Browse Topic: Vehicle ride

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Simulation and Parameter Optimization of Commercial Vehicle Cab Suspension System2025-01-8268To be published on 04/01/2025
Taking a commercial vehicle cab suspension system as the research focus, a rigid-flexible coupled dynamics model was established. Time-domain vibration acceleration signals were acquired at the connection points between the frame, cab, and suspension. The vibration signals at the frame and suspension connection points were input into the simulation model, where the vibration responses at the cab and suspension connection points were calculated and analyzed using the established cab suspension system model. The accuracy of the model was verified by comparing the simulation results with experimental data. The established cab suspension system model was further used to evaluate human vibration comfort within the cab, following national standards for subjective human perception. A piecewise polynomial function was employed to fit the stiffness-damping characteristics of the integrated damper air spring, resulting in the determination of the coefficients for each segment and the coordinates
Hao, Qi, Zhu, Yuntao, Sun, Wen, Sun, Kai, Sun, Zhiyong, Huang, Yu, Zhen, Ran, Shangguan, Wen-Bin
Technical Paper
Integrated Nonlinear Observer and Prescribed Performance Control for a Four In-wheel Motor-Driven Electric Vehicles Based on Stability Boundary and Road Information2025-01-8298To be published on 04/01/2025
To effectively improve the performance of chassis control of a four in-wheel motor (IWM)-driven electric vehicles (EVs), especially in combing nonlinear observer and chassis control for improving road handling and ride comfort, is a challenging task for the IWM-driven EVs. Simultaneously, inaccurate state-based control and uncertainty with system input, are always existing, e.g., variable control boundary, varying road input or control parameters. Due to the higher fatality rate caused by variable factors, how to precisely chose and enforce the reasonable chassis prescribed performance control strategy of IWM-driven EVs become a hot topic in both academia and industry. To issue the above mentioned, the paper proposes a novel observer-based prescribed performance control to improve IWM-driven EVs chassis performance under the double lane change steering and various road input. Firstly, a nonlinear nine degree-of-freedom of full-car model is developed to describe vehicle chassis dynamics
Wang, Zhenfeng, Long, Jiarong, Li, Shengchong, Zhang, Xiaoyang, Zhao, Binggen
Technical Paper
Active Suspension System Optimal Control Strategy Considering Vehicle Ride Comfort and Road Maintenance Capability2025-01-8277To be published on 04/01/2025
The suspension system could transmit and filter the forces between the body and road surface, which affects vehicle ride comfort and road maintenance capability. Compared to traditional passive and semi-active suspension, Active Suspension Systems(ASS) could automatically adjust the suspension stiffness, damping force, and body height according to changes in the vehicle's load distribution, travelling speed, and braking action through the addition of a power source such as a linear motor. Although the existing advanced control methods could help to effectively improve the driving quality of vehicles equipped with ASS, the conflict between ride comfort and road maintenance capacity is still a difficult problem to be solved. Therefore, an Active Suspension System optimal control strategy considering vehicle ride comfort and road maintenance capability is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a quarter ASS model and a road model are respectively developed based on the system dynamics
Zhu, Bing, Zhang, Chaohui, Sun, Jihang, Wang, Shiwei, Ding, Shuwei, Li, Lun, Chen, Zhicheng
Technical Paper
Impact of Connected and Automated Vehicles on Longitudinal and Lateral Performance of Heterogeneous Traffic Flow in Shared Autonomy on Two-Lane Highways2025-01-8098To be published on 04/01/2025
Intelligent transportation systems and connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) are advancing rapidly, though not yet fully widespread. Consequently, traditional human-driven vehicles (HDVs), CAVs, and human-driven connected and automated vehicles (HD-CAVs) will coexist on the roads for the foreseeable future. Simultaneously, car-following behaviors in equilibrium and discretionary lane-changing behaviors make up the most common highway operations, which seriously affect traffic stability, efficiency and safety. Therefore, it’s necessary to analyze the impact of CAV technologies on both longitudinal and lateral performance of heterogeneous traffic flow. This paper extends longitudinal car-following models based on the intelligent driver model and lateral lane-changing models using the quintic polynomial curve to account for different vehicle types, considering human factors and cooperative adaptive cruise control. Then, this paper incorporates CAV penetration rates, shared autonomy
Wang, Tianyi, Guo, Qiyuan, He, Chong, Li, Hao, Xu, Yiming, Wang, Yangyang, Jiao, Junfeng
Technical Paper
Tire wear life prediction using machine learning technique2025-01-8757To be published on 04/01/2025
As global warming and environmental problems are becoming more serious, tires are required to accomplish balanced performance such as low rolling resistance, wet braking performance, driving stability, and ride comfort, while minimizing wear, noise, and weight. Furthermore, to respond to the rapid changes in the market environment, there is a strong demand for tire performance prediction and testing methods adapted to MBD. In MBD, Magic Formula and Ftire are used in performance design to predict handling and stability and ride comfort. However, predicting tire wear life, which is affected by both vehicle and tire characteristics, is difficult. And practical prediction method for estimating tire wear life has long been awaited. So, we had proposed an experimental-based tire wear life prediction method that using actual measurement tire characteristics and an abrasive wear volume formula. This method achieves accuracy that can be practically used in the early stages of vehicle
Ando, Takashi
Technical Paper
Optimal Torque Vectoring Control for Autonomous Vehicles Considering Ride Comfort2025-01-8310To be published on 04/01/2025
Direct Yaw Moment Control (DYC) has emerged as a crucial technique in enhancing vehicle stability and handling, particularly given the growing flexibility in electric vehicle powertrain and chassis configurations. The ability to control the yaw moment through torque vectoring offers significant advantages in vehicle dynamics, especially during complex steering maneuvers. However, a critical challenge lies in balancing the influence of steering input and torque vectoring, as this balance is often predetermined by system parameters, which may not adapt optimally to varying driving conditions. In this paper, we propose a novel integrated approach that combines steering control with force distribution on the rear axles of an autonomous vehicle equipped with dual rear motors. To achieve this, a dual-track vehicle dynamic model is developed, which incorporates simplified roll dynamics. This model takes into account the steering angle and individual rear tire forces as primary inputs
Zhao, Bolin, Lou, Baichuan, He, Xianqi, Xue, Wanying, Lv, Chen
Technical Paper
