Browse Topic: Ignition systems

Items (1,950)

Large-Bore HFO Engine Gas Conversion for Power Plants – Part A: Numerical Assessment

2024-36-0160

12/20/2024

In the global scenario marked by the increasing environmental awareness and the necessity on reducing pollutant emission to achieve the decarbonization goals, action plans are being proposed by policy makers to reduce the impact of the climate change, mainly affecting the sectors that most contribute to CO2 emissions such as transportation and power generation. In this sense, by virtue of the National Energy Plan 2050, the Brazilian market will undergo the decommissioning of thermal power plants fueled by diesel and heavy fuel oil (HFO) by 2030, compromising about 6.7 GW of power capacity according to the Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (ANEEL) database. An alternative to the scrapping of these engine power plants is their conversion to operate with fuels with a lower carbon footprint, such as the natural gas. This work, therefore, aims to numerically assess the conversion feasibility of a HFO large bore four-stroke turbocharged engine to operate with natural gas by means of a

Gonçalves, Vinícius Fernandez, Zabeu, Clayton Barcelos, Antolini, Jácson, Salvador, Roberto, Almeida, Rogério, Valiati, Allan Soares, Filho, Guenther Carlos Krieger

Combustion of Hydrated Ethanol and Gasoline RON95 Ultra-High Pressure Direct Injection in Optical Access SI Engine

2024-36-0152

12/20/2024

High and ultra-high pressure direct injection (UHPDI) can enhance efficiency gains with flex-fuel engines operating on ethanol, gasoline, or their mixtures. This application aims to increase the engine’s compression ratio (CR), which uses low CR for gasoline due to the knocking phenomenon. This type of technology, involving injection pressures above 1000 bar, permits late fuel injection during the compression phase, preventing auto-ignition and allowing for higher compression ratios. UHPDI generates a highly turbulent spray with significant momentum, improving air-fuel mix preparation, and combustion, resulting in even greater benefits while minimizing particulate matter emissions. This study aims to develop ultra-high-pressure injection systems using gasoline RON95 and hydrated ethanol in a single-cylinder engine with optical access. Experimental tests will be conducted in an optically accessible spark ignition research engine, employing thermodynamic, optical, and emission results

Malheiro de Oliveira, Enrico R., Mendoza, Alexander Penaranda, Martelli, Andre Luiz, Dias, Fábio J., Weissinger, Frederico F., dos Santos, Leila Ribeiro, Lacava, Pedro Teixeira

An Experimental Study of White Deposit Formation on IG Coil in SI Engine

2024-28-0206

12/05/2024

This study meticulously examines the ignition coil (IG), a pivotal component in engine operation, which transforms the low voltage from the battery into the high voltage necessary for spark plug electrode flashover, initiating the combustion cycle. Considering the importance of IG coils in engine operation which has a direct impact on the engine performance. Any failure in the IG coils is judged as a critical failure and encompasses severe repercussions. The paper details an investigation into the issue of ‘White Deposition’ on IG coils. White deposit was observed in IG Coils during new model development in bench level durability test. A comprehensive failure analysis was conducted, employing vibration analysis, thermal analysis, and chemical analysis of the white deposits to ascertain the root cause. Subsequent to identifying the root cause, the study elaborated on hardware design enhancements as a solution. These design changes were rigorously tested on engine benches, confirmed for

Patel, Hardik Manubhai, Gupta, Vineet, Chand, Subhash, Kumar, Nitish

New 1.5-Liter Hybrid Engine Development with High Brake Thermal Efficiency

2024-01-5107

11/29/2024

The hybrid engines produced by most original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) have been modified to fit within the framework of conventional engine designs. Recently, Geely has introduced a new 1.5-liter (1.5L) inline four-cylinder (I4) TGDI engine, specifically designed to meet the requirements of its innovative, efficient, and intelligent hybrid powertrain architecture. This engine achieves an impressive brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 44%, as well as high specific torque at 153 Nm/L and high specific power at 67 kW/L. To attain this superior performance, the following technical strategies were implemented: a high compression ratio, the robust Miller cycle, an extended piston stroke-to-bore ratio, an intake port optimized for high tumble, cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and an advanced high-energy ignition system. Among these, the middle four strategies, in conjunction with piston cooling jets and enhanced exhaust-side cooling, all contribute to improved in-cylinder

Li, Qiang, Liu, Yang, Zhang, Peiyi, Yan, Pingtao, Li, Hongzhou, Zhu, Yunfeng, Ji, Yan, Li, Minggui, Cui, Boyue

COMBUSTION STRATEGIES FOR LOW-CETANE FUELS

2024-01-3788

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT The effects of advanced fuel injection strategies on the combustion behavior of an unblended low-cetane synthetic jet fuel (Sasol isoparaffinic kerosene, POSF 7629, derived cetane number 31) were investigated in a single-cylinder research engine (SCRE) at several speeds and loads. The most significant finding of the current work is that the introduction of a small pulse of fuel prior to the main fuel injection event, termed a close-coupled pilot (CCP) injection, effectively mitigates the relatively longer ignition delay time of the DCN 31 fuel. Therefore, a potential technical solution exists that would permit the use of low-cetane jet fuels in military ground vehicles if the operational scenario required it. Citation: M. Tess, E. Gingrich, S. Stoll, “Combustion Strategies for Low-Cetane Fuels”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019

Tess, Michael, Gingrich, Eric, Stoll, Steve

Performance and Emissions of a Hydrogen Dual-Fuel Engine Using Diesel and HVO as Pilot Fuels

2024-01-4286

11/05/2024

A comprehensive experimental study of hydrogen–diesel dual-fuel and hydrogen-hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) dual-fuel operations was conducted in a single-cylinder diesel engine (bore 85.0 mm, stroke 96.9 mm, and compression ratio 14.3) equipped with a common rail fuel injection system and a supercharger. The hydrogen flow rate was manipulated by varying the hydrogen excess air ratio from 2.5 to 4.0 in 0.5 increments. Hydrogen was introduced into the intake pipe using a gas injector. Diesel fuel and HVO were injected as pilot fuels at a fixed injection pressure of 80 MPa. The quantity of pilot fuel was set to 3, 6, and 13 mm3/cycle. The intake and exhaust pressures were set in the range of 100–220 kPa in 20 kPa increments. The engine was operated at a constant speed of 1,800 rpm under all conditions. The pilot injection timing was varied such that the ignition timing was constant at the TDC under all conditions. The results demonstrated that smoke was lower when HVO was used as the

