Browse Topic: Emissions control

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Experimental Analysis on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of Direct Injection Diesel Engine Fuelled with Chlorophyta Algae Oil Biodiesel Blends2026-28-0045To be published on 02/12/2026
Chlorophyta algae, also known as green algae, are rich in oils suitable for biodiesel production. They grow quickly using minimal resources and can be cultivated on non-arable land. The extracted oils can be converted into biofuels that improve engine performance and reduce emissions. This makes Chlorophyta algae a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to fossil fuels. This study presents an experimental investigation into the performance and emission characteristics of Chlorophyta algae oil biodiesel blends (A20 and A30) compared to conventional diesel (D100) in a direct injection (DI) diesel engine. The analysis reveals a notable enhancement in brake thermal efficiency (BTE), with A20 showing a 2.5% improvement and A30 demonstrating a 1.2% increase, attributed to enhanced combustion kinetics. Furthermore, brake specific fuel consumption (SFC) decreases by 4.1% and 6.8% for A20 and A30, respectively. Emission analysis indicates significant reductions in carbon monoxide (CO
M, Selvam, R, Ganapathy Srinivasan, Ka, Harish, Selvamani, Muthukumar, B, Sanjai
ALTERNATE CATALYST FOR DOC IN A CATALYTIC CONVERTER2026-28-0016To be published on 02/12/2026
Emission norms have become much more stringent to reduce emissions from vehicles. Diesel engines in particular are the predominant contributors to higher emissions. Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) in diesel engine catalytic converter systems is the crucial component in reducing harmful emissions such as Carbon Monoxide (CO) and unburnt Hydrocarbons (HC). DOCs often rely on expensive noble metals like platinum or palladium and rhodium as catalyst materials,significantly inflating the cost of emission control units. The proposed idea is to explore MnOxCeO₂ (Manganese Oxide-Cerium Oxide) as an alternative catalyst to traditional DOC materials, with the goal of delivering effective oxidation performance while reducing overall system cost. MnOx-CeO₂ catalysts are promising due to their good low-temperature activity, oxygen storage capacity, and redox behaviour, which are beneficial for diesel engines operating under varied conditions. These properties help improve the oxidation of CO and HC
C, Jegadheesan, T, Karthi, Rajendran, Pawan, Muruganantham, Kowshiik, S, Vaitheeshwaran
Performance and Emission Characteristics of a DI Diesel Engine Fueled with Jojoba Biodiesel Blends Enhanced with Alumina Nanoparticles: An Experimental and Machine Learning Approach2026-28-0072To be published on 02/01/2026
This study examines the impact of alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles on the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder direct injection diesel engine fueled with Jojoba biodiesel blends. Experiments were conducted using a 20 % Jojoba biodiesel–diesel blend (JOB20), with nanoparticle concentrations of 30, 60, and 90 ppm. Among the tested combinations, JOB20 with 60 ppm of alumina nanoparticles exhibited the most favorable results, achieving a significant reduction in brake-specific fuel consumption and a peak brake thermal efficiency under full load conditions. These improvements are attributed to enhanced fuel atomization and catalytic oxidation, enabled by the high surface area and thermal conductivity of the nanoparticles. Emission analysis indicated notable reductions in CO, HC, and smoke opacity, with a marginal increase in NOₓ emissions. In addition to the experimental work, machine learning models including linear regression, support vector machines
Anchupogu, Praveen, R L, Krupakaran, Jamuna Rani, G, P, Umamaheswarrao, Dunna PhD, Vijay
Leveraging Advanced AI/ML Algorithms to Derive Actionable Insights from Fleet Vehicle In-Use Performance Ratio Monitoring (IUPRm) Data2026-26-0637To be published on 01/16/2026
In recent years, growing concerns over environmental pollution have led to the implementation of increasingly stringent emission regulations worldwide. These regulations require not only the reduction of pollutant emissions but also robust monitoring of critical emission control components under real-world driving conditions. The In-Use Performance Ratio Monitoring (IUPRm) framework quantifies how frequently onboard diagnostic systems evaluate these components within defined operational boundaries for each vehicle. IUPRm is organized into several monitoring groups, including catalyst monitoring, oxygen sensor monitoring, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) monitoring, and gasoline particulate filter monitoring. The specific groups and monitoring requirements vary based on fuel type (gasoline or diesel), engine technologies (such as variable valve timing or EGR), and exhaust system configurations (single or dual bank). For automakers, analyzing these parameters across large vehicle fleets
Ghadge, Ganesh Narayan, Jadhav, Marisha, Hosur, Viswanatha
Introducing a new catalyst family in gasoline aftertreatment2026-26-0231To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper is to introduce a new catalyst family in gasoline aftertreatment. Indeed, it has been shown that under certain driving conditions, three-way catalysts produce significant amounts of toxic NH3 and the strong greenhouse gas N2O, which are both very unwanted emissions. In a self-committed approach, OEMs could want to minimize these noxious pollutants, especially if this can be done with no architecture change, namely without additional underfloor catalyst. In this paper we will compare different approaches: regular underfloor TWC, SCR derived from diesel aftertreatment, gasoline dedicated Ammonia Slip Catalyst (ASC) and especially developed novel gasoline Secondary Emission Treatment (SET) catalyst, providing both ammonia abatement and underfloor three-way functionality. The data will show that SCR only reduces NH3 from a passive SCR reaction in a limited amount in the cold start including the need of oxygen presence, namely secondary air introduction. ASC is efficient in cold
Kuhn, Sebastian, Magar, Avinash, Kogel, Julius, Lahousse, Christophe
Drive Cycle Type Identification Using Data Driven Methodologies2026-26-0649To be published on 01/16/2026
Identifying the type of drive cycle is crucial for analyzing customer usage and optimizing vehicle performance and emission control. Methods that rely on geographical location are limited by varying driving conditions at the same location (e.g., heavy traffic during peak hours vs. free-flowing traffic at night). This paper proposes a methodology to identify the type of drive cycle (city, interurban, highway or others) using drive characteristics derived from vehicle data rather than geographical location. Real-world vehicle data from testing trucks is taken, whose drive profiles are already known. Initially, multiple characteristic features of the drive cycle are identified from literature surveys and domain experiences. These features, which can be extracted from basic signal data, include gear shifts, time spent in different driving modes (acceleration, cruise, standstill), velocity distributions, and an 'aggressiveness factor' representing overall driving style. Using ML based
Reddy, Mallangi Prashanth, Gorain, Raju, Ganguly, Gourav
Optimization of Negative Crankcase Pressure Mechanism to Minimize Oil Pumping into Combustion chamber and Ensure Particulate Number Compliance in Euro VI Emission for Naturally Aspirated Gas Engine.2026-26-0223To be published on 01/16/2026