Correlation of Vehicle drop test in front & rear wheel landing condition using multibody dynamics simulations2025-01-8638To be published on 04/01/2025
Two wheelers motorcycles are used for many purposes e.g. commuting from place to another, long highway rides, racing and off-roading. Motorcycles which are used in off-road conditions require large suspension strokes to absorb large oscillations due to road conditions. These motorcycles undergo jumps of different heights and different vehicle orientations. In some of the dynamic situations front wheel may land first than the rear and in some of the situations rear may land first as compared to front. To make sure that the vehicle is durable enough to withstand loads in such operating conditions, vehicle drop test was developed at component test lab where vehicle is dropped from predefined heights in both front & rear wheel landing conditions. Same load case is simulated in multibody dynamics to capture loads at important connections of the frame. This paper presents the correlation exercise carried out to validate MBD model and simulation process with test data captured during lab test
Jain, Arvind Kumar, Nirala, Deepak
Technical Paper
Modal Characteristics of Oil-Gas Interconnected Suspension Systems and Their Influence on Vehicle Ride Quality2025-01-8271To be published on 04/01/2025
Oil-air interconnected suspension technology has attracted much attention because of its superior dynamic adjustment capability. In this paper, four kinds of oil-air interconnected suspensions with front and rear interconnections and accumulator volume sizes are studied as objects, and a multi-body dynamics model of automobile and a hydraulic model of oil-air interconnected suspensions are established to analyze the bias frequency of suspensions and the vibration modes of the vehicle body. Impulse excitation and random road conditions were designed to analyze the vehicle dynamics response under each configuration in terms of frequency and mode, and the excitation state of each mode of the body was analyzed under different conditions. The analysis provides a theoretical basis for the system design and smoothness optimization of the oil-air interconnected suspension.
Xinrui, Wang, Chen, Zixuan, Zhang, Yunqing, Wu, Jinglai
Technical Paper
Artificial Intelligence Technique Applied to Semi-Active Vibration Control of Vehicle Suspension Systems2025-01-8270To be published on 04/01/2025
The study investigates to quantify the benefits of magnetorheological (MR) dampers in enhancing ride comfort, vehicle stability, and overall system performance in semi-active suspension systems. Magnetorheological (MR) dampers in semi-active suspension systems work together with active and passive suspension technologies to make them more effective and flexible. The study investigates to quantify the benefits of magnetorheological (MR) dampers in enhancing ride comfort, vehicle stability, and overall system performance in semi-active suspension systems. Magnetorheological (MR) dampers in semi-active suspension systems work together with active and passive suspension technologies to make them more effective and flexible. The complete dynamic system model encompasses essential performance parameters such as seat travel, body acceleration, passenger acceleration, suspension travel, and tire deflection. This research reveals that the suggested artificial intelligence, such as a variable
M.Faragallah, Mohamed, Metered, Hassan, Abdelghany, M.A., Essam, Mahmoud A.
Technical Paper
Vibration Mitigation of Semi-active Vehicle Suspension System Incorporating Magnetorheological Damper using hybrid control2025-01-8269To be published on 04/01/2025
Magnetorheological (MR) dampers, known for their remarkable dependability and cost-effectiveness, have established themselves as prime semi-active vibration control devices in engineering systems. MR dampers are categorized as adaptive devices because their features may be readily adjusted by applying a regulated voltage signal. Their ability to offer superior performance while mitigating the drawbacks of fully active actuators underscores their practical significance. This research is to investigate some system hybrid controllers using a combination state derivative feedback and a linear-quadratic regulator for use in conjunction with the damper controller of a semi-active suspension of a Quarter vehicle model to improve ride comfort and vehicle stability. The mathematical model of 3 degrees of freedom for semi-active suspension using MR dampers will be derived and simulated using MATLAB and SIMULINK software. In order to quantify the effectiveness of the suggested control strategies
M.Faragallah, Mohamed, Metered, Hassan, Essam, Mahmoud A.
Technical Paper
Sensory-driven Design Method for Personalizing Ride Comfort Tailored to Individual Vibration Perception2025-01-8273To be published on 04/01/2025
This study aims to develop a design method that tailors the ride comfort and design variables of vehicle components according to individual differences in vibration perception. In conventional development, variations in vibration perception have been recognized; however, quantification methods remain undeveloped, preventing designs from being adapted to individual driver perceptions. The two unresolved problems include the uniformization of vibration perception in sensory performance modeling, which predicts sensory scores from vehicle vibrations, and design approaches that focus on minimizing vehicle vibrations without considering vibration perception. First, the authors' previous study quantified the existence of individual differences in vibration perception through sensory scores obtained from ride simulator experiments involving 24 non-expert drivers using vibrations derived from a uniform vibration perception. Hierarchical clustering identified four perception groups; however
Kikuchi, Hironobu, Inaba, Kazuaki
Technical Paper
Impact of Preload and Amplitude on the High-Frequency Behavior of Rubber Bushings in Electric Vehicles: An Experimental Study2025-01-8254To be published on 04/01/2025
Electric vehicles (EVs) are particularly susceptible to high-frequency noise, with rubber eigenmodes significantly influencing these noise characteristics. Unlike internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, EVs experience pronounced variations in dynamic preload during torque rise, which are substantially higher. This dynamic preload variation can markedly impact the high-frequency behaviour of preloaded rubber bushings in their installed state. This study investigates the effects of preload and amplitude on the high-frequency dynamic performance of rubber bushings specifically designed for EV applications. These bushings are crucial for vibration isolation and noise reduction, with their role in noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) management being more critical in EVs due to the absence of traditional engine noise. The experimental investigation examines how preload and excitation amplitude variations influence the dynamic stiffness, damping properties, and overall performance of
Hazra, Sandip, Khan, Arkadip Amitava
Technical Paper
Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control of Intelligent Electric Vehicles Based on Phase Plane Stability Domain Boundaries2025-01-8802To be published on 04/01/2025