Mukhtar, Ghazian Amin, Tange, Kota, Nakatani, Satoshi, Horibe, Naoto, Kawanabe, Hiroshi, Morita, Gin, Hiraoka, Kenji, Koda, Kazuyuki

Physics Based On-Board Exhaust-Temperature Prediction Model for Highly Efficient and Low-Emission Powertrain

2024-01-4273

11/05/2024

Modern automotive powertrains are operated using many control devices under a wide range of environmental conditions. The exhaust temperature must be controlled within a specific range to ensure low exhaust-gas emissions and engine-component protection. In this regard, physics-based exhaust-temperature prediction models are advantageous compared with the conventional exhaust-temperature map-based model developed using engine dyno testing results. This is because physics-based models can predict exhaust-temperature behavior in conditions not measured for calibration. However, increasing the computational load to illustrate all physical phenomena in the engine air path, including combustion in the cylinder, may not fully leverage the advantages of physical models for the performance of electric control units (ECUs). This study proposes an onboard physics-based exhaust-temperature prediction model for a mass-produced engine to protect the engine exhaust system and reduce exhaust emissions

Yamaguchi, Seiya, Tomita, Masayuki, Urakawa, Shinji, Ookubo, Seiichi

Fuel Design Concept to Improve Both Combustion Stability and Antiknocking Property Focusing on Ethane

2024-01-4276

11/05/2024

For realizing a super-leanburn SI engine with a very-high compression ratio, it is necessary to design a new fuel which could have low ignitability at a low temperature for antiknocking, but high ignitability at a high temperature for some contribution to stable combustion. C2H6 has a very-long ignition delay time at a low temperature, close to that of CH4, but a short ignition delay time at a high temperature, close to that of gasoline. C2H6 also has a laminar burning velocity about 1.2 times higher than that of gasoline. C2H6 addition to gasoline could be a good example of fuel design to improve both combustion stability and antiknocking property. In the present study, the antiknocking effect of adding CH4, C2H6, or C3H8 with the RON of 120, 115, or 112, respectively, to a regular-gasoline surrogate fuel with the RON of 90.8 has been investigated in an SI engine with a stoichiometric mixture. With the energy fraction of the gaseous fuel of less than 0.35, knocking limit CA50 is

Kuwahara, Kazunari, Shimizu, Taisei, Okada, Atsuki

Parametric Study of Methanol Combustion Assisted by Glow Plug in a Low-Duty Diesel Engine

2024-01-4284

11/05/2024

This work numerically investigated the feasibility of methanol compression ignition combustion for light-duty diesel engine applications by using a glow plug (GP) to promote ignition. A comprehensive parametric study was conducted to assess the combustion characteristics depending on the GP position, the relative angle between the GP and injector, and other initial conditions. Optimal design parameters were identified. It was demonstrated that GP can enable successful ignition and combustion of methanol at the operating conditions under study. Among the many parameters considered, the relative angle between the GP and injector was found to be one of the most critical parameters in controlling the ignition and complete combustion. Increasing intake temperature promoted combustion speed and engine performance, but excessively high intake temperatures led to higher wall heat transfer loss and lower ITE. An appropriate level of the pilot injection mass was found to increase ITE, with the

Liu, Xinlei, Sim, Jaeheon, Raman, Vallinayagam, Viollet, Yoann, AlRamadan, Abdullah S., Cenker, Emre, Im, Hong G.

Offset Active Prechamber (OAP): A Strategy to Enable Low Load GCI Operation

2024-01-4283

11/05/2024

High fuel stratification gasoline compression ignition (HFS-GCI) strategies allow for the use of ignition control methods similar to those used by diesel-fueled compression ignition (CI) engines while offering the emissions benefits of gasoline-like fuels. Despite this benefit, low load GCI operation requires ignition assistance viz. intake boosting, intake heating, cylinder deactivation, etc. for consistent autoignition. A novel ignition assistance methodology using an offset active prechamber (OAP) is proposed in this work to enable low load GCI operation. A 1.5cc OAP with a pressure-sensing spark plug and gaseous fuel injection system is designed and mounted in a medium-duty single-cylinder test engine based on the Cummins ISB engine. The prechamber is provided with two holes designed to ignite the fuel spray from the centrally mounted direct injection (DI) fuel injector. Gasoline was used as the main chamber fuel and methane was used as the prechamber fuel. A detailed parametric

Gupta, Saurabh K, Hanson, Reed, Dempsey, Adam, Kokjohn, Sage

Methanol Combustion in Compression Ignition Engines with a Combustion Enhancer Based on Nitrates (CEN): Insights from an Experimental Study in a New One-Shot Engine (NOSE

2024-01-4281

11/05/2024

Because it can be produced in a green form methanol is envisioned as a potential fuel replacing conventional Diesel fuel to directly reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) impact of maritime transportation. For these reasons, Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) are working to make methanol easier to use in Compression Ignition (CI) engines. While it is an easy to use substance with manageable energy content, methanol has a few drawbacks, such as: high latent heat of vaporization, high auto-ignition temperature. These drawbacks have an impact on the quality of combustion and therefore solutions have to be found and are still being studied to give methanol a Diesel like behavior. One solution is to use a pilot fuel for ignition in quantities that remain high (> 20 %). A previous study carried out at the PRISME laboratory highlighted the possibility of using a Combustion Enhancer based on Nitrates (CEN) at additive levels. Here the CEN impact in methanol is studied through the use of a New One

Samson, Richard, Morin, Anne-Gaelle, Foucher, Fabrice

Spray Ignition of Primary Reference Fuels Blended with Ethanol and 2,5-Dimethylfuran

2024-01-4294

11/05/2024

Engine knocking poses a significant challenge for downsizing and boosting strategies in spark-ignition (SI) engines. In the event of knock, the unburnt fuel-oxidizer mixture auto-ignites after being compressed by the flame front and piston of an SI engine. Conventional knock is influenced by combustion chemistry and physical properties of the fuel. In this work, we present auto-ignition characteristics of primary reference fuel (PRF75), ethanol, 2,5-dimethylfuran, and their blends in Advanced Fuel Ignition Delay Analyzer (AFIDA). Three different pressures, i.e. 10, 15, and 20 atm and four different temperatures, i.e. 450, 500, 550, and 600 0C have been used as initial conditions. A weak negative temperature coefficient (NTC) behavior has been observed for PRF75 ignition in AFIDA in this work. Moreover, for PRF75, the ignition delay times at low temperatures have been observed to show weaker dependence on pressure in comparison to the high temperature cases. For ethanol and 2,5

Bhattacharya, Atmadeep, Kaario, Ossi, Eraqi, Basem, Sakleshpur Nagaraja, Shashank, Sarathy, Mani

