Browse Topic: Air cleaners
One of the advantages of the internal combustion engine is that it can function with relatively simple intake air filtration. Provided that dust is kept out, air entering the engine can ensure that the necessary combustion process takes place. So, a relatively simple dust filter will do the job. By comparison, hydrogen fuel cells are far more sensitive to air quality. Other pollutants can affect both fuel-cell performance and the lifetime of the fuel-cell stack. At the recent IAA Transportation Show in Hanover, Germany, Donaldson Filtration Solutions displayed tailored solutions through its range of cathode air filters. These typically rely on multiple layers - including activated carbon, an acid and base layer, and a dust filter - to screen out sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and ammonia, while allowing for customization to protect against butane, toluene and other unwanted compounds.
The purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to establish a testing procedure to determine the performance capability of heavy-duty vehicle cooling systems to meet Original Equipment Manufacturer or end user thermal specifications to ensure long term reliable vehicle operations. The recommendations from the present document are intended for heavy-duty vehicles including, but not limited to, on- and off-highway trucks, buses, cranes, drill rigs, construction, forestry, and agricultural machines.
HVAC systems of passenger cars and especially their air purification performance gained prominence during the last years. One reason is the overall increased attention to air quality and its effect on human health. Recently, the WHO further tightened the recommended values for many pollutants. This will likely intensify the trend to more complex systems for improving the air purification functionalities. But, up to now there is no standard method for air purification performance testing. Existing standards cover the vehicle cabin air quality only regarding material emissions. Several studies address assessing the performance of air purification functionalities in most cases by real driving tests typically performed in urban areas. This approach results in proper values for the basic efficiency of single systems. But the level of pollutants in real environments differ considerably, which makes a comparison of different systems or varying application parameters at least complex. Hence
This document deals with ground and flight test of airplane installed Environmental Control Systems (ECS), Figure 1. The ECS provide an environment, controlled within specified operational limits of comfort and safety, for humans, animals, and equipment. These limits include the following: pressure, temperature, humidity, ventilation air velocity, ventilation rate, wall temperature, audible noise, vibration, and environment composition (ozone, contaminants, etc.). The ECS are composed of equipment, controls, and indicators that supply, distribute, recycle and exhaust air to maintain the desired environment.
This document describes methodologies to determine the causes blow-by oil consumption caused by the power cylinder.
This document describes methodologies to determine the causes of high oil consumption caused primarily by the power cylinder system.
The purpose of the article is to evaluate the cooling performance efficiency of a Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) medium commercial vehicle with a viscous fan, fresh air cleaner, and choked air cleaner in comparison with limits prescribed in the Indian Standard (IS) 14557. Due to the increase in CNG availability, a shift is observed in the market demand for CNG vehicles. The earlier CNG vehicle duty cycle was limited to plain roads and some limited cities, but now vehicles are being used for a short trip to nearby hilly routes thereby shifting the application of the use of a CNG vehicle. CNG vehicles can now be operated in hilly areas where power and torque demand is maximum and operates at lower vehicle speeds and in lower gears. The subjected vehicles are designed for haulage applications to operate with conventional fixed fans, which are permanently engaged, and smaller radiators. The subjected vehicle was previously designed as per the requirements of the existing road application
This document considers the cooling of equipment installed in equipment centers, which usually consist of rack-mounted equipment and panel mounted equipment in the flight deck. Instances where these two locations result in different requirements are identified. This document generally refers to the cooled equipment as E/E equipment, denoting that both electrical and electronic equipment is considered, or as an E/E equipment line-replaceable-unit (LRU). The majority of cooled equipment takes the form of LRUs. The primary focus of this document is E/E equipment which uses forced air cooling to keep the equipment within acceptable environmental limits. These limits ensure the equipment operates reliably and within acceptable tolerances. Cooling may be supplied internally or externally to the E/E equipment case. Some E/E equipment is cooled solely by natural convection, conduction, and radiation to the surrounding environment. This document discusses specification requirements, system
This water separation technical report has been established to cover heavy-duty engine intake filter systems. It may also be applicable to some automotive and industrial air inlet systems where water separation is an issue.
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended for testing of external automatic brake adjusters as they are used in service, emergency, or parking brake systems for on-highway vehicle applications.
