Browse Topic: Ignition systems

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Ammonia-Hydrogen Combustion in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Converted to Spark Ignition Operation2025-01-8448To be published on 04/01/2025
Ammonia is a carbon-free fuel alternative for the internal combustion engine decarbonization. However, its toxicity and less advantageous combustion characteristics including higher nitrogen-based engine-out emissions have delayed its use in power generation applications. Therefore, the use of a secondary and also carbon-free fuel such as hydrogen was proposed in the literature as a solution to promote and improve ammonia combustion while minimizing any modifications in engine parameters and control strategy that may be required when compared to using conventional hydrocarbon-based fuels. In addition, the higher resistance to autoignition of ammonia can allow operation at higher compression ratios in spark ignition applications, therefore increasing the thermal efficiency. The study presented here used a single-cylinder heavy-duty research engine converted to spark ignition operation to investigate medium load engine operation with ammonia-hydrogen blends in which hydrogen represented
Alvarez, Luis, Saenz Prado, Stefany, Trujillo Grisales, Juan, Dumitrescu, Cosmin
Technical Paper
High-Speed Optical Diagnostics of Misfire Limits in a Spark-Ignited Heavy-Duty Hydrogen Engine2025-01-8401To be published on 04/01/2025
This study investigates the ignitability of hydrogen in an optical heavy-duty SI engine. While the ignition energy of hydrogen is exceptionally low, the high load and lean mixtures used in heavy-duty hydrogen engines lead to a high gas density, resulting in a much higher breakthrough voltage than in light-duty SI engines. Spark plug wear is a real concern, so there is a need to minimize the spark energy while maintaining combustion stability. The first part of this study was performed on an optical engine fitted with a metal piston. In this configuration, we mapped the combustion stability and frequency of misfires with two different ignition systems: a common inductive system and an actively controlled capacitive system. The equivalence ratio and dwell time were varied for the inductive system while the capacitive system instead varied spark duration and spark current in addition to equivalence ratio. A key finding was that leaner mixtures require longer dwell time or longer spark
Hallstadius, Peter, Saha, Anupam, Sridhara, Aravind, Andersson, Öivind
Technical Paper
Combustion and Emission performance of Acid-catalysed Butanol Alcoholysis derived advanced biofuel Blends from a compression ignition engine2025-01-8445To be published on 04/01/2025
Low-carbon alternatives to diesel are needed to reduce the carbon intensity of the transport, agriculture, and off-grid power generation sectors, where compression ignition (CI) engines are commonly used. Acid-catalysed alcoholysis produces a potentially tailorable low-carbon advanced biofuel blend comprised of mixtures of an alkyl levulinate, a dialkyl ether, and the starting alcohol. In this study, model mixtures based on products expected from the use of n-butanol (butyl-based blends) as a starting alcohol, were blended with diesel and tested in a Yanmar L100V single-cylinder CI engine. Blends were formulated to meet the flash point, density, and kinematic viscosity limits of fuel standards for diesel EN 590 (on-road), and the 2022 version of BS 2869 (off-road). No changes to the engine set-up were made, hence testing the biofuel blends for their potential as “drop-in” fuels. Changes in engine performance and emissions were determined for a range of diesel/biofuel blends and
Wiseman, Scott, Li, Hu, Tomlin, Alison S.
Technical Paper
Effect of Hydrogen Addition on Abnormal Combustion of Pre-Chamber Natural Gas Engine at High Load2025-01-8426To be published on 04/01/2025
In cogeneration system, the pre-chamber natural gas engine adopts combustion technologies such as ultra-highly supercharged lean burn and Miller cycle to increase the theoretical efficiency by increasing the specific heat ratio and the mechanical efficiency by improving the specific power. In recent years, the use of hydrogen fuel has been attracting attention in order to achieve carbon neutrality, and it is required to operate existing high-efficiency natural gas engines by appropriately mixing hydrogen. For this purpose, it is important to have a natural gas and hydrogen co-combustion technology that allows combustion at any mixture ratio without major modifications. The authors mixed hydrogen into the fuel of an ultra-highly supercharged lean burn pre-chamber natural gas engine (Bore size: 200mm) that has already achieved high efficiency, and performed combustion experiments at a brake mean effective pressure of 2 MPa or more. The engine load and hydrogen mixture ratio were used as
Morikawa, Koji, Kimura, Shin, Sakai, Shunya, Moriyoshi, Yasuo
Technical Paper
Performance and Emissions Analysis of a Hydrogen-Powered Heavy-Duty High Compression Ratio SI Engine Across Various Loads and speed at ultra-lean condition2025-01-8428To be published on 04/01/2025
With the global shift towards sustainable and low-emission transportation, hydrogen-fueled engines stand out as a promising alternative to traditional fossil fuels, offering significant potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the performance and emissions characteristics of a hydrogen-powered heavy-duty compression ignition engine, which has been modified to operate as a Spark Ignition (SI) engine with a high compression ratio of 17:1. The evaluation was conducted across various speeds, loads, and spark timings under ultra-lean combustion conditions. The analysis utilized a modified 6-cylinder, 13-liter Volvo D13 diesel engine, configured to operate in single-cylinder mode with the addition of a spark plug for SI operation. The study examined key performance metrics, including brake thermal efficiency (BTE), power output, and specific fuel consumption, under the selected operating conditions. Emissions profiles for nitrogen oxides
Dyuisenakhmetov, Aibolat, Panithasan, Mebin Samuel, Cenker, Emre, AlRamadan, Abdullah, Im, Hong, Turner, James
Technical Paper
Experimental Study of Glow Plug Assisted Methanol Compression Ignition2025-01-8412To be published on 04/01/2025
Methanol can be produced renewably and used in compression ignition (CI) engines as a replacement for fossil diesel. However, methanol is a low cetane fuel, creating challenges in achieving stable operation, particularly at low load. One potential solution is through surface ignition via a glow plug. In this work, experiments were conducted on a methanol-fueled 2.1 L single cylinder engine instrumented with a glow plug. The engine was designed for alcohol combustion with an elevated compression ratio (26:1) and a narrow injector umbrella angle (120 degrees) compared to standard diesel compression ignition hardware. As such, no plume was directly intercepted by the glow plug. A representative low load case of two conventional mixing controlled compression ignition (MCCI) strategies (single injection and pilot-main) and three kinetically controlled advanced CI strategies (homogenous charge compression ignition, split injection, partially premixed combustion) were tested with and without
Gainey, Brian, Svensson, Magnus, Verhelst, Sebastian, Tuner, Martin
Technical Paper