In order to effectively improve the chassis handling stability and driving safety of intelligent electric vehicles (IEVs), especially in combing nonlinear observer and chassis control for improving road handling. Simultaneously, uncertainty with system input, are always existing, e.g., variable control boundary, varying road input or control parameters. Due to the higher fatality rate caused by variable factors, how to precisely chose and enforce the reasonable chassis prescribed performance control strategy of IEVs become a hot topic in both academia and industry. To issue the above mentioned, a fuzzy sliding mode control method based on phase plane stability domain is proposed to enhance the vehicle’s chassis performance during complex driving scenarios. Firstly, a two-degree-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model, accounting for tire non-linearity, was established. Secondly, combing with phase plane theory, the stability domain boundary of vehicle yaw rate and side-slip phase plane based
Liao, Yinsheng, Wang, Zhenfeng, Guo, Fenghuan, Deng, Weili, Zhang, Zhijie, Zhao, Binggen, Zhao, Gaoming
Technical Paper
A Study of Tire Handling and Ride Performance Map according to Tire Tread Wear State2025-01-8760To be published on 04/01/2025
The electric vehicle market is expected to grow further within the automotive industry, driven by the increasing computing power of vehicle ECUs and the advancement of SDV(Software Defined Vehicle) systems. The results of these advanced and expanded vehicle technologies will offer customers higher quality and increased productivity in the market. A practical application of this technology is tire wear prediction algorithms. Tire wear prediction algorithms can inform customers of the optimal time to change tires while also allowing chassis control systems and other ADAS systems to adjust to varying tire performance as wear conditions change. This trend is growing, prompting several automakers to invest in developing these advanced technologies to enhance their product quality and safety. Therefore, it is essential to understand how vehicle handling and ride performances can change in response to varying tire wear conditions to evaluate the effectiveness of tire wear algorithms. This
Kim, Changsu, Kwon, Seungmin, Sung, Dae-Un, Ryu, Yonghyun, Ko, Younghee
Technical Paper
A Comparative Study on Road Feel Strategies for Steer by Wire Based on Parameter Fitting Method and Dynamic Model Estimation Method2025-01-8302To be published on 04/01/2025
With the continuous development of automotive intelligence, new energy vehicles are becoming more and more popular, at the same time, new energy vehicles put forward the requirements of a steering system not dependent on the engine, better control, better steering performance, so the wire control steering system, which is controlled by the line, with high precision, fast response, can provide better flexibility, stability and comfort for the car, and can well satisfy the above requirements, and has received Widely attention. As the mechanical structure of the steer-by-wire system is canceled, the road feel can not be directly transmitted to the steering wheel, and it is necessary to apply the road feel obtained according to the state of the vehicle or combined with the planning of the driving environment to the steering wheel through the road feel motor to complete the road feel simulation so that the driver can feel the feedback similar to that of the traditional steering vehicles
Li, Shang, Zheng, Hongyu, Kaku, Chuyo
Technical Paper
Coordinated Control Strategy for Longitudinal, Lateral, and Vertical Motions of Distributed Electric Vehicles Based on Model Predictive Control2025-01-8300To be published on 04/01/2025
In this paper, a coordinated control strategy for the longitudinal, lateral, and vertical dynamics of distributed electric vehicles is proposed to comprehensively enhance vehicle handling, stability, and comfort. First, to analyze the vehicle's dynamic characteristics, a coupled vehicle dynamics model that incorporates longitudinal, lateral, and vertical dynamics is developed. Next, a vehicle motion controller is established based on model predictive control, which coordinates Active Front Steering, Direct Yaw Moment Control, Active Suspension System, and Anti-Slip Regulation modules through multi-objective optimization to improve vehicle coordination. To prevent tire slippage and lock-up, an optimized torque distribution method based on slip ratio feedback is proposed, constraining torque distribution by calculating the maximum transferable longitudinal force through the anti-slip control module. Finally, the control effectiveness of the proposed scheme is verified through Carsim
Jia, Jinchao, Yue, Yang, Sun, Aobo, Liu, Xiao-ang
Technical Paper
Road Preview-Based Dual Chamber Active Air Suspension Control2025-01-8789To be published on 04/01/2025
Adverse weather conditions such as rain and snow, as well as heavy load transportation, can cause varying degrees of damage to road surfaces, and untimely road maintenance often results in potholes. Perception sensors equipped on intelligent vehicles can identify road surface conditions in advance, allowing each wheel's suspension to actively adjust based on the road information. This paper presents an active suspension control strategy based on road preview information, utilizing a newly designed dual-chamber active air suspension system. It addresses the issue of point cloud stratification caused by vehicle body vibrations in onboard LiDAR data. The point cloud is processed through segmentation, filtering, and registration to extract real-time road roughness information, which serves as preview information for the suspension control system. The MPC algorithm is applied to actively adjust the nonlinear stiffness and damping of the suspension's dual-chamber air springs, enhancing
Dong, Fuxin, Shen, Yanhua, Wang, Kaidi, Liu, Zuyang, Qian, Shuo
Technical Paper
A Path Tracking Control Method Considering Vehicle Stability and Road Curvature2025-01-8038To be published on 04/01/2025
The current research on path tracking control focuses on the improvement of tracking accuracy, while ignoring the comfort of the passengers inside the vehicle. Improving comfort can be achieved by improving the algorithm in two aspects: imitating human driving behavior and considering vehicle driving stability. Therefore, this paper proposes a path tracking control method considering vehicle stability indicators and road curvature changes, with the following main content: first, vehicle dynamics modeling is performed, and its dynamics characteristics are analyzed to extract key indicators related to the enhancement of ride comfort in the driving process. This includes combining the human comfort evaluation index of whole-body vibration and the vehicle maneuverability index, and calculating the interval of the relevant vehicle dynamics indexes for the case where the passenger comfort is the highest in the vehicle driving process. Second, the path tracking controller is designed by
Lu, Jun, Zeng, Dequan, Hu, Yiming, Wang, Xiaoliang, Liu, Dengcheng, Jiang, Zhiqiang
Technical Paper
Road Feel Simulation Feedback in a Bi-Directional Controlled Steer-by-Wire Front Steering System for Automobiles2025-01-8297To be published on 04/01/2025
