Browse Topic: Engine control systems

Items (761)

Research on Torque Management Safety Monitoring Control for Hybrid Vehicles

2025-01-8579

04/01/2025

Hybrid vehicles are driven by the vehicle controller, engine controller and motor controller through torque control, and there may be unexpected acceleration or deceleration of the vehicle beyond the driver's expectation due to systematic failure and random hardware failure. Based on the torque control strategy of hybrid vehicles, the safety monitoring model design of torque control is carried out according to the ISO 26262 safety analysis method. Through the establishment of safety goals and the analysis of safety concepts, this paper conducts designs including the driver allowable torque design for safety monitoring, the driver torque prediction design for safety monitoring, the rationality judgment design of driver torque for safety monitoring, the functional safety degradation design, and the engine start-stop status monitoring, enabling the system to transition to a safe state when errors occur. Firstly, the design of the driver's allowable torque includes the allowable requested

Jing, Junchao, Wang, Ruiguang, Liu, Yiqiang, Huang, Weishan, Dai, Zhengxing

Application of Control Authority Transfer between Hierarchical Control Units

2025-01-8588

04/01/2025

A hierarchical control architecture is commonly employed in hybrid torque control, where the supervisor CPU oversees system-level objectives, while the slave CPU manages lower-level control tasks. Frequently, control authority must be transferred between the two to achieve optimal coordination and synchronization. When a closed-loop component is utilized, accurately determining its actual contribution to the controlled system can be challenging. This is because closed-loop components are often designed to compensate for unknown dynamics, component variations, and actuation uncertainties. This paper presents a novel approach to closed-loop component factor transfer and coordination between two CPUs operating at different hierarchical levels within a complex system. The proposed framework enables seamless control authority transition between the supervisor and slave CPUs, ensuring optimal system performance and robustness. To mitigate disturbances and uncertainties during the transition

Rostiti, Cristian, Banuso, Abdulquadri, Karogal, Indrasen

Research on Multi-Objective Energy Management Strategies for Fuel Cell Commercial Vehicles

2025-01-8180

04/01/2025

Fuel cells offer several advantages, including extended range, rapid refueling, and clean and efficient, making them well-suited for long-distance transportation in commercial vehicles. A multi-objective real-time optimization energy management strategy is proposed based on the comprehensive consideration of the equivalent hydrogen consumption and energy source lifetime. Power distribution among the energy sources is achieved by minimizing the vehicle's instantaneous comprehensive operational cost. Two coefficients are employed to restrict the fuel cell's start-stop frequency and load variation range. Additionally, two control coefficients are introduced in the objective function to regulate the battery's state of charge. The analysis shows that multi-objective real-time optimization energy management strategy is 10% and 14% less economical than conventional rule-based energy management strategy in both operating conditions and 5% and 7.8% higher than dynamic programming. However, the

You, Jianhui, Gu, Zhuangzhuang, Wu, Jinglai, Zhang, Yunqing

Research on Transient Performance of PFI Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine

2025-01-7110

01/31/2025

Hydrogen, as a clean fuel, holds the potential to become a solution for transitioning traditional internal combustion engines. Under steady-state conditions, turbocharged hydrogen internal combustion engines can achieve zero carbon emissions through lean combustion. However, under transient conditions with rapid load changes, the transient performance and emissions of hydrogen engines pose significant challenges. In this paper, transient performance tests were conducted on a 4-cylinder turbocharged port-fuel injection hydrogen internal combustion engine, including constant speed load testing(800rpm-2000rpm) and the World Harmonized Transient Cycle test(WHTC). The transient response performance and emissions of the hydrogen engine were evaluated, and the test results were analyzed accordingly.

Wei, Jianyu, Luo, Qinghe, Tang, Hongyang

Quantitative Analysis of Fuel Film Formation and Evolution Following Spray Impingement

2025-01-7045

01/31/2025

Flash boiling spray has exhibited remarkable atomization performance by utilizing the sudden alterations in the thermodynamic state of the fluid during injection. The notable evaporation properties of flash boiling spray provide potential remedies for the problem of fuel film adhesion resulting from spray-wall impingement, especially during cold starts in reciprocating engines. Multi-hole injectors, which are often employed, frequently experience spray collapse under flash boiling conditions. The collapsing spray impinging a wall involves a complex multi-phase coupling mechanism. Once the spray impinges the wall, the heat and mass transfer between the wall and the adhering liquid film complicates the predictability of the fuel film characteristics. The quantitative evaluation of fuel film is crucial for studies on wall impingement. Nonetheless, the quantitative measurement of phase change fuel films necessitates addressing multiple problems, including evaporation and vapor phase

Qiu, Shuyi, Wang, Shangning, Li, Xuesong, Xu, Min, Nour, Mohamed

Research of Pressure Control Based on Dither

2025-01-7040

01/31/2025

The purpose of the paper is to study the impact of dither on how to improve the pressure control capability in common rail system. The dither is directly operating to the inlet metering valve and making the metering flow accuracy. The correlation between rail pressure and metering flow was analyzed. Optimizing the inlet metering valve control is to improve the pressure control. To overcome the hysteresis problem of the inlet metering valve and improve its stability and rapidity on the pressure control. The PID control strategy based on the pressure control were applied in the common rail system and many papers have introduced the logical. But the dither application was seldom introduced in the common rail system. The dither was specified for the inlet metering valve. With the proper dither signal, the stick-slip motion of the metering valve spool converted to a steady one and the dynamic performance was optimized. To verify the theoretical and calibrated the proper dither signal, the

