Browse Topic: Emissions control

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Effect of Plasma-Assisted Ignition on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Two Stroke Engines with Different Fuels2025-32-0030To be published on 11/03/2025
The 2-stroke opposed piston engine(2OPE) is attracting attention for its potential to achieve higher theoretical thermal efficiency due to its unique combustion chamber design. 2OPE has twice stroke/bore ratio compared to that of conventional 2-stroke engines, which reduces cooling losses, thereby enhancing output power density. However, like other 2-stroke engines, the 2OPE faces challenges such as fuel short-circuiting and scavenging loss, which historically limited the development of 2-stroke engines. Due to the insufficient scavenging process, the residual gas remains higher than 4-stroke engine. Although the residual gas helps maintain higher in-cylinder temperature that accelerate the fuel evaporation, the reduced fresh air supply leads to incomplete combustion and increasing carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon emission (HC). Under that condition, the minimum ignition energy increases sharply and leading to slower combustion. Plasma-assisted ignition (PAI) is considered as a
Liu, Jinru, Yamazaki, Yoshiaki, Otaki, Yusuke, Kato, Hayato, Kobayashi, Daichi, Umegaki, Tetsuo, Asai, Tomohiko, Iijima, Akira
Technical Paper
Performance Analysis of a Hydrogen-blended Naturally Aspirated Gas Engine with a Dedicated Exhaust Gas Recirculation System2025-32-0046To be published on 11/03/2025
With the publication of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) III in 2022, the European Union increased its renewable energy consumption target to 45% by 2030. Consequently, gaseous fuels derived from renewable electricity, particularly green hydrogen, are expected to play a pivotal role in the decarbonization of the energy sector. One promising application of green hydrogen is its integration into combined heat and power (CHP) plants, where it can replace natural gas to reduce CO₂ emissions. Pure hydrogen as fuel or blended with natural gas has demonstrated potential for lowering both pollutant emissions and fuel consumption while maintaining or even enhancing engine performance. But it is expected, that the amount of available green hydrogen will be limited in the beginning. So new engine systems with hydrogen and natural gas for CHP plants are required, that offer more CO2-benefit than from fuel substitution only. In the LeanStoicH₂ project, a novel approach was developed to optimize
Salim, Naqib, Beltaifa, Youssef, Kettner, Maurice
Technical Paper
Impact of Water Injection on Emission Formation in an HVO-fuelled NRMM Engine2025-32-0067To be published on 11/03/2025
Water injection in diesel engines is a well-known method of lowering combustion temperatures and thus reducing nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. In this study, the influence of water injection in hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) operation on NOx formation, particulate emissions and ignition delay is analysed in comparison to diesel operation. Both the fuel (HVO) and the water injection system were designed as ‘drop-in’ solutions that enable rapid implementation to reduce emissions, even in existing vehicle fleets. The standard engine control unit of the John Deere JD4045 engine was therefore used for the tests. A single water nozzle was installed downstream the charge air cooler to integrate a water injection system. The three operating points of interest were: (1) low speed and high load without exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), (2) high EGR rates at low speed and medium load and (3) the engine's ‘sweet spot’ regarding the emission-tradeoff at high speed and high load. The focus of the
Fuhrmeister, Jonas, Mayer, Sebastian, Günthner, Michael
Technical Paper
Investigation of degradation of catalyst performance due to phosphorus poisoning in practical catalysts2025-32-0073To be published on 11/03/2025
Although exhaust gas regulations for internal combustion engines have been in place for quite some time, they are still getting stricter every year. Motorcycles are no exception. Exhaust gas regulations for after-degradation durability have already been applied, and the next regulation is expected to require vehicles in use in the market to meet the exhaust gas regulation values. Technology to comply with exhaust gas regulations mainly deals with catalyst performance degradation. The main issues are metal sintering and poisoning. In particular, it is difficult to clearly explain the change in catalyst performance due to poisoning alone, as it is necessary to distinguish it from sintering and to determine the distribution of deterioration. However, phosphorus poisoning from oil cannot be ignored unless oil consumption is reduced to zero. In order to understand the change in practical catalyst performance due to poisoning with a distribution of degradation, it is necessary to explain the
Ibara, Takeru, Itou, Shiori, Yusa, Kazuma, Kinoshita, Hisatoshi, Motegi, Takuya
Technical Paper
Improving the efficiency of EVAP system development by utilizing CAE simulations and surrogate models2025-32-0014To be published on 11/03/2025
Evaporative gases from fuel tanks in cars and motorcycles are harmful to human health, which prompting the implementation of strict regulations. To meet these regulations, many gasoline vehicles use evaporative emission control systems (EVAP systems) that utilize carbon canisters. Developing EVAP systems is not just about meeting these rules but also about making sure the engine drivability is not affected. Moreover, as future regulations become increasingly strict, there will be a growing demand for higher-performance systems that reduces evaporative gas into the atmosphere. This will make the control systems more complicated and increase production costs. To overcome these challenges, more efficient ways of development are necessary. One effective method is model-based development (MBD) using CAE technology. In recent years, CAE simulations have become more advanced, and combining different types of CAE simulations allows for faster and more accurate results. Another approach that
Okuno, Keisuke, Hidai, Atsuya, Torigoshi, Masaki, Kinoshita, Hisatoshi
Technical Paper
Development of 2-cylinder Diesel Engine for European quadricycles to achieve EURO 5+ standard2025-32-0068To be published on 11/03/2025