Ignition and Combustion Improvement via Ignition Modulation under Flow Conditions2025-01-8403To be published on 04/01/2025
In order to reduce the environmental impact of transportation, the adoption of low and zero carbon fuel is needed to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from engines, both from tailpipe and well-to-wheel perspectives. However, for some of the promising fuels, such as renewable natural gas and ammonia, the relatively low chemical reactivity and laminar flame speed bring challenge to a rapid and efficient combustion process, especially under lean or diluted conditions to suppress NOx emissions, leading to reduced combustion and thermal efficiencies. To tackle the challenge, high in-cylinder turbulence intensity is needed to shorten the combustion duration, together with strong ignition sources to support the initial flame kernel development. In this paper, an ignition energy modulation system is developed to enhance both discharge duration and discharge energy of a spark event to secure the ignition process. Moreover, a rapid compression machine is employed to compress the fuel-air
Jin, Long, Yu, Xiao, Zhou, Qing, Reader, Graham, Li, Liguang, Zheng, Ming
Technical Paper
Combustion and Emissions Improvement of Engine Idling via Advanced Ignition Strategies2025-01-8404To be published on 04/01/2025
Future transportation requires a variety of propulsion systems, using sustainable and renewable energy sources with low carbon footprints. Spark ignition engines remain effective power systems for automotive applications, especially for light and medium-duty applications. However, SI engines are susceptible to excess emissions during engine cold start, as the in-cylinder temperature is low, which leads to unstable ignition and incomplete combustion. More effective and more reliable ignition sources, e.g., with properly modulated and elevated energy, become more favorable for engine cold start. The research results from the author’s lab show that the spark current boost is an effective way to stabilize the spark plasma, increase the discharge energy, and improve the flame kernel development. In addition, recent research results from the author’s lab indicate that the current boost ignition system can provide robust ignition control under low load and lean limit conditions, where
Yu, Xiao, Chen, Guangyun, Qian, Jin, Leblanc, Simon, Wang, Linyan, Zheng, Ming
Technical Paper
Virtual Evaluation of Ceramic Glow Plug Design using Multiphysics Simulation Approach2025-01-8367To be published on 04/01/2025
A glow plug is generally used to assist the starting of diesel engines in cold weather condition. Low ambient temperature makes the starting of diesel engine difficult because the engine block acts as a heat sink by absorbing the heat of compression. Hence, the air-fuel mixture at the combustion chamber is not capable of self-ignition based on air compression only. Diesel engines do not need any starting aid in general but in such scenarios, glow plug ensures reliable starting in all weather conditions. Glow plug is actually a heating device with high electrical resistance, which heats up rapidly when electrified. The high surface temperature of glow plug generates a heat flux and helps in igniting the fuel even when the engine is insufficiently hot for normal operation. Durability concerns have been observed in ceramic glow plugs during testing phase because of crack formation. Root cause analysis is performed in this study to understand the reasons of the cracking of the glow plug
Karmakar, Nilankan, orban, Hatem
Technical Paper
Development of a Detailed Ignition Model with Energy Deposition and its Application to Full Engine Simulation2025-01-8360To be published on 04/01/2025
A multi-dimensional model of the spark ignition process for SI engines was developed as a user-defined function (UDF) integrated into the commercial engine simulation software CONVERGE CFD. The model presented in this paper simulates energy deposition from the ignition circuit into the fuel-air mixture inside the cylinder. The model is based on interaction and collision between electrons in the plasma arc and the gas molecules inside the cylinder using parameters from the ignition circuit and gas inside the cylinder. Full engine simulations using CONVERGE CFD with the developed ignition model including the ignition circuit model, arc propagation model, and energy deposition model were performed to evaluate the validity and performance of the model and to compare with the ignition model provided by CONVERGE CFD. Two engines with different characteristics were used for comparison, a low turbulent port fuel injected single-cylinder CFR engine and a high turbulent direct injected engine
Kim, Kyeongmin, Hall, Matthew, Joshi, Sachin, Matthews, Ron
Technical Paper
Assessment of Knock Tendency in a High-Performance Hydrogen-Fuelled Internal Combustion Engine: a Chemistry-Based Numerical Study2025-01-8429To be published on 04/01/2025
Hydrogen is a viable option to power high-performance internal combustion engines while reducing pollutant emissions thanks to its high lower heating value (LHV) and fast combustion rate. Furthermore, if compared to gasoline, hydrogen is characterized by a higher ignition delay time, which makes it more knock-resistant under the same thermodynamic conditions. In this paper, hydrogen potential as a fuel in a high-performance PFI naturally aspirated engine under stoichiometric conditions and high load regimes is investigated through zero and three-dimensional simulations. The analyses show that a stoichiometric hydrogen mixture reaches higher pressure and temperature values during compression than both iso-octane and gasoline at the same operating conditions, hence limiting the maximum engine compression ratio to avoid undesired ignitions throughout the combustion process. Additionally, hydrogen low density causes a reduction in terms of trapped energy inside the cylinder. Thus, despite
Madia, Manuel, Vaccari, Marco, Dalseno, Luca, Cicalese, Giuseppe, Corrigan, Daire, Villa, Davide, Fontanesi, Stefano, Breda, Sebastiano
Technical Paper
A Computational Investigation of Hydrogen Pre-Chamber and Spark-Ignition Combustion Engines at Different Load Conditions2025-01-8406To be published on 04/01/2025
Efficient powertrains are now critical in the pursuit of a net-zero emissions future. Hydrogen has emerged as a leading alternative fuel due to its superior combustion characteristics, such as fast flame speed, and its potential to support clean, sustainable energy systems. In hydrocarbon premixed combustion, pre-chamber technology has shown significant potential by improving system ignitability, enhancing turbulence and mixing, and mitigating knock tendency. However, in the context of hydrogen combustion—where the inherent fast flame speed may overshadow these advantages—the effectiveness of pre-chamber technology remains unclear. As a result, its application must be carefully scrutinized and compared with conventional spark ignition systems. Direct injection is the preferred fueling method for hydrogen, as it maximizes power density while addressing safety concerns. However, strong stratification in fuel-air distribution can arise, where the enhanced mixing from highly-turbulent pre
Menaca, Rafael, Liu, Xinlei, Im, Hong, Mohan, Balaji, Cenker, Emre, AlRamadan, Abdullah
Technical Paper
Spark Ignition Optimization – Quantifying Energy Transfer from Spark to Gas at Different Phases2025-01-8402To be published on 04/01/2025