Kuang, Pengda, Chen, Huiqing, Zhang, Jing, Ran, Ye

Neural Network Modeling of Black Box Controls for Internal Combustion Engine Calibration

2024-01-2995

07/02/2024

The calibration of Engine Control Units (ECUs) for road vehicles is challenged by stringent legal and environmental regulations, coupled with short development cycles. The growing number of vehicle variants, although sharing similar engines and control algorithms, requires different calibrations. Additionally, modern engines feature increasingly number of adjustment variables, along with complex parallel and nested conditions within the software, demanding a significant amount of measurement data during development. The current state-of-the-art (White Box) model-based ECU calibration proves effective but involves considerable effort for model construction and validation. This is often hindered by limited function documentation, available measurements, and hardware representation capabilities. This article introduces a model-based calibration approach using Neural Networks (Black Box) for two distinct ECU functional structures with minimal software documentation. The ECU is operated on

Meli, Matteo, Wang, Zezhou, Bailly, Peter, Pischinger, Stefan

Miller Cycle and Internal EGR in Diesel Engines Using Alternative Fuels

2024-01-3020

07/02/2024

The Single Cylinder Research Engine (SCRE) at the Institute of Internal Combustion Engines and Powertrain Systems is equipped with a variable valve train that allows to switch between regular intake valve lift and early intake valve closing (Miller). On the exhaust side, a secondary exhaust valve lift (SEVL) on each valve is possible with adjustable back pressure and thus the possibility of realizing internal EGR. In combination with alternative fuels, even if they are Drop-In capable as HVO, properties differ and can influence the emission and efficiency behavior. The investigations of this paper are focusing on regenerative Drop-In fuel (HVO), fossil fuel (B7), and an oxygenate (OME), that needs adaptions at the engine control unit, but offers further emission potential. By commissioning a 2-stage boost system, it is possible to fully equalize the air mass in Miller mode compared to the normal valve lift. This enables a comprehensive analysis of the behavior of the fuels under

Knost, Friedemar, Beidl, Christian

Integration of a Belt Starter Generator in a Flex-Fuel Vehicle

03-17-06-0046

06/10/2024

The concern with global warming has led to the creation of legislation aimed at minimizing this phenomenon. As a result, the development of technologies to minimize vehicle emissions and reduce fuel consumption has gained market share. A promising alternative is the use of a belt starter generator (BSG): an electric machine to replace the vehicle’s alternator. This research analyzes the effects of introducing a 12 V BSG into a flex-fuel vehicle, specifically examining its impact on fuel economy and CO2 emissions when using both gasoline and ethanol. The utilization of a low-voltage BSG in a flex-fuel vehicle has not been previously studied. Numerical simulations and experimental fuel consumption and CO2 emissions tests were performed for the normal production flex-fuel baseline configuration and the vehicle with the 12 V BSG, following the standards ABNT NBR 6601 and ABNT NBR 7024. The use of the BSG led to a 10.06% reduction in CO2 emission in the urban cycle for the vehicle running

Lins, Alice, Hanriot, Sergio, Sales, Luis Carlos Monteiro

Engine Stall Recovery and Restart Procedure for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

2024-01-2783

04/09/2024

Engine stall, a noteworthy occurrence in traditional vehicles, poses challenges due to the inability to disconnect the engine from the driveline. Consequently, in such scenarios, the vehicle experiences a loss of propulsion, necessitating the driver to pull over. The severity of propulsion loss events is underscored by regulatory bodies like the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), potentially leading to costly recalls for Automotive Manufacturers. Therefore, proactive measures to avert Loss of Propulsion (LoP) events, including the exploration of remedial actions, are strongly encouraged during powertrain controls design. In contrast, hybrid electric vehicles offer a unique advantage. Given the ability to connect or disconnect the engine from the driveline in hybrid or electric-only modes, an engine stall in hybrid mode need not result in a complete loss of propulsion. In such situations, a hybrid electric vehicle can seamlessly transition to electric-only mode

Basutkar, Ameya, Patel, Nadirsh, Rostiti, Cristian

Representative Cyclist Collision Injury Risk Distributions for a Dense-Urban US ODD Using Naturalistic Dash Camera Data

2024-01-2645

04/09/2024

Automated driving systems (ADS) are designed toward safely navigating the roadway environment, which also includes consideration of potential conflict with other road users. Of particular concern is understanding the cumulative risk associated with vulnerable road users (VRUs) conflicts and collisions. VRUs represent a population of road users that have limited protection compared to vehicle occupants. These severity distributions are particularly useful in evaluating ADS real-world performance with respect to the existing fleet of vehicles. The objective of this study was to present event severity distributions associated with vehicle-cyclist collisions within an urban naturalistic driving environment by leveraging data from third-party vehicles instrumented with forward-facing cameras and a sensor suite (accelerometer sampling at 20 Hz and GPS [variable sampling frequency]). From over 66 million miles of driving, 30 collision events were identified. A global optimization routine was

Campolettano, Eamon T., Scanlon, John M., Kusano, Kristofer D.

Open-loop Torque Control Strategy based on Constant Volume Instantaneous Combustion Model

2024-01-2840

04/09/2024

A model-based torque control strategy which is simple and easily adaptable to various types of engines is developed in this paper. A torque model is derived from constant-volume combustion model, and applications of the model to engine torque control problem are also discussed. As examples, the torque model is calibrated with experimental data collected from two different engines, and simulation and experimental results from the torque control strategy are presented as well.