Heater and Accessories, Aircraft Internal Combustion Heat Exchanger Type

AS8040C (Current)

10/03/2024

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) covers combustion heaters and accessories used in, but not limited to, the following applications: a Cabin heating (all occupied regions and windshield heating) b Wing and empennage anti-icing c Engine and accessory heating (when heater is installed as part of the aircraft) d Aircraft deicing

AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee

Novel Chemical Kinetics Mechanism for Robust Simulation of Multi-Component Fuel Blends in Engine Conditions

2024-24-0035

09/18/2024

Ammonia, with its significant hydrogen content, offers a practical alternative to pure hydrogen in marine applications and is easier to store due to its higher volumetric energy density. While Ammonia's resistance to auto-ignition makes it suitable for high-compression ratio engines using pre-mixed charge, its low flame speed poses challenges. Innovative combustion strategies, such as dual-fuel and reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI), leverage secondary high-reactivity fuels like diesel to enhance Ammonia combustion. To address the challenges posed by Ammonia's low flame speed, blending with hydrogen or natural gas (NG) in the low reactivity portion of the fuel mixture is an effective approach. For combustion simulation in engines, it is crucial to develop a chemical kinetics mechanism that accommodates all participating fuels: diesel, Ammonia, hydrogen, and NG. This study aims to propose a kinetics mechanism applicable for the combustion of these fuels together. The

Salahi, Mohammad Mahdi, Mahmoudzadeh Andwari, Amin, Kakoee, Alireza, Hyvonen, Jari, Gharehghani, Ayat, Mikulski, Maciej, Lendormy, Éric

Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Dual Fuel Hydrogen/Diesel Combustion at Varying Engine Speed on a Single Cylinder Engine

2024-24-0044

09/18/2024

In this study, dual fuel combustion process has been investigated numerically and experimentally in a single cylinder research engine. Two engine speeds have been investigated (1500 and 2000 rpm) at fixed BMEP of 5 bar for both engine speeds. For each engine speed two operating points have tested with and without EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation). The hydrogen has been injected in the intake manifold in front of the tumble intake port inlet and a small amount of diesel fuel has been introduced directly in the cylinder through two injections strategy: one pilot injection occurring Before Top Dead Center (BTDC) and one main occurring around the Top Dead Center (TDC). The dual-fuel combustion model in GT-SUITE has been used first to calibrate the combustion model by using the Three Pressure Analysis (TPA) model. This step allows the calibration of the combustion model to predict in-cylinder combustion processes. Simulations have been performed at varying mass distribution of injected diesel

Maroteaux, Fadila, SEBAI, Salim, Mancaruso, Ezio, Rossetti, Salvatore, Schembri, Patrick, Radja, Katia, Barichella, Arnault

Load-Exchange Optimization for a Passive Pre-Chamber Ignition System

2024-24-0034

09/18/2024

Increasing ignition energy by replacing standard spark igniters with pre-chambers is an established combustion accelerator. With rapid combustion on the one hand, mixture dilution can be extended while maintaining the combustion stability at adequate levels. On the other hand, accelerated combustion reduces the need for knock-induced spark retarding, thus facilitating emission reduction and increases in efficiency simultaneously. A newly developed pre-chamber ignition system is introduced in this work. The influence of the system on combustion is investigated in a single-cylinder research engine. The findings can support the development of future ignition technology for passenger-vehicle-sized engines. There are two basic configurations of pre-chamber igniters: the first is known as passive pre-chamber, the second as scavenged pre-chamber. The first configuration can be realized as a simple replacement for standard spark plugs. While additional costs are minimized, the air-fuel ratio

Fellner, Felix, Fitz, Patrick, Härtl, Martin, Jaensch, Malte

A New Design of Solid-State Bipolar Nanosecond Pulse High-Frequency Discharge Power Supply for Engine Ignition System

2024-01-5063

06/17/2024

In this study, a bipolar nanosecond pulse all-solid-state power supply was developed including Lenz capacitance (LC) resonant circuit and full-bridge inverter circuit to provide plasma ignition mode for internal combustion engines. The power supply converts the direct current (DC) voltage into voltage pulses using the inverter circuit with insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), and subsequently amplifies the voltage through a pulse transformer. In the magnetic compression circuit, two capacitors were utilized to store energy simultaneously and approximately double the voltage. By exploiting the hysteresis characteristics of the magnetic switch, a nanosecond pulse output was achieved. An enhanced full-bridge inverter snubber circuit was proposed, which can effectively absorb surge voltage, with a voltage impact reduction on the primary winding of the pulse transformer to less than 1%. The newly developed bipolar nanosecond pulse power supply achieved a good performance with bipolar

Sun, Ao, Hu, Yong, Rong, Weixin, Yu, Wenbin, Zhao, Feiyang

Effect of Ethanol and Iso-Octane Blends on Isolated Low-Temperature Heat Release in a Spark Ignition Engine

04-17-03-0016

05/17/2024

Low-temperature heat release (LTHR) is of interest for its potential to help control autoignition in advanced compression ignition (ACI) engines and mitigate knock in spark ignition (SI) engines. Previous studies have identified and investigated LTHR in both ACI and SI engines before the main high-temperature heat release (HTHR) event and, more recently, LTHR in isolation has been demonstrated in SI engines by appropriately curating the in-cylinder thermal state during compression and disabling the spark discharge. Ethanol is an increasingly common component of market fuel blends, owing to its renewable sources. In this work, the effect of adding ethanol to iso-octane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane) blends on their LTHR behavior is demonstrated. Tests were run on a motored single-cylinder engine elevated inlet air temperatures and pressures were adjusted to realize LTHR from blends of iso-octane and ethanol without entering the HTHR regime. The blends were tested with inlet temperatures of 40

White, Samuel Philip, Bajwa, Abdullah Umair, Leach, Felix

Combustion Analysis of Active Pre-Chamber Design for Ultra-Lean Engine Operation

03-17-05-0040

04/27/2024

In this article, the effects of mixture dilution using EGR or excessive air on adiabatic flame temperature, laminar flame speed, and minimum ignition energy are studied to illustrate the fundamental benefits of lean combustion. An ignition system developing a new active pre-chamber (APC) design was assessed, aimed at improving the indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) of a 1.5 L four-cylinder gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine. The engine combustion process was simulated with the SAGE detailed chemistry model within the CONVERGE CFD tool, assuming the primary reference fuel (PRF) to be a volumetric mixture of 93% iso-octane and 7% n-heptane. The effects of design parameters, such as APC volume, nozzle diameter, and nozzle orientations, on ITE were studied. It was found that the ignition jet velocity from the pre-chamber to the main chamber had a significant impact on the boundary heat losses and combustion phasing. The simulation showed that, under 16.46 compression ratio (CR) and

