damper. In our system, linear motors could provide fast and accurate force response, and the MR fluid damper provides fast and widely adjustable damping force, improving the vehicle's ride comfort
Chowdhury, Nayan Kumar, Zhang, Jiajun, Yintao, Wei
Better Data for Bodies in MotionTBMG-5358008/07/2025
The return to Earth is a rough ride for astronauts, from the violent turbulence of atmospheric entry to a jarring landing. Hitting the ground in a Soyuz capsule is the equivalent of driving a car backward into a brick wall at 20 mph, and it’s resulting in more head and neck injuries than NASA computer models predicted. To collect more data, NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston commissioned a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) project to develop a wearable data recorder for astronaut spacesuits. One result, created by Diversified Technical Systems Inc. (DTS), is a miniature commercial device that now collects and transmits data for any application from airplane test flights to tracking high-value shipments.
Deep Reinforcement Learning–Based Control Strategy for Electro-Hydrostatic Active Suspension15-18-03-001607/09/2025
A DRL (deep reinforcement learning) algorithm, DDPG (deep deterministic policy gradient), is proposed to address the problems of slow response speed and nonlinear feature of electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA), a new type of actuation method for active suspension. The model-free RL (reinforcement learning) and the flexibility of optimizing general reward functions are combined with the ability of neural networks to deal with complex temporal problems through the introduction of a new framework called “actor-critic”. A EHA active suspension model is developed and incorporated into a 7-degrees-of-freedom dynamics model of the vehicle, with a reward function consisting of the vehicle dynamics parameters and the EHA pump–valve control signals. The simulation results show that the strategy proposed in this article can be highly adapted to the nonlinear hydraulic system. Compared with iLQR (iterative linear quadratic regulator), DDPG controller exhibits better control performance, achieves
Wang, Jiawei, Guo, Huiru, Deng, Xiaohe
Theory behind a Novel Method for the Quantification of Subjective Ride Comfort Phenomena2025-01-026707/02/2025
In the automotive development process objective criteria are commonly used to evaluate the full vehicle ride comfort of vehicles. Based on these characteristics, vehicle concepts can be evaluated and compared at an early stage without using physical prototypes. Usually, these characteristics are determined in subjective studies using real vehicles. However, limitations in the implementation of vehicle variants, the controllability of external influences and longer intervals between the individual assessments have a negative impact on the quality of results using these approaches. Therefore, this paper presents an improved method to transfer the subjective perception and evaluation of ride comfort phenomena to objective characteristics. The corresponding procedure is shown on the basis of a one-dimensional, periodic phenomenon that is transferred to a frequency-dependent weighting function. In this process, a 6-degree of freedom driving simulator is used to overcome the limitations
Stroesser, Simon, Angrick, Christian, Zwosta, Tobias, Neubeck, Jens, Wagner, Andreas
Developing Military Light Utility Vehicle Performance Based on Air Semi-Active Suspension System Using Recurrent Neural Network–Based Controller10-09-04-003006/19/2025
This research presents a semi-active suspension system that combines an air spring and a magneto-rheological (MR) fluid damper to produce both active force and variable damping rates based on the road conditions. The suspension system used for the military light utility vehicle (MLUV) has seven degrees of freedom. A nonlinear model predictive control system generates the desired active force for the air spring control signal, while the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) estimates the target tracking of the intended damping force. The recurrent neural network is designed to develop a controller for an identification system. To achieve the optimal voltage for the MR damper without log time, it is used to simultaneously determine the active control force of the air spring by modifying the necessary damping force tracking. The MLUV suspension system is integrated with the traction control system to improve overall vehicle stability. A fuzzy traction controller adjusts the throttle angle
Shehata Gad, Ahmed
No fear of loading: Driving the 2025 Ram Heavy Duty25TOFHP06_1206/01/2025
The desert landscapes of the western United States have changed since Mr. Duke and Dr. Gonzo blazed a trail across them in a drug-infused haze. But their advice to buy the ticket and take the ride is still a wise mantra - especially in the serene comfort of a modern full-size pickup. As inhospitable as southern Nevada can be outside Sin City, the amenities within the climate-controlled and leather-lined cabin of the latest Ram pickups insulate you from those realities. SAE Media was invited to sample the latest heavy haulers in Ram's portfolio, including the new 2500 and 3500 models with the high-output version of the Cummins B6.7 diesel.