This paper presents novel studies on energy deposition from spark to gas at different phases during a single spark event. Additionally, it discusses how different ignition control parameters, spark plug geometries, and gas pressure interplay in facilitating energy transfer from ignition source to the gas medium. Experiments are conducted in a 10-millilitre closed vessel, also known as calorimeter. An inert non-combustible gas – Nitrogen is used as a fluid in the chamber. The experimentation employs a state-of-the-art DC capacitive ignition system, capable of independently controlling both spark current and duration. The spark plugs used in the experiments are of dual nickel standard J-gap design of different electrode gaps and center electrode diameters. First, experimental results of energy transfer efficiency from spark to gas at different phases will be discussed. The energy deposition to the gas is calculated from the pressure rise inside the calorimeter during a spark event. The
Saha, Anupam, Andersson, Oivind, Tunestal, Per, Aengeby, Jakob
Technical Paper
Fundamental Experimental Evaluation of Hydrogen Combustion with Low Injection Pressure Using the Focusing Compression Principle2025-01-8423To be published on 04/01/2025
In our laboratory, the focusing compression principle has been proposed, which is based on pulsed multi-jets of gas colliding around the chamber center. This aims to reduce the cooling loss on the chamber wall and the exhaust loss and improve the thermal efficiency. Our past studies focused on gasoline combustion experiments using the engine with the principle and suggested that the engine had the potential to achieve high thermal efficiency and knock resistance. Considering these past results and the growing interest in carbon-free fuels for net zero, in this paper, fundamental experimental evaluations of hydrogen combustion were principally conducted using the same engine with the focusing compression principle. The air was injected toward the chamber center from seven intake nozzles, while hydrogen gas was supplied from one intake nozzle, respectively. Hydrogen was injected with a relatively low pressure of 50 kPaG. This means that an injector with high injection pressure was not
Yamada, Sota, Naitoh, Ken, Baba, Shotaro, Ukegawa, Hiraku, Nishizawa, Tomohiko, Yatabe, Atsuhiro
Technical Paper
An experimental study of Nitric Oxide (NO) as ignition enhancer for ethanol and gasoline HCCI engine2025-01-8413To be published on 04/01/2025
Controlled HCCI combustion strategy for single stage ignition fuels requires curated in-cylinder boundary conditions for low cycle to cycle variability and sustained combustion. In this work the effects of using NO as a seed gas on the autoignition of neat ethanol was studied. Based on the concentration and initial conditions, the promoting and inhibiting impact of NO doping on iso-octane ignition delay time are available in the literature; nevertheless, the change in autoignition characteristics with NO seeding for gasoline with GCI strategy was also documented as a baseline comparison in this work. The NOx concentration doped with the intake air was varied from 0-1000 ppm while maintaining a constant combustion phasing (CA50) of 7.5 CAD and a global equivalence ratio of 0.34, respectively. The operating conditions was supercharged similarly for both neat ethanol and gasoline to purge the in-cylinder residuals after every cycle. The only difference was in the initial intake
Bhatt, Ankur, Gandolfo, John, Vedpathak, Kunal, Lawler, Benjamin, Gainey, Brian
Technical Paper
Assessment of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine retrofitted to Dual-Fuel and Neat Methanol SI operation2025-01-8440To be published on 04/01/2025
In the pursuit of environmentally friendly transportation, there is a critical need to rapidly transition the engines in the transportation sector away from fossil fuels while simultaneously reducing their emissions. An attractive solution to achieve this goal, particularly in heavy-duty applications with demanding energy and power requirements, is the utilization of methanol. Methanol stands out as a promising alternative fuel, owing to its potential carbon-neutral production process, liquid form resulting in high energy density and easy handling, and favorable combustion properties, as well as its clean-burning characteristics. The high octane number of methanol makes it exceptionally resistant to knock, making it an ideal fuel for spark-ignited (SI) engines. Therefore, methanol was predominantly explored for use in SI passenger car engines, while heavy-duty engines, with their high power demands, still primarily rely on compression-ignition (CI) engines running on diesel. The
Dejaegere, Quinten, Ballerini, Alberto, Demiddeleer, Sheldon, Vanderbeken, Thomas, Bracke, Kwinten, Gyselinck, Ben, D'Errico, Gianluca, Verhelst, Sebastian
Technical Paper
Large-Bore HFO Engine Gas Conversion for Power Plants – Part A: Numerical Assessment2024-36-016012/20/2024
In the global scenario marked by the increasing environmental awareness and the necessity on reducing pollutant emission to achieve the decarbonization goals, action plans are being proposed by policy makers to reduce the impact of the climate change, mainly affecting the sectors that most contribute to CO2 emissions such as transportation and power generation. In this sense, by virtue of the National Energy Plan 2050, the Brazilian market will undergo the decommissioning of thermal power plants fueled by diesel and heavy fuel oil (HFO) by 2030, compromising about 6.7 GW of power capacity according to the Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (ANEEL) database. An alternative to the scrapping of these engine power plants is their conversion to operate with fuels with a lower carbon footprint, such as the natural gas. This work, therefore, aims to numerically assess the conversion feasibility of a HFO large bore four-stroke turbocharged engine to operate with natural gas by means of a
Gonçalves, Vinícius Fernandez, Zabeu, Clayton Barcelos, Antolini, Jácson, Salvador, Roberto, Almeida, Rogério, Valiati, Allan Soares, Filho, Guenther Carlos Krieger
Technical Paper
Combustion of Hydrated Ethanol and Gasoline RON95 Ultra-High Pressure Direct Injection in Optical Access SI Engine2024-36-015212/20/2024
High and ultra-high pressure direct injection (UHPDI) can enhance efficiency gains with flex-fuel engines operating on ethanol, gasoline, or their mixtures. This application aims to increase the engine’s compression ratio (CR), which uses low CR for gasoline due to the knocking phenomenon. This type of technology, involving injection pressures above 1000 bar, permits late fuel injection during the compression phase, preventing auto-ignition and allowing for higher compression ratios. UHPDI generates a highly turbulent spray with significant momentum, improving air-fuel mix preparation, and combustion, resulting in even greater benefits while minimizing particulate matter emissions. This study aims to develop ultra-high-pressure injection systems using gasoline RON95 and hydrated ethanol in a single-cylinder engine with optical access. Experimental tests will be conducted in an optically accessible spark ignition research engine, employing thermodynamic, optical, and emission results
Malheiro de Oliveira, Enrico R., Mendoza, Alexander Penaranda, Martelli, Andre Luiz, Dias, Fábio J., Weissinger, Frederico F., dos Santos, Leila Ribeiro, Lacava, Pedro Teixeira