Peethambaram, Mohan Raj, Zhou, Quanbao, Waters, Benjamin, Pendlebury, Ken, Fu, Huiyu, Haines, Andrew, Hale, David, Hu, Tiegang, Zhang, Jiaxiang, Wu, Xuesong, Zhang, Xiaoyu

Mixture Formation and Corresponding Knock Limits in a Hydrogen Direct Injection Engine Using Different Jet Forming Caps

2024-01-2113

04/09/2024

The need for carbon-neutral transportation solutions has never been more pronounced. With the continually expanding volume of goods in transit, innovative and dependable powertrain concepts for freight transport are imperative. The green hydrogen-powered internal combustion engine presents an appealing option for integrating a reliable, non-fossil fuel powertrain into commercial vehicles. This study focuses on the adaptation of a single-cylinder diesel engine with a displacement of 2116 cm3 to facilitate hydrogen combustion. The engine, characterized by low levels of swirl and tumble, underwent modifications, including the integration of a conventional central spark plug, a custom-designed piston featuring a reduced compression ratio of 9.5, and a low-pressure hydrogen direct injection system. Operating the injection system at 25 bar hydrogen pressure, the resulting jet profiles were varied by employing jet forming caps affixed directly to the injector nozzle. Specifically, two cap

Bucherer, Manuel, Reinbold, Marcel, Bui, Thai An, Kubach, Heiko, Koch, Thomas

Effect of Baffle Height on the in-Cylinder Air-Fuel Mixture Preparation in a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine – A Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis

2024-01-2697

04/09/2024

In-cylinder fluid dynamics enhance performance and emission characteristics in internal combustion (IC) engines. Techniques such as helical ports, valve shrouding, masking, and modifications to piston profiles or vanes in ports are employed to achieve the desired in-cylinder flows in these engines. However, due to space constraints, modifications to the cylinder head are typically minimal. The literature suggests that introducing baffles into the combustion chamber of an IC engine can enhance in-cylinder flows, air-fuel mixing, and, subsequently, stratification. Studies have indicated that the height of the baffles plays a significant role in determining the level of improvement in in-cylinder flow and air-fuel mixing. Therefore, this study employs Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis to investigate the impact of baffle height on in-cylinder flow and air-fuel mixing in a four-stroke, four-valve, spray-guided gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine. The maximum allowable baffle

V, Vishal, Mallikarjuna, J M

Development of a High Power, Low Emissions Heavy Duty Hydrogen Engine

2024-01-2610

04/09/2024

The hydrogen (H2) internal combustion engine (ICE) is emerging as an attractive low life-cycle carbon powertrain configuration for applications that require high power, high duty cycle operation. Owing to the relative ease of conversion of heavy duty (HD) diesel ICEs to H2 and the potential for low exhaust emissions, H2 ICEs are expected to play a strong role in rapidly decarbonizing hard-to-electrify markets such as off-road, rail, and marine. The conversion of HD diesel ICEs to spark ignited H2 with port fuel injection is typically accompanied by a de-rating of engine power and torque. This is due to several fuel- and system-related challenges, including the high risk of abnormal combustion resulting from the low auto-ignition energy threshold of H2, and boost system requirements for highly dilute operation that is used to partially mitigate this abnormal combustion risk. However, HD ICEs must be adapted to a diverse range of vehicle applications, and so increasing ICE displacement

Bunce, Michael, Seba, Bouzid, Andreutti, Roberto, Yan, Ziming, Peters, Nathan

Pre-Chamber Combustion System Development for an Ultra-Lean Gasoline Engine

2024-01-2110

04/09/2024

Amid rising demands for fuel efficiency and emissions reduction, enhancing the thermal efficiency of gasoline engines has become imperative, which requires higher efficiency combustion strategies and integrated optimized design to maximize the work output from fuel. In gasoline engine, both increasing the compression ratio and using lean burn mode improve the ratio of useful work output to the energy input effectively, which resulting in higher thermal efficiency. Although there is limited scope for increasing the compression ratio due to the higher sensitivity to knocking, especially under stoichiometric conditions, reduced sensitivity could be got with leaner mixture fill into cylinder, which can further increase the specific heat ratio and thermal efficiency. However, realizing the efficiency benefits of lean burn in gasoline engines necessitates overcoming critical challenges like ensuring robust ignition process and accelerating burning rates to achieve short, stable combustion

Du, Jiakun, Qi, Hongzhong, Chen, Hong, Li, Yuhuai, Zhan, Wenfeng, Jiang, Xiaoxiao, Wu, Weilong, Zhang, Zonglan

Effect of Spark Assisted Compression Ignition on the End-Gas Autoignition with DME-air Mixtures in a Rapid Compression Machine

2024-01-2822

04/09/2024

Substantial effort has been devoted to utilizing homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) to improve thermal efficiency and reduce emission pollutants in internal combustion engines. However, the uncertainty of ignition timing and limited operational range restrict further adoption for the industry. Using the spark-assisted compression ignition (SACI) technique has the advantage of using a spark event to control the combustion process. This study employs a rapid compression machine to characterize the ignition and combustion process of Dimethyl ether (DME) under engine-like background temperature and pressures and combustion regimes, including HCCI, SACI, and knocking onsite. The spark ignition timing was swept to ignite the mixture under various thermodynamic conditions. This investigation demonstrates the presence of four distinct combustion regimes, including detonation, strong end-gas autoignition, mild end-gas autoignition, and HCCI. The observation indicates that HCCI

Jin, Long, Yu, Xiao, Wang, Meiping, Reader, Graham, Zheng, Ming

Optical Diagnostic Study on Ammonia-Diesel and Ammonia-PODE Dual Fuel Engines

2024-01-2362

04/09/2024

Ammonia shows promise as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines (ICEs) in reducing CO2 emissions due to its carbon-free nature and well-established infrastructure. However, certain drawbacks, such as the high ignition energy, the narrow flammability range, and the extremely low laminar flame speed, limit its widespread application. The dual fuel (DF) mode is an appealing approach to enhance ammonia combustion. The combustion characteristics of ammonia-diesel dual fuel mode and ammonia-PODE3 dual fuel mode were experimentally studied using a full-view optical engine and the high-speed photography method. The ammonia energy ratio (ERa) was varied from 40% to 60%, and the main injection energy ratio (ERInj1) and the main injection time (SOI1) were also varied in ammonia-PODE3 mode. The findings demonstrate that ammonia-PODE3 mode exhibits better ignition characteristics than ammonia-diesel mode, resulting in an earlier ignition start, a larger flame area, a larger flame