The EURO 5+ standard (134/2014/EU) has been enforced in the year 2025 for quadricycle in Europe. The exhaust emission under this standard has significantly tightened compared to the EURO4. Additionally, this standard also limits vehicle weight, which remains stringent and unchanged from the EURO4 standard. We introduce the original technologies to meet EURO5+ standard in this paper. Emission limit values of the EURO 5+ standard are more stringent, requiring an 84% reduction in NOx and a 94% reduction in PM compared to the previous standard. Diesel engines equipped with mechanical injection control systems for the previous standard are required significant technological advancements to meet EURO 5+ standard of exhaust emission. To meet this, the adoption of engine aftertreatment components such as SCR(Selective Catalytic Reduction) for NOx reduction and DPF(Diesel Particulate Filter) for PM reduction is an common solution. However, to meet this new regulation, adding the weight of these
Nagai, Naotaro, Tennomi, Masanari, Tamura, Akira, Mochizuki, Hiroaki, Kobayashi, Yasushi, Onishi, Takashi
Technical Paper
On Board Monitoring of Water Injection Inducement System and Particulate Filter for 3-Wheeler BS VI OBD II B Diesel Vehicle Norms.2025-32-0086To be published on 11/03/2025
To mitigate greenhouse emission reduction Government of India implemented Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) norms from year 2020. Moving to more stringent emission norms poses challenges for automakers in several ways such as meeting exhaust emissions, on board diagnostic, drivers’ inducement, and catalyst monitoring on vehicles. It is imperative to upgrade engine management system for On-board diagnostics (OBD) that refers to a vehicles self-diagnostic and reporting ability. OBD systems enables owner of vehicles to gain access of the various vehicle sub-systems. OBD-II standards were made more rigid, requiring the Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL) to be activated if emission-related components fail. Also, vehicle emissions not to exceed OBD thresholds. Consequently, the use of specific NOx emission control systems became necessary in BS VI OBD II B for 3-wheeler applications. Additionally, the performance and integrity of the catalytic converter must be monitored. Driver warnings, inducement
Jagtap, Pranjal, Chaudhari, Sandip, Syed, Kaleemuddin, Khairnar, Girish, Bhoite, Vikram, Reddy, Kameswar
Technical Paper
Water injection as an enabling technology for stoichiometric high performance normally aspirated engines2025-24-0027To be published on 09/07/2025
The mainstream automotive market is rapidly transitioning to electrified and fully electric powertrains. Where gasoline engines are still employed, they are frequently turbocharged units with relatively low maximum engine speed and modest power density. The hypercar class, in contrast, has recently seen somewhat of a renaissance in high performance, high speed naturally aspirated gasoline engines, which are prized for their emotional contribution to the vehicle. In order to guarantee high conversion efficiency of a Three Way Catalyst in the exhaust system, an engine must be operated at stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. At high power density, this may result in very high exhaust gas temperature, which poses a risk to engine and vehicle hardware. A number of technological interventions to extend the maximum stoichiometric performance whilst respecting component limitations have already been described in the literature, but many of these are not applicable to specific engine architectures in
Corrigan, Dáire James, Villa, Davide, Penazzi, Eugenio, Meghani, Amit, Knop, Vincent, Caroli, Giacomo, Frigeri, Davide, Ruggiero, Federico, Malaguti, Simone, Postrioti, Lucio, Maka, Cristian
Technical Paper
Experimental Investigations on the Effects of Injector Orientation in a Diesel-Gasoline-Fuelled Premixed Charge Compression Ignition Engine2025-24-0043To be published on 09/07/2025
Premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) presents a promising alternative to conventional diesel combustion (CDC), substantially reducing pollutant levels by lowering the local in-cylinder temperature and enhancing fuel-air mixing. A significant challenge in PCCI is controlling the initiation of combustion, along with a narrow operating load range due to early ignition and knocking combustion at the higher load when using high-reactivity diesel fuel. This poses an obstacle to successfully implementing the PCCI combustion mode engine. In the present study, experimental investigations are carried out in a light-duty diesel engine in PCCI mode using three fuel blends, 0% (G0D100), 10% (G10D90) and 20% (G20D80) gasoline in diesel on a volume basis, and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and water vapor as charge diluents. A common rail direct injection (CRDi) system replaces the existing mechanical fuel injection, and the compression ratio is decreased from 17.5 to 15 to achieve the PCCI
Ranjan, Ashish Pratap, Krishnasamy, Anand
Technical Paper
Investigation of a Lambda Leap Strategy for Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines to Balance Efficiency, Performance, and Vehicle Packaging2025-24-0070To be published on 09/07/2025
The paper reports investigations into employing a “lambda leap” strategy for hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2ICEs), wherein inherently low NOx emissions are afforded at light load via operation at lambda 2.5 or leaner, and at higher load by operation at stoichiometry with a three-way catalyst. This approach means it is necessary under transient operation to “leap” between high values of lambda and stoichiometry from one cycle to the next, in order to avoid completely the area where high combustion NOx is generated away from lambda = 1; this is because lean catalysis of NOx will be extremely challenging there. The requirements for the cam profiles and valvetrain hardware to achieve this strategy are discussed, and a 2.0 litre in-line 4-cylinder engine configuration with the necessary valve gear functionality is modelled. The efficiency results on an operating map are then presented. In turn, this data is used to model the hydrogen consumption of two vehicles (one a saloon car
Fong Cisneros, Eric J., Kodaboina, Raghu Vamsi, Vorraro, Giovanni, Turner, James W. G.