This study analyzes feedback and control methods for road feel simulation in automotive steer-by-wire front steering systems based on bidirectional control. Unlike traditional road feel design methods, this research employs a force direct feedback-position type bidirectional control structure for the SBW system. It explores the mechanism of road feel generation in Electric Power Steering systems and designs a road feel simulation algorithm based on bidirectional control. Compared to conventional methods, the force direct feedback-position type bidirectional control method enables faster and more stable simulation of road feel torque. In low-speed driving, this approach provides higher steering ease, while at high speeds, the driving stability is enhanced, and both scenarios achieve improved road feel. In the research, a complete vehicle model is established in Simulink at first, followed by a co-simulation with CarSim. A magic formula tire model and a nonlinear two-degree-of-freedom
Wang, Yuxuan, Zheng, Hongyu, Kaku, Chuyo, Zong, Changfu
Technical Paper
Effectiveness of Seat’s Negative Stiffness Structure on Three Different Models of Vehicles15-18-02-001102/08/2025
The effectiveness of the negative suspension structure (NSS) in isolating the driver’s seat vibrations has been demonstrated based on the seat’s model or vehicle’s one-dimensional dynamic model. To fully assess the effectiveness and stability of the seat’s NSS (S-NSS) on different models of vehicles, the three-dimensional models of the vibratory rollers (VR), heavy trucks (HT), and passenger cars (PC) have been built to assess the effectiveness of S-NSS compared to the seat’s passive suspension (S-PC) and seat’s control suspension (S-CS). The effectiveness of S-NSS is then investigated under all operating conditions of vehicles. The investigation results indicate that under a same simulation condition, S-NSS improves the ride comfort and health of the driver better than both S-PS and S-CS on all VR, HT, and PC. However, the effectiveness of S-NSS on PC is lower than on both VR and HT while the effectiveness of S-CS on PC is better than on both VR and HT. Besides, the effectiveness of S
Su, Beibei, Wang, Qiang, Song, Fengxiang
Journal Article
Optimized Design and Analysis of a High-Performance, Track-Focused Quad Bike for the Indian Market2025-28-006102/07/2025
This paper presents a complete approach to the optimized design and analysis of a trach-focused quad bike suitable for the Indian market. The process of design integrates several analytical factors, including driver ergonomics, aesthetics, and strategic component placement, to establish optimum vehicle dimensions. The primary objective is to address the unique demands of the Indian terrain and user preferences through ensure comfort, functionality, and visual appeal. The selection process for tires and suspension geometry is precisely conducted with the advanced OptimumKinematics software. This optimization provides greater performance and stability that the vehicle can accurately manage a variety of road conditions. The space frame chassis of a vehicle’s core structure features, engineered to minimalize tubing and facilitate ease of fabrication, contributing to both structural integrity and weight reduction. A robust 600cc four-cylinder engine is selected that emphasizing an optimal
Thanikonda, Praveen Kumar, Shaik, Amjad, Tappa, Raju, Ratlavath, Ramu, Navar, Adarsh, Challa, Ajith Kumar
Technical Paper
Modeling and Optimization of Regenerative MacPherson Strut10-09-01-000512/16/2024
Throughout the vehicles industry and electrification, vehicle ride comfort, road holding, and fuel/charge economy have always been important considerations for the design and development of shock absorbers. Vehicle suspension is one of the oscillating power dissipation sources in which the undesired mechanical energy is dissipated into heat waste. Therefore, in this study a regenerative MacPherson strut is modeled and validated to investigate the vehicle vertical dynamics performance as well as the harvestable power that can be used to charge batteries or power vehicle electrical loads. The optimal design parameters of the regenerative MacPherson strut (RE.M.S) is obtained by using multi-object genetic algorithm (MOGA) optimization for a better trade-off between regenerated power, ride comfort, and road holding. The results showed that RE.M.S can function as a semi-active shock absorber as change of duty cycle of charging circuit. Furthermore, the optimal selection of the design
Hegazy, Ahmed H.A., Kaldas, Mina M., Soliman, Aref M.A., Huzayyin, A.S.
Journal Article
Parametrized Twist Beam Suspension for Enhanced Ride and Handling: A Design Iteration Approach2024-28-018112/05/2024
The parametrized twist beam suspension is a pivotal component in the automotive industry, profoundly influencing the ride comfort and handling characteristics of vehicles. This study presents a novel approach to optimizing twist beam suspension systems by leveraging parametric design principles. By introducing a parameter-driven framework, this research empowers engineers to systematically iterate and fine-tune twist beam designs, ultimately enhancing both ride quality and handling performance. The paper outlines the theoretical foundation of parametrized suspension design, emphasizing its significance in addressing the intricate balance between ride comfort and dynamic stability. Through a comprehensive examination of key suspension parameters, such as twist beam profile, material properties, and attachment points, the study demonstrates the versatility of the parametric approach in tailoring suspension characteristics to meet specific performance objectives. To validate the
Pakala, Pradeep Kumar, Ganesh, Lingadalu
Technical Paper
Enhancing Bumper & Headlamp Durability: Lightweight Bumper Design with Optimized Resonance Frequency2024-28-023812/05/2024
In the realm of commercial vehicle design, enhancing the durability of bumpers and headlamps is paramount for ensuring safety and reducing maintenance costs. This study explores the development of a lightweight bumper design with optimized resonance frequency to improve the durability of these critical components. The research focuses on innovative design techniques to achieve a balance between weight reduction and structural integrity. The primary objective is to minimize the impact forces transmitted to the bumper and headlamp assemblies during vibrations. By employing finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental validation, the study identifies the optimal resonance frequency that mitigates the risk of resonance-induced damage. Additionally, the study examines the influence of geometric modifications on the bumper’s performance. Various design iterations are analyzed to determine the most effective configuration for enhancing durability while maintaining compliance with industry
Pandey, Sudheer, Ganesan, Balaji
Technical Paper
Rear Twist Beam Optimization by Cross Beam and Bush Orientation Technique to Meet Performance Targets2024-28-026912/05/2024
Born Electric SUVs generally feature a high centre of gravity (CG) with greater rear axle weight. They use sophisticated multi-link suspension, which offers large scope for ride comfort and handling optimisation. The development costs and time associated with the process will position the vehicle in a premium segment. Usually, the twist beam (RTB) is used in lower rear axle weight category vehicles due to its simple design and cost effectiveness. This study showcases exploration for implementation of RTB on higher weight category vehicles, which usually uses multi-link suspension. The limitation of the twist beam is to exhibit lateral force compliance oversteer during cornering, due to large moment arm from wheel centre to twist beam bush. Lack of lateral stiffness when compared to multi-link suspension causes delayed rear axle yaw response. It also has reduced scope in ride-handling optimization due to its simple structure and kinematics. So, in order to maximize the performance