Wolfe, Matt
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Riding the EV Wave With Smarter Batteries1351705/30/2025
As OEMs race to deliver new vehicle lineups with greater speed and efficiency, the industry finds itself navigating a complex crossroads between full EVs and hybrid models. That's where ENNOVI steps in. With a focus on smarter battery management and cutting-edge electrical architecture, ENNOVI is staying agile--offering the right product mix to help OEMs and suppliers ride the wave of electrification, battery technology improvements, and market shifts without missing a beat. Listen in as we sit down with Ron Puhl, Global Director of Engineering and Product Portfolio, to discuss how ENNOVI's Current Collector System (CCS) is helping to improve the overall package size of batteries while reducing costs. It's a unique discussion with deep insight into consumer EV demand and industry trends. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we
Hineman, Marcie
Study of Sound and Cabin Touchpoint Contributions to Subjective Perception of Secondary Ride2025-01-006005/05/2025
Subjective perception of vehicle secondary ride is dependent on simultaneous touchpoint vibrations and audible inputs to the occupants. Standards such as ISO 2361 provide guidelines for objective assessments of human body thresholds to vibration [1]. However, when a human experiences vibration inputs at multiple touchpoints, as well as aural inputs, it becomes complicated to judge each individual contribution to the overall subjective perception [2]. Additional factors, such as ambient conditions, ergonomics, age, gender etc. also play a role. Secondary ride, which is defined as energy in the 10-30 Hz frequency range, is one such event that affects the customers’ perception of ride comfort and quality. The goal of this work is to develop a sound and vibration simulator model and execute a secondary ride jury study of vehicle driving over cleats. The aim of the study is to rank the contributions of each touch point vibration input, as well as sound to the overall subjective perception
Jayakumar, Vignesh, Joodi, Benjamin, Geissler, Christian, Pilz, Fernando, Lynch, Luke, Conklin, Chris, Weilnau, Kelby, Hodgkins, Jeffrey
Application of AI/ML in Hydrobush Tuning to Enhance Overall Value Proposition2025-01-013205/05/2025
In the highly competitive automotive industry, optimizing vehicle components for superior performance and customer satisfaction is paramount. Hydrobushes play an integral role within vehicle suspension systems by absorbing vibrations and improving ride comfort. However, the traditional methods for tuning these components are time-consuming and heavily reliant on extensive empirical testing. This paper explores the advancing field of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in the hydrobush tuning process, utilizing algorithms such as random forest, artificial neural networks, and logistic regression to efficiently analyze large datasets, uncover patterns, and predict optimal configurations. The study focuses on comparing these three AI/ML-based approaches to assess their effectiveness in improving the tuning process. A case study is presented, evaluating their performance and validating the most effective method through physical application, highlighting the potential
Hazra, Sandip, Khan, Arkadip Amitava
Vibration Refinement of Two Wheeler Sub Chassis and Aesthetic Parts Due to Engine Unbalanced Excitation Forces2025-01-011305/05/2025
Two wheeler is important and essential transportation mode in many of the countries across the globe. Designing a motorcycle with better riding comfort and minimal vibration are thus a major challenge for engineers now a day. Engine and road excitations are two source of vibration acting on motor bike or scooter both. These vibrations are transmitted to the chassis, sub chassis, aesthetic parts and then to the rider and pillion. Unwanted vibrations will create discomfort to the rider/pillion and produce noise. Hence, these need to be minimized. This study is focus on diagnosis and control of output vibration response of sub chassis/aesthetic parts due to engine unbalanced excitation force. There are numerous parameter of motor bike/scooter that governs the vibration response of sub chassis/aesthetic parts. Engine unbalanced inertia force characteristics and their transmission to rider and pillion has been studied and reported here. Environmental benefit demands for a complete noise
Khare, Saharash
Evaluating Powertrain Mount Decoupling: Insights from Simulation, Experimental Results, and Analytical Calculations2025-01-002205/05/2025
Powertrain mounts are vital for isolating vibrations and enhancing vehicle ride comfort and performance, making their dynamic behavior critical for effective design. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of powertrain mount decoupling by integrating virtual simulations, physical testing, and analytical calculations. In our approach, we first derived stiffness data through analytical calculations, which were validated through multi-body dynamics (MBD) simulations that modeled interactions within the powertrain mounts. By adjusting bush stiffness parameters within the MBD framework, we predicted decoupling frequencies and analyzed kinetic energy distribution. The iterated stiffness values from simulations were then confirmed through physical testing, ensuring consistency in decoupling frequencies and energy distribution. This alignment between virtual and experimental data enhances the reliability of our findings and helps identify overlapping frequencies across vehicle systems
Shende, Kalyani, Shingavi, Shreyas, Rane, Vishesh, Hingade, Nikhil
A Study on Reduction of Gear Rattle Noise through Clutch Hysteresis Stabilization2025-01-010005/05/2025
Reducing gear rattle noise within the passenger cabin is a crucial objective in vehicle development due to its direct impact on customer comfort and driving experience. Gear rattle occurs when free gears collide during meshing, primarily driven by high torsional vibrations generated by engine fluctuations. These vibrations are transmitted through the clutch system to the transmission, amplifying noise inside the cabin. This study focuses on optimizing the clutch by stabilizing its hysteresis to address this issue. This helps minimize the torsional vibrations transferred to the transmission input shaft, thereby reducing gear rattle. The investigation centers on a case where significant gear rattle was observed at high vehicle speeds, particularly under high engine torque conditions. A thorough root cause analysis identified that the primary contributor to the noise was a drop in the clutch hysteresis value at elevated engine torques. This drop increased torsional vibrations in the
Awasthi, Mradul, Dhankhar, Dinesh Singh, Khare, Devendra Kumar, Rana, Deepak, Pandey, Anant
Simulation and Experimental: Enhanced Stability Control of Electric Vehicle Based on Phase Plane Boundary Analysis10-09-02-001705/05/2025
To optimize vehicle chassis handling stability and ride safety, a layered joint control algorithm based on phase plane stability domain is proposed to promote chassis performance under complicated driving conditions. First, combining two degrees-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model considering tire nonlinearity with phase plane theory, a yaw rate and side slip angle phase plane stability domain boundary is drew in real time. Then based on the real-time stability domain and hierarchical control theory, an integrated control system with active front steering (AFS) and direct yaw moment control (DYC) is designed, and the stability of the controller is validated by Lyapunov theory. Finally, the lateral stability of the vehicle is validated by Simulink and CarSim simulations, real car data, and driving simulators under moose test and pylon course slalom test. The experimental results confirm that the algorithm can enhance the maneuverability and ride safety for intelligent vehicles.
