Browse Topic: Vehicle ride

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Data-driven Study on Chassis Suspension Performance Degradation2026-01-0582To be published on 04/07/2026
The performance of chassis suspension mechanisms critically affects vehicle handling, ride comfort, and safety. Under severe operating conditions, health monitoring of chassis suspension mechanisms can detect potential problems in time, thereby reducing safety risks and optimizing maintenance costs. With the rapid development of sensing and data analytics technologies, data-driven approaches are increasingly used in health monitoring. This study aims to achieve real-time monitoring of chassis suspension performance degradation using a deep neural network (DNN). First, a semi-vehicle suspension model is constructed to simulate the vehicle's degraded state under bumpy road conditions, generating a dataset of key suspension parameters. Subsequently, a DNN model comprising three hidden layers is developed to assess suspension performance degradation. To optimize model performance, the effects of different numbers of neurons and hidden layers on model accuracy are explored. Experimental
Liao, Yinsheng, Lei, Yisong, Su, Ailin, Wang, Zhenfeng
Adaptive Torque Vector Control for Distributed Drive Intelligent Electric Vehicles Using Model and Data Driven Approaches2026-01-0628To be published on 04/07/2026
To effectively improve the performance of chassis control of distributed drive intelligent electric vehicles (EVs) under difference road conditions, especially in combing road information and chassis control for improving road handling and ride comfort, is a challenging task for the distributed drive intelligent EVs. Simultaneously, inaccurate chassis control and uncertainty with system input, are always existing, e.g., varying road input or control parameters. Due to the higher fatality rate caused by variable factors, how to precisely chose and enforce the reasonable chassis control strategy of distributed drive intelligent EVs become a hot topic in both academia and industry. To issue the above mentioned, an adaptive torque vector hierarchical controller based on road roughness and adhesion is proposed, which optimizes the comprehensive performance of vehicle chassis. First, combined with the characteristic of the unbalance dynamic force caused by the air gap between the stator and
Wang, Zhenfeng, Zhao, Gaoming, Zhang, Zhijie
Impact of User-Adjustable Vehicle-Dynamics Tuning on Vehicle Durability2026-01-0194To be published on 04/07/2026
Software-defined vehicles offer customers a greater degree of customization on vehicle operation. One such feature is a user-adjustable tuning of vehicle ride and handling, where customers can vary the ride height, the active damper stiffness (affecting ride comfort), front-rear torque balance (affecting ride handling), and other vehicle dynamics features. While promising a great customer experience, such a feature can expose the vehicle to a wider range of structural loads than before, particularly when such tuning is extended to cover spirited “sport” mode driving, offroad driving, etc. In this paper we present a novel methodology combining Road Load Data Acquisition (RLDA) data and real-world telemetry data to estimate the impact of user-adjustable vehicle-dynamics tuning on structural durability.  In doing so, the method combines the physics of damage accumulation (from RLDA data) with user behavior (from telemetry data) to present an accurate assessment of the impact on durability
Demiri, Albion, White, Dylan, Ramakrishnan, Sankaran, Borton, Zackery, Khapane, Prashant
A Research on Driving Performance of Vehicle Body Control using vehicle height adjustment system2026-01-0626To be published on 04/07/2026
Recently, premium cars include a device in the suspension that can adjust the ride height. The main function of this system is to help the vehicle pass through uneven roads by keeping the vehicle body high so that the lower part of the vehicle does not contact the road surface. In particular, the device of the air spring type improves riding comfort by adjusting the vehicle's wheel rate. The proposed system was designed to adjust the ride height by adjusting the position of the spring lower seat up and down. By modeling the machinery topology of the proposed system in detail using a dynamics tool, we would like to investigate the feasibility of implementing driving performance by controlling not only the height adjustment function but also the vehicle body Posture of the vehicle during driving.
Park, Jaeyong, Sang Hoon, Lee, Jong Min, Kim, Choi, Jang Han
A Frequency-Aware Reinforcement Learning Framework for Suspension Control with Integrated Temporal Features and Expert Guidance2026-01-0209To be published on 04/07/2026
Active suspension systems play a crucial role in improving vehicle ride comfort and handling stability. However, most existing studies focus on the low-frequency range below 20 Hz, leaving the suppression of high-frequency vibrations within 50–500 Hz largely unexplored, even though these vibrations strongly affect in-cabin noise and ride quality. To address this gap, this study introduces a quarter-car suspension model incorporating both bushing dynamics and a rigid-ring tire within a reinforcement learning (RL) framework. A major challenge for RL-based suspension control is its degradation in high-frequency performance. To overcome this issue, we design an innovative training framework that integrates multiple synergistic strategies. First, frequency-domain rewards are incorporated as auxiliary signals to explicitly guide policy optimization in the high-frequency band. Second, long short-term memory (LSTM) networks are embedded in both the Actor and Critic to capture the sequential
zhu, Zhehui, Zhang, Lijun, Meng, Dejian, Hu, Xingyu
In-situ Decoupling and Stiffness Optimization of Resiliently Coupled Assemblies Using FRF-Based Substructuring2026-01-0227To be published on 04/07/2026
Road shake remains one of the most critical NVH challenges in light- and heavy-duty body-on-frame trucks, directly shaping ride comfort and perceived vehicle quality. At the heart of this issue are the body mounts, which govern the transfer of vibration between frame and body. Optimizing these mounts for improved road shake performance is therefore a key objective in NVH engineering. Traditionally, such optimization has relied on finite element analysis (FEA). While highly accurate, FEA—especially when performed with commercial solvers such as NASTRAN—demands enormous computational resources, with complete simulations often requiring hundreds of hours. Each design iteration multiplies this cost, restricting the pace and efficiency of NVH development. Recent methods such as response surface modeling (RSM) and machine learning (ML) have aimed to reduce the burden, yet they remain dependent on large libraries of pre-computed FEA data, inheriting much of the same expense and inflexibility