Kang, Jun-Mo

Enhanced Longitudinal Vehicle Speed Control for an Autonomous Gas-Engine Vehicle: Improving Performance and Efficiency

2024-01-2059

04/09/2024

A linear parameter-varying model predictive control (LPVMPC) is proposed to enhance the longitudinal vehicle speed control of a gas-engine vehicle, with potential application in autonomous vehicles. To achieve this objective, an advanced vehicle dynamic model and a sophisticated fuel consumption model are derived, forming a control-oriented model for the proposed control system. The vehicle dynamic model accurately captures the motions of the tires and the vehicle body. The fuel consumption model incorporates new powertrain modes such as automatic engine stop/start, active fuel management, and deceleration fuel cut-off, etc. The performance of the proposed LPV-MPC is evaluated by comparing it to a PID controller. Both simulation tests and vehicle-in-the-loop tests demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed controller. The results indicate that the LPV-MPC provides improved longitudinal vehicle speed control and reduced fuel consumption.

Chang, Insu, Karnjate, Timothy

A Study on Fatigue Life Prediction Technique considering Bead Notch Shape in Arc Welding of Steel Components under Multi-Axial Load

2024-01-2257

04/09/2024

This study deals with the fatigue life prediction methodology of welding simulation components involving arc welding. First, a method for deriving the cyclic deformation and fatigue properties of the weld metal (that is also called ER70S-3 in AWS, American Welding Standard) is explained using solid bar specimens. Then, welded tube specimens were used with two symmetric welds and subjected to axial, torsion, and combined in-phase and out-of-phase axial-torsion loads. In most previous studies the weld bead’s start/stop were arbitrarily removed by overlapping the starting and stop point. Because it can reduce fatigue data scatter. However, in this study make the two symmetric weld’s start/stops exposed to applying load. Because the shape of the weld bead generated after the welding process can act as a notch (Ex. root notch at weld start / Crater at weld stop) to an applied stress. Accordingly, they were intentionally designed to cause stress concentrations on start/stops. A geometric 3D

Kim, Dooyoung, Kong, Ho Young, Park, Jaehong

Kinetic Model Development for Selective Catalytic Converter Integrated Particulate Filters

2024-01-2631

04/09/2024

To meet the stringent NOx and particulate emissions requirements of Euro 6 and China 6 standard, Selective Catalyst Reduction (SCR) catalyst integrated with wall flow particulate filter (SCR-DPF) has been found to be an effective solution for the exhaust aftertreatment systems of diesel engines. NOx is reduced by ammonia generated from urea injection while the filter effectively traps and burns the particulate matter periodically in a process called regeneration. The engine control unit (ECU) effectively manages urea injection quantity, timing and soot burning frequency for the stable functioning of the SCR-DPF without impacting drivability. To control the NOx reduction and particulate regeneration process, the control unit uses lookup tables generated from extensive hardware testing to get the current soot load and NOx slip information of SCR-DPF as a function of main exhaust state variables. In the current work, engine dynamometer tests were conducted on a SCR-DPF at different

Kannan, Rajesh, Paramadhayalan, Thiyagarajan, Mital, Rahul, Gustafson, Erik, Edwards, David

A Data-driven Approach for Enhanced On-Board Fault Diagnosis to Support Euro 7 Standard Implementation

2024-01-2872

04/09/2024

The European Commission is going to publish the new Euro7 standard shortly, with the target of reducing the impact on pollutant emissions due to transportation systems. Besides forcing internal combustion engines to operate cleaner in a wider range of operating conditions, the incoming regulation will point out the role of On-Board Monitoring (OBM) as a key enabler to ensure limited emissions over the whole vehicle lifetime, necessarily taking into account the natural aging of involved systems and possible electronic/mechanical faults and malfunctions. In this scenario, this work aims to study the potential of data-driven approaches in detecting emission-relevant engine faults, supporting standard On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) in pinpointing faulty components, which is part of the main challenges introduced by Euro7 OBM requirements. For this purpose, a data-driven model for the detection and identification of different faults of engine components and sensors, which takes as input

Canè, Stella, Brunelli, Lorenzo, Müller, Volker, Sammito, Giuseppe, Brinkmann, Tobias, Schaub, Joschka, Cavina, Nicolò

Development of an Ultra-Low Carbon Flex Dual-Fuel Ammonia Engine for Heavy-Duty Applications

2024-01-2368

04/09/2024

The work examined the practicality of converting a modern production 6 cylinder 7.7 litre heavy-duty diesel engine for flex dual-fuel operation with ammonia as the main fuel. A small amount of diesel fuel (pilot) was used as an ignition source. Ammonia was injected into the intake ports during the intake stroke, while the original direct fuel injection equipment was retained and used for pilot diesel injection. A bespoke engine control unit was used to control the injection of both fuels and all other engine parameters. The aim was to provide a cost-effective retrofitting technology for existing heavy-duty engines, to enable eco-friendly operation with minimal carbon emissions. The tests were carried out at a baseline speed of 600 rpm for the load range of the engine (10-90%), with minimum pilot diesel quantity and as high as 90% substitution ratio of ammonia for diesel fuel. Results demonstrated that at high load conditions, ammonia dual-fuel operation could achieve diesel-like

Hegab, Abdelrahman, Bowling, William, Cairns, Alasdair, Harrington, Anthony, Hall, Jonathan, Bassett, Michael

Unified Diagnostics Off-board Tool Development Testing

2024-01-5041

04/08/2024

In the rapidly evolving automotive landscape, integrating cutting-edge off-board diagnostics tools has triggered a paradigm shift in diesel engine applications. Simultaneously, engineers are compelled to transform conventional mechanical engines into advanced common rail direct injection (CRDi) systems amidst India’s changing pollution norms for industries. Aligned with Bharat Stage Emission Standards, non-road vehicles face stringent emission limits, necessitating complex electronic control predominantly managed by the engine control unit (ECU). Government mandates require the ECU to detect NOx control malfunctions and emission-affecting faults, storing data for off-board analysis. A tool that can read engine data and monitor engine health is required to deal with this situation. Network protocols such as CAN enable remote communication with specialized ECUs. This study examines implementing customized off-board tools, which helps easier coordination with protocols such as the unified