Mao, Jianshu, Zhang, Yixiao, Ma, Yue, Ma, Xiao, Wang, Zhi, Wang, Zhenqian, Shuai, Shijin

Estimating Light-Duty Vehicle Gaseous Emissions Using a Data-Driven Approach in Off-Cycle Measurements

2024-01-2705

04/09/2024

As global regulations on automotive tailpipe emissions become increasingly stringent, developing precise tailpipe emissions models has garnered significant attention to fulfill onboard monitoring requirements without some drawbacks associated with traditional sensor-based systems. Within the European Union, there is consideration of mandating real-time measurement of emission constituents to enable driver warnings in cases where constituent standards are exceeded. Presently, available technology renders this approach cost-prohibitive and technologically challenging, with most sensor suppliers either unable to meet the demand or unwilling to justify the development costs associated with sensor commercialization. Efforts to circumvent the sensor-based approach through first principle models, incorporating thermokinetics, have proven to be both computationally expensive and lacking in accuracy during transient operations. We propose a data-driven solution based on DL (deep learning) to

Hashemi, Ashton, Schlingmann, Dean

Effect of Port Water Injection on the Knock and Combustion Characteristics for an Argon Power Cycle Hydrogen Engine

2024-01-2612

04/09/2024

Argon power cycle hydrogen engine is an internal combustion engine that employs argon instead of nitrogen of air as the working fluid, oxygen as the oxidizer, and hydrogen as the fuel. Since argon has a higher specific heat ratio than air, argon power cycle hydrogen engines have theoretically higher indicated thermal efficiencies according to the Otto cycle efficiency formula. However, argon makes the end mixture more susceptible to spontaneous combustion and thus is accompanied by a stronger knock at a lower compression ratio, thus limiting the improvement of thermal efficiency in engine operation. In order to suppress the limitation of knock on the thermal efficiency, this paper adopts a combination of experimental and simulation methods to investigate the effects of port water injection on the knock suppression and combustion characteristics of an argon power cycle hydrogen engine. The results show that the port water injection can effectively reduce the knock intensity of the argon

Tang, Yongjian, Deng, Jun, Xie, Kaien, Jin, Shaoye, Li, Liguang

Next Generation High Efficiency Boosted Engine Concept

2024-01-2094

04/09/2024

This work represents an advanced engineering research project partially funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Ford Motor Company, FEV North America, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory collaborated to develop a next generation boosted spark ignited engine concept. The project goals, specified by the DOE, were 23% improved fuel economy and 15% reduced weight relative to a 2015 or newer light-duty vehicle. The fuel economy goal was achieved by designing an engine incorporating high geometric compression ratio, high dilution tolerance, low pumping work, and low friction. The increased tendency for knock with high compression ratio was addressed using early intake valve closing (EIVC), cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), an active pre-chamber ignition system, and careful management of the fresh charge temperature. Engine weight reduction measures were implemented throughout the engine system making use of composite materials, advanced manufacturing techniques, and architectural

Shelby, Michael H., Case, Mark E., Chesney, Lynn A.

A Comparative Study of Knock Formation in Gasoline and Methanol Combustion Using a Multiple Spark Ignition Approach: An Optical Investigation

2024-01-2105

04/09/2024

Engine knock is a major challenge that limits the achievement of higher engine efficiency by increasing the compression ratio of the engine. To address this issue, using a higher octane number fuel can be a potential solution to reduce or eliminate the propensity for knock and so obtain better engine performance. Methanol, a promising alternative fuel, can be produced from conventional and non-conventional energy resources, which can help reduce pollutant emissions. Methanol has a higher octane number than typically gasolines, which makes it a viable option for reducing knock intensity. This study compared the combustion characteristics of gasoline and methanol fuels in an optical spark-ignition engine using multiple spark plugs. The experiment was carried out on a single-cylinder four-stroke optical engine. The researchers used a customized metal liner with four circumferential spark plugs to generate multiple flame kernels inside the combustion chamber. The results indicated that

Uddeen, Kalim, Tang, Qinglong, Shi, Hao, Almatrafi, Fahad, Magnotti, Gaetano, Turner, James

Numerical Simulation of Ammonia-Hydrogen Engine Using Low-Pressure Direct Injection (LP-DI

2024-01-2118

04/09/2024

Ammonia (NH3), a zero-carbon fuel, has great potential for internal combustion engine development. However, its high ignition energy, low laminar burning velocity, narrow range of flammability limits, and high latent heat of vaporization are not conducive for engine application. This paper numerically investigates the feasibility of utilizing ammonia in a heavy-duty diesel engine, specifically through low-pressure direct injection (LP-DI) of hydrogen to ignite ammonia combustion. Due to the lack of a well-corresponding mechanism for the operating conditions of ammonia-hydrogen engines, this study serves only as a trend-oriented prediction. The paper compares the engine's combustion and emission performance by optimizing four critical parameters: excess air ratio, hydrogen energy ratio, ignition timing, and hydrogen injection timing. The results reveal that excessively high hydrogen energy ratios lead to an advanced combustion phase, reducing indicated thermal efficiency. Additionally

Xu, Xiaoting, Wang, Wei, Qi, Yunliang, Wang, Zhi, Min, Haijiao, Li, Fangwei, Yin, Yong, Li, Zhi

Comparison of the Predictive Capabilities of Chemical Kinetic Models for Hydrogen Combustion Applications

2024-01-2116

04/09/2024

Recent legislation banning the sale of new petrol and diesel vehicles in Europe from 2035 has shifted the focus of internal combustion engine research towards alternative fuels with net zero tailpipe emissions such as hydrogen. Research regarding hydrogen as a fuel is particularly pertinent to the so-called ‘hard-to-electrify’ propulsion applications, requiring a combination of large range, fast refuelling times or high-load duty cycles. The virtual design, development, and optimisation of hydrogen internal combustion engines has resulted in the necessity for accurate predictive modelling of the hydrogen combustion and autoignition processes. Typically, the models for these processes rely respectively on laminar flame speed datasets to calculate the rate of fuel burn as well as ignition delay time datasets to estimate autoignition timing. These datasets are generated using chemical kinetic mechanisms available in the literature. However, these mechanisms have typically been developed

Ribnishki, Aleksandar, Charles, Cameron, Esposito, Stefania, Akehurst, Sam, Yuan, Hao

Performance of Spark Current Boost System on a Production Engine under Lean-Burn Conditions