Liao, Yinsheng, Zhang, Zhijie, Su, Ailin, Zhao, Binggen, Wang, Zhenfeng
RDE Methodology Development for Motorcycle Emissions Assessment2024-32-007304/18/2025
The transfer of conditions and regulations for RDE testing from passenger cars to motorcycles is a non-trivial undertaking. Motorcycles exhibit significant differences in construction and usage compared to cars, necessitating a distinct set of requirements for equipment and methodology. Currently available PEMS are hindered by their relatively large size and weight due to the embedded measurement technology and external power supply. The weight of, at least 50kg, poses a substantial additional load, leading to a deviation and, on average, higher load collective of the engine during RDE measurement rides. Beyond these structural parameters, the actual propulsion system and subsequent exhaust system introduce another challenge when employing PEMS on motorcycles. An unfavorable combination of the ratio of engine displacement to the volume of the exhaust system and long or unequal ignition intervals leads to pulsations, which has a considerable impact on the differential pressure-based
Schurl, Sebastian, Keller, Stefan, Lankau, Mathias, Hafenmayer, Christian, Schmidt, Stephan, Kirchberger, Roland
Dynamic Nonlinear Viscoelastic Measurements of Vehicle Seat Components for Ride Comfort Evaluation2024-32-005104/18/2025
Ride comfort is an important factor in the development of vehicles. Understanding the characteristics of seat components allows more accurate analysis of ride comfort. This study focuses on urethane foam, which is commonly used in vehicle seats. Soft materials such as urethane foam have both elastic and viscous properties that vary with frequency and temperature. Dynamic viscoelastic measurements are effective for investigating the vibrational characteristics of such materials. Although there have been many studies on the viscoelastic properties of urethane foam, no prior research has focused on dynamic viscoelastic measurements during compression to simulate the condition of a person sitting on a seat. In this study, dynamic viscoelastic measurements were performed on compressed urethane foam. Moreover, measurements were conducted at low temperatures, and a master curve using the Williams–Landel–Ferry (WLF) formula (temperature–frequency conversion law) was created.
Kamio, Chihiro, Yamaguchi, Takao, Maruyama, Shinichi, Hanawa, Kazuto, Iwase, Tsutomu, Hayashi, Tatsuo, Sato, Toshiharu, Mogawa, Hajime
Ride Index Structure and Development MethodologyJ2834_202504 (Current)04/16/2025
This recommended practice defines methods for the measurement of periodic, random and transient whole-body vibration. It indicates the principal factors that combine to determine the degree to which a vibration exposure will cause discomfort. Informative appendices indicate the current state of knowledge and provide guidance on the possible effects of motion and vibration on discomfort. The frequency range considered is 0.5 Hz to 80 Hz. This recommended practice also defines the principles of preferred methods of mounting transducers for determining human exposure. This recommended practice is applicable to light passenger vehicles (e.g., passenger cars and light trucks). This recommended practice is applicable to motions transmitted to the human body as a whole through the buttocks, back and feet of a seated occupant, as well as through the hands of a driver. This recommended practice offers a method for developing a ride performance index but does not specifically describe how to
Vehicle Dynamics Standards Committee
Coordinated Control Strategy for Longitudinal, Lateral, and Vertical Motions of Distributed Electric Vehicles Based on Model Predictive Control2025-01-830004/01/2025
Distributed electric vehicles, equipped with independent motors at each wheel, offer significant advantages in flexibility, torque distribution, and precise dynamic control. These features contribute to notable improvements in vehicle maneuverability and stability. To further elevate the overall performance of vehicles, particularly in terms of handling, stability, and comfort, this paper introduces an coordinated control strategies for longitudinal, lateral, and vertical motion of distributed electric vehicles. Firstly, a full-vehicle dynamics model is developed, encompassing interactions between longitudinal, lateral, and vertical forces, providing a robust framework for analyzing and understanding the intricate dynamic behaviors of the vehicle under various operating conditions. Secondly, a vehicle motion controller based on Model Predictive Control is designed. This controller employs a sophisticated multi-objective optimization algorithm to manage and coordinate several critical
Jia, Jinchao, Yue, Yang, Sun, Aobo, Liu, Xiao-ang
The Model Predictive Control of Dual-Chamber Active Air Suspension Based on Road Preview2025-01-878904/01/2025
Adverse weather conditions such as rain and snow, as well as heavy load transportation, can cause varying degrees of damage to road surfaces, and untimely road maintenance often results in potholes. Perception sensors equipped on intelligent vehicles can identify road surface conditions in advance, allowing each wheel’s suspension to actively adjust based on the road information. This paper presents an active suspension control strategy based on road preview information, utilizing a newly designed dual-chamber active air suspension system. It addresses the issue of point cloud stratification caused by vehicle body vibrations in onboard LiDAR data. The point cloud is processed through segmentation, filtering, and registration to extract real-time road roughness information, which serves as preview information for the suspension control system. The MPC algorithm is applied to actively adjust the nonlinear stiffness and damping of the suspension’s dual-chamber air springs, enhancing
Dong, Fuxin, Shen, Yanhua, Wang, Kaidi, Liu, Zuyang, Qian, Shuo
Modal Characteristics of Oil-Gas Interconnected Suspension Systems and their Influence on Vehicle Ride Quality2025-01-827104/01/2025