Technical Paper
An Experimental Study of White Deposit Formation on IG Coil in SI Engine2024-28-020612/05/2024
This study meticulously examines the ignition coil (IG), a pivotal component in engine operation, which transforms the low voltage from the battery into the high voltage necessary for spark plug electrode flashover, initiating the combustion cycle. Considering the importance of IG coils in engine operation which has a direct impact on the engine performance. Any failure in the IG coils is judged as a critical failure and encompasses severe repercussions. The paper details an investigation into the issue of ‘White Deposition’ on IG coils. White deposit was observed in IG Coils during new model development in bench level durability test. A comprehensive failure analysis was conducted, employing vibration analysis, thermal analysis, and chemical analysis of the white deposits to ascertain the root cause. Subsequent to identifying the root cause, the study elaborated on hardware design enhancements as a solution. These design changes were rigorously tested on engine benches, confirmed for
Patel, Hardik Manubhai, Gupta, Vineet, Chand, Subhash, Kumar, Nitish
Technical Paper
New 1.5-Liter Hybrid Engine Development with High Brake Thermal Efficiency2024-01-510711/29/2024
The hybrid engines produced by most original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) have been modified to fit within the framework of conventional engine designs. Recently, Geely has introduced a new 1.5-liter (1.5L) inline four-cylinder (I4) TGDI engine, specifically designed to meet the requirements of its innovative, efficient, and intelligent hybrid powertrain architecture. This engine achieves an impressive brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 44%, as well as high specific torque at 153 Nm/L and high specific power at 67 kW/L. To attain this superior performance, the following technical strategies were implemented: a high compression ratio, the robust Miller cycle, an extended piston stroke-to-bore ratio, an intake port optimized for high tumble, cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and an advanced high-energy ignition system. Among these, the middle four strategies, in conjunction with piston cooling jets and enhanced exhaust-side cooling, all contribute to improved in-cylinder
Li, Qiang, Liu, Yang, Zhang, Peiyi, Yan, Pingtao, Li, Hongzhou, Zhu, Yunfeng, Ji, Yan, Li, Minggui, Cui, Boyue
Technical Paper
Methanol Combustion in Compression Ignition Engines with a Combustion Enhancer Based on Nitrates (CEN): Insights from an Experimental Study in a New One-Shot Engine (NOSE2024-01-428111/05/2024
Because it can be produced in a green form methanol is envisioned as a potential fuel replacing conventional Diesel fuel to directly reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) impact of maritime transportation. For these reasons, Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) are working to make methanol easier to use in Compression Ignition (CI) engines. While it is an easy to use substance with manageable energy content, methanol has a few drawbacks, such as: high latent heat of vaporization, high auto-ignition temperature. These drawbacks have an impact on the quality of combustion and therefore solutions have to be found and are still being studied to give methanol a Diesel like behavior. One solution is to use a pilot fuel for ignition in quantities that remain high (> 20 %). A previous study carried out at the PRISME laboratory highlighted the possibility of using a Combustion Enhancer based on Nitrates (CEN) at additive levels. Here the CEN impact in methanol is studied through the use of a New One
Samson, Richard, Morin, Anne-Gaelle, Foucher, Fabrice
Technical Paper
Parametric Study of Methanol Combustion Assisted by Glow Plug in a Low-Duty Diesel Engine2024-01-428411/05/2024
This work numerically investigated the feasibility of methanol compression ignition combustion for light-duty diesel engine applications by using a glow plug (GP) to promote ignition. A comprehensive parametric study was conducted to assess the combustion characteristics depending on the GP position, the relative angle between the GP and injector, and other initial conditions. Optimal design parameters were identified. It was demonstrated that GP can enable successful ignition and combustion of methanol at the operating conditions under study. Among the many parameters considered, the relative angle between the GP and injector was found to be one of the most critical parameters in controlling the ignition and complete combustion. Increasing intake temperature promoted combustion speed and engine performance, but excessively high intake temperatures led to higher wall heat transfer loss and lower ITE. An appropriate level of the pilot injection mass was found to increase ITE, with the
Liu, Xinlei, Sim, Jaeheon, Raman, Vallinayagam, Viollet, Yoann, AlRamadan, Abdullah S., Cenker, Emre, Im, Hong G.
Technical Paper
Offset Active Prechamber (OAP): A Strategy to Enable Low Load GCI Operation2024-01-428311/05/2024
High fuel stratification gasoline compression ignition (HFS-GCI) strategies allow for the use of ignition control methods similar to those used by diesel-fueled compression ignition (CI) engines while offering the emissions benefits of gasoline-like fuels. Despite this benefit, low load GCI operation requires ignition assistance viz. intake boosting, intake heating, cylinder deactivation, etc. for consistent autoignition. A novel ignition assistance methodology using an offset active prechamber (OAP) is proposed in this work to enable low load GCI operation. A 1.5cc OAP with a pressure-sensing spark plug and gaseous fuel injection system is designed and mounted in a medium-duty single-cylinder test engine based on the Cummins ISB engine. The prechamber is provided with two holes designed to ignite the fuel spray from the centrally mounted direct injection (DI) fuel injector. Gasoline was used as the main chamber fuel and methane was used as the prechamber fuel. A detailed parametric
Gupta, Saurabh K, Hanson, Reed, Dempsey, Adam, Kokjohn, Sage
Technical Paper
Spray Ignition of Primary Reference Fuels Blended with Ethanol and 2,5-Dimethylfuran2024-01-429411/05/2024
Engine knocking poses a significant challenge for downsizing and boosting strategies in spark-ignition (SI) engines. In the event of knock, the unburnt fuel-oxidizer mixture auto-ignites after being compressed by the flame front and piston of an SI engine. Conventional knock is influenced by combustion chemistry and physical properties of the fuel. In this work, we present auto-ignition characteristics of primary reference fuel (PRF75), ethanol, 2,5-dimethylfuran, and their blends in Advanced Fuel Ignition Delay Analyzer (AFIDA). Three different pressures, i.e. 10, 15, and 20 atm and four different temperatures, i.e. 450, 500, 550, and 600 0C have been used as initial conditions. A weak negative temperature coefficient (NTC) behavior has been observed for PRF75 ignition in AFIDA in this work. Moreover, for PRF75, the ignition delay times at low temperatures have been observed to show weaker dependence on pressure in comparison to the high temperature cases. For ethanol and 2,5
Bhattacharya, Atmadeep, Kaario, Ossi, Eraqi, Basem, Sakleshpur Nagaraja, Shashank, Sarathy, Mani
Technical Paper
Performance and Emissions of a Hydrogen Dual-Fuel Engine Using Diesel and HVO as Pilot Fuels2024-01-428611/05/2024