Ayachit, Vedashree Vikas, Gandhi, Naresh, Kakade, Suhas

Static Axial O-Ring Seal Applications Without Anti-Extrusion Devices for Engine and Engine Control Systems

ARP1234E (Current)

04/01/2024

This document establishes standard gland design criteria and dimensions for static axial O-ring seal applications without anti-extrusion devices specifically for engines and engine control systems operating at a maximum pressure of 1500 psi (10345 kPa). NOTE: The criteria herein are similar, but not identical, to those in AS4716 and the legacy standard MIL-G-5514.

A-6C2 Seals Committee

Design and Development of Engine Control Unit Bench Simulation Tool Using Hardware in Loop

2023-01-5182

02/23/2024

An ECU is at the heart of control of any modern IC engines which has several functions to be monitored and controlled. Among the controlled parameters are fuel supply and ignition which are dependent on few real time measured parameters such as crankshaft position, mass air flow. The output of the ECU performs an action on the engine by controlling amount of power to actuators precisely. ECU are designed to stand the adverse conditions of operation to which a vehicle is typically exposed to, but in few cases, ECU fail due to faulty wiring and over voltage. The prime solution used is to replace the faulty ECU by new one. But this solution has limitations that the replacement costs are high. As an alternative for repairing ECUs, our project focuses on creating an ECU bench test tool for real time ECU testing and validate the working of ECU. A Technician is need of an ECU bench simulation tool that can generate signals similar to CKP, TPS, O2, MAP, IAT and CLT sensors. This also can be

Nandakumar, M.B., Magesh, B., Muthiya, Solomon Jenoris, Prashanth, K.P., Mahesh, B.R., Naveena, B.E., Raja, Selvakumar, Godwin, John J.

Iterative Learning for Laboratory Electro-Hydraulic Fully Flexible Valve Actuation System Transient Control

03-17-05-0033

02/06/2024

Fully flexible valve actuation (FFVA) is a key enabling technology of internal engine combustion research and development. Two laboratory electro-hydraulic FFVA systems have been developed and implemented in R&D test cells. These FFVA systems were designed using repetitive control (RC), which is based on internal model principle (IMP), for constant engine speed operation. With the engine operating in a steady-state condition, the valve profile input is periodic. This can be accommodated by a repetitive controller, which provides the function of flexible control to step changes in valve lift, valve opening duration, and cam phase angle position. During engine speed transients, as the valve reference trajectory becomes aperiodic in the time domain, the controllers based on the linear time invariant (LTI) IMP, such as RC, are no longer applicable. Engine speed transient control is a desired function to engine research and other similar applications, such as motor control. Several

Wu, Hai, Kang, Jun-Mo, Yang, Xiaofeng, Huffman, Tito

An Innovative and Customer Centric Approach on Validating Telematics Based Fleet Optimization Feature for Small Commercial Vehicles

2024-26-0378

01/16/2024

Commercial transportation is the key pillar of any growing economy. Light and Small commercial vehicles are increasing every day to cater the logistics demand, but there is always a gap between customer’s actual and desired operational efficiency. This is because of lack of organized fleet and efficient fleet operation. The major requirement of fleet owners is timely delivery, high productivity, downtime reduction, real time tracking, etc., Automakers are now providing fleet management application in modern LCV & SCV to satisfy the fleet operator requirement. However, any feature malfunction, consignment mismatch, wrong notification, missed alerts, etc., can incur huge loss to fleet operator and disrupt the entire supply chain. Hence it is very critical to extensively validate the telematics features in fleet management application. This paper explains the approach for exhaustive validation strategy of fleet management applications (B2B) from end user perspective. An effective test

B, Sakthivel, Shams, Tausif, Lalasure, Santosh, Karnure, Shabbir Lalaso, Rajakumar, K.

Automotive EMC Analysis of Touch Sensing IC

2024-26-0353

01/16/2024

The technology in the automotive industry is evolving rapidly in recent times. Thus, with the development of new technologies, the challenges are also ever-increasing from an Electromagnetic Interference and Susceptibility (EMI/EMC) perspective. A lot of the latest technologies in Adaptive Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), which include Rear Drive Assist, Blind Spot Detection (BSD), Lane Change Assist (LCA) to name a few, and other features like Anti-Braking System (ABS), Emergency Brake Assist (EBD) etc. rely heavily on different types of sensors and their detection circuitry. In addition, a lot of other internal functions in the Engine Control Unit (ECU) also depend on such sensors’ functionalities. Thus, it becomes imperative to study the potential impact of higher field emissions on the immunity behaviour of the sensors. In this paper, we will study the immunity behaviour of such an automotive capacitive touch-sensing integrated circuit (IC) and its impact on the application of the

Boya, Vinay Kumar, Adhyapak, Anoop, Komma, Vineetha, Sahoo, Manoranjan

Guidelines for the Integration of Electronic Engine Control Systems for Transport Category (Part 25) and General Aviation (Part 23) Aircraft

AIR5924B (Current)