This study focuses on the dynamic behavior and ride quality of three different modes of oil-gas interconnected suspension systems: fully interconnected mode, left-right interconnected mode, and independent mode. A multi-body dynamics model and a hydraulic model of the oil-gas suspension were established to evaluate the system's performance under various operating conditions. The research includes simulations of pitch and roll excitations, as well as ride comfort tests on different road surfaces, such as Class B roads and gravel roads. The analysis compares the effectiveness of the modes in suppressing pitch and roll movements and their impact on overall ride comfort. Results show that the independent mode outperforms the other two in minimizing roll, while the fully interconnected mode offers better pitch control but at the cost of reduced comfort. These findings provide valuable insights for the future design and optimization of oil-gas interconnected suspension systems, especially in
Xinrui, Wang, Chen, Zixuan, Zhang, Yunqing, Wu, Jinglai
A Path Tracking Control Method Considering Vehicle Stability and Road Curvature2025-01-803804/01/2025
The current research landscape in path tracking control predominantly focuses on enhancing tracking accuracy, often overlooking the critical aspect of passenger comfort. To address this gap, we propose a novel path tracking control method that integrates vehicle stability indicators and road curvature variations to elevate passenger comfort. The core contributions are threefold: firstly, we conduct comprehensive vehicle dynamics modeling and analysis to identify key parameters that significantly impact ride comfort. By integrating human comfort metrics with vehicle maneuverability indices, we determine the optimal range of dynamics parameters for maximizing passenger comfort during driving. Secondly, inspired by human driving behavior, we design a path tracking controller that incorporates an anti-saturation algorithm to stabilize tracking errors and a curvature optimization algorithm to mimic human driving patterns, thereby enhancing comfort. Lastly, comparative simulations with two
Lu, Jun, Zeng, Dequan, Hu, Yiming, Wang, Xiaoliang, Liu, Dengcheng, Jiang, Zhiqiang
Impact of Preload and Amplitude on the High-Frequency Behaviour of Rubber Bushings in Electric Vehicles: An Experimental Study2025-01-825404/01/2025
Electric vehicles (EVs) are particularly susceptible to high-frequency noise, with rubber eigenmodes significantly influencing these noise characteristics. Unlike internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, EVs experience pronounced variations in dynamic preload during torque rise, which are substantially higher. This dynamic preload variation can markedly impact the high-frequency behaviour of preloaded rubber bushings in their installed state. This study investigates the effects of preload and amplitude on the high-frequency dynamic performance of rubber bushings specifically designed for EV applications. These bushings are crucial for vibration isolation and noise reduction, with their role in noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) management being more critical in EVs due to the absence of traditional engine noise. The experimental investigation examines how preload and excitation amplitude variations influence the dynamic stiffness, damping properties, and overall performance of
Hazra, Sandip, Khan, Arkadip Amitava
Sensory-Driven Design Method for Personalizing Ride Comfort Tailored to Individual Vibration Perception2025-01-827304/01/2025
This study aims to develop a design method that tailors the ride comfort and design variables of vehicle components according to individual differences in vibration perception. In conventional development, variations in vibration perception have been recognized; however, quantification methods remain undeveloped, preventing designs from being adapted to individual driver perceptions. The two unresolved problems include the uniformization of vibration perception in sensory performance modeling, which predicts sensory scores from vehicle vibrations, and design approaches that focus on minimizing vehicle vibrations without considering vibration perception. First, the authors’ previous study quantified the existence of individual differences in vibration perception through sensory scores obtained from ride simulator experiments involving 24 non-expert drivers using vibrations derived from a uniform vibration perception. Hierarchical clustering identified four perception groups; however
Kikuchi, Hironobu, Inaba, Kazuaki
Road Feel Simulation Feedback in a Bi-Directional Controlled Steer-by-Wire Front Steering System for Automobiles2025-01-829704/01/2025
This study analyzes feedback and control methods for road feel simulation in automotive steer-by-wire front steering systems based on bidirectional control. Unlike traditional road feel design methods, this research employs a force-direct feedback-position type bidirectional control structure for the SBW system. It explores the mechanism of road feel generation in Electric Power Steering systems and designs a road feel simulation algorithm based on bidirectional control. Compared to conventional methods, the force direct feedback-position type bidirectional control method enables faster and more stable simulation of road feel torque. In low-speed driving, this approach provides higher steering ease, while at high speeds, the driving stability is enhanced, and both scenarios achieve an improved road feel. In the research, a complete vehicle model is established in Simulink at first, followed by a co-simulation with CarSim. A magic formula tire model and a nonlinear two-degree-of-freedom
Wang, Yuxuan, Zheng, Hongyu, Kaku, Chuyo, Zong, Changfu
Artificial Intelligence Technique Applied to Semi-Active Vibration Control in Vehicle Suspension System2025-01-827004/01/2025
This study investigates the influence of magnetorheological (MR) dampers in semi-active suspension systems (SASSs) on ride comfort, vehicle stability, and overall performance. Semi-active suspension systems achieve greater flexibility and efficacy by combining MR dampers with the advantages of active and passive suspension systems. The study aims to measure the benefits of MR dampers in improving ride comfort, vehicle stability, and overall system performance. The dynamic system model meets all required performance criteria. This study demonstrates that the proposed artificial intelligence approach, including a fuzzy neural networks proportional-integral-derivative (FNN-PID) controller, significantly enhances key performance criteria when tested under various road profiles. The control performance requirements in engineering systems are evaluated in the frequency and time domains. A quarter-car model with two degrees of freedom (2 DOF) was simulated using MATLAB/Simulink to assess the
M.Faragallah, Mohamed, Metered, Hassan, Abdelghany, M.A., Essam, Mahmoud A.
Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control of Intelligent Electric Vehicles Based on Phase Plane Stability Domain Boundaries2025-01-880204/01/2025
In order to effectively improve the chassis handling stability and driving safety of intelligent electric vehicles (IEVs), especially in combing nonlinear observer and chassis control for improving road handling. Simultaneously, uncertainty with system input, are always existing, e.g., variable control boundary, varying road input or control parameters. Due to the higher fatality rate caused by variable factors, how to precisely chose and enforce the reasonable chassis prescribed performance control strategy of IEVs become a hot topic in both academia and industry. To issue the above mentioned, a fuzzy sliding mode control method based on phase plane stability domain is proposed to enhance the vehicle’s chassis performance during complex driving scenarios. Firstly, a two-degree-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model, accounting for tire non-linearity, was established. Secondly, combing with phase plane theory, the stability domain boundary of vehicle yaw rate and side-slip phase plane based
Liao, Yinsheng, Wang, Zhenfeng, Guo, Fenghuan, Deng, Weili, Zhang, Zhijie, Zhao, Binggen, Zhao, Gaoming
Integrated Nonlinear Observer and Prescribed Performance Control for a Four In-Wheel Motor-Driven Electric Vehicles Based on Stability Boundary and Road Information2025-01-829804/01/2025
To effectively improve the performance of chassis control of a four in-wheel motor (IWM)-driven electric vehicles (EVs), especially in combing nonlinear observer and chassis control for improving road handling and ride comfort, is a challenging task for the IWM-driven EVs. Simultaneously, inaccurate state-based control and uncertainty with system input, are always existing, e.g., variable control boundary, varying road input or control parameters. Due to the higher fatality rate caused by variable factors, how to precisely chose and enforce the reasonable chassis prescribed performance control strategy of IWM-driven EVs become a hot topic in both academia and industry. To issue the above mentioned, the paper proposes a novel observer-based prescribed performance control to improve IWM-driven EVs chassis performance under the double lane change steering. Firstly, a nonlinear nine degree-of-freedom of full-car model is developed to describe vehicle chassis dynamics, and the proposed
Wang, Zhenfeng, Long, Jiarong, Li, Shengchong, Zhang, Xiaoyang, Zhao, Binggen
Optimal Torque Vectoring Control for Autonomous Electric Vehicles Considering Ride Comfort2025-01-831004/01/2025
This study introduces an innovative torque vectoring control strategy designed to enhance ride comfort in autonomous electric vehicles. The approach seamlessly integrates steering and rear axle force control within a model predictive control (MPC) framework, enabling real-time optimization of comfort and handling performance. The proposed control method is applied to a two-rear-motor vehicle model, where the MPC algorithm adjusts steering angles and tire forces to minimize discomfort caused by yaw rate and lateral acceleration. Simulation results from a lane-change scenario demonstrate significant improvements in comfort metrics compared to conventional torque vectoring control strategies. The findings highlight the ability of the proposed method to significantly enhance ride comfort without compromising vehicle dynamics. This integrated and adaptive control strategy offers a promising solution for improving passenger satisfaction in autonomous electric vehicles, with potential
Zhao, Bolin, Lou, Baichuan, He, Xianqi, Xue, Wanying, Lv, Chen
A Comparative Study on Road Feel Strategies for Steer by Wire Based on Parameter Fitting Method and Dynamic Model Estimation Method2025-01-830204/01/2025
With the continuous advancement of automotive intelligence, new energy vehicles are becoming increasingly popular. These vehicles demand a steering system independent of the engine, offering better control and enhanced steering performance. The steer by wire (SBW) system, known for its high precision and fast response, fulfills these requirements by providing improved flexibility, stability, and comfort. Consequently, SBW systems have attracted significant attention in both research and application domains. As the mechanical structure of the steer-by-wire system is canceled, the road feel can not be directly transmitted to the steering wheel, and it is necessary to apply the road feel obtained according to the state of the vehicle or combined with the planning of the driving environment to the steering wheel through the road feel motor to complete the road feel simulation so that the driver can feel the feedback similar to that of the traditional steering vehicles, which can not only
Li, Shang, Zheng, Hongyu, Kaku, Chuyo
Drop Test Correlation in Front & Rear Landing Scenario for Two-Wheeler (Motorcycle) using Multibody Simulation2025-01-863804/01/2025
Two wheelers motorcycles are used for many purposes e.g. commuting from one place to another, long highway rides, racing and off-roading. Motorcycles which are used in off-road conditions require higher suspension strokes to absorb large oscillations due to terrain conditions. These motorcycles undergo jumps of varying heights and different vehicle orientations. In some of the dynamic situations front wheel may land on the ground before the rear and in other cases it may be vice versa. To make sure that the vehicle is durable enough to withstand loads in such operating conditions, vehicle drop test was developed in test lab where vehicle is dropped from predefined heights in both front & rear wheel landing conditions. Same test case is simulated in multibody dynamics to capture loads at important connections of the frame. This paper presents the correlation exercise carried out to validate MBD model and simulation process with test data captured during lab test. Accelerations at
Jain, Arvind Kumar, Nirala, Deepak
Vibration Mitigation of Semi-Active Vehicle Suspension System Incorporating Magnetorheological Damper Using Hybrid Control2025-01-826904/01/2025
Magnetorheological (MR) dampers, known for their remarkable dependability and cost-effectiveness, have established themselves as prime semi-active vibration control devices in engineering systems. MR dampers are categorized as adaptive devices because their features may be readily adjusted by applying a regulated voltage signal. Their ability to offer superior performance while mitigating the drawbacks of fully active actuators underscores their practical significance. This research is to investigate some system hybrid controllers using a combination state derivative feedback and a linear-quadratic regulator for use in conjunction with the damper controller of a semi-active suspension of a Quarter vehicle model to improve ride comfort and vehicle stability. The mathematical model of 3 degrees of freedom for semi-active suspension using MR dampers will be derived and simulated using MATLAB and SIMULINK software. In order to quantify the effectiveness of the suggested control strategies
M.Faragallah, Mohamed, Metered, Hassan, Essam, Mahmoud A.