A comprehensive experimental study of hydrogen–diesel dual-fuel and hydrogen-hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) dual-fuel operations was conducted in a single-cylinder diesel engine (bore 85.0 mm, stroke 96.9 mm, and compression ratio 14.3) equipped with a common rail fuel injection system and a supercharger. The hydrogen flow rate was manipulated by varying the hydrogen excess air ratio from 2.5 to 4.0 in 0.5 increments. Hydrogen was introduced into the intake pipe using a gas injector. Diesel fuel and HVO were injected as pilot fuels at a fixed injection pressure of 80 MPa. The quantity of pilot fuel was set to 3, 6, and 13 mm3/cycle. The intake and exhaust pressures were set in the range of 100–220 kPa in 20 kPa increments. The engine was operated at a constant speed of 1,800 rpm under all conditions. The pilot injection timing was varied such that the ignition timing was constant at the TDC under all conditions. The results demonstrated that smoke was lower when HVO was used as the
Mukhtar, Ghazian Amin, Tange, Kota, Nakatani, Satoshi, Horibe, Naoto, Kawanabe, Hiroshi, Morita, Gin, Hiraoka, Kenji, Koda, Kazuyuki
Technical Paper
Physics Based On-Board Exhaust-Temperature Prediction Model for Highly Efficient and Low-Emission Powertrain2024-01-427311/05/2024
Modern automotive powertrains are operated using many control devices under a wide range of environmental conditions. The exhaust temperature must be controlled within a specific range to ensure low exhaust-gas emissions and engine-component protection. In this regard, physics-based exhaust-temperature prediction models are advantageous compared with the conventional exhaust-temperature map-based model developed using engine dyno testing results. This is because physics-based models can predict exhaust-temperature behavior in conditions not measured for calibration. However, increasing the computational load to illustrate all physical phenomena in the engine air path, including combustion in the cylinder, may not fully leverage the advantages of physical models for the performance of electric control units (ECUs). This study proposes an onboard physics-based exhaust-temperature prediction model for a mass-produced engine to protect the engine exhaust system and reduce exhaust emissions
Yamaguchi, Seiya, Tomita, Masayuki, Urakawa, Shinji, Ookubo, Seiichi
Technical Paper
Fuel Design Concept to Improve Both Combustion Stability and Antiknocking Property Focusing on Ethane2024-01-427611/05/2024
For realizing a super-leanburn SI engine with a very-high compression ratio, it is necessary to design a new fuel which could have low ignitability at a low temperature for antiknocking, but high ignitability at a high temperature for some contribution to stable combustion. C2H6 has a very-long ignition delay time at a low temperature, close to that of CH4, but a short ignition delay time at a high temperature, close to that of gasoline. C2H6 also has a laminar burning velocity about 1.2 times higher than that of gasoline. C2H6 addition to gasoline could be a good example of fuel design to improve both combustion stability and antiknocking property. In the present study, the antiknocking effect of adding CH4, C2H6, or C3H8 with the RON of 120, 115, or 112, respectively, to a regular-gasoline surrogate fuel with the RON of 90.8 has been investigated in an SI engine with a stoichiometric mixture. With the energy fraction of the gaseous fuel of less than 0.35, knocking limit CA50 is
Kuwahara, Kazunari, Shimizu, Taisei, Okada, Atsuki
Technical Paper
Heater and Accessories, Aircraft Internal Combustion Heat Exchanger TypeAS8040C (Current)10/03/2024
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) covers combustion heaters and accessories used in, but not limited to, the following applications: a Cabin heating (all occupied regions and windshield heating) b Wing and empennage anti-icing c Engine and accessory heating (when heater is installed as part of the aircraft) d Aircraft deicing
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
Technical Standard
Load-Exchange Optimization for a Passive Pre-Chamber Ignition System2024-24-003409/18/2024
Increasing ignition energy by replacing standard spark igniters with pre-chambers is an established combustion accelerator. With rapid combustion on the one hand, mixture dilution can be extended while maintaining the combustion stability at adequate levels. On the other hand, accelerated combustion reduces the need for knock-induced spark retarding, thus facilitating emission reduction and increases in efficiency simultaneously. A newly developed pre-chamber ignition system is introduced in this work. The influence of the system on combustion is investigated in a single-cylinder research engine. The findings can support the development of future ignition technology for passenger-vehicle-sized engines. There are two basic configurations of pre-chamber igniters: the first is known as passive pre-chamber, the second as scavenged pre-chamber. The first configuration can be realized as a simple replacement for standard spark plugs. While additional costs are minimized, the air-fuel ratio
Fellner, Felix, Fitz, Patrick, Härtl, Martin, Jaensch, Malte
Technical Paper
Novel Chemical Kinetics Mechanism for Robust Simulation of Multi-Component Fuel Blends in Engine Conditions2024-24-003509/18/2024
Ammonia, with its significant hydrogen content, offers a practical alternative to pure hydrogen in marine applications and is easier to store due to its higher volumetric energy density. While Ammonia's resistance to auto-ignition makes it suitable for high-compression ratio engines using pre-mixed charge, its low flame speed poses challenges. Innovative combustion strategies, such as dual-fuel and reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI), leverage secondary high-reactivity fuels like diesel to enhance Ammonia combustion. To address the challenges posed by Ammonia's low flame speed, blending with hydrogen or natural gas (NG) in the low reactivity portion of the fuel mixture is an effective approach. For combustion simulation in engines, it is crucial to develop a chemical kinetics mechanism that accommodates all participating fuels: diesel, Ammonia, hydrogen, and NG. This study aims to propose a kinetics mechanism applicable for the combustion of these fuels together. The
Salahi, Mohammad Mahdi, Mahmoudzadeh Andwari, Amin, Kakoee, Alireza, Hyvonen, Jari, Gharehghani, Ayat, Mikulski, Maciej, Lendormy, Éric
Technical Paper
Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Dual Fuel Hydrogen/Diesel Combustion at Varying Engine Speed on a Single Cylinder Engine2024-24-004409/18/2024
In this study, dual fuel combustion process has been investigated numerically and experimentally in a single cylinder research engine. Two engine speeds have been investigated (1500 and 2000 rpm) at fixed BMEP of 5 bar for both engine speeds. For each engine speed two operating points have tested with and without EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation). The hydrogen has been injected in the intake manifold in front of the tumble intake port inlet and a small amount of diesel fuel has been introduced directly in the cylinder through two injections strategy: one pilot injection occurring Before Top Dead Center (BTDC) and one main occurring around the Top Dead Center (TDC). The dual-fuel combustion model in GT-SUITE has been used first to calibrate the combustion model by using the Three Pressure Analysis (TPA) model. This step allows the calibration of the combustion model to predict in-cylinder combustion processes. Simulations have been performed at varying mass distribution of injected diesel