Haider, Syed, Abbas, Ahmad, Jahangir, Yawar, Maddali, Ramakanth
Analysis of the Impact on Ride Comfort from Splitting the Unsprung Mass in Vehicle Modeling2026-01-0212To be published on 04/07/2026
The study was conducted to investigate the differences in ride comfort analysis between treating the unsprung mass as a whole and modeling it separately. A classical two-degree-of-freedom single-wheel vehicle vibration model and a three-degree-of-freedom single-wheel vehicle vibration model with split unsprung mass were established, with their state-space descriptions determined. The fundamental vibration response quantities of both models were identified, and time-domain simulations under random road excitation were performed using Matlab/Simulink. The results indicate that the two modeling approaches exhibit minimal differences in ride comfort analysis for the sprung mass, but there are certain differences for the unsprung mass. Additionally, for the three-degree-of-freedom single-wheel vehicle vibration model with split unsprung mass, the axle-to-wheel mass ratio was introduced to analyze the changes in the fundamental vibration response quantities when the unsprung mass increases
Jie, Li, Wei, Deng
Rigid Two- and Three-Wheeled Vehicle Roll Over vs. Pitch Over Threshold Models: Testing and Analytical Modifications2026-01-0538To be published on 04/07/2026
The phenomenon of bicycle pitch over is simple in concept, yet determining threshold criteria for pitch over has yet to be well established, particularly when it comes to determining whether or not a bicycle’s front wheel will roll over a particular obstacle or not. Two prior SAE papers have laid out 3 different approaches to determining this threshold criteria; however, all three remain untested and thus unvalidated. To test the two analytical models, the dimensions and center of gravity location for a test rider on a tricycle were measured, and the test subject system was ridden over a series of progressively taller square edge obstacles until the tricycle transitioned from rolling over to stopping/pitching over. The test speeds were varied between 5 and 10 mph to keep the tricycle from fully pitching over and/or damaging the test tricycle. From this testing, it was demonstrated that the test tricycle and rider was able to ride over taller obstacles than calculated by the analytical
Sweet, David Michael, O'Brien, Nathan, Bretting, Gerald
New Generation Natural Rubber-Based Bump Stopper with Improved NVH Characteristics2026-26-02921/16/2026
In automotive suspension systems, components like bump stoppers and jounce bumpers play critical roles in controlling suspension travel and enhancing ride comfort. Material selection for these components is driven by functional demands and performance criteria. Traditionally, Natural rubber (NR) has traditionally been favored for bump stopper applications due to its excellent vibration absorption, tear resistance, cost-effectiveness, and biodegradability. However, in more demanding environments, it has been largely replaced by microcellular polyurethane (PU) elastomers, which offer superior durability, environmental resistance, and enhanced noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) performance. This study revisits NR with the goal of re-establishing its viability by enhancing its performance to match or surpass that of PU. Through compound optimization and advanced material processing techniques, significant improvements have been achieved in NR’s mechanical strength, compression set
Murugesan, Annarajan, Hingalaje, Abhijeet, Perumal, Mathavan, Pawar, Rohit
A Robustness Approach to Reducing Variability in Suspension System Performance2026-26-03811/16/2026
Determination of part tolerances for reduced variation in suspension level performance by using Multi-objective Robust Design Optimization (MORDO) The car industry is very competitive, and companies need to satisfy their customers to keep or grow their market share. It’s important for car makers to build affordable cars that provide a good driving experience, comfort for passengers, and safety for everyone. Suspension systems are very important for how a vehicle rides, handles, and stays stable, and they directly affect how driving feels. If parts are not positioned correctly, it can really impact how well a vehicle works. As a result, suggested limits for where suspension parts are placed are given to prevent issues with Kinematics and Compliance (K&C) properties. So, designing parts with the right tolerances is very important in making vehicles. It helps lower production costs and keeps the vehicle's performance consistent. This paper shows a step-by-step method to find the strongest
Pathak, Jugal, Ganesh, Lingadalu
Value-Engineered Design Optimization of a Recycled Plastic Bracket to Meet Natural Frequency Targets in Passenger Vehicles2026-26-03551/16/2026
Engine mount brackets are a primary structural components of passenger vehicles that supports the powertrain to the chassis via engine mounts. These brackets are important to control vibrations and the transmission of noise into the cabin as well as vehicle stability. Since they support the engine mounts, these brackets play a role in determining ride comfort and load distribution on the mounts and the engine. While traditionally made from steel, cast iron and aluminum, we are trying to redesign engine mount brackets with recyclable engineering plastics to fit current demands of light-weighting, cost efficiency, and sustainability. The present work is concerned with the design of a plastic engine mount bracket, which aims to hit specified natural frequency targets in order to avoid resonance and fulfill strict NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) requirements. Because of the superior mechanical strength, thermal stability, and vibration-dampening properties, PPS, glass-fiber
Hazra, Sandip, Gupta, Deepak, Khan, Arkadip, Gite, Yogesh
Electromagnetically Levitated Engine Mount2026-26-03421/16/2026
In the evolving landscape of the automotive industry, enhancing passenger comfort and ride quality has become a key differentiator for manufacturers. While suspension systems have traditionally received significant attention, powertrain isolation through engine mounts plays an equally critical role in controlling noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH). Engine mounts are not only responsible for supporting the powertrain’s weight but also for mitigating the transmission of unbalanced engine forces to the vehicle body. Modern engine mount designs aim to eliminate any metal-to-metal contact between the powertrain and chassis, thereby achieving optimal vibration isolation. This study proposes a refined approach to completely decouple the powertrain from the vehicle structure, ensuring minimal vibration transfer and thereby extending the operational life and performance of the engine mount system.