Emissions regulations, such as Euro VI, drives the Automotive industry to innovate continuously in Engine development. One significant challenge is the engine oil pumping from the crankcase into the combustion chamber, where it participates in combustion, which contributes to increased Particulate Numbers and fails to meet Euro VI emission compliance. This issue is most noticeable during engine idling and motoring conditions. During this time, a higher negative pressure difference develops between the intake manifold, which is acting above the combustion chamber and the engine crankcase. This pressure difference drives oil-laden blow-by aerosols past piston rings during the intake stroke and through the valve stem seals, allowing oil into the combustion chamber. The impact of the pressure difference between the intake manifold and crankcase was studied by varying the crankcase pressure through crankcase ventilation system. The results confirm that oil entry into the combustion chamber
R, Mahesh Bharathi, Bondfale, Shubham, Jeyaprakasan, Dharoon Gautham
A Thermoelectric System for Emission Control Optimization in Two-Wheeler Automotive Applications2026-26-0218To be published on 01/16/2026
Environmental pollution is one of the growing concerns of our society. As vehicle emissions are a major contributor to air pollution, emission control is a primary goal of the Automotive industry. Vehicle emissions are higher due to improper combustion, which leads to toxic gases being generated from the exhaust system. Unburnt fuel is one of the leading causes of toxic pollutants such as Carbon Monoxide, Nitric Oxides (NOx) and Hydrocarbons. The catalytic converter converts these gases into less toxic substances such as Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, and water vapor. The catalytic converter performs efficiently after reaching its “Light Off” temperature, after which the catalyst becomes active. Hence, elevated temperature of the exhaust gases aids in efficient conversion. Presently, the gases from the exhaust system are approximately at a temperature of 300°C-600°C. This paper outlines the concept of a Peltier (Thermoelectric) Module - based system, which helps maintain the high
Venkateshwaran, Aishwarya, Soodlu, Shashikiran, M, Mathaiyan
Design & Optimization of CV shaft system to address powertrain induced NVH issues2026-26-0336To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry is a crucial sector that plays a significant role globally. Government policies have a profound impact on this automotive industry in defining the regulatory standards and emission controls. Such regulations incentivized automakers to invest in research and development complying those standards towards reduction of vehicle emission which intern result in higher torsional vibrations and excitations amplitudes. To address the rising NVH related concerns in driveline system. Drive shafts (CV shafts) is an important component in power-train system in vehicle. Drive shaft’s main purpose to transfer torque from engines to wheels at multiple speeds with different articulation angles. The roughness generated by the engine follows a transfer path from engine to transaxle and transaxle to half shafts in monocoque vehicles which generates discomfort to the drivers whenever the vehicle is driven. The roughness can also be addressed by proper design of driveshaft stiffness
M A, Abdul Azarrudin, Jayachandran, Suresh kumar, Kumar, Shivani, Bhardwaj, Kinshuk, M, Devamanalan, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj, Ahire, Manoj
CS Structure: New generation metallic catalyst substrate for 2- and 3-Wheeler applications2026-26-0220To be published on 01/16/2026
Affordable, efficient and durable catalytic converters for the two and three-wheeler industry in developing countries are required to reduce vehicle emissions and to maintain them at a low level; and therefore to participate in a cleaner and healthier environment. Especially, Metallic catalyst substrates from Emitec Technologies GmbH with structured foils like the Longitudinal StructureTM (LS) are fully compatible to this effort with more than 90% share of produced 2/3 Wheelers metallic catalyst substrates for the Indian customers in 2024. One decade after the market introduction of this LS structure, Emitec Technologies GmbH will introduce now a new generation of foil structure: the Crossversal StructureTM (CS) that improves further the affordability, the efficiency of metallic catalytic converters, keeping the durability at same level than previous substrate generation. The paper will briefly review the development of metallic substrates for 2/3 wheelers applications, especially the
Jayat, Francois, Seifert, Sven, Bhalla, Ashish, Ganapathy, Narayana Prakash
All New 1.2L Turbocharged Gasoline Direct Injection Engine from Tata Motors2026-26-0071To be published on 01/16/2026
A continuous stress on meeting stringent emissions regulations alongside rising consumer expectations for enhanced driving performance and refinement on powertrain applications on passenger cars. To address this customer aspirations Tata Motors has engineered the advanced 1.2L 3-cylinder turbocharged gasoline direct injection engine HYPERION. This next-generation powertrain is designed to maximize efficiency, lower emissions and deliver superior performance with improved noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) characteristics. Key innovations includes highly optimized fuel injectors injector operating at 35 MPa, CVO-3 (3rd Gen Controlled Valve Operation), Miller Cycle with Electrically actuated VGT turbocharger and an AI-enabled engine management system, which collectively enhances efficiency and performance. The exhaust after-treatment system incorporates a Three-Way Catalyst (TWC) and an integrated Four-Way Conversion Catalyst (FWC+TM) for efficient emission control. The BS6 phase 2
Hosur, Viswanatha, Ghadge, Ganesh Narayan, Joshi, Manoj, Jadhav, Aashish, Panwar, Anupam
Development of high BMEP natural gas engine with knock mitigation2026-26-0121To be published on 01/16/2026
The stringent emission norms over the past few years have driven the need to use low carbon fuels and after treatment technology. Natural gas is a suitable alternative to diesel for heavy duty engines with applications in power generation and transportation sectors. Stoichiometric combustion mode offer the advantages of complete combustion and low carbon dioxide emissions. The combination of turbocharging and cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology enhances the power density along with reduced exhaust emissions simultaneously. However, there are several constraints in the operation of natural gas spark ignition engine such as exhaust gas temperature (EGT) limit of 750 °C, sufficient before turbine (BT) pressure for EGR drivability, boost pressure (2.5 bar), peak cylinder pressure limit and knocking. These limits may restrict the brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of the engine. In the present study, tests were conducted on a V12, 24 litre, dedicated heavy duty natural gas
Khaladkar, Omkar, Marwaha, Akshey
Niobium Alloyed Brake Disc for reduced NVH and emission control2026-26-0285To be published on 01/16/2026