Maroteaux, Fadila, SEBAI, Salim, Mancaruso, Ezio, Rossetti, Salvatore, Schembri, Patrick, Radja, Katia, Barichella, Arnault
Technical Paper
A New Design of Solid-State Bipolar Nanosecond Pulse High-Frequency Discharge Power Supply for Engine Ignition System2024-01-506306/17/2024
In this study, a bipolar nanosecond pulse all-solid-state power supply was developed including Lenz capacitance (LC) resonant circuit and full-bridge inverter circuit to provide plasma ignition mode for internal combustion engines. The power supply converts the direct current (DC) voltage into voltage pulses using the inverter circuit with insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), and subsequently amplifies the voltage through a pulse transformer. In the magnetic compression circuit, two capacitors were utilized to store energy simultaneously and approximately double the voltage. By exploiting the hysteresis characteristics of the magnetic switch, a nanosecond pulse output was achieved. An enhanced full-bridge inverter snubber circuit was proposed, which can effectively absorb surge voltage, with a voltage impact reduction on the primary winding of the pulse transformer to less than 1%. The newly developed bipolar nanosecond pulse power supply achieved a good performance with bipolar
Sun, Ao, Hu, Yong, Rong, Weixin, Yu, Wenbin, Zhao, Feiyang
Technical Paper
Effect of Ethanol and Iso-Octane Blends on Isolated Low-Temperature Heat Release in a Spark Ignition Engine04-17-03-001605/17/2024
Low-temperature heat release (LTHR) is of interest for its potential to help control autoignition in advanced compression ignition (ACI) engines and mitigate knock in spark ignition (SI) engines. Previous studies have identified and investigated LTHR in both ACI and SI engines before the main high-temperature heat release (HTHR) event and, more recently, LTHR in isolation has been demonstrated in SI engines by appropriately curating the in-cylinder thermal state during compression and disabling the spark discharge. Ethanol is an increasingly common component of market fuel blends, owing to its renewable sources. In this work, the effect of adding ethanol to iso-octane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane) blends on their LTHR behavior is demonstrated. Tests were run on a motored single-cylinder engine elevated inlet air temperatures and pressures were adjusted to realize LTHR from blends of iso-octane and ethanol without entering the HTHR regime. The blends were tested with inlet temperatures of 40
White, Samuel Philip, Bajwa, Abdullah Umair, Leach, Felix
Journal Article
Combustion Analysis of Active Pre-Chamber Design for Ultra-Lean Engine Operation03-17-05-004004/27/2024
In this article, the effects of mixture dilution using EGR or excessive air on adiabatic flame temperature, laminar flame speed, and minimum ignition energy are studied to illustrate the fundamental benefits of lean combustion. An ignition system developing a new active pre-chamber (APC) design was assessed, aimed at improving the indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) of a 1.5 L four-cylinder gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine. The engine combustion process was simulated with the SAGE detailed chemistry model within the CONVERGE CFD tool, assuming the primary reference fuel (PRF) to be a volumetric mixture of 93% iso-octane and 7% n-heptane. The effects of design parameters, such as APC volume, nozzle diameter, and nozzle orientations, on ITE were studied. It was found that the ignition jet velocity from the pre-chamber to the main chamber had a significant impact on the boundary heat losses and combustion phasing. The simulation showed that, under 16.46 compression ratio (CR) and
Peethambaram, Mohan Raj, Zhou, Quanbao, Waters, Benjamin, Pendlebury, Ken, Fu, Huiyu, Haines, Andrew, Hale, David, Hu, Tiegang, Zhang, Jiaxiang, Wu, Xuesong, Zhang, Xiaoyu
Journal Article
Pre-Chamber Combustion System Development for an Ultra-Lean Gasoline Engine2024-01-211004/09/2024
Amid rising demands for fuel efficiency and emissions reduction, enhancing the thermal efficiency of gasoline engines has become imperative, which requires higher efficiency combustion strategies and integrated optimized design to maximize the work output from fuel. In gasoline engine, both increasing the compression ratio and using lean burn mode improve the ratio of useful work output to the energy input effectively, which resulting in higher thermal efficiency. Although there is limited scope for increasing the compression ratio due to the higher sensitivity to knocking, especially under stoichiometric conditions, reduced sensitivity could be got with leaner mixture fill into cylinder, which can further increase the specific heat ratio and thermal efficiency. However, realizing the efficiency benefits of lean burn in gasoline engines necessitates overcoming critical challenges like ensuring robust ignition process and accelerating burning rates to achieve short, stable combustion
Du, Jiakun, Qi, Hongzhong, Chen, Hong, Li, Yuhuai, Zhan, Wenfeng, Jiang, Xiaoxiao, Wu, Weilong, Zhang, Zonglan
Technical Paper
Effect of Baffle Height on the in-Cylinder Air-Fuel Mixture Preparation in a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine – A Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis2024-01-269704/09/2024
In-cylinder fluid dynamics enhance performance and emission characteristics in internal combustion (IC) engines. Techniques such as helical ports, valve shrouding, masking, and modifications to piston profiles or vanes in ports are employed to achieve the desired in-cylinder flows in these engines. However, due to space constraints, modifications to the cylinder head are typically minimal. The literature suggests that introducing baffles into the combustion chamber of an IC engine can enhance in-cylinder flows, air-fuel mixing, and, subsequently, stratification. Studies have indicated that the height of the baffles plays a significant role in determining the level of improvement in in-cylinder flow and air-fuel mixing. Therefore, this study employs Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis to investigate the impact of baffle height on in-cylinder flow and air-fuel mixing in a four-stroke, four-valve, spray-guided gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine. The maximum allowable baffle
V, Vishal, Mallikarjuna, J M
Technical Paper
Estimating Light-Duty Vehicle Gaseous Emissions Using a Data-Driven Approach in Off-Cycle Measurements2024-01-270504/09/2024
As global regulations on automotive tailpipe emissions become increasingly stringent, developing precise tailpipe emissions models has garnered significant attention to fulfill onboard monitoring requirements without some drawbacks associated with traditional sensor-based systems. Within the European Union, there is consideration of mandating real-time measurement of emission constituents to enable driver warnings in cases where constituent standards are exceeded. Presently, available technology renders this approach cost-prohibitive and technologically challenging, with most sensor suppliers either unable to meet the demand or unwilling to justify the development costs associated with sensor commercialization. Efforts to circumvent the sensor-based approach through first principle models, incorporating thermokinetics, have proven to be both computationally expensive and lacking in accuracy during transient operations. We propose a data-driven solution based on DL (deep learning) to