2024-01-2106

04/09/2024

In order to improve the fuel economy for future high-efficiency spark ignition engines, the applications of advanced combustion strategies are considered to be beneficial with an overall lean and/or exhaust gas recirculation diluted cylinder charge. Stronger and more reliable ignition sources become more favorable under extreme lean/EGR conditions. Existing research indicates that the frequency of plasma restrikes increases with increased flow velocity and decreased discharge current level, and a higher discharge current can reduce the gap resistance and maintain the stretched plasma for a longer duration under flow conditions. An in-house developed current boost control system provides flexible control of the discharge current level and discharge duration. The current boost ignition system is based on a multi-coil system with a discharge current level of 180mA. In this study, a comparative study has been conducted to investigate the efficacy of multi-coil and multi-core ignition

Yu, Xiao, Leblanc, Simon, Wang, Linyan, Zheng, Ming, Tjong, Jimi

Development of a 0D/1D Model System for the Cycle-to-Cycle Variation of High Tumble Spark Ignition Engines

2024-01-2083

04/09/2024

Due to increasingly strict emission regulations, the demand for internal combustion engine performance has enhanced. Combustion stability is one of the main research focuses due to its impacts on the emission level. Moreover, the combustion instability becomes more significant under the lean combustion concept, which is an essential direction of internal combustion engine development. The combustion instability is represented as the cycle-to-cycle variation. This paper presents a quasi-dimensional model system for predicting the cycle-to-cycle variation in 0D/1D simulation. The modeling is based on the cause-and-effect chain of cycle-to-cycle variation of spark ignition engines, which is established through the flow field analysis of large eddy simulation results [1]. In the model system, varying parameters are turbulent kinetic energy, the distribution of air-to-fuel equivalence ratio, and the in-cylinder velocity field. The model system considers both the global and the local

Feng, Ye, Mirsch, Niklas, Mir, Daniel Ismail, Kulzer, André Casal, Grill, Michael, Steeger, Fabian, Blomberg, Michael, Pischinger, Stefan

Evaluation of closed-loop combustion phase optimization for varying fuel compensation and cylinder balancing in a HD SI-ICE

2024-01-2837

04/09/2024

Alternative fuels, such as natural and bio-gas, are attractive options for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from combustion engines. However, the naturally occurring variation in gas composition poses a challenge and may significantly impact engine performance. The gas composition affects fundamental fuel properties such as flame propagation speed and heat release rate. Deviations from the gas composition for which the engine was calibrated result in changes in the combustion phase, reducing engine efficiency and increasing fuel consumption and emissions. However, the efficiency loss can be limited by estimating the combustion phase and adapting the spark timing, which could be implemented favorably using a closed-loop control approach. In this paper, we evaluate the efficiency loss resulting from varying gas compositions and the benefits of using a closed-loop controller to adapt the spark timing to retain the nominal combustion phase. We use a 13-liter natural gas-fueled heavy-duty

Björnsson, Ola, Tunestal, Per

Experimental Study of Ammonia Combustion in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Converted to Spark Ignition Operation

2024-01-2371

04/09/2024

Ammonia is one of the carbon-free alternatives considered for power generation and transportation sectors. But ammonia’s lower flame speed, higher ignition energy, and higher nitrogen oxides emissions are challenges in practical applications such as internal combustion engines. As a result, modifications in engine design and control and the use of a secondary fuel to initiate combustion such as natural gas are considered for ammonia-fueled engines. The higher-octane number of methane (the main component in natural gas) and ammonia allows for higher compression ratios, which in turn would increase the engine's thermal efficiency. One simple approach to initiate and control combustion for a high-octane fuel at higher compression ratios is to use a spark plug. This study experimentally investigated the operation of a heavy-duty compression ignition engine converted to spark ignition and ammonia-methane blends. Engine operation at a 40% natural gas energy substitution rate with ammonia was

Alvarez, Luis F., Dumitrescu, Cosmin E.

Simulation Study of Cathode Spot Formation on Spark Plug Electrodes Leading to Electrode Erosion

2024-01-2103

04/09/2024

A multi-dimensional cathode spot generation model is proposed to study the interaction between the plasma arc and cathode surface of a spark plug during the ignition process. The model is focused on the instationary (high current) arc phase immediately following breakdown, and includes detailed physics for the phenomena during spot formation such as ion collision, thermal-field emission, and metal vaporization, to simulate the surface heat source, current density and surface pressure. The spot formation for a platinum cathode is simulated using the VOF (volume of fluid) model within FLUENT, where the local metal is melted and deformed by pressure differences on the surface. A random walk model has been integrated to consider the movement of the arc center, resulting in the formation of different types of spots. The simulation results show: it takes approximately 100 ns for the arc to discharge the electric charge of the spark plug side capacitance and form the spot in the instationary

Li, Delong, Tambasco, Corey, Hall, Matthew, Matthews, Ron

Effects of Spark Plug Operating Conditions on Electrode Erosion and Surface Deformation

2024-01-2100

04/09/2024

An experimental study of the spark ignition process for SI engines was conducted to study spark plug erosion and the effect of breakdown voltage/energy on electrode surface deformation. The experiments were conducted outside of an engine, in both a pressurized constant volume optical chamber and in a high-pressure vessel heated within a furnace with gas temperatures as high as 730°C. J-gap spark plugs designed for natural gas engines were studied at elevated temperature and under a range of pressures to investigate electrode wear characteristics. Both iridium-alloy and platinum-alloy cathode (center electrode) and anode (ground strap) spark plugs were investigated. In addition, single spark events were performed on polished platinum cathode surfaces to allow the visualization of craters from individual spark events in order to quantify how their size and shape were affected by energy deposition and breakdown characteristics. The spark plug electrodes were investigated using optical

Tambasco, Corey, Hall, Matthew, Matthews, Ron

Experimental Comparison of Spark and Jet Ignition Engine Operation with Ammonia/Hydrogen Co-Fuelling

2024-01-2099

04/09/2024

Ammonia (NH3) is emerging as a potential fuel for longer range decarbonised heavy transport, predominantly due to favourable characteristics as an effective hydrogen carrier. This is despite generally unfavourable combustion and toxicity attributes, restricting end use to applications where robust health and safety protocols can always be upheld. In the currently reported work, a spark ignited thermodynamic single cylinder research engine was upgraded to include gaseous ammonia and hydrogen port injection fueling, with the aim of understanding maximum viable ammonia substitution ratios across the speed-load operating map. The work was conducted under stoichiometric conditions with the spark timing re-optimised for maximum brake torque at all stable logged sites. The experiments included industry standard measurements of combustion, performance and engine-out emissions. It was found possible to run the engine on pure ammonia at low engine speeds at low to moderate engine loads in a