Recent regulations limiting brake dust emissions have presented many challenges to the brake engineering community. The objective of this paper is to provide a low cost, mass production solution utilizing well known existing technology to meet brake emissions requirements. The proposed process is to alloy the Gray Cast Iron with Niobium. The Niobium addition will reduce wear debris and improve NVH (Noise Vibration Harshness). The test methodology included: Manufacture of disc samples alloyed with Niobium, and Evaluation of airborne wear debris utilizing a pin-on-disc tribometer equipped with emission collection capability. The airborne emission and wear surfaces were further analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive techniques (SEM-EDS), X-Ray Diffraction and Optical Microscopy. The cast iron test matrix included four groups; Unalloyed eutectic 4.3% Carbon Equivalent (CE), Unalloyed hypereutectic >4.3% CE, Niobium alloyed Eutectic and Niobium alloyed hypereutectic
Barile, Bernardo, Holly, Mike
Optimising Hydrogen Engine Performance: A Comparative Study of Lean and Stoichiometric Calibration Approach2026-26-0261To be published on 01/16/2026
Hydrogen combustion in internal combustion engines offers numerous advantages, such as zero CO2 emissions and high flame speed, which make it a promising alternative fuel for green vehicle solutions. In order to maximize the engine performance with hydrogen, however, meticulous calibration of the air-fuel mixture must be performed, particularly when lean and stoichiometric combustion conditions are considered. Lean burning, i.e., excess air, offers better thermal efficiency and lower NOx emissions but can cause lower engine power and combustion instability. Stoichiometric combustion, however, ensures a complete fuel-air mixture but at the cost of higher combustion temperature and high NOx emissions. Calibration strategies for hydrogen engines are presented in this paper by comparing the lean and stoichiometric strategies and their implications on engine power output, efficiency, and emissions. Test data from several hydrogen engine configurations demonstrate that lean burn with EGR
Jadhav, Ajinkya, Bandyopadhyay, Debjyoti, Sutar, Prasanna S, Sonawane, Shailesh Balkrishna, Rairikar, Sandeep D, Thipse, Sukrut S
Development of a Passive Regeneration Diesel Particulate Filter System for an Agricultural tractor Engine2026-26-0217To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents the development and evaluation of a passive regeneration Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) system for a 4-cylinder, 3.18-liter naturally aspirated agricultural tractor engine based on the mDI engine family. The primary objective is to significantly reduce particulate matter (PM) emissions while maintaining optimal engine performance and fuel economy. The passive regeneration DPF system leverages the engine's operating conditions to generate sufficient heat for the oxidation of trapped particulate matter, eliminating the need for active regeneration techniques. The paper details the design process, including the selection of DPF material, filter geometry, and integration into the exhaust system. Rigorous experimental testing was conducted to assess the performance of the DPF system under various engine load and speed conditions. Results demonstrate substantial reductions in PM emissions without compromising engine power, torque, or specific fuel consumption. This
Maddali, Varun Suman, Jidigonti, Shashank, Kannan, S, Ramesh, Natrajan
Emerging Trends in Emission Optimization2026-26-0229To be published on 01/16/2026
The exhaust emission control is a vital aspect of automotive development, aimed at ensuring effective control of pollutants such as NOx, CO, and HC. The traditional method of calibrating emission control strategies, that requires extensive vehicle testing with both the fresh and aged catalysts under a variety of operating conditions, is a time-consuming process. The frequent changes in emission legislation creates new challenges for achieving a faster time to market and effective utilization of resources. So, the use of automation and machine learning (ML) in the domain of emission control is the need of the hour to proactively tackle these challenges. This paper attempts to explore emerging trends in emission optimization, such as the automated measurement process and ML/AI based data analysis, that can improve the overall process efficiency in the calibration of emission control strategies. The automated measurement process is achieved using the automation software. The data
Dhayanidhi, Hukumdeen, Balasubramanian, Karthick, A, Akash
Legislative Framework and Emission Testing using PEMS for NRMM (Non-Road Mobile Machinery) in India: A Technological Perspective2026-26-0139To be published on 01/16/2026
Emission Regulations for NRMM in India have evolved significantly over past two decades. India has progressively adopted stricter standards to align with global best practices. The latest regulations have introduced stringent caps on particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and other pollutants, ensuring compliance with environmental sustainability goals. Future legislative frameworks are expected to impose even more rigorous emission limits, focusing on further reduction of NOx and PM levels while incorporating real-world emission monitoring. This will require manufacturers to integrate advanced after-treatment systems and adopt cleaner combustion technologies to meet compliance standards. To validate compliance with these stringent limits, rigorous testing methodologies are employed. Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS) have become a crucial tool for real-world emission assessment. PEMS technology allows for on-road and field testing of NRMM under actual operating
Rastogi, Aadhar, Garg, Varun, Ragot, Nicolas
Biodiesel Production via Homogeneous Route (KOH) and Heterogeneous Route (K 2 O/Nb 2 O 5 )2025-36-0116To be published on 12/18/2025
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Coelho, Gabriella Vilela, Alvarez, Carlos Eduardo Castilla, Ribeiro, Jessica Oliveira Notório
Accelerated Aging Methodology for Catalyst on Engine Test Benches: Practical Considerations for a Successful Implementation of the Methodology2025-36-0087To be published on 12/18/2025
The durability of automotive catalysts is a critical factor in ensuring compliance with strict environmental regulations throughout the vehicle’s lifespan. Accelerated aging methods are widely used in the industry to predict catalyst degradation over a reduced period, allowing for performance optimization and ensuring their effectiveness in emission reduction. The ABNT NBR 16897:2021 standard establishes general guidelines for these tests but does not define in detail all the experimental conditions necessary for practical implementation. Addressing this gap, this study proposes the application and development of a standardized experimental procedure for accelerated catalyst aging, aligned with current regulations and adapted to test conditions in an engine dynamometer test bench. The objective is to provide a solid technical foundation, filling gaps for future implementations of this methodology, allowing investigations into the durability of aftertreatment systems and assisting both
Yana, Diego Andree Reynoso, Pradelle, Florian, Braga, Sergio Leal, Sánchez, Fernando Zegarra, Machado, Guilherme Bastos, Carvalho, Rogério Nascimento de, Silva, Katia Moniz da
Development of a Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) Platform for Evaluating and Implementing Heated Injection Technology in GDI Engines2025-36-0048To be published on 12/18/2025