01/16/2024

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides methodologies and approaches that have been used to install and integrate full-authority-digital-engine-control (FADEC) systems on transport category aircraft. Although most of the information provided is based on turbofan/turboprop engines installed on large commercial transports, many of the issues raised are equally applicable to corporate, general aviation, regional, and commuter aircraft, and to military installations, particularly when commercial aircraft are employed by military users. The word “engine” is used to designate the aircraft propulsion system. The engine station designations used in this report are shown in Figures 1 to 3. Most of the material concerns an electronic engine control (EEC) with its associated software and its functional integration with the aircraft. However, the report also addresses the physical environment associated with the EEC and its associated wiring and sensors. Since most current transport

E-36 Electronic Engine Controls Committee

Cummins' new mid-displacement turbos quieter, more efficient

23TOFHP12_08

12/01/2023

Cummins announced its seventh-generation series HE250 and HE300 waste-gate turbochargers for medium displacement on- and off-highway commercial engines. The turbos are sized for 5.5- to 8-liter medium-duty diesel engines and 8- to 11-liter natural-gas engines. Cummins states that the HE250 and 300 were designed to meet the global emissions regulations from 2024 onwards including the upcoming China Stage IV FE 2024, NSVII 2026 and Euro VII 2027. Cummins claims significant improvements in performance and durability compared to the outgoing models. Both turbos reportedly offer a 6-7% gain in overall efficiency as well as enhanced low-speed performance, which translates to additional low-end torque and better compatibility with engine start/stop systems.

Wolfe, Matt

ZERO-EMISSION INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

SAE-PP-0036811/17/2023

A new concept of internal combustion engine has been developed. The purpose is to have an engine that can burn hydrocarbon fuels without discharging any greenhouse gas or other harmful substances into the atmosphere. The new engine, the zero-emission engine, inducts no air from the environment. Instead, the engine exhaust gas, with added oxygen, is used in performance of the combustion cycle. Carbon dioxide, the main byproduct of combustion is captured, stored, and unloaded during refueling for further storage, sequestration, or recycling. The zero-emission engine displacement can be significantly smaller than in a conventional air-inducting engine of equal power, with a significantly higher power density. The engine is unthrottled and it can operate with a much higher compression ratio without an increase in the cylinder temperature. The above concept also envisions recycling the captured carbon dioxide by using it with water to produce hydrocarbon fuel and oxygen that can be supplied

Schechter, Michael, schechter, victor

A Data-driven Approach for Enhanced On-Board Fault Diagnosis to Support Euro 7 Standard Implementation

SAE-PP-0036411/15/2023

Canè, Stella, Brunelli, Lorenzo, Müller, Volker, Sammito, Giuseppe, Brinkmann, Tobias, Schaub, Joschka, Cavina, Nicolo

Improving Reliability of 2 Wheelers Using Predictive Diagnostics

2023-01-1836

10/24/2023

The On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) system can detect problems with the vehicle’s engine, transmission, and emissions control systems to generate error codes that can pinpoint the source of the problem. However, there are several wear and tear parts (air filter, oil filter, batteries, engine oil, belt/chain, clutch, gear tooth) that are not diagnosed but replaced often or periodically in motorcycles/ power sports applications. Traditionally there is a lack of availability of in-field and on-board assistive tools to diagnose vehicle health for 2wheelers. An alert system that informs the riders about health and remaining useful life of their motorcycle can help schedule part replacements, ensuring they are always trip-ready and have a stress-free ownership and service experience. This information can also aid in the correct assessment during warranty claims. With the increase of onboard sensors on vehicles, there has been a notable increase in the availability of condition-monitoring data

Vijaykumar, Srikanth, Sabu, Abhijith, PRADHAN, DEBAYAN, Shrivardhankar, Yash

CCBS- Continuous Control of Binary Oxygen Sensor, Enhancing Control and Efficiency

2023-01-1849

10/24/2023

Oxygen sensors are used in combustion engines to determine the air/fuel ratio. Binary type lambda sensors offer high precision determination of lambda values close to stoichiometric combustion conditions (λ=1). While the wide band oxygen sensor allows for measurement of oxygen concentration over a wide range (λ = 0.7 to 16). While it is beneficial to use wide band sensors for all applications, binary sensors are preferred in 2Wheelers and Off road applications due to cost and size of sensor. Additional ASIC (application specific integrated circuit) and complex control software in engine control unit is not required to run a binary sensor. CCBS (continuous control of binary type sensor) allows a specific Bosch binary type sensor to linearize the sensor characteristic line and allow for closed loop fuel operation between λ =0.85 to 0.98. This results in a wider closed loop lambda operation during component protection zone of the engine. The sensor also, showed acceptable usage for

Vijaykumar, Srikanth, Karpin, Andrew

Effect of Operating Parameters on the Real-Time Torque Distribution of a Plug-In Electric Hybrid Vehicle

13-04-02-0010

09/22/2023

This article presents a real-time torque distribution strategy for a single-shaft, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) and investigated the effect of multiple operating parameters by using three working conditions, namely, steady operating conditions, acceleration operating conditions, and brake operating conditions. The corresponding experiments were performed according to the earlier discussed three working conditions. The main conclusions of this study are given as follows: (1) Under steady operating conditions, the engine no longer offers torque to the motor for charging when the pedal degree is higher than 60%. (2) Under acceleration conditions, the engine startup is sensitive to the state of charge (SOC) decrement, maximum of 1%, and this decrement increases with an increase in the initial SOC. (3) Under brake operating conditions, the initial SOC may have a significant influence on the variation stability of motor torque, especially when the braking intensity is less than 0.1

Zhang , Yan, Yuan, Xiayi

Cybersecurity for Propulsion Systems

AIR7368 (Current)