Technical Paper
Using Turbogenerators for Energy Recovery in Turbocharged Hybrid Powertrains2025-24-0100To be published on 09/07/2025
Modern internal combustion engines have become heavily downsized, with their overall volumetric efficiency being increased by implementing highly efficient turbochargers. Since such turbochargers can enhance performance they can further optimize vehicle drivability. Conventional turbochargers are equipped with a wastegate through which the exhaust gases are expelled in order to control boost pressure, such a mode of operation results in an inevitable loss of exhaust gas energy. As vehicle technology has advanced, the need for CO2 emission control has led to the development of hybrid powertrains. The primary focus of this paper is to replace the wastegate in a conventional turbocharger by introducing either a turbogenerator or an e-turbocharger. A turbogenerator is an advanced system that integrates a turbocharger with an electrical generator and is mounted so that its flow is in parallel to the turbocharger turbine. The gases which would previously have been expelled via the wastegate
Kodaboina, Raghu Vamsi, Vorraro, Giovanni, Turner, James W. G.
Technical Paper
Effects of Varying the Air-Fuel Equivalence Ratio at different EGR-Rates on a Medium-Speed LNG-Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine2025-24-0041To be published on 09/07/2025
The dual-fuel combustion process, which is offered as a retrofit solution for conventional diesel engines by various manufacturers, represents an option for reducing emissions from internal combustion engines and is already available today. Current dual-fuel engines run on liquefied natural gas (LNG), which is usually of fossil origin. Thanks to the existing infrastructure and the possibility of producing LNG by means of electrolysis and methanation, LNG can already be produced in a 100 % climate-neutral way and thus make a contribution to climate neutrality in the shipping industry. The adoption of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) systems in the maritime sector became more significant in 2020 following the enforcement of the sulphur emission cap. By lowering the sulphur content in the fuel, technologies in the exhaust tract are also conceivable without the use of expensive scrubber systems. The use of an EGR system can reduce nitrogen oxide emissions in engines. Dual-fuel engines are
Seipel, Pascal, Glauner, Manuel, Dinwoodie, Jules, Buchholz, Bert
Technical Paper
Combined Virtual and Experimental Approach to Develop Highly Efficient Metallic Catalyst for New World Wide Emission Legislation2025-24-0080To be published on 09/07/2025
The market penetration of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) in Europe is not following the foreseen scenario. This is related to several factors, such as uncertainty of the second-hand value of BEV, real driving range under cold conditions and availability of charging stations. Even if the European Community is still planning a full ban of Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) by 2035. In the rest of the world a more technology neutral approach is being pursued with car manufacturers developing different powertrain architectures, from mild- to full-hybrid and Range Extenders (REEX). In this context the different emission regulations, and the wide range of powertrain architectures, the focus of the development will be the increase of catalyst efficiency without any big impact on exhaust aftertreatment cost. In this work the authors have used a 1D simulation approach to support the optimization of metallic TWC substrate for the High Power Cold Start use case. Additionally, a 3D CFD was used
Montenegro, Gianluca, Della Torre, Augusto, Marinoni, Andrea, Onorati, Angelo, Klövmark, Henrik, Laurell, Mats, Pace, Lorenzo, Konieczny, Katrin
Technical Paper
Characterization of Exhaust Gas Recirculation Effects in a Hydrogen-Fueled 4-Cylinder Engine with Direct Injection2025-24-0052To be published on 09/07/2025
The increasing importance of hydrogen as alternative energy source to reduce CO2 emissions in the transport sector makes its adoption in spark-ignited engines an attractive and cost-efficient alternative to fuel cell-powered vehicles. Lean combustion is the preferred operating strategy for H2-engines in order to achieve performance targets, enhance efficiency and at the same time avoid critical knocking and pre-ignition phenomena. Additionally, an effective approach to lower cylinder temperatures, relevant engine-out NOx emissions and boost pressure requirements at the same time, is an external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system. The aim of this work is to analyze and compare the effects of exhaust gas recirculation on the combustion of a lean hydrogen mixture in a turbocharged 4-cylinder H2-ICE with direct injection. For this investigation a load point at 18 bar BMEP and 4000 rpm is selected with and without the utilization of additional external EGR. In this case, a BTE of 38
Schmelcher, Robin, Kulzer, Andre Casal, Gal, Thomas, Vacca, Antonino, Chiodi, Marco, Grabner, Peter, Gschiel, Kevin
Technical Paper
Droplet–Wall Interaction Dynamics during Urea Dosing in an Aftertreatment System03-18-04-002507/09/2025
Urea–water solution (UWS) is sprayed during selective catalytic reduction (SCR) in the aftertreatment system of a diesel engine. UWS decomposes to ammonia and reacts with harmful nitrogen oxides present in exhaust gas to convert it to harmless nitrogen and water vapor. The interaction of UWS spray droplets with the hot wall of the aftertreatment system plays a crucial role in the performance and life of the aftertreatment system used in modern diesel engines for emission control. We report here a comprehensive experimental investigation on the normal impact of UWS droplets on the heated wall of stainless steel (SS410), mimicking the droplet–wall interaction in an SCR aftertreatment system. We have built a regime map underlying the possible outcomes under operating conditions encountered in an SCR system. The transition zones are identified, and the complex transition dynamics from one regime to another are discussed. Finally, we investigate and discuss the universality of the non
Singh, Kartikeya K., Deka, Hiranya, Pandey, Vinod, Khot, Ambarish, Basak, Narendranath, Shastry D. M., Channaveera
Journal Article
Effect of Gasoline Component on Fuel Economy of WLTC Drive with EGR and Lean Combustion2025-01-030507/02/2025
It is becoming increasingly clear that research into alternative fuels, including drop-in fuels, is essential for the continued survival of the internal combustion engine. In this study, the authors have evaluated olefinic and oxygenated fuels as drop-in fuels using a single-cylinder engine and considering fuel characteristic parameters. The authors have assessed thermal efficiency by adding EGR or excess air from zero to the maximum value that allows stable combustion. Next, we attempted to predict fuel efficiency for four types of passenger cars (Japanese small K-car N/A, K-car T/C, Series HV, and Power-split HV) by changing the fuels. We created a model to estimate fuel efficiency during WLTC driving. The results indicated that fuel economy could potentially be improved by adding an olefin fuel that burns stably even with a large amount of EGR or air and an oxygen fuel whose octane number increases. It was observed that the fuel economy improvement rate was particularly notable for
Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Xu, Fuguo, Wang, Zhiyuan, Tanaka, Kotaro, Kuboyama, Tatsuya
Technical Paper
Prediction of Hazardous Gaseous Emissions from a Gasoline Engine during Cold Starts Using Machine Learning Methods2025-01-032107/02/2025
Internal combustion engines generate higher exhaust emissions of hazardous gases during the initial minutes after engine start. Experimental data from a state-of-the-art turbo-charged 3-cylinder, 999 cc gasoline engine are used to predict cold start emissions using two Machine Learning (ML) models: a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) which is a fully connected neural network and an Encoder-Decoder Recurrent Neural Network (ED-RNN). Engine parameters and various temperatures are used as input for the models and NOx (Nitrogen Oxides), CO (Carbon monoxide) and unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) emissions are predicted. The dataset includes time series recordings from the Worldwide harmonized Light-duty vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) and four Real Diving Emissions (RDE) cycles at ambient and initial engine temperatures ranging from -20 °C to +23 °C. In total, 21 cases are considered, consisting of eight different ambient temperatures and five distinct driving cycles. Each case consists of a sequence of 2500
Mangipudi, Manoj, Denev, Jordan A., Bockhorn, Henning, Trimis, Dimosthenis, Koch, Thomas, Debus, Charlotte, Götz, Markus, Zirwes, Thorsten, Hagen, Fabian P., Tofighian, Hesam, Wagner, Uwe, Braun, Samuel, Lanzer, Theodor, Knapp, Sebastian M.
Technical Paper
Low-Temperature Coolant Circuit Nomenclature and ApplicationsJ3136_202506 (Current)06/17/2025
The document provides clarity related to multiple temperature coolant circuits used with on-highway and off-highway, gasoline, and light-duty to heavy-duty diesel engine cooling systems, or hybrid vehicle systems. These multiple temperature systems include engine jacket coolant plus at least one lower temperature system. Out of scope are the low temperature systems used in electric vehicles. This subject is covered in SAE J3073. Note that some content in SAE J3073 is likely to be of interest for hybrid vehicles. Out of scope are the terms and definitions of thermal flow control valves used in either low-temperature or high-temperature coolant circuits. This subject is covered in SAE J3142.
Cooling Systems Standards Committee
Information Report
Residual Gas and Emission Characteristics in a Propane-Fueled Spark-Ignition Engine with Varying Combustion Durations2025-01-020206/16/2025
This research investigates the impact of combustion duration on combustion characteristics, emissions, and residual gas in a propane-fueled spark ignition engine under varying engine speeds. Using a two-cylinder V-twin engine and AVL-Boost simulation, experiments were conducted at speeds ranging from 3000 to 8000 rpm with combustion durations between 40° and 80° crank angle. The study integrates simulation and experimental methods to address challenges in measuring residual gas and effective release energy (ERE) under different conditions. Results show that longer combustion durations generally lead to increased residual gas and BSFC, while also influencing peak fire temperature, effective release energy, and emission characteristics. At 3000 rpm, optimal conditions were observed with a peak BMEP of 11.11 bar, torque of 25.01 Nm, power output of 14.87 kW, and a minimum BSFC of 311.43 g/kWh. Longer combustion durations elevated the residual gas, reaching up to 0.946 at 8000 rpm, and
Quach, Nhu Y, Lim, Ocktaeck
Technical Paper
Comparison of Spark and Turbulent Jet Ignition in a Fully Ammonia-Fueled Engine2025-01-020106/16/2025
Ammonia (NH3) is an emerging carbon-free fuel with the potential to decarbonize the energy sector. However, its widespread adoption is hindered by challenges like low flame speed, high ignition energy, elevated emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), and unburned NH3. These limitations necessitate innovative combustion strategies for efficient and stable engine operation. This study investigates the potential of turbulent jet ignition (TJI) to overcome these challenges through the implementation of a pre-chamber, a small auxiliary chamber equipped with a spark plug to create hot, reactive jets that propagate into the main chamber, promoting rapid combustion from distributed ignition sites. In this work, TJI operation is compared to conventional spark ignition (SI) in a diesel engine platform retrofitted for 100% ammonia operation. Experiments were conducted at 1200 and 1800 RPM across varying loads (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) with equivalence ratio and spark timing sweeps. Combustion
Dhotre, Akash, Voris, Alex, Okey, Nathan, Kane, Seamus, Northrop, William
Technical Paper
Effect of Ignition Condition and Fuel Octane Number on Knock Intensity in a Small 2-Stroke Engine2025-01-021106/16/2025
Internal combustion engines (ICEs) remain widely used in automotive transportation for their high energy storage system efficiency and economic benefits. The 4-stroke engine has dominated all other forms to date, because the Otto cycle is relatively simple to understand. However, the significant benefits such as less pumping work and friction, lighter construction of 2-stroke engine, are attractive for applications that prioritize the simplicity and power density as well as meet the emission regulations. The disadvantages of the 2-stroke engine are mainly caused by the lack of sufficient scavenging process. Also, the overlap of the intake and exhaust phases results in charge short-circuiting, more fuel consumption and high unburned hydrocarbon emissions. For these reasons, it is difficult for 2-stroke engines to achieve stoichiometric combustion, making them incompatible with three-way catalyst to control emissions. The residual exhaust gas in the cylinder makes the spark ignition
Liu, Jinru, Yamazaki, Yoshiaki, Otaki, Yusuke, Kato, Hayato, Yokota, Takumi, Iijima, Akira
Technical Paper
Experimental Analysis of Performance and Durability Using Ethanol 27% Fuel Blend in a Turbocharged Gasoline Direct Injection Engine2025-01-024506/16/2025
India aims to achieve 20% ethanol blending (E20) in petrol by 2025 under its National Biofuels Policy to reduce carbon emissions, enhance energy security, and support the agricultural economy. Building on this, E27 (27% ethanol in gasoline) is being evaluated as an advanced mid-level blend to further lower greenhouse gas emissions and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. This study investigates the performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics of a turbocharged gasoline direct injection (TGDI) engine using E27 fuel over 20,000 km in real-world driving conditions, as part of a broader research program accumulating over 100,000 km across multiple vehicle categories. Key findings indicate that E27 achieves an optimal balance of emissions reduction and performance, with NOx and THC emissions decreasing by 12% and 5%, respectively, compared to E10, while CO and CO₂ levels remained stable, reflecting ethanol’s oxygenation effect and lower carbon intensity. Power output and acceleration
D R, Vigneshwar, Bhakthavachalu, Vijayabaskar, Muralidharan, M.