Reducing pollutant emissions remains a major challenge for the automotive industry, driven by increasingly stringent environmental regulations. While solutions such as electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have been developed, internal combustion engines (ICEs) continue to dominate many markets, requiring additional emission control strategies. Traditional technologies like catalytic converters and advanced injection systems primarily optimize performance once the engine reaches its operating temperature. However, during the cold start phase, when engine temperatures are below optimal, combustion efficiency drops, resulting in increased emissions of non-methane organic gases (NMOG) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). This phase is further compromised by factors such as fuel droplet size and suboptimal catalyst performance. In response, this work presents the development of a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) platform to study the impact of heated injection technology on cold
Triviño, Juan David Parra, Teixeira, Evandro Leonardo Silva, De Lisboa, Fábio Cordeiro, Aguilar, Raul Fernando Sánchez, Oliveira, Alessandro Borges De Sousa
Multi-Objective Optimization of Oxyfuel Gas Engine Using Stochastic Engine Model and Detailed Chemistry2025-01-052911/25/2025
The energy transition initiatives in Germany’s renown coal mining region Lusatia have driven research into Power-to-X-to-Power technologies, where synthetic fuel is produced from renewably sourced hydrogen and captured CO2, and converted to electricity and heat through oxyfuel combustion. This work investigates the multi-objective optimization of oxyfuel gas engine using a stochastic engine model and detailed chemistry. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate, initial cylinder temperature and pressure, spark timing, piston bowl radius and depth are selected as design parameters to minimize the exhaust temperature at exhaust valve opening and indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC) corresponding to oxyfuel operation with different dry and wet EGR rates. The optimization problem is solved for a dry EGR and four wet EGR cases with various CO2/H2O fractions, aiming to achieve comparable performance as in conventional natural gas / air operation, and energy-efficient carbon capture. The
Asgarzade, Rufat, Franken, Tim, Mauss, Fabian
Data-Based Modeling of Power-Split Hybrids Using Cascaded Neural Networks2025-01-052211/25/2025
Power-split hybrid powertrains represent one of the most advanced and complex types of powertrain systems. The combination of multiple energy sources and power paths offers great potential but results in complex interactions that require improved strategies for optimal efficiency and emission control. The development and optimization of such operating strategies typically involve algorithms that demand fast computational environments. Traditional high-accuracy numerical simulations of such a complex system are computationally expensive, limiting their applicability for extensive iterative optimizations and real-time applications. This paper introduces a data-based approach designed specifically to address this challenge by efficiently modeling the dynamic behavior of power-split hybrid powertrains using cascaded neural networks. Cascaded neural networks consist of interconnected subnetworks, each specifically trained to represent individual drivetrain components or subsystems. This
Frey, Markus, Itzen, Dirk, Yang, Qirui, Grill, Michael, Kulzer, André Casal
Experimental Analysis of Hydrocarbon Injection Strategies and In-Cylinder Injection Impact on Oil Properties in Diesel Engines2025-28-023811/06/2025
The engine has played a pivotal role in controlling regulated pollutants at the in-cylinder combustion level through strategies such as Direct Injection, Common Rail Systems, and Exhaust Gas Recirculation up to Bharat (CEV/Trem) Stage-III. With the advent of more stringent emission norms, specifically Bharat (CEV/Trem) Stage-IV and V, the importance of Exhaust After-Treatment Systems (EATS) in managing emissions outside the engine has significantly increased. The inclusion of Particulate Number (PN) limits in Bharat (CEV/Trem) Stage-V necessitates the use of Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF), which trap soot particles that must be periodically removed through a process known as regeneration. Regeneration requires elevated exhaust temperatures, typically achieved via exothermic reactions in the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC), facilitated by diesel fuel addition through external injection or in-cylinder injection strategies. This study investigates both external and in-cylinder injection
Bandaru, Balaji, M, Balasubramanian, V, Shunmuga, G, Senthil Kumar, Mahesh, P
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis of Turbocharger Aerodynamics and Thermal Behaviour in Automotive Applications2025-28-022911/06/2025
Turbocharging is a vital technology for enhancing internal combustion engine (ICE) performance and efficiency while enabling engine downsizing to reduce fuel consumption and emissions. This research analyzes turbocharger systems by examining their components—turbine, compressor, intercooler, and waste-gate—and their roles in boosting engine efficiency. It explores how exhaust energy drives the turbine to compress intake air, improving power output. The study evaluates turbocharger impact on fuel economy, emissions, and engine response under various driving conditions. It also considers wheel design, material selection, and durability under high temperatures and speeds. Advanced simulations using CFD and FEA analyze airflow, pressure, and thermal behavior to optimize performance. This research affirms turbocharging’s role in creating high-performance, fuel-efficient, and environmentally sustainable engines, offering insights that support the design of next-generation automotive
Chandrashekar, B. Aditya, Bhaduria, Abhishek
Effect of EGR and Ethanol additive on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Rubber Seed Biodiesel Blends2025-28-022411/06/2025
Alcohol is being considered as an alternative to traditional fuels for compression ignition engines due to their oxygen content and biomass origin. Although alcohol generally has lower cetane numbers, which makes them more favorable for premixed combustion, they also offer potential for lowering emissions in internal combustion engines, particularly when combined with strategies such as exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). This research focuses on enhancing the performance of a single-cylinder, four- stroke diesel engine by introducing ethanol into the intake port during the intake phase. Diesel and rubber seed biodiesel were used as primary fuels and were directly injected into the combustion chamber. The findings indicated that adding ethanol to rubber seed biodiesel, along with 10% EGR, led to improved brake thermal efficiency and a reduction in NOX emissions. The ethanol injection timing and duration were optimized for effective dual-fuel operation. At full engine load, the highest
Saminathan, Sathiskumar, G, Manikandan, Bungag, Joel Quendangan, T, Karthi
Development of a Cost-Effective DCU for Diesel Emission Control: Design, Diagnostics, and Compliance2025-28-028611/06/2025