Hazra, Sandip, Naik, Sarang Pramod, More, Vishwas
Development of a GUI-Based Pitch Sequence Optimization Tool for Tire Noise Reduction2026-26-03301/16/2026
Tire noise reduction is important for improving ride comfort, especially in electric vehicle due to lack of engine noise and majority of the noise generated in-cabin is from tire-road interaction. Therefore, the tire tread pattern contribution is one of the important criteria for NVH performance apart from other structurally generated noise and vibration. In this work a GUI-based pitch sequence optimization tool is developed to support tire design engineers in generating acoustically optimized tread sequences. The tool operates in two modes: without constraints, where the pitch sequence is optimized freely to reduce tonal noise levels; and with constraints, where specific design rules are applied to preserve pattern consistency and manufacturability. The key point to be considered in this pitch sequence is that it should be reducing the tonal sound and equally spread i.e., the same pitch cannot be concentrated on one side which may lead to non-uniformity. So, the restriction is that
Sampathraghavan, Lakshmi, Ramarathnam, Krishna Kumar, Mantripragada PhD, Krishna Teja, Ramachandran, Neeraj
Predictive Simulation Framework for Tyre Curb Impact Durability Assessment and Design Optimization2026-26-03961/16/2026
With increased deterioration of road conditions worldwide, automotive OEMs face significant challenges in ensuring the durability of structural components. The tyre being the primary point of contact with the road is expected to endure harshest of impacts while maintaining the other performance functions such as Ride & Handling, Rolling resistance, Braking. Thus, it is considered as the most challenging component in terms of design optimization for durability. The current development method relies on physical testing of initial samples, followed by iterative construction changes to meet durability requirements, often giving trade-off in Ride & Handling performance. To overcome these challenges, a frugal simulation-based methodology has been developed for predicting tyre curb impact durability before vehicle-level testing so that corrective action can be taken during the design stage.
Sundaramoorthy, Ragasruoban, Lenka, Visweswara
Modelling and Simulation of Key Vehicle Dynamics Parameters for a Conceptual Race Car2026-26-00851/16/2026
Vehicle dynamics is a vital area of automotive engineering that focuses on analyzing how a vehicle responds to driver inputs and external factors like road conditions and environmental influences. Achieving optimal performance, safety, and ride comfort requires a detailed understanding of longitudinal, lateral, and vertical dynamic behavior. The objective of this paper is to develop and validate the model of a concept Race car and evaluate its vehicle dynamics behavior using IPG CarMaker, a high-fidelity virtual testing environment widely used in industry. The model incorporates a range of vehicle parameters, including suspension parameters like spring and damper characteristics, mass distribution, tire properties and powertrain parameters. The performance evaluation is done as per standard guidelines, including Constant Radius turn test, Sine Steer test and other standard tests like Acceleration, Braking along with Ride and Comfort classification. The key parameters that are
Agrewale, Mohammad Rafiq B., Vaish, Ujjwal
Refinement of Road Induced Steering Wheel Vibration in Electric Vehicle2026-26-03371/16/2026
Nowadays, customers expect excellent cabin insulation and superior ride comfort in electric vehicles. OEMs focus on fine tuning the suspension system in electric vehicle to isolate the road induced shocks which finally offers superior ride quality. This paper focuses on enhancing the ride comfort by reducing the road excitation which originates mainly due to road inputs. Higher steering wheel vibration is perceived on the test vehicle on rough road surfaces. To determine the predominant force transfer path, Multi reference Transfer Path Analysis (MTPA) is performed on the front and rear suspension. Based on the finding from MTPA, various recommendations are explored and the effect of each modification is discussed. Apart from this, Operational Deflection Shape (ODS) analysis is used to determine the deflection shape on the entire steering system . Based on ODS findings, recommendations like dynamic stiffness improvements on the steering column and steering wheel are explored and the
S, Nataraja Moorthy, Rao, Manchi, Selvam, Ebinezer, Raghavendran, Prasath
Experimental Evaluation of Tyre Vertical Dynamic Stiffness and Damping for Ride Model Applications Using Flat Trac2026-26-06071/16/2026
The vertical dynamic stiffness and damping of a tyre are critical to ride comfort and overall dynamics, particularly for low-frequency excitations in urban and highway driving. As the tyres are the primary interface between the vehicle and the road, absorbing surface irregularities before the suspension engagement, precise tyre parametrization is essential for accurate ride models. This study investigates an experimental methodology characterizing the vertical dynamic behavior of pneumatic tyres using a Flat Trac test machine. Contrary to the conventional approaches that depend on intricate shaker rigs or frequency dependence function models, the proposed technique uses a realistic force displacement loop-based methodology which is appropriate for ride models. Dynamic stiffness is computed from slope of a linear regression fitted to force and displacements during vertical sinusoidal excitation. Damping is derived from hysteresis energy loss per cycle. The tests were conducted under
Duryodhana, Dasari, Sethumadhavan, Arjun, Tomer, Avinash, Ghosh, Prasenjit, Mukhopadhyay, Rabindra
Comprehensive Evaluation of Bolster Behaviour: Field Data Insights for Design Modifications2026-26-04971/16/2026
Bogie suspension systems are becoming increasingly popular in tipper vehicles to enhance their performance and durability, especially in demanding environments like construction and mining areas [1]. Bolsters contribute significantly to the overall performance and durability of the bogie suspension systems of tipper vehicles by evenly distributing the loads across the whole suspension system. They act as shock absorbers and negate the impact caused by the rough terrains and heavy loads, thereby reducing stress on individual components and maintaining the structural integrity of the vehicle. Bolsters also help in improving the ride comfort and to maintain the position of the suspension system [2]. This study focuses on the comprehensive testing and evaluation of bolsters to understand their modes and displacement data derived from field data. The primary objective is to analyse the performance and behaviour of bolsters under various operational conditions. Critical manners of
V Dhage, Yogesh, Kolage, Vikas
Effect of Flow Forming Process on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of GDC & LPDC Cast Aluminium Alloy Wheels2026-26-02981/16/2026