Active Suspension System Optimal Control Strategy Considering Vehicle Ride Comfort and Road Maintenance Capability2025-01-827704/01/2025
The suspension system could transmit and filter the forces between the body and road surface, which affects vehicle ride comfort and road maintenance capability. Compared to traditional passive and semi-active suspension, Active Suspension Systems (ASS) could automatically adjust the suspension stiffness, damping force, and body height according to changes in the vehicle's load distribution, travelling speed, and braking action through the addition of a power source such as a linear motor. Although the existing advanced control methods could help to effectively improve the driving quality of vehicles equipped with ASS, the conflict between ride comfort and road maintenance capacity is still a difficult problem to be solved. Therefore, an Active Suspension System optimal control strategy considering vehicle ride comfort and road maintenance capability is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a quarter ASS model and a road model are respectively developed based on the system dynamics
Zhu, Bing, Zhang, Chaohui, Sun, Jihang, Wang, Shiwei, Ding, Shuwei, Li, Lun, Chen, Zhicheng
Simulation and Parameter Optimization of Commercial Vehicle Cab Suspension System2025-01-826804/01/2025
Taking a commercial vehicle cab suspension system as the research focus, a rigid-flexible coupled dynamics model was established based on the nonlinear characteristics of the integrated damper air spring and bushings. Time-domain vibration acceleration signals were acquired at the connection points between the frame, cab, and suspension. The vibration signals at the frame and suspension connection points were input into the simulation model, where the vibration responses at the cab and suspension connection points were calculated and analyzed using the established cab suspension system model. The accuracy of the model was verified by comparing the simulation results with experimental data. The established cab suspension system model was further used to evaluate human vibration comfort within the cab, following national standards for subjective human perception. A piecewise polynomial function was employed to fit the stiffness-damping characteristics of the integrated damper air spring
Hao, Qi, Zhu, Yuntao, Sun, Wen, Sun, Kai, Sun, Zhiyong, Huang, Yu, Zhen, Ran, Shangguan, Wen-Bin
Impact of Connected and Automated Vehicles on Longitudinal and Lateral Performance of Heterogeneous Traffic Flow in Shared Autonomy on Two-Lane Highways2025-01-809804/01/2025
Intelligent transportation systems and connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) are advancing rapidly, though not yet fully widespread. Consequently, traditional human-driven vehicles (HDVs), CAVs, and human-driven connected and automated vehicles (HD-CAVs) will coexist on roads for the foreseeable future. Simultaneously, car-following behaviors in equilibrium and discretionary lane-changing behaviors make up the most common highway operations, which seriously affect traffic stability, efficiency and safety. Therefore, it’s necessary to analyze the impact of CAV technologies on both longitudinal and lateral performance of heterogeneous traffic flow. This paper extends longitudinal car-following models based on the intelligent driver model and lateral lane-changing models using the quintic polynomial curve to account for different vehicle types, considering human factors and cooperative adaptive cruise control. Then, this paper incorporates CAV penetration rates, shared autonomy rates
Wang, Tianyi, Guo, Qiyuan, He, Chong, Li, Hao, Xu, Yiming, Wang, Yangyang, Jiao, Junfeng
Tire Wear Life Prediction Using Machine Learning Technique2025-01-875704/01/2025
As global warming and environmental problems are becoming more serious, tires are required to achieve a high level of performance trade-offs, such as low rolling resistance, wet braking performance, driving stability, and ride comfort, while minimizing wear, noise, and weight. However, predicting tire wear life, which is influenced by both vehicle and tire characteristics, is technically challenging so practical prediction method has long been awaited. Therefore, we propose an experimental-based tire wear life prediction method using measured tire characteristics and the wear volume formula of polymer materials. This method achieves practical accuracy for use in the early stages of vehicle development without the need for time-consuming and costly real vehicle tests. However, the need for improved quietness and compliance with dust regulations due to vehicle electrification requires more accuracy, leading to an increase in cases requiring judgment through real vehicle tests. To address
Ando, Takashi
A Study of Tire Handling and Ride Performance Map According to Tire Tread Wear State2025-01-876004/01/2025
The electric vehicle market, vehicle ECU computing power, and connected electronic vehicle control systems continue to grow in the automotive industry. The results of these advanced and expanded vehicle technologies will provide customers with increased cost savings, safety, and ride quality benefits. One of these beneficial technologies is the tire wearing prediction. The improved prediction of tire wear will advise a customer the best time to change tires. It is expected that this prediction algorithms will be essential part for both the optimization of the chassis control systems and ADAS systems to respond to changed tire performance that varies with a tire’s wear condition. This trend is growing, with many automakers interested in developing advanced technologies to improve product quality and safety. This study is aimed at analyzing the handling and ride comfort characteristics of the tire according to the depth of tire pattern wear change. The handing and ride comfort
Kim, Changsu, Kwon, Seungmin, Sung, Dae-Un, Ryu, Yonghyun, Ko, Younghee
First drive: REE Automotive's electrifying P7 delivery chassis25TOFHP04_0904/01/2025
At NTEA's 2024 Work Truck Week, REE Automotive showcased its P7 EV chassis and REEcorners modular suspension system. At the time, the P7 was being offered to North American fleets for demos. One year later at the 2025 edition of Work Truck Week, REE offered SAE Media the opportunity to jump into the cab of the P7 and experience the truck's capabilities firsthand. SAE Media wheeled the P7 around downtown Indianapolis with Peter Dow, VP of engineering for REE Automotive, riding shotgun to discuss some of the details of the P7's driving experience and the engineering behind it.