Prabhakara Rao, Vageesh, Rasal, Shraddhesh, Asthana, Shivam, M, Sudhan, Vellandi, Vikraman
Technical Paper
Augmenting Driver Awareness and Performance through Haptics, Assistive Controls, and Environment Perception2024-01-510311/06/2024
Advances in vehicle sensing and communication technologies are enabling new opportunities for intelligent driver assistance systems that enhance road safety and performance. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent research on two complementary areas: haptic/tactile interfaces for conveying road terrain and hazard information to drivers, and shared control frameworks that employ assistive automation to supplement driver inputs. Various haptic feedback techniques for generating realistic road feel through steering wheel torque overlays, pedal interventions, and alternative interface modalities are examined. Control assistance approaches integrating environmental perception to provide steering, braking, and collision avoidance support through blended human–machine control are also analyzed. The paper scrutinizes methods for road sensing using cameras, LiDAR, and radar to classify terrain for adapting system response. Evaluation practices across this domain are critically
Shata, Abdelrahman Ali Adel, Naghdy, Fazel, Du, Haiping
Technical Paper
Semi-Active Suspension Design for Truck Using Pneumatic Spring Joining MR Fluid Damper Based on Neural Networks Controller10-09-01-000110/21/2024
In order to modify both stiffness and damping rates according to various road conditions, this research introduces a pneumatic spring in conjunction with a magnetorheological (MR) fluid damper as a single suspension unit for each wheel in the truck. Preventing weight transfer and improving riding comfort during braking, acceleration, and trajectory prediction are the main objectives. A two-axle truck has been used, consisting of three degrees of freedom for the sprung mass, including vertical, pitch, and roll motions, and four degrees of freedom for the unsprung masses, which have been redesigned according to the different types of springs and dampers. Pneumatic-controlled springs, often referred to as dynamic or classic models, replace laminated leaf springs commonly found in vehicles. Additionally, an MR damper replaces a hydraulic double-acting telescopic shock absorber. These models are studied to evaluate the effect of pneumatic spring parameters on truck dynamics. Pneumatic
Shehata Gad, Ahmed, El-Zomor, Haytham M.
Journal Article
Novel Approach to Optimize the Ride Handling Performance by Reducing Vehicle Development Time and Cost2024-28-004310/17/2024
The automobile industry strives to develop high-quality vehicles quickly that fulfill the buyer’s needs and stand out within the competition. Full utilization of simulation and Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) tools can empower quick assessment of different vehicle concepts and setups without building physical models. This research focuses on optimizing vehicle ride and handling performance by utilizing a tuning specifications range. Traditional approaches to refining these aspects involve extensive physical testing, which consumes both time and resources. In contrast, our study introduces a novel methodology leveraging virtual Subjective Rating through driving simulators. This approach aims to significantly reduce tuning time and costs, consequently streamlining overall development expenditures. The core objective is to enhance vehicle ride and handling dynamics, ensuring a superior driving experience for end-users. By meticulously defining and implementing tuning specifications, we
Ganesh, Lingadalu
Technical Paper
Ride Comfort Efficiency of Passenger Car’s Seat Using the Structure of Negative Stiffness with Various Dynamic Models15-18-01-000310/03/2024
Three dynamic models of a passenger car including the one-dimensional dynamic model, two-dimensional dynamic model, and three-dimensional dynamic model are built to evaluate the ride quality of the passenger car as well as the isolating performance of the SNS (structure of negative stiffness). The decrease of the root-mean-square (RMS) accelerations in the seat and car’s body shaking is the research goal. The investigation results indicate that under all working conditions including the various excitations of the road surface and various velocities of the passenger car, the seat’s acceleration with SNS is strongly ameliorated in comparison without SNS in all three models of the passenger car. Particularly, the RMS seat acceleration with SNS in one-, two-, and three-dimensional models is strongly reduced in comparison without SNS by 76.87%, 66.15%, and 70.59%, respectively. Thus, the seat’s SNS has a good effect in isolating the vertical vibration of the passenger car’s seat. However
Zhang, Lei, Li, Tao, Yang, Guixing
Journal Article
Evaluation and Prediction of Vibration Comfort in Engineering Machinery Cabs Using Random Forest with Genetic Algorithm10-08-04-002709/11/2024
Vibration comfort is a critical factor in assessing the overall performance of engineering machinery, with significant implications for operator health and safety. However, current evaluation methods lack specificity for construction machinery, impeding accurate prediction of vibration comfort and hindering the optimization of noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) performance. To address this challenge, this article proposes a model that combines a random forest with a genetic algorithm (GA-RF) to enable rapid and accurate prediction of vibration comfort in construction machinery cabins. The approach begins with an improved objective evaluation methodology for extracting key features from vibration signals at five measurement points: seat, floor, back, and left and right armrests. Additionally, subjective evaluation technology, combining semantic differential and rating scales, is employed to capture operators’ personal comfort perceptions. The implementation of the GA-RF model
Zhao, Jian, Yin, Yingqi, Chen, Jiangfei, Zhao, Weidong, Ding, Weiping, Huang, Haibo
Journal Article
Discretization-Based Semi-Active Suspension Control Using Road Preview Data2024-01-508708/30/2024
While semi-active suspensions help improve the ride comfort and road-holding capacity of the vehicle, they tend to be reactive and thus leave a lot of room for improvement. Incorporating road preview data allows these suspensions to become more proactive rather than reactive and helps achieve a higher level of performance. A lot of preview-based control algorithms in literature tend to require high computational effort to arrive at the optimal parameters thus making it difficult to implement in real time. Other algorithms tend to be based upon lookup tables, which classify the road input into different categories and hence lose their effectiveness when mixed types of road profiles are encountered that are difficult to classify. Thus, a novel MPC (model predictive control)-based algorithm is developed which is easy to implement online and more responsive to the varying road profiles that are encountered by the vehicle. The efficacy of the algorithm is tested against a numerical methods
Thamarai Kannan, Harish Kumar, Ferris, John B.