Aluminum alloy wheels have become the preferred choice over steel wheels due to their lightweight nature, enhanced aesthetics, and contribution to improved fuel efficiency. Traditionally, these wheels are manufactured using methods such as Gravity Die Casting (GDC) [1] or Low Pressure Die Casting (LPDC) [2]. As vehicle dynamics engineers continue to increase tire sizes to optimize handling performance, the corresponding increase in wheel rim size and weight poses a challenge for maintaining low unsprung mass, which is critical for ride quality. To address this, weight reduction has become a priority. Flow forming [3,4], an advanced wheel rim production technique, which offers a solution for reducing rim weight. This process employs high-pressure rollers to shape a metal disc into a wheel, specifically deforming the rim section while leaving the spoke and hub regions unaffected. By decreasing rim thickness, flow forming not only enhances strength and durability but also reduces overall
Singh, Ram Krishnan, Medaboyina, HarshaVardhan, G K, Balaji, Gopalan, Vijaysankar, Sundaram, Raghupathi, Paua, Ketan
Development of a Systematic Methodology for Identifying and Mitigating Squeak & Rattle Issues in Automotive Seating Systems2026-26-03331/16/2026
The automotive industry constantly strives to enhance vehicle safety, comfort, and customer satisfaction. One of the critical aspects influencing these factors is the mitigation of Buzz, Squeak, and Rattle (BSR) issues, which can significantly impact perceived vehicle quality and user experience. This paper focuses on the BSR challenges specifically encountered in bench seat latch & striker mechanisms. Vibrations and movement, especially during vehicle operation, exacerbate Buzz, Squeak & Rattle (BSR) problems, leading to acoustic disturbances that detract from the overall ride quality. Latch and striker in seat system is prone to squeaks and rattles (S&R) due to improper fitment, environmental conditions, or mechanical stress. These issues not only compromise the auditory experience but may also raise concerns about component durability and functionality. This paper outlines the root causes of BSR phenomena in these components, emphasizing the role of design optimization, material
Deole, Sameer Shrikant, Rahman, Shafeeq, Mohammed, Riyazuddin, Shah, Prashant
High-Fidelity Modeling of Vehicle Dynamics for Control-Oriented Stability Enhancement2026-26-00931/16/2026
This study presents an integrated vehicle dynamics framework combining a 12-degree-of-freedom full vehicle model with advanced control strategies to enhance both ride comfort and handling stability. Unlike simplified models, it incorporates linear and nonlinear tire characteristics to simulate real-world dynamic behavior with higher accuracy. An active roll control system using rear suspension actuators is developed to mitigate excessive body roll and yaw instability during cornering and maneuvers. A co-simulation environment is established by coupling MATLAB/Simulink-based control algorithms with high-fidelity multibody dynamics modeled in ADAMS Car, enabling precise, real-time interaction between control logic and vehicle response. The model is calibrated and validated against data from an instrumented test vehicle, ensuring practical relevance. Simulation results show significant reductions in roll angle, yaw rate deviation, and lateral acceleration, highlighting the effectiveness
Duraikannu, Dinesh, Dumpala, Gangi Reddi
Adaptive Control Algorithms for Active Mounts on Diesel Powertrains in Passenger Cars2026-26-03241/16/2026
Diesel powertrains are inherently characterized by high vibration levels and low-frequency excitations, which are extremely demanding for passenger comfort and vehicle refinement. Conventional passive engine mounts often fall short in mitigating such vibrations effectively across a wide range of operating conditions. Passive mounts are inadequate for effectively isolating vibrations in powerful, lightweight vehicles or those without a balancer shaft 3-cylinder engine ordiesel engines. Consequently, this has prompted the consideration of active engine mounts as an alternative solution for solving NVH (Noise, Vibration, Harshness)-related issues. This paper explores the application of adaptive control algorithms in active engine mount systems for diesel powertrains in passenger vehicles. Through the integration of real-time feedback loops with smart control strategies the system adaptively controls mount stiffness and damping to minimize engine-induced vibrations. The study presents
Hazra, Sandip, Khan, Arkadip Amitava, more, Vishwas
Determining Optimal Suspension & Body in White Mountings to maximize Off-Road Capability of Passenger Vehicles2026-26-00981/16/2026
The automotive market trend is shifting more and more to SUVs and crossovers. This, therefore, means increasing consumer demand for off-road abilities in passenger vehicles. While dedicated off-road platforms provide a path to performance robustness, getting the same level of functionality out of a passenger vehicle with minimal architectural changes proves to be a great feat for engineers. One highly critical performance determinant in the domain of off-road ability is wheel articulation, it requires independent movement capacity of the wheels to keep contact and stability over uneven terrain. Traditional articulations found in passenger car suspensions—created for comfort, packaging, and on-road dynamics—are limited by suspension geometry, damper alignment as well as compliance setup. Damper side loads- were not considered a significant factor in suspension systems that are operating within their original intended design envelope for on-road use. However, when the vehicle is taken
Siddiqui, Arshad, Iqbal, Shoaib, Dwivedi, Sushil
Propeller Shaft Yoke Phase and Inclination Angle Optimization in Passenger Vehicles through Analytical Method2026-26-03481/16/2026
The customer perception of ride comfort with vehicle performance is the most important aspect in a vehicle design. The ride comfort and vehicle performance are influenced by driveline components i.e. propeller shaft phase angle, inclination angle and critical frequency of the driveline system. The optimization of the driveline system is essential to ensure the efficient and smooth power transfer. Propeller shaft is one of the critical components in the driveline to influence the vehicle performance. Propeller shaft characteristics influenced by several factors like vehicle max torque, propeller shaft joint type, materials properties, UJ phase and inclination angle and shaft unbalance value. The optimization of the above parameter within the tolerance limit enables to meet the required performance standard. Various methodologies are available to optimize these parameters to enhance the vehicle performance and comfort leads to customer satisfactions. This study focuses on the analytical
Kumar, Sarvesh, Sanjay, L, S, Manickaraja, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj
Wearables: Controlling Machines on the MoveTBMG-544111/1/2026
Engineers have developed a next-generation wearable system that enables people to control machines using everyday gestures — even while running, riding in a car, or floating on turbulent ocean waves.