Wolfe, Matt
Experimental Methodology for Tire Ride Analysis Based on Outdoor Cleat Testing10-09-03-002303/12/2025
Handling and ride comfort optimization are key vehicle design challenges. To analyze vehicle performance and investigate the dynamics of the vehicle and its subcomponents, we rely heavily on robust experimental data. The current article proposes an outdoor cleat test methodology to characterize tire dynamics. Compared to indoor procedures, it provides an effective tire operating environment, including the suspensions and the vehicle chassis motion influence. In addition, it overcomes the main limitation of existing outdoor procedures, the need for dedicated cleat test tracks, by using a set of removable cleats of different sizes. A passenger vehicle was equipped with sensors including an inertial measurement unit, a noncontact vehicle speed sensor, and a wheel force transducer, providing a setup suitable to perform both a handling test routine and the designed cleat procedure, aimed at ride testing and analysis. Thus, the outdoor cleat test data were compared with indoor test
Gravante, Gerardo, Napolitano Dell’Annunziata, Guido, Barbaro, Mario, Farroni, Flavio
Effectiveness of Seat’s Negative Stiffness Structure on Three Different Models of Vehicles15-18-02-001102/08/2025
The effectiveness of the negative suspension structure (NSS) in isolating the driver’s seat vibrations has been demonstrated based on the seat’s model or vehicle’s one-dimensional dynamic model. To fully assess the effectiveness and stability of the seat’s NSS (S-NSS) on different models of vehicles, the three-dimensional models of the vibratory rollers (VR), heavy trucks (HT), and passenger cars (PC) have been built to assess the effectiveness of S-NSS compared to the seat’s passive suspension (S-PC) and seat’s control suspension (S-CS). The effectiveness of S-NSS is then investigated under all operating conditions of vehicles. The investigation results indicate that under a same simulation condition, S-NSS improves the ride comfort and health of the driver better than both S-PS and S-CS on all VR, HT, and PC. However, the effectiveness of S-NSS on PC is lower than on both VR and HT while the effectiveness of S-CS on PC is better than on both VR and HT. Besides, the effectiveness of S
Su, Beibei, Wang, Qiang, Song, Fengxiang
Optimized Design and Analysis of a High-Performance, Track-Focused Quad Bike for the Indian Market2025-28-006102/07/2025
This paper presents a complete approach to the optimized design and analysis of a trach-focused quad bike suitable for the Indian market. The process of design integrates several analytical factors, including driver ergonomics, aesthetics, and strategic component placement, to establish optimum vehicle dimensions. The primary objective is to address the unique demands of the Indian terrain and user preferences through ensure comfort, functionality, and visual appeal. The selection process for tires and suspension geometry is precisely conducted with the advanced OptimumKinematics software. This optimization provides greater performance and stability that the vehicle can accurately manage a variety of road conditions. The space frame chassis of a vehicle’s core structure features, engineered to minimalize tubing and facilitate ease of fabrication, contributing to both structural integrity and weight reduction. A robust 600cc four-cylinder engine is selected that emphasizing an optimal
Thanikonda, Praveen Kumar, Shaik, Amjad, Tappa, Raju, Ratlavath, Ramu, Navar, Adarsh, Challa, Ajith Kumar
Modeling and Optimization of Regenerative MacPherson Strut10-09-01-000512/16/2024
Throughout the vehicles industry and electrification, vehicle ride comfort, road holding, and fuel/charge economy have always been important considerations for the design and development of shock absorbers. Vehicle suspension is one of the oscillating power dissipation sources in which the undesired mechanical energy is dissipated into heat waste. Therefore, in this study a regenerative MacPherson strut is modeled and validated to investigate the vehicle vertical dynamics performance as well as the harvestable power that can be used to charge batteries or power vehicle electrical loads. The optimal design parameters of the regenerative MacPherson strut (RE.M.S) is obtained by using multi-object genetic algorithm (MOGA) optimization for a better trade-off between regenerated power, ride comfort, and road holding. The results showed that RE.M.S can function as a semi-active shock absorber as change of duty cycle of charging circuit. Furthermore, the optimal selection of the design
Hegazy, Ahmed H.A., Kaldas, Mina M., Soliman, Aref M.A., Huzayyin, A.S.