Hashemi, Ashton, Schlingmann, Dean
Technical Paper
Effect of Spark Assisted Compression Ignition on the End-Gas Autoignition with DME-air Mixtures in a Rapid Compression Machine2024-01-282204/09/2024
Substantial effort has been devoted to utilizing homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) to improve thermal efficiency and reduce emission pollutants in internal combustion engines. However, the uncertainty of ignition timing and limited operational range restrict further adoption for the industry. Using the spark-assisted compression ignition (SACI) technique has the advantage of using a spark event to control the combustion process. This study employs a rapid compression machine to characterize the ignition and combustion process of Dimethyl ether (DME) under engine-like background temperature and pressures and combustion regimes, including HCCI, SACI, and knocking onsite. The spark ignition timing was swept to ignite the mixture under various thermodynamic conditions. This investigation demonstrates the presence of four distinct combustion regimes, including detonation, strong end-gas autoignition, mild end-gas autoignition, and HCCI. The observation indicates that HCCI
Jin, Long, Yu, Xiao, Wang, Meiping, Reader, Graham, Zheng, Ming
Technical Paper
Combustion Chamber Development for Flat Firedeck Heavy-Duty Natural Gas Engines2024-01-211504/09/2024
The widely accepted best practice for spark-ignition combustion is the four-valve pent-roof chamber using a central sparkplug and incorporating tumble flow during the intake event. The bulk tumble flow readily breaks up during the compression stroke to fine-scale turbulent kinetic energy desired for rapid, robust combustion. The natural gas engines used in medium- and heavy-truck applications would benefit from a similar, high-tumble pent-roof combustion chamber. However, these engines are invariably derived from their higher-volume diesel counterparts, and the production volumes are insufficient to justify the amount of modification required to incorporate a pent-roof system. The objective of this multi-dimensional computational study was to develop a combustion chamber addressing the objectives of a pent-roof chamber while maintaining the flat firedeck and vertical valve orientation of the diesel engine. A new combustion chamber was designed based on a commercial 11-liter natural gas
Hoag, Kevin, Wray, Christopher, Callahan, Timothy J., Lu, Qilong, Gilbert, Ian, Abidin, Zainal
Technical Paper
Development of a High Power, Low Emissions Heavy Duty Hydrogen Engine2024-01-261004/09/2024
The hydrogen (H2) internal combustion engine (ICE) is emerging as an attractive low life-cycle carbon powertrain configuration for applications that require high power, high duty cycle operation. Owing to the relative ease of conversion of heavy duty (HD) diesel ICEs to H2 and the potential for low exhaust emissions, H2 ICEs are expected to play a strong role in rapidly decarbonizing hard-to-electrify markets such as off-road, rail, and marine. The conversion of HD diesel ICEs to spark ignited H2 with port fuel injection is typically accompanied by a de-rating of engine power and torque. This is due to several fuel- and system-related challenges, including the high risk of abnormal combustion resulting from the low auto-ignition energy threshold of H2, and boost system requirements for highly dilute operation that is used to partially mitigate this abnormal combustion risk. However, HD ICEs must be adapted to a diverse range of vehicle applications, and so increasing ICE displacement
Bunce, Michael, Seba, Bouzid, Andreutti, Roberto, Yan, Ziming, Peters, Nathan
Technical Paper
Effect of Port Water Injection on the Knock and Combustion Characteristics for an Argon Power Cycle Hydrogen Engine2024-01-261204/09/2024
Argon power cycle hydrogen engine is an internal combustion engine that employs argon instead of nitrogen of air as the working fluid, oxygen as the oxidizer, and hydrogen as the fuel. Since argon has a higher specific heat ratio than air, argon power cycle hydrogen engines have theoretically higher indicated thermal efficiencies according to the Otto cycle efficiency formula. However, argon makes the end mixture more susceptible to spontaneous combustion and thus is accompanied by a stronger knock at a lower compression ratio, thus limiting the improvement of thermal efficiency in engine operation. In order to suppress the limitation of knock on the thermal efficiency, this paper adopts a combination of experimental and simulation methods to investigate the effects of port water injection on the knock suppression and combustion characteristics of an argon power cycle hydrogen engine. The results show that the port water injection can effectively reduce the knock intensity of the argon
Tang, Yongjian, Deng, Jun, Xie, Kaien, Jin, Shaoye, Li, Liguang
Technical Paper
Simulation Study of Cathode Spot Formation on Spark Plug Electrodes Leading to Electrode Erosion2024-01-210304/09/2024
A multi-dimensional cathode spot generation model is proposed to study the interaction between the plasma arc and cathode surface of a spark plug during the ignition process. The model is focused on the instationary (high current) arc phase immediately following breakdown, and includes detailed physics for the phenomena during spot formation such as ion collision, thermal-field emission, and metal vaporization, to simulate the surface heat source, current density and surface pressure. The spot formation for a platinum cathode is simulated using the VOF (volume of fluid) model within FLUENT, where the local metal is melted and deformed by pressure differences on the surface. A random walk model has been integrated to consider the movement of the arc center, resulting in the formation of different types of spots. The simulation results show: it takes approximately 100 ns for the arc to discharge the electric charge of the spark plug side capacitance and form the spot in the instationary
Li, Delong, Tambasco, Corey, Hall, Matthew, Matthews, Ron
Technical Paper
Experimental Study of Ammonia Combustion in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Converted to Spark Ignition Operation2024-01-237104/09/2024
Ammonia is one of the carbon-free alternatives considered for power generation and transportation sectors. But ammonia’s lower flame speed, higher ignition energy, and higher nitrogen oxides emissions are challenges in practical applications such as internal combustion engines. As a result, modifications in engine design and control and the use of a secondary fuel to initiate combustion such as natural gas are considered for ammonia-fueled engines. The higher-octane number of methane (the main component in natural gas) and ammonia allows for higher compression ratios, which in turn would increase the engine's thermal efficiency. One simple approach to initiate and control combustion for a high-octane fuel at higher compression ratios is to use a spark plug. This study experimentally investigated the operation of a heavy-duty compression ignition engine converted to spark ignition and ammonia-methane blends. Engine operation at a 40% natural gas energy substitution rate with ammonia was
Alvarez, Luis F., Dumitrescu, Cosmin E.