09/05/2023

The purpose of this SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is to provide guidance for aircraft engine and propeller systems (hereafter referred to as propulsion systems) certification for cybersecurity. Compliance for cybersecurity requires that the engine control, propeller control, monitoring system, and all auxiliary equipment systems and networks associated with the propulsion system (such as nacelle systems, overspeed governors, and thrust reversers) be protected from intentional unauthorized electronic interactions (IUEI) that may result in an adverse effect on the safety of the propulsion system or the airplane. This involves identification of security risks, their mitigation, verification of protections, and their maintenance in service. This document is intended to serve as suitable guidance for propulsion system manufacturers and applicants for propulsion system type certification. It is also intended to provide guidance for subsequent propulsion system integration into

E-36 Electronic Engine Controls Committee

Experimentally Validated Neural Networks for Sensors Redundancy Purposes in Spark Ignition Engines

03-17-02-0012

09/01/2023

In the aeronautical field, aircraft reliability is strictly dependent on propulsion systems. Indeed, a reliable propulsion system ensures the safety of pilots and passengers and the possibility of making comfortable flights. Typically, on aircraft equipped with spark ignition (SI) engines, one of the principal requirements to make them reliable is the correct balancing between the intake air mass and fuel flows. Advances in the implementation of sophisticated control and estimation strategies on SI engines allow realizing engines with improved features in terms of performance, reducing pollution emissions, and fuel consumption. Approaches based on sensor redundancy are applied to improve the reliability in measurements of the manifold air pressure (MAP) and flow (MAF) to avoid issues related to possible faults of sensors vital for the correct functioning of SI engines. Model-based estimation techniques, based on the speed–density and alpha-speed methods for determining the MAF in

Fornaro, Enrico, Cardone, Massimo, Terzo, Mario, Strano, Salvatore, Tordela, Ciro

Efficiency Optimized Engine Operation with CO ₂ Neutral Fuels through Thermodynamic Loss Calculation and Model-Based Fuel Detection

2023-24-0096

08/28/2023

Global efforts to reduce anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions require innovative measures in the field of vehicle drives to present solutions in all areas of the transportation sector in the future. Synthetic fuels, that can be used in conventional combustion engines, show promising potentials. An increasing amount of synthetic fuels will be found in the off-highway sector, which is characterized by a high power and work density. The properties of synthetic fuels can differ depending on their chemical structure. In particular, the calorific value (LHV) and the stoichiometric air-fuel-ratio (AFRst) have a direct influence on the performance and emission characteristics of an engine. In addition to providing optimal fuel-specific engine operation, fuel detection can ensure that the engine is only operated with regenerative energy carriers in future. In this paper, the methodical approach for optimizing fuel-specific engine operation on the basis of thermodynamic loss calculation

Demel, Philipp, Knost, Friedemar, Obée, Alexander, Beidl, Christian

Model-Based Combustion Control to Reduce the Brake Specific Fuel Consumption and Pollutant Emissions under Real Driving Maneuvers

03-17-01-0007

08/18/2023

A previously developed piston damage and exhaust gas temperature models are coupled to manage the combustion process and thereby increasing the overall energy conversion efficiency. The proposed model-based control algorithm is developed and validated in a software-in-the-loop simulation environment, and then the controller is deployed in a rapid control prototyping device and tested online at the test bench. In the first part of the article, the exhaust gas temperature model is reversed and converted into a control function, which is then implemented in a piston damage-based spark advance controller. In this way, more aggressive calibrations are actuated to target a certain piston damage speed and exhaust gas temperature at the turbine inlet. A more anticipated spark advance results in a lower exhaust gas temperature, and such decrease is converted into lowering the fuel enrichment with respect to the production calibrations. Moreover, the pollutant emissions associated with

Brusa, Alessandro, Mecagni, Jacopo, Shethia, Fenil Panalal, Corti, Enrico

812AP1-3 Standard Data Interferes for Galley Insert (GAIN) Equipment, Part 1, CAN Communications

ARINC812AP1-3 (Current)06/19/2023

The purpose of this specification is to define the general Galley Insert (GAIN) standardization philosophy, provide comprehensive equipment interfaces, and disseminate the most current industry guidance. Part 1 covers the Controller Area Network (CAN) data interface attachments, envelopes, and data content to be considered between all galley equipment using a Galley Data Bus as described within this specification. This document is intended as the successor and replacement for ARINC Specification 812. This document contains significant improvements to CAN data interfaces.

Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee

OBD Communications Compliance Test Cases for Heavy-Duty Components and Vehicles

J1939/84_202306 (Current)06/13/2023

The purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to verify that vehicles and/or components are capable of communicating a required set of information, which is described by the diagnostic messages specified in SAE J1939-73, that is in accordance with off-board diagnostic tool interface requirements contained in the government regulations cited below. This document describes the tests, methods, and results for verifying diagnostic communications from an off-board diagnostic tool (i.e., scan tool) to a vehicle and/or component. SAE members have generated this document to serve as a guide for testing vehicles for compliance with ARB and other requirements for emissions-related on-board diagnostic (OBD) functions for heavy-duty engines used in medium- and heavy-duty vehicles. The development of HD OBD regulations by U.S. EPA and California’s Air Resources Board (ARB) require that diagnostic message services are exercised to evaluate diagnostic communication standardization requirements on

Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee

Serial Control and Communications Heavy-Duty Vehicle Network - Top-Level Document

J1939_202306 (Current)

06/02/2023

This top-level document provides a general overview of the SAE J1939 network and describes the subordinate document structure. This document includes definitions of terms and abbreviations which are used among the various SAE J1939 subordinate documents.

Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee

APU Gas Turbine Engine Test Cell Correlation

ARP5435A (Current)

05/19/2023

This paper describes a recommended practice and procedure for the correlation of test cells that are used for the performance testing of APU (auxiliary power unit) engines. Test cell correlation is performed to determine the effect of any given test cell enclosure and equipment on the performance of an engine relative to the baseline performance of that engine. The baseline performance is generally determined at the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) designated test facility. Although no original equipment manufacturer (OEM) documents are actually referenced, the experience and knowledge of several OEMs contributed to the development of this document. Each engine Manufacturer has their own practices relating to correlation and they will be used by those OEMs for the purpose of establishing certified test facilities.

EG-1E Gas Turbine Test Facilities and Equipment

Turboshaft/Turboprop Gas Turbine Engine Test Cell Correlation

ARP4755C (Current)

05/19/2023

This paper describes a recommended practice and procedure for the correlation of test cells that are used for the performance testing of turboprop and turboshaft engines. This Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) shall apply to both dynamometer and propeller based testing. Test cell correlation is performed to determine the effect of any given test cell enclosure and equipment on the performance of an engine relative to the baseline performance of that engine. Although no original equipment manufacturer (OEM) documents are actually referenced, the experience and knowledge of several OEMs contributed to the development of this document. Each engine manufacturer has their own practices relating to correlation and they will be used by those OEMS for the purpose of establishing certified test facilities.

EG-1E Gas Turbine Test Facilities and Equipment

NVH Features and Corresponding Control Strategies for Differing Architecture Hybrid Vehicle Facing Specific Driving Scenarios

2023-01-1098

05/08/2023

Hybrid vehicle, equipped power source not only gas engine but also motor, power electronics and differing types of transmissions, manifests more complicated/specific/exceptional NVH behaviors than that of gas powered vehicle, like parking engine start/stop for charging, EV mode traction/recuperation, mode switch, etc. On top of that, differing hybrid architecture exists, depending on number and location of motor and type of transmission, hence NVH features and related control strategies are highly likely to be different even under identical driving scenarios, as such, the holistic and deep insight into the NVH features and related control strategies are very meaningful for hybrid vehicle NVH performance refinement, and will expedite the process of vehicle NVH development. Firstly in this paper, the differing hybrid architectures, e.g. single motor installed parallel hybrid and twin motor installed main stream hybrid architecture are delineated as well as the general NVH pros/cons as

Zhao, Qian, Liu, Ming, Zhang, Liling, Li, Jing, Kang, Ming, Li, Xiaolong, Niu, Haolong, Ma, Chao, Cheng, Yanan, Liu, Yu

Hybrid Electric Vehicle Engine Operation and Engine Oil Degradation: A Research Approach

04-17-01-0001

05/04/2023

Hybrid electric vehicles (xHEV) are a critical enabler to fulfil the most recent CO2 and fuel economy requirements in key markets like North America, China, and Europe [1, 2]. Different levels of hybridization exist; the main differentiator is the power of the electric system and battery capacity. Increased electrical power enables the vehicle to run more often in electric mode and recuperate energy from braking, which enhances the saving potential [3]. Mild (MHEV) and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV) impose different duty cycles on the engine compared to a conventional powertrain, potentially altering the degradation mechanisms of the lubricant, and challenging the basis on which the lubricant should be condemned [4]. The biggest concerns are water and fuel dilution [5], which promote corrosion and can form emulsions [6]. This may result in so-called white sludge formation (a thick and creamy emulsion) which can deposit inside the engine on colder surfaces, potentially blocking pipes

Growney, David, Joedicke, Arndt, Williams, Megan, Robin, Mathew, Mainwaring, Robert, Davies, Mark

Sealing Techniques for Missile Applications

ARP1833C (Current)

05/01/2023

The purpose of this recommended practice is to provide the missile hydraulic and pneumatic component designer with information learned, tested, and substantiated in the correction of problems and failures experienced with seals that are subject to the unique requirements of missile static storage and subsequent dynamic operational conditions.

A-6C2 Seals Committee

Turbofan and Turbojet Gas Turbine Engine Test Cell Correlation

ARP741D (Current)

05/01/2023

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes a recommended practice and procedure for the correlation of test cells that are used for the performance testing of turbofan and turbojet engines. Test cell correlation is performed to determine the effect of any given test cell enclosure and equipment on the performance of an engine relative to the baseline performance of that engine. When baseline testing is performed in an indoor test cell, the baseline performance data are adjusted to open air conditions. Although no original equipment manufacturer (OEM) documents are actually referenced, the experience and knowledge of several OEM’s contributed to the development of this document. Each engine Manufacturer has their own practices relating to correlation and they will be used by those OEMs for the purpose of establishing certified test facilities.

EG-1E Gas Turbine Test Facilities and Equipment

Numerical Evaluation of Fuel Consumption and Transient Emissions of Different Hybrid Topologies for Two-Wheeler Application

14-12-03-0019

04/29/2023

In Asian countries, small two-wheelers form a major share of the automobile segment and contribute significantly to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Hybrid drives, though not widely applied in two-wheelers, can reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. In this work three hybrid topologies, viz., P2 (electric motor placed between engine and transmission), P3 (electric motor placed between transmission and final drive), and power-split concepts (with planetary gear-train) have been modeled in Simulink, and their fuel consumption and emissions under the World Motorcycle Test Cycle (WMTC) have been evaluated. A physics-based model for the Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) was used which is capable of predicting its transient characteristics. A map-based fuel consumption model and a Neural Network (NN)-based transient emission model were used for the engine. The NN-based transient emission model avoids the need to model the air path and fuel path in transient conditions, which is