The Dosing Control Unit (DCU) is a vital component of modern emission control systems, particularly in diesel engines employing Selective Catalytic Reduction technology (SCR). Its primary function is to accurately control the injection of urea or Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) into the exhaust stream to reduce nitrogen oxide (NOₓ) emissions. This paper presents the architecture, operation, diagnostic features, and innovation of a newly developed DCU system. The Engine Control Unit, using real-time data from sensors monitoring parameters such as exhaust temperature, NOₓ levels, and engine load, calculates the required DEF dosage. Based on DEF dosing request, the DCU activates the AdBlue pump and air valve to deliver the precise quantity of diesel exhaust fluid needed under varying engine conditions. The proposed system adopts a master-slave configuration, with the ECU as the master and the DCU as the slave. The controller design emphasizes cost-effectiveness and simplified hardware, and
Raju, Manikandan, K, Sabareeswaran, K K, Uthira Ramya Bala, Krishnakumar, Palanichamy, Arumugam, Arunkumar, YS, Ananthkumar
Performance Analysis of a Hydrogen-blended Naturally Aspirated Gas Engine with a Dedicated Exhaust Gas Recirculation System2025-32-004611/03/2025
With the publication of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) III in 2022, the European Union increased its renewable energy consumption target to 42.5% by 2030. Consequently, gaseous fuels derived from renewable electricity, particularly green hydrogen, are expected to play a pivotal role in the decarbonization of the energy sector. One promising application of green hydrogen is its integration into combined heat and power (CHP) plants, where it can replace natural gas to reduce CO2 emissions. Pure hydrogen as fuel or blended with natural gas has demonstrated potential for lowering both pollutant emissions and fuel consumption while maintaining or even enhancing engine performance. But it is expected, that the amount of available green hydrogen will be limited in the beginning. So new engine systems with hydrogen and natural gas for CHP plants are required, that offer more CO2-benefit and NOx reductioon than from fuel substitution only. In the LeanStoicH2 project, a novel approach was
Salim, Naqib, Beltaifa, Youssef, Kettner, Maurice
Investigation of Degradation of Catalyst Performance due to Phosphorus Poisoning in Practical Catalysts2025-32-007311/03/2025
Although exhaust gas regulations for internal combustion engines have been in place for quite some time, they are still getting stricter every year. Motorcycles are no exception. Exhaust gas regulations for after-degradation durability have already been applied, and the next regulation is expected to require vehicles in use in the market to meet the exhaust gas regulation values. Technology to comply with exhaust gas regulations mainly deals with catalyst performance degradation. The main issues are metal sintering and poisoning. In particular, it is difficult to explain clearly the change in catalyst performance due to poisoning alone, as it is necessary to distinguish it from sintering and to determine the distribution of deterioration. However, phosphorus poisoning from oil cannot be ignored unless oil consumption is reduced to zero. In order to understand the change in practical catalyst performance due to poisoning with a distribution of degradation, it is necessary to explain the
Ibara, Takeru, Itou, Shiori, Yusa, Kazuma, Kinoshita, Hisatoshi, Motegi, Takuya
Impact of Water Injection on Emission Formation in an HVO-Fuelled NRMM Engine2025-32-006711/03/2025
Water injection in diesel engines is a well-known method of lowering combustion temperatures and thus reducing nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. In this study, the influence of water injection in hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) operation on NOx formation, particulate emissions and ignition delay is analyzed in comparison to diesel operation on a John Deere JD4045 tractor engine. Both the fuel (HVO) and the water injection system were designed as ‘drop-in’ solutions that enable rapid implementation to reduce emissions, even in existing vehicle fleets. The standard engine control unit of the JD4045 engine was therefore used for the tests. A single water nozzle was installed downstream the charge air cooler to integrate a water injection system. The three operating points of interest were: (1) low speed and high load without exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), (2) high EGR rates at low speed and medium load and (3) the engine's ‘sweet spot’ regarding the emission-tradeoff at high speed and
Fuhrmeister, Jonas, Mayer, Sebastian, Günthner, Michael
On Board Monitoring of Water Injection Inducement System and Particulate Filter for 3-Wheeler BS VI OBD II B Diesel Vehicle Norms2025-32-008611/03/2025
To mitigate greenhouse emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxides (CO2), oxide of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter reduction Government of India implemented Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) norms from year 2020. Moving to more stringent emission norms poses challenges for automakers in several ways such as meeting exhaust emissions, on board diagnostic, drivers’ inducement, and particulate filter monitoring on vehicle. It is imperative to upgrade engine management system for on-board diagnostics (OBD) that refers to a vehicles self-diagnostic and reporting ability. On board diagnostics systems enables owner of vehicle to gain access of the various vehicle sub-systems. OBD-II standards were made more rigid, requiring the malfunction indicator lamp (MIL) to be activated if emission-related components fail. Also, vehicle emissions carbon monoxide (CO), oxide of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter not to exceed OBD thresholds. Consequently, the use of specific oxide of nitrogen
Jagtap, Pranjal, Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Bhoite, Vikram, Reddy, Kameswar
Development of 2-Cylinder Diesel Engine for European Quadricycles to Achieve EURO 5+ Standard2025-32-006811/03/2025
The EURO 5+ standard (134/2014/EU) has been enforced in the year 2025 for quadricycle in Europe. The exhaust emission regulation under this standard has significantly tightened compared to the EURO4. Also, this standard limits vehicle weight, which remains unchanged from the EURO4 standard. We introduce the unique technologies to meet EURO5+ standard in this paper. Emission limit values of the EURO 5+ standard are more stringent, requiring an 84% reduction in NOx and a 94% reduction in PM compared to the previous standard. Diesel engines with mechanical injection control systems for the previous standard are required significant technological advancements to meet EURO 5+ standard of exhaust emission. The adoption of engine aftertreatment components such as SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) for NOx reduction and DPF (Diesel Particulate Filter) for PM reduction are common solution. However, to meet this new regulation, adding the weight of these after-treatment parts would cause the
Nagai, Naotaro, Tennomi, Masanari, Tamura, Akira, Mochizuki, Hiroaki, Kobayashi, Yasushi, Onishi, Takashi
Effect of Plasma-Assisted Ignition on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Two Stroke Engines with Different Fuels2025-32-003011/03/2025
This study explores the effect of plasma-assisted ignition (PAI) on combustion stability and emissions in two-stroke spark-ignition engines. Two engine platforms were evaluated: a conventional single-cylinder two-stroke engine and a thermodynamically advanced opposed-piston two-stroke (OP2S) engine. The OP2S engine configuration offers reduced heat loss and higher power density due to its uniflow scavenging and favorable geometry, but suffers from high residual gas fraction, which increases ignition difficulty and combustion instability. To address this, nanosecond-pulsed PAI was applied in various spatial arrangements and discharge voltages, using both gasoline and a low-reactivity gasoline/DMC blend fuel. Spark ignition timing was held constant at the minimum advance for best torque across all tests. Combustion stability was assessed via indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and its coefficient of variation, while CO and HC emissions were measured as environmental indicators