Technical Paper
Impact of Reduced Catalytic Activity on Passive Regeneration of Catalyzed Diesel Particulate Filters2025-01-018506/16/2025
Oxidation catalysts can greatly improve the regeneration efficiency of diesel particulate filters (DPF) by providing sufficient levels of NO2 for low-temperature soot oxidation. As for other automotive catalysts, catalyzed DPFs are subject to aging effects, resulting in decreased performance of the NO oxidation reaction. The life span of DPFs generally only considers the elevated back pressure as a consequence of the accumulation of ash. However, with reduced catalytic activity and impaired functionality of the regeneration process there is a risk of premature replacement of the catalyzed DPF or accumulation of soot above critical levels. In this study, a new exhaust aftertreatment system has been developed to accommodate laboratory-scale catalysts and DPFs for testing with full-size heavy-duty engines. The modified exhaust aftertreatment set-up was used together with a rig for accelerated soot and ash loading to assess the impact of catalyst aging on regeneration performance under
af Ugglas, Samuel, Finker, Pascal, Ersson, Anders, Yao, Dawei, Pettersson, Lars J., Kusar, Henrik
Technical Paper
Development of After-Treatment Systems and Control Strategy for a Hybrid-Dedicated Homogeneous Lean Burn Engine2025-01-021706/16/2025
The development of lean-burn gasoline engines has continued due to their significant improvements in thermal efficiency. However, challenges associated with NOx emissions have hindered their mainstream adoption. As a result, the development of an effective NOx after-treatment system has become a key focus in lean-burn engine research. Additionally, HC emissions pose another challenge, as they tend to increase under lean combustion conditions while their conversion efficiency simultaneously declines. This study presents a novel after-treatment system incorporating a lean NOx trap(LNT) and a passive SCR(pSCR) system. This configuration enables efficient NOx reduction at a competitive cost while maintaining operational simplicity. Moreover, conventional catalyst technologies, including three-way catalysts (TWCs) and fuel-cut NOx traps (FCNTs), were optimized to maximize conversion performance under lean operating conditions. To further enhance system performance, various control
Oh, Heechang, Lee, Jonghyeok, Sim, Kiseon, Lim, SeungSoo, Park, Jongil, Park, Minkyu, Kang, Hyunjin, Han, Donghee, Lee, Kwiyeon, Song, Jinwoo
Technical Paper
A Successful Catalyst Design for Advanced Zinc-Iodine BatteriesTBMG-5320606/01/2025
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have attracted extensive attention due to their high safety, abundant reserves, and environmental friendliness. Iodine with high abundance in seawater (55 μg L-1) is highly promising for fabricating zinc-iodine batteries due to its high theoretical capacity (211 mAh g-1) and appropriate redox potential (0.54V). However, the low electrical conductivity of iodine hinders the redox conversion for an efficient energy storage process with zinc. Additionally, the formed soluble polyiodides are prone to migrate to the Zn anode, leading to capacity degradation and Zn corrosion.