Elango, Pradeev, Mathivanan, Arulkumaran, Kakani, Raghav, Das, Himadri B., Asvathanarayanan, Ramesh

Development of Automated Driveability Rating System

2023-01-0427

04/11/2023

Trained human raters have been used by organizations such as the Coordinating Research Council (CRC) to assess the vehicle driveability performance effect of fuel volatility. CRC conducts workshops to test fuel effects and their impact on vehicle driveability. CRC commissioned Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) to develop a “Trick Car” vehicle that could trigger malfunctions on-demand that mimic driveability events. This vehicle has been used to train novice personnel on the CRC Driveability Procedure E-28-94. While largely effective, even well-trained human raters can be inconsistent with other raters. Further, CRC rater workshop programs used to train and calibrate raters are infrequent, and there are a limited number of available trained raters. The goal of this program was to augment or substitute human raters with an electronic driveability sensing system. The Automated Driveability Rating System (ADRS) was developed for Light Duty (LD) vehicles and can identify and rate fuel

Gankov, Stanislav, Gunter, Garry, Kyler, CeCe, Rengarajan, Sankar, Rao, Sandesh

Reducing Fuel Consumption on a Heavy-Duty Nonroad Vehicle: Conventional Powertrain Modifications

2023-01-0466

04/11/2023

This investigation focuses on conventional powertrain technologies that provide operational synergy based on customer utilization to reduce fuel consumption for a heavy-duty, nonroad (off-road) material handler. The vehicle of interest is a Pettibone Cary-Lift 204i, with a base weight of 50,000 lbs. and a lift capacity of 20,000 lbs. The conventional powertrain consists of a US Tier 4 Final diesel engine, a non-lockup torque converter, a four-speed powershift automatic transmission, and all-wheel drive. The paper will present a base vehicle energy/fuel consumption breakdown of propulsion, hydraulic and idle distribution based on a representative end-user drive cycle. The baseline vehicle test data was then used to develop a correlated lumped parameter model of the vehicle-powertrain-hydraulic system that can be used to explore technology integration that can reduce fuel consumption. Two conventional powertrain modifications are explored that provide potential pathways that

Goodenough, Bryant, Czarnecki, Alexander, Robinette, Darrell, Worm, Jeremy, Latendresse, Phil, Westman, John

Auto Stop-Start Fuel Consumption Benefits

2023-01-0346

04/11/2023

With increasingly stringent regulations mandating the improvement of vehicle fuel economy, automotive manufacturers face growing pressure to develop and implement technologies that improve overall system efficiency. One such technology is an automatic (auto) stop-start feature. Auto stop-start reduces idle time and reduces fuel use by temporarily shutting the engine off when the vehicle comes to a stop and automatically re-starting it when the brake is released, or the accelerator is pressed. As mandated by the U.S. Congress, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is required to keep the public informed about fuel saving practices. This is done, in partnership with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), through the fueleconomy.gov website. The “Fuel-Saving Technologies” and “Gas Mileage Tips” sections of the website are focused on helping the public make informed purchasing decisions and encouraging fuel-saving driving habits. In order to provide users with accurate information

Huff, Shean, Davis, Stacy, Boundy, Robert, Gibson, Robert

Simulation and Measured Analysis of Dynamic Performance of Serpentine Belt Drive System

2023-01-0419

04/11/2023

The dynamic performance of the engine front end accessory drive system is one of the important factors affecting the NVH level of the vehicle and the service life of the system itself. Obtaining the dynamic response of the system is the basis for studying its dynamic performance. This paper takes a vehicle engine serpentine belt drive system as a study object, the dynamic simulation model of the drive system is established based on Simdrive 3D. Engine bench tests were conducted to test the dynamic response of the system under acceleration, single speed and start-stop conditions, including the angular displacement of the tensioner arm, the slip rate of the pulley and the belt transverse displacement. The simulation results and measured results are compared and analyzed, and it is judged whether the design of the drive system meets the requirements. Based on the simulation model, the influence of the tensioner damping ratio on the dynamic response of the serpentine belt drive system is

Chen, Houchong, Wan, Lixiang, Diao, Qiangyou, Ding, Quanyu, He, Yanlin

Architecture & Design of Common Hybrid Torque Controls within a Powertrain Domain Controller

2023-01-0549

04/11/2023

The proliferation and increased complexity of electrified powertrains presents a challenge to the associated controls development. This paper outlines the strategy of common supervisory and domain torque management for such powertrains. The strategy covers the multitude of powertrain architectures that exist in the market today while maintaining the fundamental pillars of physics-based torque controls, state-of-the-art optimization methodologies, and common-core hybrid system constraints. The electrified powertrain torque controls that Stellantis LLC. uses include key constituents such as optimization of powertrain state that relate to optimum engine speed and transmission gear, optimization of engine and motor torques, engine start-stop management, and hybrid shift execution which manages powertrain state transitions by interacting with various external transmission systems. The common backbone of these constituents are the dynamic/kinematic equations of the powertrain. Centralizing

Patel, Nadirsh, Sha, Hangxing, Madireddy, Krishna, Tuller, Zachary

ENGINE OIL PUMP PERFORMANCE AND DURABILITY TEST PROCEDURES

USCAR46 (Current)

03/23/2023

SAE/USCAR-46 defines test methods and outputs for engine oil pump bench testing. Performance and durability testing are the primary focus of this standard. This is written to specifically address testing of electronically controlled variable displacement pumps but can be adapted to mechanically controlled pumps and other pump technologies as needed. This standard outlines critical inputs and outputs in order to perform the testing and report results, but does not specifically set the acceptance standards or pass/fail criteria. Acceptance criteria must be set by the customer.

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