Technical Paper
Subjective Rating Scale for Vehicle Ride and HandlingJ1441_202408 (Current)08/29/2024
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes a rating scale for subjective evaluation of vehicle ride and handling. The scale is applicable for the evaluation of specific vehicle ride and handling properties for specified maneuvers, road characteristics and driving conditions, and on proving ground and public roads. The validity of the evaluation is restricted to the individual ride and handling disciplines defined by these maneuvers and to the particular combination of conditions of the vehicle (e.g., equipment, degree of maintenance) and of the environment (e.g., road, weather). This rating scale may not be suitable for some applications, such as specific types of ride or handling qualities, driver populations and market segments, or for correlating with objective measures. Appendix A discusses rating scales that better suit such applications. This document is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances.
Vehicle Dynamics Standards Committee
Recommended Practice
Exploring and Comparing Control Strategies for a Novel Double Damper Suspension System15-17-03-001608/07/2024
In the highly competitive landscape of the automotive industry, enhancing ride comfort has become a paramount challenge for automakers. To address this challenge, a novel double damper suspension system has been investigated. This system, featuring two single dampers operating collaboratively as an integrated unit, is analyzed with a dual focus: a comprehensive comparison of various control algorithms to identify the one offering superior comfort and the experimental validation of these findings. The modeling process, executed in Simulink, encompasses the representation of pressure, discharge, and force equations, along with the development and testing of multiple control algorithms. The study employs a shock dynamometer, utilizing both the double damper and a single semi-active damper as test subjects in a pseudo-quarter-car test bed setup. Throughout the experimental phase, solenoid actuation in the dampers is guided by specific control logic, utilizing acceleration data for the
Hamedi, Behzad, Shrikanthan, Sudarshan, Taheri , Saied
Journal Article
Electric Vehicle Ride & Vibrations Analysis: Full Electric Vehicle MBD Model Development for NVH Studies2024-01-291806/12/2024
The NVH performance of electric vehicles is a key indicator of vehicle quality, being the structure-borne transmission predominating at low frequencies. Many issues are typically generated by high vibrations, transmitted through different paths, and then radiated acoustically into the cabin. A combined analysis, with both finite-element and multi-body models, enables to predict the interior vehicle noise and vibration earlier in the development phases, to reduce the development time and moreover to optimize components with an increased efficiency level. In the present work, a simulation of a Hyundai electric vehicle has been performed in IDIADA VPG with a full vehicle Multi-Body (MBD) model, integrated by vibration calculations with a Finite Elements (FE) model in MSC. Nastran to analyze the comfort. Firstly, a full vehicle MBD model has been developed in MSC. ADAMS-Car including representative flexible bodies (generated from FE part models). The usage of a physical tire model and
Tonelli, Riccardo, Buckert, Sebastian, Patrucco, Andrea, Bragado Perez, Beatriz, Gutierrez, Javier, Sanchez, Angel
Technical Paper
A CONSUMER'S VIEW: Perry Parts 3D-printed bump stops24AUTP06_0106/01/2024
Making a Miata feel at home off-road takes ingenuity and some help from modern 3D-printing tech. I have always loved off-road racing. I love the innovation, grit and determination it takes to get across the finish line after 250, 500 or even 1,000 miles (402, 805 or 1,609 km) of racing. I have also always loved Miatas. I bought my first NA in 1994 and never looked back. I currently own a 2004 Mazdaspeed Miata and a 2001 lifted Miata.
Hall, Emme
Magazine Article
2024 Lincoln Nautilus: The brand's first global SUV24AUTD05_1105/01/2024
While there is a tendency for new vehicles to have a focus on ride, handling, performance and other dynamic elements, the model year 2024 Lincoln Nautilus team added another element to how the driver will experience the midsize SUV. Not that the ride, handling, etc. were ignored, but the global design and engineering team wanted to do something different with this two-row SUV. Recognize that this is a vehicle with a sumptuous interior that includes not only first-class seating (24-way adjustable front seats) and materials (Alpine Venetian leather available on the seats; cashmere for the headliner) but also an available high-end Revel Ultima 3D audio system with 28 speakers. What's more, there's “Lincoln Digital Scent,” small electronically activated pods containing various aromas (e.g., Mystic Forest, Ozonic Azure, Violet Cashmere). Across the top of the instrument panel there is a 48-inch backlit LCD screen and a 11.1-inch touchscreen in the center stack.