Ambalakatte, Ajith, Cairns, Alasdair, Geng, Sikai, Varaei, Amirata, Hegab, Abdelrahman, Harrington, Anthony, Hall, Jonathan, Bassett, Michael

Combustion Chamber Development for Flat Firedeck Heavy-Duty Natural Gas Engines

2024-01-2115

04/09/2024

The widely accepted best practice for spark-ignition combustion is the four-valve pent-roof chamber using a central sparkplug and incorporating tumble flow during the intake event. The bulk tumble flow readily breaks up during the compression stroke to fine-scale turbulent kinetic energy desired for rapid, robust combustion. The natural gas engines used in medium- and heavy-truck applications would benefit from a similar, high-tumble pent-roof combustion chamber. However, these engines are invariably derived from their higher-volume diesel counterparts, and the production volumes are insufficient to justify the amount of modification required to incorporate a pent-roof system. The objective of this multi-dimensional computational study was to develop a combustion chamber addressing the objectives of a pent-roof chamber while maintaining the flat firedeck and vertical valve orientation of the diesel engine. A new combustion chamber was designed based on a commercial 11-liter natural gas

Hoag, Kevin, Wray, Christopher, Callahan, Timothy J., Lu, Qilong, Gilbert, Ian, Abidin, Zainal

Analysis of Thermal Stress on Silicon Nitride Surface Caused by Drop-Wall Interaction at Engine Conditions

2024-01-2584

04/09/2024

The phenomenon of drop-wall interaction plays a crucial role in a wide range of industrial applications. When liquid droplets come into contact with a high-temperature surface, it can lead to thermal shock due to rapid temperature fluctuations. This abrupt temperature change can generate thermal stress within the solid wall material. If the thermal stress exceeds the material's strength in that specific stress mode, it can result in material failure. Therefore, it is imperative to delve into the evolving temperature patterns on high-temperature surfaces to optimize material durability. This study focuses on investigating drop-wall interactions within the context of engine environments. To achieve this, the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method is employed to simulate the impact of fuel droplets on a silicon nitride wall. The goal is to understand the heat transfer mechanisms, thermal penetration depths, and temperature distributions within the heated wall. Furthermore, this

Ahamed, Sheikh, Kong, Song-Charng

A Study on the Relationship between ECN Spray D and Marine-Sized Nozzles Using FGM Combustion Model

2024-01-2695

04/09/2024

Present work investigates the relationship between the combustion parameters of a well-known ECN heavy-duty nozzle called Spray D and marine-size nozzles. The study is carried out in OpenFOAM software within the framework of RANS turbulence modelling, using a flamelet based tabulation technique known as FGM to model the combustion. The large nozzles are tested in a constant volume chamber representative of marine engines, for which a CFD setup is validated against inert data in literature. The reacting results have been validated first with experimental data, initializing the domain with a highly reactive environment (23% oxygen) and engine-like swirl. Then, a less reactive initial condition was set up in the domain (15% oxygen) without swirl, to achieve a Spray D-like environment. The main goal is to study the variation of the combustion parameters Ignition Delay Time (IDT) and Lift-Off Length (LOL) as function of nozzle diameter, leading to a mathematical correlation to estimate the

Di Matteo, Andrea, Somers, Bart

Piston Geometries Impact on Spark-Ignition Light-Duty Hydrogen Engine

2024-01-2613

04/09/2024

The European Union aims to be climate neutral by 2050 and requires the transport sector to reduce their emissions by 90%. The deployment of H2ICE to power vehicles is one of the solutions proposed. Indeed, H2ICEs in vehicles can reduce local pollution, reduce global emissions of CO2 and increase efficiency. Although H2ICEs could be rapidly introduced, investigations on hydrogen combustion in ICEs are still required. This paper aims to experimentally compare a flat piston and a bowl piston in terms of performances, emissions and abnormal combustions. Tests were performed with the help of a single cylinder Diesel engine which has been modified. In particular, a center direct injector dedicated to H2 injection and a side-mounted spark plug were installed, and the compression ratio was reduced to 12.7:1. Several exhaust gas measurement systems complete the testbed to monitor exhaust NOx and H2. Results were obtained for a specific operating point, 2000 rpm as engine speed and 13 bar as

Masurier, Jean-Baptiste, LOW-KAME, Jean, Oung, Richard, Foucher, Fabrice

Development of a Direct-Injection Heavy-Duty Hydrogen Engine

2024-01-2609

04/09/2024

Hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engines (ICEs) offer a zero-carbon fuel option for many applications. As part of the global effort to study hydrogen ICEs Ricardo has developed single-cylinder and multi-cylinder heavy-duty engines. The engines are representative of a 13 litre Euro VI heavy-duty production application converted to run on hydrogen fuel with limited changes. The engine is fitted with direct hydrogen injectors which enable flexible injection strategies and reduce hydrogen in the intake system. Steady-state testing was carried out over an array of speed and load points covering a typical heavy-duty drive-cycle area. Engine test results are presented and analysed in this paper. The combustion system can run to values exceeding lambda 5 and 40% exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) can be tolerated. The impact of lambda, EGR, injection and ignition timing variations are presented and demonstrate how the system responds to the corresponding changes in specific heat capacity

Osborne, Richard, Hughes, John, Loiudice, Angela, Penning, Richard, Valenta, Lukáš

Numerical Analysis of Mixing of Bio-Hybrid Fuels in a Direct Injection Engine with a Pre-Chamber Ignition System

2024-01-2619

04/09/2024

Numerical analyses of the liquid fuel injection and subsequent fuel-air mixing for a high-tumble direct injection engine with an active pre-chamber ignition system at operation conditions of 2000 RPM are presented. The Navier-Stokes equations for compressible in-cylinder flow are solved numerically using a hierarchical Cartesian mesh based finite-volume method. To determine the fuel vapor before ignition large-eddy flow simulations are two-way coupled with the spray droplets in a Lagrangian Particle Tracking (LPT) formulation. The combined hierarchical Cartesian mesh ensures efficient usage of high performance computing systems through solution adaptive refinement and dynamic load balancing. Computational meshes with approximately 170 million cells and 1.0 million spray parcels are used for the simulations. The influence of a lateral ethanol injection on the tumble flow motion and the entrainment into the pre-chamber is analyzed for stoichiometric and lean fuel conditions for an early

Wegmann, Tim, Meinke, Matthias, Fleischmann, Maximilian, Pischinger, Stefan, Schröder, Wolfgang