Ideal Skyhook-Groundhook Model Informed Wheelbase-Preview Controller for Semi-Active Suspension System2025-01-732512/31/2025
The suspension system, as a critical component of vehicle chassis, connects body frame and wheels, therefore affecting the ride comfort and handing stability of vehicles. To prevent high-frequency oscillations from large control increments of traditional algorithms, an ideal reference model is introduced to ensure a more smooth and efficient suspension responses that align with actual physical characteristics. The ideal skyhook, ideal groundhook, and ideal skyhook-groundhook models are evaluated with respect to their frequency response. As a result, the optimal configuration-ideal skyhook-groundhook model, exhibits the best overall performance and is incorporated with wheelbase preview mechanism as reference model (WP-SHGH). Further, a wheelbase-preview controller based on MPC framework (WPMPC-SHGH) is developed to regulate the responses of semi-active suspension. The Adams/Car-Simulink co-simulation platform is built for validation and comparison on the impact and ISO-B random roads
Yang, Li, Wang, Qingyun, Tan, Kanlun, Chen, Hao, Zhang, Zhifei
Mode Identification and Collaborative Switch for the Front-Centralized and Rear-Distributed Electric Drive Vehicle Based on BP Neural Network2025-01-733512/31/2025
Distributed-drive electric vehicles (DDEVs) significantly enhance off-road maneuverability but suffer from compromised high-speed stability and robustness. This research introduces a front-centralized and rear-distributed (FCRD) architecture that synergistically leverages the advantages of each configuration. The electric-drive-wheel (EDW) on the rear suspension can provide three working modes: (a) Drive-connected mode, (b) Drive-disconnected mode, (c) Brake mode. It is the key actuator for vehicle mode-switching, which supports the vehicle with three driving modes: (a) DDEV, (b) front-wheel drive (FWD), (c) all-wheel drive (AWD). A hierarchical control architecture employs the upper-layer controller with Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) for mode identification and decision-making. The lower-layer controller enables the intelligent torque distribution and collaborative control of the motors. The control strategy is pre-trained in the VCU (vehicle control unit) with off-line data
Ding, Xiaoyu, Chen, Xinbo, Wang, Wei, Zhang, Jiantao, Kong, Aijing
A Coordinated Approach for Enhancing Handling Stability and Ride Comfort of Wheel-Legged Vehicles2025-01-732612/31/2025
This paper presents StaRide, a novel coordinated control framework for wheel-legged vehicles that simultaneously addresses handling stability and ride comfort challenges. The proposed approach integrates three key components: (1) a nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) scheme enhanced with roll-steering dynamics for trajectory optimization, (2) an linear quadratic regulator (LQR)-based active suspension system utilizing leg mechanisms as virtual dampers, and (3) an adaptive impedance controller with behavior-dependent stiffness adjustment. The framework demonstrates significant improvements over conventional methods through extensive experimental validation, achieving 42% higher stable steering speeds (4.8 m/s vs 3.38 m/s), 46% pitch angle reduction on obstacles, and 39% lower vibration RMS on rough terrain. Real-time performance is maintained with 100Hz NMPC and 500Hz LQR execution rates. Results show particular effectiveness in preventing rollover during aggressive maneuvers
Xu, Mingfan, Xu, Chuyan, Yang, Ziyi, Yuan, Haoyang, Zhu, Zhewei, Qin, Yechen
Development of a Lateral Dynamic Model for Formula 4WD Vehicles with In-Wheel Motors2025-36-017612/18/2025
Vehicle electrification has introduced new powertrain possibilities, such as the use of four independent in-wheel motors, enabling the development of control strategies that enhance vehicle safety and drivability. The development of a model capable of simulating vehicle behavior is fundamental for control system design. A high-fidelity model takes into account several parameters, such as vehicle ride height, track width, wheelbase, and others, making it possible to evaluate the vehicle’s behavior and allowing for prior validation of the design, thus contributing to improved vehicle safety and performance. In this context, this study presents a lateral dynamic model of a Formula 4WD vehicle with in-wheel motors, enabling the simulation and analysis of the vehicle’s behavior in cornering maneuvers. To achieve this, the complete lateral model is developed using MATLAB Simulink as the platform, incorporating the semi-empirical Hans Pacejka tire model, calculating yaw moment, and analyzing
Dias, Gabriel Henrique Rodrigues, Araujo, Lucas Montenegro, Vitalli, Rogério, Guerreiro, Joel Filipe, Santos Neto, Pedro José dos, Daniel, Gregory Bregion, Eckert, Jony Javorski
The Current Status and Development Trends of Comprehensive Support UAVs2025-99-044712/10/2025
In the future battlefield, logistics UAVs will play an increasingly important role. The development of logistics UAVs abroad is rapid. Sort out the current development status of logistics UAVs in countries such as the United States, Russia, Israel, and Ukraine, including mission tasks, functional characteristics, and main performance indicators. In addition, the future technological trends of logistics UAVs are studied and predicted. Firstly, diversification of functions, which logistics UAVs will achieve diversified functions in the future, such as material transportation, aerial refueling, unmanned mother aircraft, and transfer of wounded personnel; Secondly, intelligent commendation and control, which logistics UAVs pursue the optimal efficiency in the four steps of ordering, dispatching, delivering, and evaluating in the “food delivery” mode; Finally, resource collaboration. In the collaborative logistics mode of “free riding”, logistics UAVs over a wide area are interconnected
Zhai, Junda, Liu, Dawei, Bai, Qiangqiang, Hua, Jinxing, Wang, Xiaoyue, Yang, Jian, Zou, Xiaoying, Gao, Yuxuan
Riding characteristics Analysis and Comparison of Shared Two-Wheeled Vehicles2025-99-041312/10/2025
This paper explores riding characteristics of Shared Two-Wheeled Vehicles (STWV, including Shared Bicycles (SB) and Shared Electric Bicycles (SEB)) by using order data of nine cities. We first compute the mean values of three key elements of riding characteristics and make a comparison between different cities. It shows that STWV primarily serve short trips. Then, we use Python to fit the distribution of STWV riding distance and the distribution of SEB riding speed. We find that (1) Exponential distribution fits SB riding distance and Rayleigh distribution fits SEB riding distance. The regularity of the distribution for SB is more universal than that of SEB. (2) Modified standard logistic distribution in this paper fits SEB riding speed. The findings above indicate that SEB is not governed by the rules that govern human dynamics, thus expanding the scope of two-wheeled transportation service and introducing greater uncertainty.