Vasilash, Gary
Magazine Article
Control Strategy of Semi-Active Suspension Based on Road Roughness Identification10-08-02-001304/13/2024
Taking the semi-active suspension system as the research object, the forward model and inverse model of a continuous damping control (CDC) damper are established based on the characteristic test of the CDC damper. A multi-mode semi-active suspension controller is designed to meet the diverse requirements of vehicle performance under different road conditions. The controller parameters of each mode are determined using a genetic algorithm. In order to achieve automatic switching of the controller modes under different road conditions, a method is proposed to identify the road roughness based on the sprung mass acceleration. The average of the ratio between the squared sprung mass acceleration and the vehicle speed within a specific time window is taken as the identification indicator for road roughness. Simulation results show that the proposed road roughness identification method can accurately identify smooth roads (Class A–B), slightly rough roads (Class C), and severely rough roads
Feng, Jieyin, Yin, Zhihong, Xia, Zhao, Wang, Weiwei, Shangguan, Wen-Bin, Rakheja, Subhash
Journal Article
Effect of Shock Absorber Friction on Vehicle Vertical Dynamics10-08-02-001004/10/2024
In order to efficiently predict and investigate a vehicle’s vertical dynamics, it is necessary to consider the suspension component properties holistically. Although the effects of suspension stiffness and damping characteristics on vertical dynamics are widely understood, the impact of suspension friction in various driving scenarios has rarely been studied in both simulation and road tests for several decades. The present study addresses this issue by performing driving tests using a special device that allows a modification of the shock absorber or damper friction, and thus the suspension friction to be modified independently of other suspension parameters. Initially, its correct functioning is verified on a shock absorber test rig. A calibration and application routine is established in order to assign definite additional friction forces at high reproducibility levels. The device is equipped in a medium-class passenger vehicle, which is driven on various irregular road sections as
Deubel, Clemens, Schneider, Scott Jarod, Prokop, Günther
Journal Article
Modelling, Simulation and Testing of Adaptive Sliding Mode Control for Semi-Active Suspension System Based on Road Information2024-01-276504/09/2024
The accuracy of chassis control for intelligent electric vehicles (IEVs), especially in road-based IEVs control for improving road holding and ride comfort, is a challenging task for the intelligent transport system. Due to the high fatality rate caused by inaccurate road-based control algorithms, how to precisely and effectively choose a reasonable road-based control algorithm become a hot topic in both academia and industry. To address and improve the performance of road holding and ride comfort of IEVs by using a semi-active suspension system, an adaptive sliding mode control (ASMC) algorithm-based road information is proposed to realize the overall performance of the intelligent vehicle chassis system in the paper. Firstly, the models of road excitation and equivalent hybrid control of a quarter semi-active suspension system are established. Secondly, connecting with the minimum redundancy maximum relevance (MRMR) approach and probability neural network (PNN) theory, the method of
Wang, Zhenfeng, Liao, Yinsheng, Zhang, Zhijie, Hu, Zhiming, Zhao, Gaoming, Huang, Taishuo, Zhang, Lei
Technical Paper
Control Strategy for Semi-Active Suspension Based on Suspension Parameter Estimation2024-01-277104/09/2024
This paper presents an adaptive H2/H∞ control strategy for a semi-active suspension system with unknown suspension parameters. The proposed strategy takes into account the damping force characteristics of continuous damping control (CDC) damper. Initially, the external characteristics of CDC damper were measured, and a forward model and a back propagation (BP) neural network inverse model of CDC damper were proposed using the measured data. Subsequently, a seven-degree-of-freedom vehicle with semi-active suspension system and H2/H∞ controller was designed. Multiple feedback control matrices corresponding to different sprung mass parameter values were determined by analyzing time and frequency domain performance. Finally, a dual observer system combining suspension state and parameter estimation based on the Kalman filter algorithm was established. The estimated parameter was used to determine feedback control matrix, while the observed states were used to calculate the desired damping
Du, Canjie, Yin, Zhihong, Xia, Zhao, Wang, Weiwei, Shangguan, Wen-Bin
Technical Paper
Formula 1 Race Car Aerodynamics: Understanding Floor Flow Structures and Why It Is a Key Component in Modern Racing2024-01-207804/09/2024
This paper delves into the intricate realm of Formula 1 race car aerodynamics, focusing on the pivotal role played by floor flow structures in contemporary racing. The aerodynamic design of the floor of a Formula 1 car is a fundamental component that connects the flow structures from the front wing to the rear end of the car through the diffuser, thus significantly influencing the generation of lift and drag. In this work, CFD was used to predict the structure of the vortices and flow pattern underneath a Formula 1 car using a CAD model that mimicked the modern Red Bull Racing Team’s car in recent years. Through comprehensive analysis and simulation, a detailed understanding of the complex flow patterns and aerodynamic phenomena occurring beneath the floor of the car and its vicinity is presented. This entails a close examination of how air interacts with the floor of the car and how the flow around the car can be manipulated to alter the flow rate and the quality of air going into the
Shaalan, Amr, Assanis, Dimitris, Raman, Aditya, Wijeyakulasuriya, Sameera, Senecal, Kelly
Technical Paper
Unique curved based seat design for better ride comfort2024-01-250704/09/2024
Designing an automotive seat, it is required to perform a detailed study of anthropometry, which deals with measurement of human individuals and understanding human physical variations. It also requires application-based movement study of driver’s hands, feet’s & overall body movement. It is very difficult to design seat curvatures based on any static manikin-based software. We at VECV, have developed a new concept using mixed reality VR technology to capture all body movements for designing best in class seat curvature to accommodate variety of drivers with different body types. We have designed a specialized static bunk, which has a wide range of seat, steering and ABC paddle adjustments, which are integrated with virtual data. We use to study and capture the data of driving position and other ergonomic postures of wide range of people with different body types on this static bunk according to their comfortable driving posture. In this comfortable driving posture, user is immersed in
Bhatnagar, Manas, Jain, Nishant, Biswal, Jyotiranjan, Sharma, Ajay
Technical Paper
Energy Dissipation Characteristics Analysis of Automotive Vibration PID Control Based on Adaptive Differential Evolution Algorithm2024-01-228704/09/2024
To address the issue of PID control for automotive vibration, this paper supplements and develops the evaluation of automotive vibration characteristics, and proposes a vibration response quantity for evaluating the energy dissipation characteristics of automotive vibration. A two-degree-of-freedom single wheel model for automotive vibration control is established, and the conventional vibration response variables for ride comfort evaluation and the energy consumption vibration response variables for energy dissipation characteristics evaluation are determined. This paper uses the Adaptive Differential Evolution (ADE) algorithm to tune the PID control parameters and introduces an adaptive mutation factor to improve the algorithm's adaptability. Several commonly used adaptive mutation factors are summarized in this paper, and their effects on algorithm improvement are compared. Design a simulation test plan for commonly used B-class road surfaces and a common speed of 60 km/h under