Magazine Article
Methodology for Selection of Gasoline Catalytic Convertor & Oxygen Sensor Position, Study on Oxygen Storage Capacity for 1.2L Turbocharger MPFI Engine2025-01-502205/16/2025
The results published in this paper emphasize on the study of three-way catalytic convertor for a 1.2 L turbocharged multi-point fuel injection gasoline engine. This paper takes us through the findings on methodology used for finalizing the brick configuration for catalytic convertor along with downstream oxygen sensor placement for emission control and methods applied for catalytic convertor selection with actual testing. The advantages of dual brick configuration over single brick with downstream sensor placed in between the bricks to enable faster dew point of sensor is explained using water splash test and design confirmation of better exhaust gas flow vortices concentration at the sensor tip for better sensing. Selection of catalytic convertor loading by testing its emission conversion capability and light-off behavior. NOx conversion capability across stoichiometric ratio (14.7:1 for petrol) on selected most operational zone was tested (±5% lambda) for the design-finalized
Arun Selvan, S. A., Paul, Arun Augustine, Selvaraj, Manimaran
Technical Paper
Experimental Quantitative Analysis of Spray Velocity Field Characteristics of Four Compression-Ignition Engine Oxygenated Alternative Fuels03-18-03-002105/10/2025
As the suitable substitutes for diesel in compression-ignition (CI) piston engines, hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODEs), and bio-aviation fuel (BAF), among other oxygenated alternative fuels have been widely recognized due to higher cetane values. To explore the in-cylinder fuel spray dynamics and subsequent fuel–air entrainment of these fuels, experimental studies on near-field and full-field spray characteristics were carried out by the diffuser back-illumination imaging (DBI) method within a constant-volume chamber. The local velocity was inferred by momentum flux conservation and Gaussian radial profile assumption, and the dimensionless Jet number was introduced to qualify the strength of interaction within two-phase flow. It was found that the initial spray transitions from a “needle” to a larger spray head structure as injection pressure rises, especially with PODE3-5 exhibiting a stable “mushroom” structure due to its higher surface tension
Chen, Houchang, Jiang, Junxin, Hu, Yong, Yu, Wenbin, Zhao, Feiyang
Journal Article
Influence of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Knock in a Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Ethanol–Gasoline Blends03-18-03-001904/28/2025
Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is widely used in spark ignition engines to reduce throttling losses, decrease exhaust gas temperatures, increase efficiency, and suppress knock. However, the effectiveness of EGR as a knock suppressor is dependent on the fuel type and operating condition. In this study, the effectiveness of EGR to suppress knock was tested with E10, E30, E50, E75, and E100 at a moderately boosted condition. It was found that EGR was effective at suppressing knock with E10, but high EGR rates were required to achieve a knock suppression effect with E30 and E50. No knock suppression effect was observed with E75 and E100 across all tested EGR rates. With E30 and E50, EGR that was passed through a three-way catalyst was more effective at suppressing knock at all EGR rates. Chemkin modeling with neat ethanol revealed that nitric oxide enhanced ignition by increasing the hydroxyl radical concentration in the end gas, resulting in earlier auto-ignition. Directly seeding nitric
Gandolfo, John, Gainey, Brian, Lawler, Benjamin
Journal Article
Investigation on Degradation Process of PdRuIr/CZ “Pseudo-Rh” Catalysts Used for Motorcycles2024-32-001604/18/2025
Platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), and rhodium (Rh) are used as active substances in exhaust gas purification catalysts for automobiles. Among these, Rh is an essential element because it efficiently promotes a NOx reduction reaction. On the other hand, the price of Rh has been rising in recent years. From the perspective of the supply risk of rare resources, there is an urgent need to develop technologies to replace or reduce the amount of Rh used in catalysts. We focused on the pseudo-rhodium alloy developed by the ACCEL program of the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), and then investigated the application of the pseudo-rhodium alloy on the catalysts of our motorcycles and also the degradation process. A nanosized PdRuIr alloy supported on a ceria-zirconia solid solution (PdRuIr/CZ) was prepared and assembled into a motorcycle for emissions measurement. The PdRuIr/CZ catalyst with an alloy loading of 4.0 g/L had initial properties comparable to the Rh supported on a CZ (Rh/CZ
Motegi, Takuya, Tatara, Shunya, Takamoto, Shunpei, Doi, Kosuke
Technical Paper
Real-Time Control of Hydrogen Injection in a PFI Internal Combustion Engine based on an Online Physics-Based Model for Estimating Trapped Air and EGR2024-32-010304/18/2025
The use of hydrogen in port fuel injection (PFI) engines faces challenges related to abnormal combustions that must be addressed, especially in transient operation. The in-cylinder air-to-fuel ratio and the amount of trapped exhaust gas have a significant impact on the probability of abnormal combustion as well as NOx emissions, and should be real-time monitored in hydrogen engines. Thus, the real-time estimation of the composition and thermodynamic state of the trapped gas mixture is crucial during transient operations, although highly challenging. This study proposes an on-line real-time physics-based MIMO (Multi-Input-Multi-Output) model to accurately estimate the amount of trapped air and exhaust gas in the cylinder at the intake valve closing (IVC) event, based on the instantaneous in-cylinder pressure measurement. With proper estimation accuracy, the injector can be controlled to correctly provide the amount of fuel necessary to achieve the target air-to-fuel ratio (AFR) and
Galli, Claudio, Ciampolini, Marco, Drovandi, Lorenzo, Romani, Luca, Balduzzi, Francesco, Ferrara, Giovanni, Vichi, Giovanni, Minamino, Ryota
Technical Paper
Development of NOx Storage Catalyst and Investigation of Deterioration Mechanism for Small Powertrains2024-32-009704/18/2025