Technical Paper
Effects of Spark Plug Operating Conditions on Electrode Erosion and Surface Deformation2024-01-210004/09/2024
An experimental study of the spark ignition process for SI engines was conducted to study spark plug erosion and the effect of breakdown voltage/energy on electrode surface deformation. The experiments were conducted outside of an engine, in both a pressurized constant volume optical chamber and in a high-pressure vessel heated within a furnace with gas temperatures as high as 730°C. J-gap spark plugs designed for natural gas engines were studied at elevated temperature and under a range of pressures to investigate electrode wear characteristics. Both iridium-alloy and platinum-alloy cathode (center electrode) and anode (ground strap) spark plugs were investigated. In addition, single spark events were performed on polished platinum cathode surfaces to allow the visualization of craters from individual spark events in order to quantify how their size and shape were affected by energy deposition and breakdown characteristics. The spark plug electrodes were investigated using optical
Tambasco, Corey, Hall, Matthew, Matthews, Ron
Technical Paper
Experimental Comparison of Spark and Jet Ignition Engine Operation with Ammonia/Hydrogen Co-Fuelling2024-01-209904/09/2024
Ammonia (NH3) is emerging as a potential fuel for longer range decarbonised heavy transport, predominantly due to favourable characteristics as an effective hydrogen carrier. This is despite generally unfavourable combustion and toxicity attributes, restricting end use to applications where robust health and safety protocols can always be upheld. In the currently reported work, a spark ignited thermodynamic single cylinder research engine was upgraded to include gaseous ammonia and hydrogen port injection fueling, with the aim of understanding maximum viable ammonia substitution ratios across the speed-load operating map. The work was conducted under stoichiometric conditions with the spark timing re-optimised for maximum brake torque at all stable logged sites. The experiments included industry standard measurements of combustion, performance and engine-out emissions. It was found possible to run the engine on pure ammonia at low engine speeds at low to moderate engine loads in a
Ambalakatte, Ajith, Cairns, Alasdair, Geng, Sikai, Varaei, Amirata, Hegab, Abdelrahman, Harrington, Anthony, Hall, Jonathan, Bassett, Michael
Technical Paper
Comparison of the Predictive Capabilities of Chemical Kinetic Models for Hydrogen Combustion Applications2024-01-211604/09/2024
Recent legislation banning the sale of new petrol and diesel vehicles in Europe from 2035 has shifted the focus of internal combustion engine research towards alternative fuels with net zero tailpipe emissions such as hydrogen. Research regarding hydrogen as a fuel is particularly pertinent to the so-called ‘hard-to-electrify’ propulsion applications, requiring a combination of large range, fast refuelling times or high-load duty cycles. The virtual design, development, and optimisation of hydrogen internal combustion engines has resulted in the necessity for accurate predictive modelling of the hydrogen combustion and autoignition processes. Typically, the models for these processes rely respectively on laminar flame speed datasets to calculate the rate of fuel burn as well as ignition delay time datasets to estimate autoignition timing. These datasets are generated using chemical kinetic mechanisms available in the literature. However, these mechanisms have typically been developed
Ribnishki, Aleksandar, Charles, Cameron, Esposito, Stefania, Akehurst, Sam, Yuan, Hao
Technical Paper
Numerical Simulation of Ammonia-Hydrogen Engine Using Low-Pressure Direct Injection (LP-DI2024-01-211804/09/2024
Ammonia (NH3), a zero-carbon fuel, has great potential for internal combustion engine development. However, its high ignition energy, low laminar burning velocity, narrow range of flammability limits, and high latent heat of vaporization are not conducive for engine application. This paper numerically investigates the feasibility of utilizing ammonia in a heavy-duty diesel engine, specifically through low-pressure direct injection (LP-DI) of hydrogen to ignite ammonia combustion. Due to the lack of a well-corresponding mechanism for the operating conditions of ammonia-hydrogen engines, this study serves only as a trend-oriented prediction. The paper compares the engine's combustion and emission performance by optimizing four critical parameters: excess air ratio, hydrogen energy ratio, ignition timing, and hydrogen injection timing. The results reveal that excessively high hydrogen energy ratios lead to an advanced combustion phase, reducing indicated thermal efficiency. Additionally
Xu, Xiaoting, Wang, Wei, Qi, Yunliang, Wang, Zhi, Min, Haijiao, Li, Fangwei, Yin, Yong, Li, Zhi
Technical Paper
Evaluation of closed-loop combustion phase optimization for varying fuel compensation and cylinder balancing in a HD SI-ICE2024-01-283704/09/2024
Alternative fuels, such as natural and bio-gas, are attractive options for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from combustion engines. However, the naturally occurring variation in gas composition poses a challenge and may significantly impact engine performance. The gas composition affects fundamental fuel properties such as flame propagation speed and heat release rate. Deviations from the gas composition for which the engine was calibrated result in changes in the combustion phase, reducing engine efficiency and increasing fuel consumption and emissions. However, the efficiency loss can be limited by estimating the combustion phase and adapting the spark timing, which could be implemented favorably using a closed-loop control approach. In this paper, we evaluate the efficiency loss resulting from varying gas compositions and the benefits of using a closed-loop controller to adapt the spark timing to retain the nominal combustion phase. We use a 13-liter natural gas-fueled heavy-duty
Björnsson, Ola, Tunestal, Per
Technical Paper
High Pressure Hydrogen Injector Sizing Using 1D/3D CFD Modeling for a Compression Ignition Single Cylinder Research Engine2024-01-261504/09/2024
With the aim of decarbonizing the vehicles fleet, the use of hydrogen is promising solution. Hydrogen is an energy carrier, carbon-free, with high calorific value and with no CO2 and HC emissions burning in ICE. Hydrogen use in spark ignition engines has already been extensively investigated and optimized. On the other hand, its use in compression ignition engines has been little developed and, therefore, there is a lack of information regarding the combustion in ultra-lean conditions, typical of diesel engines. Several applications employ dual fuel combustion for the easy management of the PFI injection system to be applied in addition to the DI Common Rail system. However, this mode suffers from several problems regarding the management of the maximum flow rate of hydrogen into the intake. In particular, to avoid throwing hydrogen into the exhaust, injection must be started after the valve crossing. Furthermore, it is not possible to introduce gaseous fuel into the engine when the
Mancaruso, Ezio, Catapano, Francesco, Rossetti, Salvatore, Anaclerio, Giuseppe, Camporeale, Sergio, Episcopo, Domenico, Laera, Davide, Torresi, Marco
Technical Paper
A Study on the Relationship between ECN Spray D and Marine-Sized Nozzles Using FGM Combustion Model2024-01-269504/09/2024
Present work investigates the relationship between the combustion parameters of a well-known ECN heavy-duty nozzle called Spray D and marine-size nozzles. The study is carried out in OpenFOAM software within the framework of RANS turbulence modelling, using a flamelet based tabulation technique known as FGM to model the combustion. The large nozzles are tested in a constant volume chamber representative of marine engines, for which a CFD setup is validated against inert data in literature. The reacting results have been validated first with experimental data, initializing the domain with a highly reactive environment (23% oxygen) and engine-like swirl. Then, a less reactive initial condition was set up in the domain (15% oxygen) without swirl, to achieve a Spray D-like environment. The main goal is to study the variation of the combustion parameters Ignition Delay Time (IDT) and Lift-Off Length (LOL) as function of nozzle diameter, leading to a mathematical correlation to estimate the
Di Matteo, Andrea, Somers, Bart
Technical Paper
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