Rear Twist Beam Optimization by Cross Beam and Bush Orientation Technique to Meet Performance Targets2024-28-026912/05/2024
Born Electric SUVs generally feature a high centre of gravity (CG) with greater rear axle weight. They use sophisticated multi-link suspension, which offers large scope for ride comfort and handling optimisation. The development costs and time associated with the process will position the vehicle in a premium segment. Usually, the twist beam (RTB) is used in lower rear axle weight category vehicles due to its simple design and cost effectiveness. This study showcases exploration for implementation of RTB on higher weight category vehicles, which usually uses multi-link suspension. The limitation of the twist beam is to exhibit lateral force compliance oversteer during cornering, due to large moment arm from wheel centre to twist beam bush. Lack of lateral stiffness when compared to multi-link suspension causes delayed rear axle yaw response. It also has reduced scope in ride-handling optimization due to its simple structure and kinematics. So, in order to maximize the performance
Prabhakara Rao, Vageesh, Rasal, Shraddhesh, Asthana, Shivam, M, Sudhan, Vellandi, Vikraman
Parametrized Twist Beam Suspension for Enhanced Ride and Handling: A Design Iteration Approach2024-28-018112/05/2024
The parametrized twist beam suspension is a pivotal component in the automotive industry, profoundly influencing the ride comfort and handling characteristics of vehicles. This study presents a novel approach to optimizing twist beam suspension systems by leveraging parametric design principles. By introducing a parameter-driven framework, this research empowers engineers to systematically iterate and fine-tune twist beam designs, ultimately enhancing both ride quality and handling performance. The paper outlines the theoretical foundation of parametrized suspension design, emphasizing its significance in addressing the intricate balance between ride comfort and dynamic stability. Through a comprehensive examination of key suspension parameters, such as twist beam profile, material properties, and attachment points, the study demonstrates the versatility of the parametric approach in tailoring suspension characteristics to meet specific performance objectives. To validate the
Pakala, Pradeep Kumar, Ganesh, Lingadalu
Enhancing Bumper & Headlamp Durability: Lightweight Bumper Design with Optimized Resonance Frequency2024-28-023812/05/2024
In the realm of commercial vehicle design, enhancing the durability of bumpers and headlamps is paramount for ensuring safety and reducing maintenance costs. This study explores the development of a lightweight bumper design with optimized resonance frequency to improve the durability of these critical components. The research focuses on innovative design techniques to achieve a balance between weight reduction and structural integrity. The primary objective is to minimize the impact forces transmitted to the bumper and headlamp assemblies during vibrations. By employing finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental validation, the study identifies the optimal resonance frequency that mitigates the risk of resonance-induced damage. Additionally, the study examines the influence of geometric modifications on the bumper’s performance. Various design iterations are analyzed to determine the most effective configuration for enhancing durability while maintaining compliance with industry
Pandey, Sudheer, Ganesan, Balaji
Augmenting Driver Awareness and Performance through Haptics, Assistive Controls, and Environment Perception2024-01-510311/06/2024
Advances in vehicle sensing and communication technologies are enabling new opportunities for intelligent driver assistance systems that enhance road safety and performance. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent research on two complementary areas: haptic/tactile interfaces for conveying road terrain and hazard information to drivers, and shared control frameworks that employ assistive automation to supplement driver inputs. Various haptic feedback techniques for generating realistic road feel through steering wheel torque overlays, pedal interventions, and alternative interface modalities are examined. Control assistance approaches integrating environmental perception to provide steering, braking, and collision avoidance support through blended human–machine control are also analyzed. The paper scrutinizes methods for road sensing using cameras, LiDAR, and radar to classify terrain for adapting system response. Evaluation practices across this domain are critically
Shata, Abdelrahman Ali Adel, Naghdy, Fazel, Du, Haiping
Semi-Active Suspension Design for Truck Using Pneumatic Spring Joining MR Fluid Damper Based on Neural Networks Controller10-09-01-000110/21/2024
In order to modify both stiffness and damping rates according to various road conditions, this research introduces a pneumatic spring in conjunction with a magnetorheological (MR) fluid damper as a single suspension unit for each wheel in the truck. Preventing weight transfer and improving riding comfort during braking, acceleration, and trajectory prediction are the main objectives. A two-axle truck has been used, consisting of three degrees of freedom for the sprung mass, including vertical, pitch, and roll motions, and four degrees of freedom for the unsprung masses, which have been redesigned according to the different types of springs and dampers. Pneumatic-controlled springs, often referred to as dynamic or classic models, replace laminated leaf springs commonly found in vehicles. Additionally, an MR damper replaces a hydraulic double-acting telescopic shock absorber. These models are studied to evaluate the effect of pneumatic spring parameters on truck dynamics. Pneumatic
Shehata Gad, Ahmed, El-Zomor, Haytham M.
Novel Approach to Optimize the Ride Handling Performance by Reducing Vehicle Development Time and Cost2024-28-004310/17/2024
The automobile industry strives to develop high-quality vehicles quickly that fulfill the buyer’s needs and stand out within the competition. Full utilization of simulation and Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) tools can empower quick assessment of different vehicle concepts and setups without building physical models. This research focuses on optimizing vehicle ride and handling performance by utilizing a tuning specifications range. Traditional approaches to refining these aspects involve extensive physical testing, which consumes both time and resources. In contrast, our study introduces a novel methodology leveraging virtual Subjective Rating through driving simulators. This approach aims to significantly reduce tuning time and costs, consequently streamlining overall development expenditures. The core objective is to enhance vehicle ride and handling dynamics, ensuring a superior driving experience for end-users. By meticulously defining and implementing tuning specifications, we
Ganesh, Lingadalu
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