Currently automotive design is facing multi facet challenges such as reduction in greenhouse gases, better thermal management, and low cost solution to market, vehicle weight management etc. Considering these challenges, efforts had been taken to improve weight management of engine while optimizing the cost of it. Good ‘engine breathing’ is usually associated with efficient intake system e.g. high flow air filter, a well-designed manifold, cylinder block, cylinder head and cylinder head cover etc. However, efficient ‘crankcase breathing’ is an equally important function of any engine. Even in a new engine, the combustion pressure will inevitably pass the piston rings into the crankcase. If an engine’s breathing system should become blocked or restricted, the crankcase will pressurize causing lots of problems to the engine. Prior to 1963 most vehicle engines vented their vapors and oil deposits to atmosphere and the road surface. With increasing environmental pressures positive
Currently automotive sector is facing bi-fold challenge of light weighting and cost reduction. As end-customer is getting more focused on total cost of ownership, it is need of time that light weighting and cost reduction goes hand in hand. Presently lightweight materials such as magnesium, aluminum & composites are used but often this impact towards cost increase. In present study, a novel approach has been followed which not only focus on light weighting but also integrate design functions of two engine systems. This paper deals with the new system design to focus on low cost, light weight, NVH friendly and low development time. In design phase, function of two engine systems i.e. engine cover and Air filter were integrated followed by structural analysis. In final phase of this project, the experimental component was developed and validated for its intended function. In this study, current sheet metal design engine cover has been converted in to Thermoplastic cover with integrated
This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is intended to be concerned with fleet programs rather than programs for individual units. Technical and administrative considerations in developing an approach to a program will be suggested. Organization of material possibly wanted in the form of a detailed specification for airline rebuilder communication is reviewed.
Fuel cell technology can play a major role in reducing transportation-related emissions, especially in heavy-duty, long-haul applications. Consequent transfer of technology from air supply systems for combustion engines to cathode air paths serves as an enabler for necessary system cost reduction. To achieve the required system lifetime, the supply of clean air is essential. Gases like NOx, SO2 and NH3 poison the catalyst, leading to increased stack degradation rates. Effective removal with functionalized activated carbons enhances the catalyst´s lifetime. Research on real-life concentrations of these contaminants under different driving patterns and road profiles enables knowledge-based design of cathode air filter elements. To prevent flooding of components like air filter, humidifier, or stack, water separators are integrated at different position inside the system. Plastic air ducts with integrated sensors and flaps required to manage the air flow connect the different functional
This SAE Standard defines the standard engine to be used in determining spark plug preignition ratings. The engine is known as the SAE 17.6 Cubic Inch Spark Plug Rating Engine.
The range of test conditions on the dynamometer shall be sufficient to determine the primary operating characteristics corresponding to the full range of vehicle operations. The characteristics to be determined are: a Torque ratio versus speed ratio and output speed b Input speed versus speed ratio and output speed c Efficiency versus speed ratio and output speed d Capacity factor versus speed ratio and output speed e Input torque versus input speed NOTE: For more information about these characteristics and the design of hydrodynamic drives, refer to “Design Practices: Passenger Car Automatic Transmissions,” SAE Advances in Engineering, AE-18 (Third Ed.) or AE-29 (Fourth Ed.).
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides recommended practices for cleaning aircraft oxygen equipment such as tubing, pieces, parts (including regulator and valve parts), cylinders and ground-based equipment that may be used to support aircraft oxygen systems. This revision introduces a cleanliness coding scheme that can be referenced as a requirement, and/or referenced to identify compliance to meeting such a requirement. These methods may apply to gaseous and liquid oxygen equipment. This document specifies work area details, methods to select suitable cleaning agents, cleaning methods, test methods to verify cleanliness level, and methods of packaging the components and parts after cleaning. Technicians designated to clean oxygen equipment must be qualified and trained to clean oxygen equipment. This ARP is applicable to metallic and non-metallic parts.
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) contains guidelines and recommendations for subsonic airplane air conditioning systems and components, including requirements, design philosophy, testing and ambient conditions. The airplane air conditioning system comprises that arrangement of equipment, controls and indicators that supply and distribute air to the occupied compartments for ventilation, pressurization, and temperature and moisture control. The principal features of the system are: a A supply of outside air with independent control valve(s). b A means for heating c A means for cooling (air or vapor cycle units and heat exchangers) d A means for removing excess moisture from the air supply e A ventilation subsystem f A temperature control subsystem g A pressure control subsystem Other system components for treating cabin air such as filtration and humidification are included, as are the ancillary functions of equipment cooling and cargo compartment conditioning. The
This specification covers standard requirements for reciprocating aircraft engines.
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) outlines the basic general design requirements for ground support equipment used in the civil air transport industry. It is intended to assist in standardizing requirements for various configurations of equipment. For procurement of equipment, sections of this document should be specified with due consideration of the functional and environmental requirements of the equipment, and to the relative cost of satisfying those requirements.
The purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to establish a testing procedure to determine the performance capability of heavy duty vehicle cooling systems to meet Original Equipment Manufacturer or end user thermal specifications to ensure long term reliable vehilcle operations. The recommendations from the present document are intended for heavy-duty vehicles including, but is not limited to, on- and off-highway trucks, buses, cranes, drill rigs, construction, forestry and agricultural machines.
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is intended as a guide toward standardization of descriptions and specifications of fluid contamination products.
This publication will be limited to a discussion of liquid and particulate contaminants which enter the aircraft through the environmental control system (ECS). Gaseous contaminants such as ozone, fuel vapors, sulphates, etc., are not covered in this AIR. It will cover all contamination sources which interface with ECS, and the effects of this contamination on equipment. Methods of control will be limited to the equipment and interfacing ducting which normally falls within the responsibility of the ECS designer.
Passive, tuned acoustic absorbers, such as Helmholtz resonators (HR) and quarter-wave tubes, are commonly used solutions for abating the low-frequency tonal noise in air induction systems. Since absorption at multiple frequencies is required, multiple absorbers tuned to different frequencies are commonly used. Typically, the large size and multiple numbers of these devices under the hood is a packaging challenge. Also, the lack of acoustic damping narrows their effective bandwidth and creates undesirable side lobes. Active noise control could address all of the above-mentioned issues. Most active noise control systems use feedforward adaptive algorithms as their controllers. These complex algorithms need fast, powerful digital signal processors to run. To ensure the convergence of the adaptation algorithm, the rate of adaptation should be made slow. This might lower the effectiveness of the controller during the transients, e.g., a fast run up of the engine in an induction or exhaust
This water separation section has been established to cover heavy-duty engine intake filter systems. It may also be applicable to some automotive and industrial air inlet systems where water separation is an issue.
Modern day customer awareness on noise and comfort is extremely increasing, which demands OEM manufacturers to focus on NVH attributes and to meet environmental legislative requirements. Noise generation mechanism in Air Intake System (AIS) is one of the major sources for vehicle interior noise and it occurs mainly because of air column oscillation by sharp pressure pulsation from opening and closing of valves in engine cylinders. Air intake system designer has immense challenges to attenuate intake noise during design stage, in order to meet the vehicle interior noise requirements by using multiple resonators to tune the desired broad band frequencies and to choose the optimum number of resonators. The placement of resonator on both the clean duct and dirty sides is also a key challenge for better noise reduction from air intake system. Transmission loss (TL) is the property of acoustic system to evaluate NVH performance of air intake system during system level design development
Indian two wheeler market is one of the largest and highly competitive in the world. Indian scooter segment grows at a pace of around 30% YOY. The stiff competition among OEM’s to increase the market share with fuel efficient and high performance products pushes development and calibration engineers to burn the midnight oil to concoct innovative methods to design technology boosted product. Customer expectations are always high in terms of fuel economy, drivability and NVH. Due to higher level of complexity involved in CVT (Continuously Varying Transmission) engine, it is difficult to optimize for achieving best of NVH characteristics along with Fuel Economy, drivability and reduced exhaust emission. This paper describes the experiment conducted during the development of 110cc CVT four stroke scooter engine. The development and calibration of this scooter was mainly based on real world usage pattern (RWUP). In order to obtain best performance from engine, ignition timing, fuel metering
The characteristics of the intake system affect both engine power output and gas-dynamic noise emissions. The latter is particularly true in downsized VVA engines, where a less effective attenuation of the pressure waves is realized, due to the intake line de-throttling at part-load. For this engine architecture, a refined air-box design is hence requested. In this work, the Transmission Loss (TL) of the intake air-box of a commercial VVA engine is numerically computed through a 3D FEM approach. Results are compared with experimental data, showing a very good correlation. The validated model is then coupled to an external optimizer (ModeFRONTIERTM) to increase the TL parameter in a prefixed frequency range. The improvement of the acoustic attenuation is attained through a shape deformation of the inner structure of the base device, taking into account constraints related to the device installation inside the engine bay. The shape deformation is realized by means of a dedicated software
With rigorous fuel consumption regulation and emission law implemented, accuracy requirement of design and measurement signal is increasing, it becomes more and more indispensable to consider the influence on pressure loss and flow behavior coming from the incrementally loaded dust on filter element of Air Intake System (AIS). Dust is composed of many different sizes of particles, and studies shows that these different sizes of particles have very distinct influence on pressure loss of filter elements, which makes dust a challenge to model in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. In order to precisely simulate pressure loss behavior of dust loaded filter element, a methodology for 3-D CFD dust loading simulation is developed, where the influence of particles sizes on pressure loss of filter element are taken into consideration by introducing a pressure loss weighting factors. And a steady CFD method is used here to simulate the transient dust loading process on a filter
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