Liu, Jinru, Yamazaki, Yoshiaki, Otaki, Yusuke, Kato, Hayato, Kobayashi, Daichi, Umegaki, Tetsuo, Asai, Tomohiko, Iijima, Akira
Improving the Efficiency of EVAP System Development by Utilizing CAE Simulations and Surrogate Models2025-32-001411/03/2025
In recent years, stricter emission regulations for internal combustion engines have been implemented, including controls on evaporative fuel vapors from motorcycle fuel systems. To comply with these regulations, motorcycles are increasingly adopting evaporative emission control (EVAP) systems equipped with carbon canisters. The carbon canister adsorbs fuel vapors while the vehicle is stationary, preventing them from being released into the atmosphere. During engine operation, the stored vapors are purged back into the engine by the vacuum in the intake manifold, thereby regenerating the canister. EVAP system development must ensure compliance with emission standards while minimizing any negative impact on engine performance. As regulations are expected to become stricter in the future, there is increasing demand for high-performing canisters and more effective purge systems. This highlights the need for more efficient development methods. The aim of this study is to enhance the
Okuno, Keisuke, Hidai, Atsuya, Torigoshi, Masaki, Kinoshita, Hisatoshi
A Physics-Guided Neural Network Approach for EGR Cooler Temperature Estimation: Addressing ECU Model Discrepancies2025-28-039310/30/2025
As the automotive industry explores alternative powertrain options to curb emissions, it is pertinent to refine existing technologies to improve efficiency. The Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system is one of the pivotal components in emission control strategies for Internal Combustion Engines (ICE). The EGR cooler is crucial in thermal management strategies, as it lowers the temperature of recirculated exhaust gases before feeding it along with fresh air, thereby reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. Precise estimation of the EGR cooler outlet temperature is crucial for effective emission control. However, conventional Engine Control Unit (ECU) models fall short, as they often show discrepancies when compared to real-world test data. These models rely on empirical relationships that struggle to capture precisely the transient effect, and real time variation in operating conditions. To address these limitations and improve the accuracy of ECU based model, various signal processing
Kumar, Amit, Kumar, Raman, Manojdharan, Arjungopal, Challa, Krishna, Kramer, Markus
Optimized Engine Off Time Estimation for Cold Start Detection in Emission Diagnostics2025-28-036610/30/2025
A cold start occurs when the engine is cranked after being off for a long time, enough for its temperature to drop down to the cold ambient levels. Cold start in an engine is a critical phase as it is characterized by elevated emissions. During a cold start, exhaust components such as catalytic converter do not operate in its optimal temperature zone leading to reduced efficiency in emission control. New regulations for engine emissions are becoming stringent for this condition, hence it is important to accurately determine cold start condition in an engine to optimize the emissions control strategy. Accurate engine off time calculation plays a crucial role in cold start detection, emissions control and On-Board Diagnostics (OBD-II) decision making. This engine off time if greater than 6 hours indicates one of the conditions to confirm a cold start. Other conditions such as Ambient temperature and coolant temperature along with the engine off time confirms a cold start. This paper
MUTHA, MAYURESH, Talawadekar, Pradnya, Kale, Upendra
Research on Abnormal Data Correction Methods for Remote Monitoring of Heavy-Duty Vehicles Oriented to Smart Supervision2025-99-005510/17/2025
Heavy-duty vehicles emissions are a serious problem, and remote monitoring platforms are a key means of emission control for heavy-duty vehicles. However, the frequent occurrence of anomalies in the remote monitoring data has seriously limited the monitoring efficiency of the remote monitoring platform. Therefore, this paper takes 500 National VI heavy-duty vehicles as the research object, and proposes a whole-process data quality control system of “anomaly identification-dynamic correction-accuracy verification”. First, four types of anomaly patterns, namely, lost, invalid, outlier and mutation, are defined, and polynomial fitting, median filtering and contextual interpolation are adopted to realize differentiated correction. Second, a data accuracy validation framework based on correlation analysis was constructed. The results show that the accuracy of key parameters is significantly improved after correction, and the data fitting degree R2 is greater than 0.97. The research results
Liu, Yu, Zhang, Cheng, Zhang, Hao, Yu, Hanzhengnan, Li, Jingyuan, An, Xiaopan, Ma, Kunqi, Liang, Yongkai, Xu, Hang
Development of a Self-Adjusting Engine Out NOx Prediction Model Using Tailpipe O2 Measurements2025-01-038110/07/2025
On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) strategies utilize a predictive model to estimate engine out NOx levels for a given set of operating conditions to ensure the accuracy of the Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) sensor. Furthermore, this model is also used to determine urea dosing quantities in situations where the NOx sensor is unavailable such as cold starts or as a reaction to a NOx sensor plausibility failure. Physics-based NOx prediction models guarantee high levels of accuracy in real-time but are computationally expensive and require measurements generally not available on commercial powertrains making them difficult to implement on controllers. Consequently, manufacturers tend to adopt a mathematical approach by estimating NOx under standard operating conditions and use a variety of correction factors to account for any changes that can influence NOx production. Such correction factors tend to be outcomes of base engine calibration settings or outputs of models of other related sub systems and may
Sunder, Abinav, Suresh, Rahul, Polisetty, Srinivas
Reactivity Retention of Modern Converters for Stringent Emission Control2025-01-040110/07/2025
The growing emphasis on environmental protection and sustainability has resulted in increasingly stringent emission regulations for automotive manufacturers, as demonstrated by the upcoming EURO 7 and 2027 EPA standards. Significant advancements in cleaner combustion and effective aftertreatment strategies have been made in recent decades to increase the engine efficiency while abiding by the emission limits. Among the exhaust aftertreatment strategies, three-way catalyst has remained the primary solution for stoichiometric burn engines due to its high conversion efficiency and ability to simultaneously allow both oxidative and reductive reactions in a single stage with spatial separation due to the oxygen storage capabilities of ceria. However, fuel and lubricant-borne sulfur and phosphorus compounds have been shown to have a significant long-term effect on the activity of three-way catalysts, particularly during the lean-rich transitions and oxygen storage processes. In the present