Liu, Lu, Wei, Liying, Luo, Sida
Hydro-Pneumatic Suspension Optimization for Mining Explosion-Proof Vehicles in Underground Coal Mines2025-99-010611/11/2025
This study investigates the critical factors influencing the performance of hydro-pneumatic suspension systems (HPSS) in mining explosion-proof engineering vehicles operating in complex underground coal mine environments. To address challenges such as poor ride comfort and insufficient load-bearing capacity under harsh mining conditions, a two-stage pressure HPSS was analyzed through integrated numerical modeling and field validation. A mathematical model was established based on the structural principles of the suspension system, focusing on key parameters including cylinder bore (195–255 mm), piston area (170–210 mm), damping orifice diameter (7–8 mm), check valve flow area, and accumulator configurations (low-pressure: 1.2 MPa, high-pressure: 6 MPa). Experimental trials were conducted in active coal mines, simulating typical mining scenarios such as uneven road surfaces (120 mm obstacles), heavy-load gangue transportation, and confined-space operations in thin coal seams (<1.5 m
Song, Yan, Liang, Yufang
Design Strategies for “Front Stabilizer Link Assembly” for Maximized Wheel Articulation in All Terrain for Passenger Car Application2025-28-030911/6/2025
The stabilizer link, also commonly referred to as the sway bar link or anti-roll bar link, plays a crucial role in the suspension system. It connects the sway bar to suspension components such as the knuckle, control arm, or strut. The primary function of the stabilizer link is to reduce body roll during cornering or when driving over uneven terrain. It helps stabilize the wheels during extreme articulation events and ensures smoother operation in terms of ride comfort and handling. Additionally, it is designed to assist in distributing forces across the suspension system, particularly in off-road or rugged terrain applications. This case study presents the failure of a stabilizer link assembly during extreme articulation events. The front stabilizer link failed during vehicle-level durability and functional testing across multiple terrains. Based on the root cause analysis, design strategies were developed to prevent such failures and to ensure reliable operation during demanding off
S, Praveen Kumar, Chilakala, Raghavendra, Senthil Raja, T, Jadhav, Prashant, Kundan, Lal, J, Akhil, Pawar, Sandip
Development of Electronic Control in Strong Hybrid Motorcycle2025-32-009111/3/2025
In response to the growing demand for environmental performance, the mobility industry is actively developing electrification, and in particular, the use of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) in commuting motorcycles is advancing. However, in the case of vehicles for leisure, which require high riding performance, there are problems such as cruising range and charging time, and there are currently few mass-produced models. Therefore, we proposed a Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) type Motorcycle (MC) to achieve both environmental performance and high riding performance by means other than BEV. The proposed vehicle is equipped with a strong type hybrid system in which an engine and a drive motor are connected in parallel via a hydraulic electronically controlled clutch. It is possible to drive only by motor (EV driving) or by hybrid driving powered by both the engine and the motor (HEV driving). In order to improve environmental performance, it is necessary to develop a function for switching
Obayashi, Kosuke, Terai, Shohei, Jino, Kenichi, Kawai, Daisuke
Investigation of Driving Characteristics for Road Alignments with High Traffic Accident Rates on Hilly and Mountainous Roads Using a Motorcycle Simulator2025-32-003511/3/2025
Single motorcycle accidents are common in Nagano Prefecture where is mountainous areas in Japan. In a previous study, analysis of traffic accident statistics data suggested that the fatality and serious injury rates for uphill right curves and downhill left curves are high, however the true causes of these accidents remain unclear. In this study, a motorcycle simulator was used to evaluate the driving characteristics due to these road alignments. Evaluation courses based on combinations of uphill/downhill slopes and left/right curves were created, and experiments were conducted. The subjects of the study were expert riders and novice riders. The results showed that right curves are even more difficult to see near the entrance of the curve when accompanied by an uphill slope, making it easier to delay recognition and judgment of the curve. Expert riders recognized curves faster than novice riders. Additionally, expert riders take a large lean of the vehicle body, actively attempted to
Kuniyuki, Hiroshi, Katayama, Yuta, Kitagawa, Taisei, Numao, Yusuke
Development of Anti-SideSlip Control for Motorcycles Using IMU2025-32-003711/3/2025
In motorcycle racing and other competitions, there is a technique to intentionally slide the rear wheel to make turns more quickly. While this technique is effective for high-speed riding, it is difficult to execute and carries risks such as falling. Therefore, an anti-sideslip control system that suppresses unintended or excessive sideslip is needed to ensure safe, natural, and smooth turning. In anti-sideslip control, the slip angle is usually used as a control parameter. However, for motorcycles, it is necessary to know the absolute direction of the vehicle's movement. To determine this, GPS or optical sensors are required, but using such sensors for driving is costly and may not provide accurate measurements due to contamination or other environmental factors, making it impractical. Therefore, an anti-sideslip control system was developed by calculating another parameter that indicates the characteristics of the slip angle, without measuring the slip angle itself, thus eliminating
Nakano, Kyosuke, Kawai, Kazunori, Takeuchi, Michinori
ZM Trucks plants its flag in North America, pushes ahead with electric ZM8 Class 4/5 truck25TOFHP10_0910/1/2025
To say 2025 has been a bumpy ride for North American electric vehicle OEMs would be an understatement not heard since Jack Swigert informed Houston that Apollo 13 was experiencing a problem. However, despite a tariff tug of war, EPA upheaval and continually changing tax incentives, OEMs are pushing ahead with plans to electrify the commercial truck segment. In late August, ZM Trucks celebrated the grand opening of its U.S. headquarters and assembly facility in Fontana, California. Truck & Off-Highway Engineering was in attendance for the opening ceremony, which included the U.S. debut of the ZM8 Class 4/5 truck.