Jie, Li, Dou, Lei, Zhao, Qi, Qiao, Bin, Liu, Jiayong, Zhang, Wei
Technical Paper
Research on the Anti-Shuffle Control for Hybrid Electric Vehicles in the Parallel Mode2024-01-271404/09/2024
In order to solve the problems of the shuffle caused by internal and external excitation and the difficulty in obtaining the real-time accurate engine torque during the parallel mode operation of hybrid electric vehicles, a dynamic coordination control strategy for suppressing the jitter of hybrid electric vehicles based on the closed-loop control of engine speed was proposed. The engine torque filtering control method based on the slope limit was adopted to limit the rate of change of the engine torque and reduce the impact caused by the sudden change of the engine torque; the engine speed closed-loop control method was used to take the motor speed which is easy to be measured accurately in real time as the feedback control variable, which solved the problem of the real-time accurate estimation of the engine torque online. In parallel mode, the motor torque accounts for a small proportion because the torque distribution method gives priority to the engine. When the amplitude of the
Jing, Junchao, Zhang, Junzhi, Wang, Zhentao, Liu, Yiqiang, Huang, Weishan
Technical Paper
Road Feel Modeling and Return Control Strategy for Steer-by-Wire Systems2024-01-231604/09/2024
The steer-by-wire (SBW) system, an integral component of the drive-by-wire chassis responsible for controlling the lateral motion of a vehicle, plays a pivotal role in enhancing vehicle safety. However, it poses a unique challenge concerning steering wheel return control, primarily due to its fundamental characteristic of severing the mechanical connection between the steering wheel and the turning wheel. This disconnect results in the inability to directly transmit the self-aligning torque to the steering wheel, giving rise to complications in ensuring a seamless return process. In order to realize precise control of steering wheel return, solving the problem of insufficient low-speed return and high-speed return overshoot of the steering wheel of the SBW system, this paper proposes a steering wheel active return control strategy for SBW system based on the backstepping control method. First, the dynamics model of the SBW system is established, thereby laying the foundation for
Chen, Chaoning, Kaku, Chuyo, Zheng, Hongyu
Technical Paper
Evaluation of Semi-Active Vehicle Suspension System Performance Incorporating Magnetorheological Damper Using Optimized Feedback Controller Based on State-Derivative2024-01-228804/09/2024
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the efficiency of a quarter car semi-active suspension system with the state-derivative feedback controller using the Bouc-Wen model for magneto-rheological fluids. The magnetorheological (MR) dampers are classified as adaptive devices because of their characteristics can be easily modified by applying a controlled voltage signal. Semi-active suspension with MR dampers combines the benefits of active and passive suspension systems. The dynamic system captures the basic performance of the suspension, including seat travel distance, body acceleration, passenger acceleration, suspension travel distance, dynamic tire deflection and damping force. With minimal reliance on the use of sensors, the investigation aims to improve ride comfort and vehicle stability. In this study, the state derivative feedback controller and Genetic algorithm (GA) is utilized to improve the performance of semi-active suspension system. Moreover, the cost is reduced
M.Faragallah, Mohamed, Metered, Hassan, Abdelaziz, Taha H.
Technical Paper
Ride Comfort Enhancement of Railway Vehicles Using Magnetorheological Damper2024-01-229104/09/2024
The study investigates the ride comfort of a rail vehicle with semi-active suspension control and its effect on train vertical dynamics. The Harmony Search algorithm optimizes the gains of a proportional integral derivative (PID) controller using the self-adaptive global best harmony search method (SGHS) due to its effectiveness in reducing the tuning time and offering the least objective function value. Magnetorheological (MR) dampers are highly valuable semi-active devices for vibration control applications rather than active actuators in terms of reliability and implementation cost. A quarter-rail vehicle model consisting of six degrees of freedom (6-DOF) is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink software to evaluate the proposed controller's effectiveness. The simulated results show that the optimized PID significantly improves ride comfort compared to passive.
Ali, Shaimaa A., Metered, Hassan, Bassiuny, A. M., Abdel-Ghany, A.M.
Technical Paper
Research on the Control Strategy of Electric Vehicle Active Suspension Based on Fuzzy Theory2024-01-229004/09/2024
The performance of suspension system has a direct impact on the riding comfort and smoothness. For the traditional suspension can not effectively alleviate the impact of road surface and the poor anti-vibration performance, The dynamics model of vehicle suspension system is established, and the control model of vehicle four-degree-of-freedom active suspension is designed with fuzzy control strategy. On this basis, a comprehensive simulation model of the control model of vehicle active suspension coupled with road excitation is established. and the ride comfort of vehicles under different types of suspension are tested through Simulink. The simulation results show that compared with the passive suspension, the reduction of vehicle acceleration and dynamic deformation of the active suspension controlled by fuzzy PID can reach 33.76% and 22.45%. and the reduction of pitch Angle speed and dynamic load of the active suspension controlled by fuzzy PID can reach 16.18% and 10.72%. Under fuzzy
Jing, Li Jing
Technical Paper
Vibration Control of MR-Damped Half Truck Suspension System Using Proportional Integral Derivative Controller Tuned by Ant Colony Optimization2024-01-228904/09/2024
Proportional integral derivative (PID) control technique is a famous and cost-effective control strategy, in real implementation, applied in various engineering applications. Also, the ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm is extensively applied in various industrial problems. This paper addresses the usage of the ACO algorithm to tune the PID controller gains for a semi-active heavy vehicle suspension system integrated with cabin and seat. The magnetorheological (MR) damper is used in main suspension as a semi-active device to enhance the ride comfort and vehicle stability. The proposed semi-active suspension consists of a system controller that calculate the desired damping force using a PID controller tuned using ACO, and a continuous state damper controller that predict the input voltage that is required to track the desired damping force. The ACO algorithm is used to solve the nonlinear optimization problem to search the PID controller gains by finding the optimal problem
Gad, Sherif, Metered, Hassan, Bassiuny, A. M., Abdel-Ghany, Abdel-Ghany
Technical Paper
Testing and Analysis of Riding a Road Bicycle over an Artificial Pothole2024-01-275504/09/2024
Whenever bicyclists ride on public roads, they ride through roadway defects which occasionally causes them to lose control of their bicycles and/or damage components. Previous research has quantified the forces experienced during general road and offroad riding, but did not study the specific influences of variables such as pothole geometry, riding speed, etc. To begin quantifying these effects, a road bike was equipped with a triaxial accelerometer and ridden over poor roadway conditions around an industrial park in Southern California. Next, in a laboratory setting, an artificial pothole was constructed that was 12 inches long and either 1 or 1.65 inches deep. A force plate was placed at the far edge to measure the horizontal loads induced by the bicycle tire riding over the edge and high-speed camera was positioned perpendicular to the path of travel to measure the speed and vertical drop of the front wheel. Lastly, two riders of differing weights rode the same road bicycle over the
Sweet, David Michael, Bretting, Gerald, Wilhelm, Christopher
Technical Paper
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