Sandhu, Navjot Singh, Yu, Xiao, Jiang, Chuankai, Ting, David, Zheng, Ming
Water Injection as an Enabling Technology for Stoichiometric High Performance Normally Aspirated Engines2025-24-002709/07/2025
The mainstream automotive market is rapidly transitioning to electrified and fully electric powertrains. Where gasoline engines are still employed, they are frequently turbocharged units with relatively low maximum engine speed and modest power density. The hypercar class, in contrast, has recently seen somewhat of a renaissance in high performance, high speed, naturally aspirated gasoline engines, which are prized for their emotional contribution to the vehicle. In order to guarantee high conversion efficiency of a Three Way Catalyst in the exhaust system, an engine must be operated at stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. At high power density, this may result in very high exhaust gas temperature, which poses a risk to engine and vehicle hardware. A number of technological interventions to extend the maximum stoichiometric performance whilst respecting component limitations have already been described in the literature, but many of these are not applicable to specific engine architectures
Corrigan, Dáire James, Villa, Davide, Penazzi, Eugenio, Meghani, Amit, Knop, Vincent, Caroli, Giacomo, Frigeri, Davide, Ruggiero, Federico, Malaguti, Simone, Postrioti, Lucio, Maka, Cristian
Overview of Current Developments of Pre-Chamber Spark Plugs for Passenger Car Applications2025-24-015209/07/2025
The internal combustion engine (ICE) is projected to remain the dominant technology in the transport sector over the short to medium term, and there exists significant potential for further improvements in fuel economy and emission reductions. One promising approach to enhancing the efficiency of spark ignition engines is the implementation of passive pre-chamber spark plugs. The primary advantages of pre-chamber-initiated combustion include the mitigation of knocking, an increase in in-cylinder turbulence, and a combustion process that is both faster and more stable compared to that achieved with conventional J-gap spark plugs. Additionally, the higher ignition energy provided by pre-chamber spark plugs enables operation under higher intake pressures, maintains similar exhaust gas recirculation rates, and supports leaner combustion conditions. These benefits are predominantly attributed to volumetric ignition via hot, reactive jets. However, the pre-chamber spark plug also presents
Korkmaz, Metin, Juressen, Sven Eric, Rößmann, Dominik, Kapus, Paul E., Pino, Sandro
Using Turbogenerators for Energy Recovery in Turbocharged Hybrid Powertrains2025-24-010009/07/2025
The widespread adoption of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is progressing more slowly than anticipated, making hybridization crucial for improving efficiency through load point shifting, running the engine at its most efficient operating points and kinetic energy recovery. As the world continues to use fossil fuels, enhancing powertrain efficiency is critical to reducing CO2 emissions. Improved efficiency will also increase the share of renewable e-fuels in the energy mix, supporting the transition to low-carbon mobility. A significant portion of energy in ICEs is lost through exhaust heat, which is a high-grate energy source that can be converted into electricity in hybrid systems. Conventional turbochargers, widely used to enhance volumetric efficiency and drivability, typically incorporate a wastegate (WG) to regulate boost pressure. However, this results in the intentional dumping of excess valuable exhaust energy leading to energy loss. This paper investigates the replacement of
Kodaboina, Raghu Vamsi, Vorraro, Giovanni, Turner, James W. G.
Characterization of Exhaust Gas Recirculation Effects in a Hydrogen-Fueled 4-Cylinder Engine with Direct Injection2025-24-005209/07/2025
The increasing importance of hydrogen as alternative energy source to reduce CO2 emissions in the transport sector makes its adoption in spark-ignited engines an attractive and cost-efficient alternative to fuel cell-powered vehicles. Lean combustion is the preferred operating strategy for H2-engines in order to achieve performance targets, enhance efficiency and at the same time avoid critical knocking and pre-ignition phenomena. Additionally, an effective approach to lower cylinder temperatures, relevant engine-out NOx emissions and boost pressure requirements at the same time, is an external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system. The aim of this work is to analyze and compare the effects of exhaust gas recirculation on the combustion of a lean hydrogen mixture in a turbocharged 4-cylinder H2-ICE with direct injection. For this investigation a load point at 18 bar BMEP and 4000 rpm is selected with and without the utilization of additional external EGR. In this case, a BTE of 38
Schmelcher, Robin, Kulzer, Andre Casal, Gal, Thomas, Vacca, Antonino, Chiodi, Marco, Grabner, Peter, Gschiel, Kevin
Combined Virtual and Experimental Approach to Develop Highly Efficient Metallic Catalyst for New World Wide Emission Legislation2025-24-008009/07/2025
The market penetration of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) in Europe is not following the foreseen scenario. This is related to several factors, such as uncertainty of the second-hand value of BEV, real driving range under cold conditions and availability of charging stations. Even if the European Community is still planning a full ban of Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) by 2035, in the rest of the world a more technology neutral approach is being pursued. Car manufacturers are developing different powertrain architectures, from mild- to full-hybrid and Range Extenders (REEX). In this context of different emission regulations, and wide range of powertrain architectures, the focus of the development will be the increase of catalyst efficiency without any big impact on exhaust aftertreatment cost. In previous work [1] the authors have used a 1D simulation approach to support the optimization of metallic TWC substrate for the High Power Cold Start use case. Additionally, a 3D CFD was used
Montenegro, Gianluca, Della Torre, Augusto, Marinoni, Andrea, Onorati, Angelo, Klövmark, Henrik, Laurell, Mats, Pace, Lorenzo, Konieczny, Katrin
Experimental Investigations on the Effects of Injector Orientation in a Diesel-Gasoline-Fuelled Premixed Charge Compression Ignition Engine2025-24-004309/07/2025
Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI) presents a promising alternative to conventional diesel combustion (CDC), offering significant reductions in pollutant emissions by lowering local in-cylinder temperatures and enhancing fuel-air mixing. However, a significant challenge in implementing PCCI is controlling the start of combustion, especially given its narrow operating load range. This is primarily due to early ignition and knocking combustion at higher loads when using high-reactivity diesel fuel, which limits the practical applicability of PCCI mode in diesel engines. In the present study, experimental investigations are carried out on a light-duty diesel engine operating in PCCI mode using two fuel blends: 10% (D90G10) and 20% (D80G20) gasoline mixed with diesel on a volume basis. To facilitate combustion control and emission reduction, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and water vapor are used as charge diluents. A common rail direct injection (CRDi) system replaces the
Ranjan, Ashish Pratap, Krishnasamy, Anand