High Pressure Hydrogen Injector Sizing Using 1D/3D CFD Modeling for a Compression Ignition Single Cylinder Research Engine

2024-01-2615

04/09/2024

With the aim of decarbonizing the vehicles fleet, the use of hydrogen is promising solution. Hydrogen is an energy carrier, carbon-free, with high calorific value and with no CO2 and HC emissions burning in ICE. Hydrogen use in spark ignition engines has already been extensively investigated and optimized. On the other hand, its use in compression ignition engines has been little developed and, therefore, there is a lack of information regarding the combustion in ultra-lean conditions, typical of diesel engines. Several applications employ dual fuel combustion for the easy management of the PFI injection system to be applied in addition to the DI Common Rail system. However, this mode suffers from several problems regarding the management of the maximum flow rate of hydrogen into the intake. In particular, to avoid throwing hydrogen into the exhaust, injection must be started after the valve crossing. Furthermore, it is not possible to introduce gaseous fuel into the engine when the

Mancaruso, Ezio, Catapano, Francesco, Rossetti, Salvatore, Anaclerio, Giuseppe, Camporeale, Sergio, Episcopo, Domenico, Laera, Davide, Torresi, Marco

Effect of Timing Strategy on Mixture Formation, Performance and Emission of Inlet Injection Hydrogen Engine

2024-01-2614

04/09/2024

In order to scrutinize the timing variables impacting the combustion performance and emissions of the Port Fuel Injection hydrogen engine (PFI-H2ICE), a model of a four-cylinder hydrogen engine is meticulously built utilizing the 1D software GT-POWER. The effect of excess air coefficients and timing strategies (including the intake valve opening timing (IVO), the start of injection timing (SOI), and ignition timing) is analyzed in this study. The main conclusions are as follows: The hydrogen engine remold from the Isuzu JE4N28 nature gas engine manifests a lean combustion threshold ranging between 2.0 and 2.5. Notably, advancing intake valve opening timing by 20°CA has proven beneficial to the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of the hydrogen engine while reducing the NOx emissions by a substantial margin, and advancing intake valve opening timing bears the virtue of strengthen the positive influence of the start of injection timing upon the engine's combustion performance. The longer the

Hu, Zhiyuan, Yin, Li, Zhang, Yunhua, Lou, Diming, Tan, Piqiang, Liu, Dengcheng

Application of a Comprehensive Lagrangian–Eulerian Spark-Ignition Model to Different Operating Conditions

03-17-05-0036

04/08/2024

Increasing engine efficiency is essential to reducing emissions, which is a priority for automakers. Unconventional modes such as boosted and highly dilute operation have the potential to increase engine efficiency but suffer from stability concerns and cyclic variability. To aid engineers in designing ignition systems that reduce cyclic variability in such engine operation modes, reliable and accurate spark-ignition models are necessary. In this article, a Lagrangian–Eulerian spark-ignition (LESI) model is used to simulate electrical discharge, spark channel elongation, and ignition in inert or reacting crossflow within a combustion vessel, at different pressures, flow speeds, and dilution rates. First the model formulation is briefly revisited. Then, the experimental and simulations setups are presented. The results showcase the model’s ability to predict the secondary circuit voltage, current, and power signals, in addition to the spark channel elongation, for the inert cases, or

Kazmouz, Samuel J., Scarcelli, Riccardo, Bresler, Matthew

Experimental Study of Piston Temperature Profile with Respect to Varying Engine Parameters – Using Telemetry Method

2024-26-0341

01/16/2024

As emissions standards become more stringent, OEMs are pushing engines to run on leaner fuel mixtures, which puts increased thermal stress on components, particularly pistons, causing them to operate at higher temperatures. This requires more robust design and rigorous testing of components. Telemetry methods offer accurate and real-time feedback, allowing designers to test components at various operating conditions, providing more flexibility than other traditional methods. Piston temperature measurement is a critical aspect of engine development because it directly affects engine performance and durability. Among the various techniques available for this purpose, telemetry methods have gained considerable attention in recent years. This method involves integrating temperature sensors and transmitter on the piston, which transmit temperature data wirelessly to a receiver outside the engine. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of coolant temperatures, valve timing, ignition timing

Pandey, Ram Krishan, Kumar, Atul, Jangra, Sumit

Validation of a CFD hydrogen combustion model on an PFI SI engine under lean combustion

2023-36-0125

01/08/2024

In order to further explore the potential of hydrogen as an alternative fuel, this study aims to validate a computational fluid dynamics model for hydrogen combustion in a port fuel injection spark ignition engine. The engine operates at 1800 rpm with a compression ratio of 10:1, under two lean combustion conditions: excess air ratios of 2.5 and 1.7, at full and part load, respectively. The simulations were performed using the CONVERGE 3.1 software and the C3MechV3.3 reaction mechanism. The predictions were then compared with experimental data to assess the accuracy and validity of the model, enabling the comparison of different lean operating conditions to evaluate important combustion characteristics, such as flame development, apparent heat release and NOx formation. The tested model successfully validated the two experimental conditions, accurately adjusting the in-cylinder pressure profiles for both cases of lean hydrogen mixture combustion. Additionally, the prediction of the

França, Louise Bomfim Magalhães, Pasa, Bruno Roberto, Fagundez, Jean Lucca Souza, Pereira, Juliano Silveira, Martins, Mario Eduardo Santos, Lanzanova, Thompson Diórdinis Metzka, Salau, Nina Paula Gonçalves

Influence of Passive Pre-Chamber Nozzle Diameter on Jet Ignition in a Constant-Volume Optical Engine under Varying Load and Dilution Conditions

03-17-04-0028

12/20/2023

Despite the growing prominence of electrified vehicles, internal combustion engines remain essential in future transportation. This study delves into passive pre-chamber jet ignition, a leading-edge combustion technology, offering a comprehensive visualization of its operation under varying load and dilution conditions in light-duty GDI engines. Our primary objectives are to gain fundamental insights into passive pre-chamber jet ignition and subsequent main combustion processes and evaluate their response to different load and dilution conditions. We conducted experimental investigations using a light-duty, optical, single-cylinder engine equipped with three passive pre-chamber designs featuring varying nozzle diameters. Optical diagnostic imaging and heat release analysis provided critical insights. Findings reveal that as load decreases, fuel availability and flow conditions deteriorate, leading to delayed and suboptimal jet characteristics impacting main chamber ignition and

Lee, Dong Eun, Yu, Tianxiao, Alam, Afaque, Iyer, Claudia, Wooldridge, Steven, Qiao, Li, Yi, Jianwen J.

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