Wolfe, Matt
Better Data for Bodies in MotionTBMG-535808/7/2025
The return to Earth is a rough ride for astronauts, from the violent turbulence of atmospheric entry to a jarring landing. Hitting the ground in a Soyuz capsule is the equivalent of driving a car backward into a brick wall at 20 mph, and it’s resulting in more head and neck injuries than NASA computer models predicted. To collect more data, NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston commissioned a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) project to develop a wearable data recorder for astronaut spacesuits. One result, created by Diversified Technical Systems Inc. (DTS), is a miniature commercial device that now collects and transmits data for any application from airplane test flights to tracking high-value shipments.
Deep Reinforcement Learning–Based Control Strategy for Electro-Hydrostatic Active Suspension15-18-03-00167/9/2025
A DRL (deep reinforcement learning) algorithm, DDPG (deep deterministic policy gradient), is proposed to address the problems of slow response speed and nonlinear feature of electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA), a new type of actuation method for active suspension. The model-free RL (reinforcement learning) and the flexibility of optimizing general reward functions are combined with the ability of neural networks to deal with complex temporal problems through the introduction of a new framework called “actor-critic”. A EHA active suspension model is developed and incorporated into a 7-degrees-of-freedom dynamics model of the vehicle, with a reward function consisting of the vehicle dynamics parameters and the EHA pump–valve control signals. The simulation results show that the strategy proposed in this article can be highly adapted to the nonlinear hydraulic system. Compared with iLQR (iterative linear quadratic regulator), DDPG controller exhibits better control performance, achieves
Wang, Jiawei, Guo, Huiru, Deng, Xiaohe
Theory behind a Novel Method for the Quantification of Subjective Ride Comfort Phenomena2025-01-02677/2/2025
In the automotive development process objective criteria are commonly used to evaluate the full vehicle ride comfort of vehicles. Based on these characteristics, vehicle concepts can be evaluated and compared at an early stage without using physical prototypes. Usually, these characteristics are determined in subjective studies using real vehicles. However, limitations in the implementation of vehicle variants, the controllability of external influences and longer intervals between the individual assessments have a negative impact on the quality of results using these approaches. Therefore, this paper presents an improved method to transfer the subjective perception and evaluation of ride comfort phenomena to objective characteristics. The corresponding procedure is shown on the basis of a one-dimensional, periodic phenomenon that is transferred to a frequency-dependent weighting function. In this process, a 6-degree of freedom driving simulator is used to overcome the limitations
Stroesser, Simon, Angrick, Christian, Zwosta, Tobias, Neubeck, Jens, Wagner, Andreas
Developing Military Light Utility Vehicle Performance Based on Air Semi-Active Suspension System Using Recurrent Neural Network–Based Controller10-09-04-00306/19/2025
This research presents a semi-active suspension system that combines an air spring and a magneto-rheological (MR) fluid damper to produce both active force and variable damping rates based on the road conditions. The suspension system used for the military light utility vehicle (MLUV) has seven degrees of freedom. A nonlinear model predictive control system generates the desired active force for the air spring control signal, while the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) estimates the target tracking of the intended damping force. The recurrent neural network is designed to develop a controller for an identification system. To achieve the optimal voltage for the MR damper without log time, it is used to simultaneously determine the active control force of the air spring by modifying the necessary damping force tracking. The MLUV suspension system is integrated with the traction control system to improve overall vehicle stability. A fuzzy traction controller adjusts the throttle angle
Shehata Gad, Ahmed
No fear of loading: Driving the 2025 Ram Heavy Duty25TOFHP06_126/1/2025
The desert landscapes of the western United States have changed since Mr. Duke and Dr. Gonzo blazed a trail across them in a drug-infused haze. But their advice to buy the ticket and take the ride is still a wise mantra - especially in the serene comfort of a modern full-size pickup. As inhospitable as southern Nevada can be outside Sin City, the amenities within the climate-controlled and leather-lined cabin of the latest Ram pickups insulate you from those realities. SAE Media was invited to sample the latest heavy haulers in Ram's portfolio, including the new 2500 and 3500 models with the high-output version of the Cummins B6.7 diesel.
Wolfe, Matt
Simulation and Experimental: Enhanced Stability Control of Electric Vehicle Based on Phase Plane Boundary Analysis10-09-02-00175/5/2025
To optimize vehicle chassis handling stability and ride safety, a layered joint control algorithm based on phase plane stability domain is proposed to promote chassis performance under complicated driving conditions. First, combining two degrees-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model considering tire nonlinearity with phase plane theory, a yaw rate and side slip angle phase plane stability domain boundary is drew in real time. Then based on the real-time stability domain and hierarchical control theory, an integrated control system with active front steering (AFS) and direct yaw moment control (DYC) is designed, and the stability of the controller is validated by Lyapunov theory. Finally, the lateral stability of the vehicle is validated by Simulink and CarSim simulations, real car data, and driving simulators under moose test and pylon course slalom test. The experimental results confirm that the algorithm can enhance the maneuverability and ride safety for intelligent vehicles.