Effects of Varying the Air-Fuel Equivalence Ratio at Different EGR-Rates on a Medium-Speed LNG-Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine2025-24-004109/07/2025
The dual-fuel combustion process, which is offered as a retrofit solution for conventional diesel engines by various manufacturers, represents an option for reducing emissions from internal combustion engines and is already available today. Current dual-fuel engines run on liquefied natural gas (LNG), which is usually of fossil origin. Due to the existing infrastructure and the possibility of producing LNG by means of electrolysis and methanation, LNG can already be produced in a 100% climate-neutral way and thus make a contribution to climate neutrality in the shipping industry. The adoption of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems in the maritime sector became more significant in 2020 following the enforcement of the sulphur emission cap. By lowering the sulphur content in the fuel, technologies in the exhaust tract are also conceivable without the use of expensive scrubber systems. Dual-fuel LNG/diesel engines are typically operated in lean-burn mode to reduce the risk of knocking
Seipel, Pascal, Glauner, Manuel, Dinwoodie, Jules, Buchholz, Bert
Comparison between Spark-Ignition and Passive Pre-Chamber Combustion in a Methanol Fuelled Heavy-Duty Engine at Different Speeds, Loads, and EGR Dilutions2025-24-003009/07/2025
Decarbonizing the transport sector requires solutions that reduce CO₂ emissions while improving the efficiency of existing engine platforms. This study explores a retrofit strategy in which a heavy-duty diesel engine is converted to Otto-cycle operation and equipped with a passive pre-chamber combustion (PPCC) system. Methanol was used as the fuel due to its high octane number, low carbon intensity, and favourable combustion properties. The performance of the PPCC system is experimentally compared to conventional spark ignition (SI) across varying engine speeds, loads, and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) levels. A dual-dilution strategy, combining lean operation (λ = 1.6) with EGR, was applied to extend dilution tolerance and assess the feasibility of operating near stoichiometry. All tests were conducted under steady-state conditions with fixed spark timing. Results show that PPCC consistently delivers faster combustion than SI across all conditions, with greater stability and reduced
Fong Cisneros, Eric J., Hlaing, Ponnya, Cenker, Emre, AlRamadan, Abdullah, Turner, James WG
Investigation of a Lambda Leap Strategy for Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines to Balance Efficiency with Performance and Vehicle Packaging2025-24-007009/07/2025
The paper reports an investigation into employing a “lambda leap” (λ leap) strategy for hydrogen internal combustion engines (H₂ICEs), wherein inherently low emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are afforded at light load via operation at lambda 2.5, and at higher load by operation at stoichiometry utilizing a three-way catalyst (TWC) for NOx control. This approach means it is necessary under transient operation to “leap” between high values of lambda and stoichiometry from one cycle to the next, in order to avoid completely the λ ≈ 1.3 area where high combustion NOx is generated away from lambda equal to 1; this is because lean catalysis of NOx will be extremely challenging at the rate that it is generated there. To achieve this, a short cam profile was introduced to reduce air mass flow by 57.5%, enabling this leap without changing the fuel injection amount, while preserving favorable combustion characteristics via an early Miller cycle. The study models a 2.0 L inline four-cylinder
Fong Cisneros, Eric J., Kodaboina, Raghu Vamsi, Vorraro, Giovanni, Turner, James W. G.
Experimental and Numerical Insights on Emissions Control with a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst in Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition Combustion Conditions03-18-05-003409/01/2025
Reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI), a low-temperature combustion strategy, reduces oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and soot simultaneously; however, high concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) and total hydrocarbons (THC) and low exhaust gas temperatures pose a significant challenge for the catalytic control of tailpipe CO and THC. Diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) is generally used in compression ignition (CI) engines for CO, THC, and nitric oxide (NO) oxidation. This work provides a new understanding of the performance characteristics of a DOC in the RCCI combustion strategy with various gasoline–diesel fuel premix ratios ranging from ~46% to ~70% at steady-state operating conditions. Experimental insights from the RCCI strategy prompt considerations of both CO and THC oxidations and THC trap functionalities in the 1D transient model of the DOC. It is observed that an increase in the fuel premix ratio from 50% to 70% in RCCI shifts the CO and THC oxidation characteristics
Suman, Abhishek, Sarangi, Asish Kumar, Herreros, Jose Martin
Drop-In Performance of Propyl- and Butyl-Terminated Oxymethylene Ethers in a Compression Ignition Engine04-19-01-000307/16/2025
Oxymethylene ethers (OMEs) have been proposed for use in diesel engines as a high-reactivity fuel with reduced soot emission. Historically, the focus on methyl-terminated OMEs has limited drop-in applicability. In this work, a set of extended-alkyl OMEs with methyl, propyl, and butyl terminations are tested in an unmodified 4.5L Deere diesel engine, neat and in various blends with ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD). Engine operability and emissions data are collected for the various fuel blends. External laboratory testing against the ASTM D975 standard demonstrates that a blend of 30% butyl-terminated OMEs with ULSD meets all ASTM standard requirements except lubricity. It is shown that the OMEs and OME–diesel blends demonstrate shorter combustion durations, as defined by the 10%–90% heat release timing, than the ULSD control. Engine brake efficiency is unaffected by OME usage, while specific fuel consumption increases in proportion to the reduced heating values of OMEs. Particulate
Lucas, Stephen P., Zdanowicz, Andrew, Wolff, Wyatt W., Windom, Bret
Droplet–Wall Interaction Dynamics during Urea Dosing in an Aftertreatment System03-18-04-002507/09/2025
Urea–water solution (UWS) is sprayed during selective catalytic reduction (SCR) in the aftertreatment system of a diesel engine. UWS decomposes to ammonia and reacts with harmful nitrogen oxides present in exhaust gas to convert it to harmless nitrogen and water vapor. The interaction of UWS spray droplets with the hot wall of the aftertreatment system plays a crucial role in the performance and life of the aftertreatment system used in modern diesel engines for emission control. We report here a comprehensive experimental investigation on the normal impact of UWS droplets on the heated wall of stainless steel (SS410), mimicking the droplet–wall interaction in an SCR aftertreatment system. We have built a regime map underlying the possible outcomes under operating conditions encountered in an SCR system. The transition zones are identified, and the complex transition dynamics from one regime to another are discussed. Finally, we investigate and discuss the universality of the non
Singh, Kartikeya K., Deka, Hiranya, Pandey, Vinod, Khot, Ambarish, Basak, Narendranath, Shastry D. M., Channaveera
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