In response to the evolving landscape of exhaust gas regulations for small powertrains, reducing NOx emission is increasingly important. This study deeply investigated the feasibility of a NOx storage catalyst (NSC) containing cerium oxide (CeO2) and barium oxide (BaO) for reducing NOx emission. The key functions, NOx storage and reduction performances were evaluated, and deterioration mechanisms were explored through performance evaluations and physical property analyses. The findings revealed a strong correlation between the size of CeO2 crystals and NOx storage performance at low temperature, such as those encountered during city driving conditions. Conversely, at high temperature, such as those during highway driving conditions, NOx storage performance correlated well with sulfur deposition, suggesting that the formation of barium sulfate (BaSO4) contributes to the deactivation. This experiment also showed a strong correlation between NOx reduction performance and BaSO4 formation
Nakano, Fumiya, Koito, Yusuke
Technical Paper
Experimental Study on Thermo-Catalytic Ammonia Decomposition into Hydrogen2024-32-011804/18/2025
In order to rapidly achieve the goal of global net-zero carbon emissions, ammonia (NH3) has been deemed as a potential alternative fuel, and reforming partial ammonia to hydrogen using engine exhaust waste heat is a promising technology which can improve the combustion performance and reduce the emission of ammonia-fueled engines. However, so far, comprehensive research on the correlation between the reforming characteristic for accessible engineering applications of ammonia catalytic decomposition is not abundant. Moreover, relevant experimental studies are far from sufficient. In this paper, we conducted the experiments of catalytic decomposition of ammonia into hydrogen based on a fixed-bed reactor with Ru-Al2O3 catalysts to study the effects of reaction temperature, gas hour space velocity (GHSV) and reaction pressure on the decomposition characteristics. At the same time, energy flow analysis was carried out to explore the effects of various reaction conditions on system
Li, Ze, Li, Tie, Chen, Run, Li, Shiyan, Zhou, Xinyi, Wang, Ning
Technical Paper
Development of CO 2 Emission Reduction Technology for Sport Motorcycles2024-32-009604/18/2025
With growing global concern about climate change, the challenge is to achieve carbon neutrality (CN) in motorcycles (MCs) as well, and various approaches are needed to achieve CN. For powertrains using internal combustion engines (ICEs), CN can be achieved by adopting CN fuels such as e-fuel and biofuel, but considering cost and supply, it is important to develop CO2 reduction technologies for ICEs. Compared with 4-wheel vehicles, MCs are required to be powerful, lightweight, compact and capable of travelling long distances, the CO2 reduction technologies that can be adopted tend to be a trade-off between dynamic performance and CO2 reduction, and a challenge is to achieve a high level of both requirements. We decided to focus on middle-class sports MCs, which require particularly high dynamic performance, and to develop CO2 reduction technologies. As a technology development target, CO2 emissions were set at 65 g/km in the worldwide-harmonized motorcycle test cycle (WMTC) class 3-2
Makita, Naoki, Torigoshi, Masaki, Takahashi, Toshihiko, Takase, Hiroki
Technical Paper
Coupled Analysis of First Principle Calculation and Chemical-Kinetics Simulation to Predict the Activity of Three Way Catalyst2024-32-000404/18/2025
This study proposes a technique to predict the catalytic activity of the CO-NO-O2 reaction using the first principle calculations without experiment. The proposed method consists of four steps. (1) Assuming the detailed chemical reactions based on the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. (2) Estimating the activation energy (Ea) for each detailed chemical reaction using first principle (e.g. Density Functional Theory: DFT) calculations. (3) Defining frequency factors (A) theoretically. (4) Inputting the estimated Ea and A values into simulation software for chemical-kinetics (e.g. exothermia suite) and running the simulation. The validity of the proposed method was evaluated by experiments. This study predicted the catalytic activities of Pt, Pd or Rh(111) surfaces. The predicted results qualitatively matched the experimental outcomes obtained from the Pt, Pd or Rh thin-film catalyst prepared by the “arc plasma method”.
Miura, Kazuya, Kusaba, Hiroki, Miyoshi, Tomoya, Yoshida, Hiroshi, Tsuchizaki, Hiroyuki, Machida, Masato
Technical Paper
Experimental Study of Port Water Injection System on Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission2024-32-002504/18/2025
Vehicle emission standards have become more and more stringent and have driven the development of advanced engine design with low-cost emission control technologies. For small diesel engine which is used in three-wheel (3W) passenger and load carrying vehicles, it was major task to improve lower engine rpm torque and performance to comply with stringent exhaust emissions standard as well, especially for Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Particulate Matter (PM) emissions. Bharat Stage (BS) VI emission standards for three-wheel vehicles was implemented from April 2020 onwards in India. Water injection technology has proven advantageous for low-cost solution with Mechanical fuel injection system on small diesel engines, Intake port water injection is the easiest method to introduce water to engine cylinder, which calls for minimal modification of existing engine structure. In the present study 435cc naturally aspirated DI Diesel engine used for three-wheel vehicle was explored by adding water
Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Katariya, Rahul, Jagtap, Pranjal, Bhoite, Vikram
Technical Paper
A Study on Cetane on Demand Technology Part 1 - Development of Fuel Reformer to Improve Fuel Ignitability2025-01-844704/01/2025
The integration of low-octane gasoline with a compression ignition combustion system has been proposed as a strategy to reduce Well-to-Wheel CO2 emissions from automobiles using petroleum-based fuel. In the current situation where low-octane gasoline is not widely available in the market, onboard reforming of commercial gasoline to increase the cetane number (lower the octane number) allows for compression ignition combustion even with commercial gasoline. This requires “Cetane on Demand” technology, which enables compression ignition combustion with both commercial gasoline and low-octane gasoline. It is known that the ignition property of fuel is enhanced when the fuel is oxidized to generate hydroperoxides. Moreover, the use of N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) as a catalyst promotes hydroperoxide generation at low temperatures. The objective of this study is to develop a device that enhances the ignition properties of gasoline through onboard fuel reforming. Initially, from the seven
Hashimoto, Kohtaro, Yamada, Yoshikazu, Matsuura, Katsuya, Kudo, Tomohide, Chishima, Hiroshi, Al-Taher, Maryam, Kalamaras, Christos, Albashrawi, Reem