Liao, Yinsheng, Zhang, Zhijie, Su, Ailin, Zhao, Binggen, Wang, Zhenfeng
Evaluating Powertrain Mount Decoupling: Insights from Simulation, Experimental Results, and Analytical Calculations2025-01-00225/5/2025
Powertrain mounts are vital for isolating vibrations and enhancing vehicle ride comfort and performance, making their dynamic behavior critical for effective design. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of powertrain mount decoupling by integrating virtual simulations, physical testing, and analytical calculations. In our approach, we first derived stiffness data through analytical calculations, which were validated through multi-body dynamics (MBD) simulations that modeled interactions within the powertrain mounts. By adjusting bush stiffness parameters within the MBD framework, we predicted decoupling frequencies and analyzed kinetic energy distribution. The iterated stiffness values from simulations were then confirmed through physical testing, ensuring consistency in decoupling frequencies and energy distribution. This alignment between virtual and experimental data enhances the reliability of our findings and helps identify overlapping frequencies across vehicle systems
Shende, Kalyani, Shingavi, Shreyas, Rane, Vishesh, Hingade, Nikhil
A Study on Reduction of Gear Rattle Noise through Clutch Hysteresis Stabilization2025-01-01005/5/2025
Reducing gear rattle noise within the passenger cabin is a crucial objective in vehicle development due to its direct impact on customer comfort and driving experience. Gear rattle occurs when free gears collide during meshing, primarily driven by high torsional vibrations generated by engine fluctuations. These vibrations are transmitted through the clutch system to the transmission, amplifying noise inside the cabin. This study focuses on optimizing the clutch by stabilizing its hysteresis to address this issue. This helps minimize the torsional vibrations transferred to the transmission input shaft, thereby reducing gear rattle. The investigation centers on a case where significant gear rattle was observed at high vehicle speeds, particularly under high engine torque conditions. A thorough root cause analysis identified that the primary contributor to the noise was a drop in the clutch hysteresis value at elevated engine torques. This drop increased torsional vibrations in the
Awasthi, Mradul, Dhankhar, Dinesh Singh, Khare, Devendra Kumar, Rana, Deepak, Pandey, Anant
Application of AI/ML in Hydrobush Tuning to Enhance Overall Value Proposition2025-01-01325/5/2025
In the highly competitive automotive industry, optimizing vehicle components for superior performance and customer satisfaction is paramount. Hydrobushes play an integral role within vehicle suspension systems by absorbing vibrations and improving ride comfort. However, the traditional methods for tuning these components are time-consuming and heavily reliant on extensive empirical testing. This paper explores the advancing field of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in the hydrobush tuning process, utilizing algorithms such as random forest, artificial neural networks, and logistic regression to efficiently analyze large datasets, uncover patterns, and predict optimal configurations. The study focuses on comparing these three AI/ML-based approaches to assess their effectiveness in improving the tuning process. A case study is presented, evaluating their performance and validating the most effective method through physical application, highlighting the potential
Hazra, Sandip, Khan, Arkadip Amitava
Study of Sound and Cabin Touchpoint Contributions to Subjective Perception of Secondary Ride2025-01-00605/5/2025
Subjective perception of vehicle secondary ride is dependent on simultaneous touchpoint vibrations and audible inputs to the occupants. Standards such as ISO 2361 provide guidelines for objective assessments of human body thresholds to vibration [1]. However, when a human experiences vibration inputs at multiple touchpoints, as well as aural inputs, it becomes complicated to judge each individual contribution to the overall subjective perception [2]. Additional factors, such as ambient conditions, ergonomics, age, gender etc. also play a role. Secondary ride, which is defined as energy in the 10-30 Hz frequency range, is one such event that affects the customers’ perception of ride comfort and quality. The goal of this work is to develop a sound and vibration simulator model and execute a secondary ride jury study of vehicle driving over cleats. The aim of the study is to rank the contributions of each touch point vibration input, as well as sound to the overall subjective perception
Jayakumar, Vignesh, Joodi, Benjamin, Geissler, Christian, Pilz, Fernando, Lynch, Luke, Conklin, Chris, Weilnau, Kelby, Hodgkins, Jeffrey
Vibration Refinement of Two Wheeler Sub Chassis and Aesthetic Parts Due to Engine Unbalanced Excitation Forces2025-01-01135/5/2025
Two wheeler is important and essential transportation mode in many of the countries across the globe. Designing a motorcycle with better riding comfort and minimal vibration are thus a major challenge for engineers now a day. Engine and road excitations are two source of vibration acting on motor bike or scooter both. These vibrations are transmitted to the chassis, sub chassis, aesthetic parts and then to the rider and pillion. Unwanted vibrations will create discomfort to the rider/pillion and produce noise. Hence, these need to be minimized. This study is focus on diagnosis and control of output vibration response of sub chassis/aesthetic parts due to engine unbalanced excitation force. There are numerous parameter of motor bike/scooter that governs the vibration response of sub chassis/aesthetic parts. Engine unbalanced inertia force characteristics and their transmission to rider and pillion has been studied and reported here. Environmental benefit demands for a complete noise
Khare, Saharash
RDE Methodology Development for Motorcycle Emissions Assessment2024-32-00734/18/2025
The transfer of conditions and regulations for RDE testing from passenger cars to motorcycles is a non-trivial undertaking. Motorcycles exhibit significant differences in construction and usage compared to cars, necessitating a distinct set of requirements for equipment and methodology. Currently available PEMS are hindered by their relatively large size and weight due to the embedded measurement technology and external power supply. The weight of, at least 50kg, poses a substantial additional load, leading to a deviation and, on average, higher load collective of the engine during RDE measurement rides. Beyond these structural parameters, the actual propulsion system and subsequent exhaust system introduce another challenge when employing PEMS on motorcycles. An unfavorable combination of the ratio of engine displacement to the volume of the exhaust system and long or unequal ignition intervals leads to pulsations, which has a considerable impact on the differential pressure-based
Schurl, Sebastian, Keller, Stefan, Lankau, Mathias, Hafenmayer, Christian, Schmidt, Stephan, Kirchberger, Roland
Dynamic Nonlinear Viscoelastic Measurements of Vehicle Seat Components for Ride Comfort Evaluation2024-32-00514/18/2025
Ride comfort is an important factor in the development of vehicles. Understanding the characteristics of seat components allows more accurate analysis of ride comfort. This study focuses on urethane foam, which is commonly used in vehicle seats. Soft materials such as urethane foam have both elastic and viscous properties that vary with frequency and temperature. Dynamic viscoelastic measurements are effective for investigating the vibrational characteristics of such materials. Although there have been many studies on the viscoelastic properties of urethane foam, no prior research has focused on dynamic viscoelastic measurements during compression to simulate the condition of a person sitting on a seat. In this study, dynamic viscoelastic measurements were performed on compressed urethane foam. Moreover, measurements were conducted at low temperatures, and a master curve using the Williams–Landel–Ferry (WLF) formula (temperature–frequency conversion law) was created.
Kamio, Chihiro, Yamaguchi, Takao, Maruyama, Shinichi, Hanawa, Kazuto, Iwase, Tsutomu, Hayashi, Tatsuo, Sato, Toshiharu, Mogawa, Hajime
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