Technical Paper
Gasoline Particulate Filter Modeling with Catalytic Washcoat and Ash Accumulation and Transient Soot Distribution Prediction2025-01-848304/01/2025
The upcoming EURO 7 and EPA Tier 4 regulations and the possible China 7 are expected to tighten the tailpipe particulate emissions limits significantly. High performance Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPFs) with high filtration efficiency and low pressure drop would be mandated for gasoline engines to meet these stringent regulations. Due to packaging constraints, GPFs are often coated with three-way catalyst (TWC) materials to achieve four-way functionality. Ash accumulation in GPFs also has a significant impact on the performance of GPFs. This paper utilizes 3D CFD to predict the transient filtration efficiency and pressure drop of a washcoated GPF with ash accumulation during the soot loading process. Simulation results show a decent match with experimental data. The 3D CFD model also provides detailed information on soot penetration in the GPF wall substrate and soot cake characteristics on the wall. These information can be crucial for GPF wall substrate design and washcoating
Yang, Pengze, Cheng, Zhen
Technical Paper
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Different Dilution Techniques in a High-Performance H2 - Fueled SI Engine2025-01-842404/01/2025
Nowadays, hydrogen (H2) is rising as a key solution to fuel internal combustion engines (ICE) since it allows carbon free combustion process. At the same time, ICE fueled with H2 can reach similar performance and driving experience of gasoline fueled ones. In stoichiometric conditions, hydrogen shows higher flame speed, lower ignition energy and lower quenching distance than gasoline. Mainly for these reasons, H2 combustion is characterized by a high risk of abnormal combustion (i.e. knock and pre-ignition), relevant NOx emissions and high heat losses. On the other hand, the wide flammability range and high combustion stability of H2 allow the use of different techniques to reduce combustion reactivity. This work presents a combined approach, experimental and numerical, to assess the benefits of three mixture dilution methods. The experimental campaign, in different operating conditions, was carried out on a production derived high specific power gasoline Single Cylinder Engine (SCE
Tonelli, Roberto, Medda, Massimo, Gullino, Fabrizio, Silvestri, Nicola, Zaffino, Francesco, Mariconti, Roberto, Rossi, Vincenzo
Technical Paper
Improved Three-Way Catalyst with Ignition Layer for Reducing Cold Emissions2025-01-848204/01/2025
Exhaust gas regulations, such as Tier4, Euro7, and China7, are being strengthened. In addition to the regulated values during specified driving patterns, emissions must be minimized under various usage scenarios. Since vehicle catalysts have been using higher amounts of precious metals to satisfy these requirements, there is increasing demand to decrease the usage of these metals from the perspective of environmental protection. The exhaust gas emission is divided into cold emission and hot emission. Recently, improvements of cold emission have become a focus. This research focused on improving catalyst warm-up activity by positioning the palladium (Pd) layer above the rhodium (Rh) layer. At the same time, to resolve the decrease in gas utilization in the Rh layer, connectivity was enhanced, and the influence of sulfur components was suppressed through the optimization of the Pd support. As a result, the usage of precious metals has successfully lowered.
Nishio, Takahiro, Takagi, Nobuyuki, Tojo, Takumi, Fujita, Naoto, Mori, Mizuho, Toda, Yosuke
Technical Paper
Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel Blends Oxidation by Diesel Oxidation Catalyst2025-01-850004/01/2025
Renewable and alternative liquid fuels are being evaluated for their equivalence with ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) in terms of engine and emission control system performance. Our previous research showed an elevated lightoff temperature for diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and lower DOC thermal efficiency for biodiesel blends into ULSD with more than 20% biodiesel. Here we report a similar DOC performance study to gage the performance of blends of biodiesel and hydrocarbon renewable diesel (RD) also made from fats and oils feedstocks. The same DOC used previously was used to evaluate RD blends with biodiesel up to 60 vol% (B60R40) in decrements of 10%. The performance of the DOC was evaluated on a steady-state performance cycle and a transient lightoff curve. Similar to previous results, the performance of the DOC is significantly affected by even low blend levels of biodiesel. At low flow rates 50% (B50R50) and higher biodiesel blends have a poor performance defined as the lightoff
Lakkireddy, Venkata, Weber, Phillip, McCormick, Robert, Howell, Steve
Technical Paper
Advanced Aftertreatment System Meeting Future HD CNVII Legislation II2025-01-847804/01/2025
With the increasing clarity of the CNVII emission legislation, it is foreseeable that CNVII will further tighten the emission limits of major pollutants such as Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), Nitrous Oxide (N2O) and Particulate Number (PN). Together with the implementation of stage IV fuel consumption legislation in July 2025, which requires engine fuel consumption reduction or thermal efficiency improvement, it will lead to further deterioration of its pollutant emissions and reduction of exhaust temperature, posing greater challenges to the After-Treatment System (ATS) in terms of NOx removal, particularly during engine cold start and N2O formation suppression. This study is an extension of our earlier investigation [1], and a novel copper-based corrugated SCR (Full Body-CuSCR, FB-CuSCR) technology was successfully applied. The results based on a modified CNVI medium duty engine indicated excellent dynamic response of the FB-CuSCR technology over cordierite which helped to improve the
Wang, Yan, Fu, Guangxia, Chen, Shuyue, Aberg, Andreas, Jiang, Shuiyan, Zhang, Jun
Technical Paper
Effect of Catalyst Coating Strategy on NOx Reduction and Passive Soot Oxidation for Selective Catalytic Oxidation-Selective Catalytic Reduction Catalyst on Diesel Particulate Filter2025-01-849004/01/2025
Selective catalytic oxidation/reduction catalysts coated on diesel particulate filters (SDPF) are an important technology route to meet next-stage emission regulations. The previous research of the research group showed that compared with SDPF coated with Cu-SSZ-13, the SDPF coated with novel selective catalytic oxidation-selective catalytic reduction (SCO-SCR) catalyst, which combined MnO2-CeO2/Al2O3 and Cu-SSZ-13, can simultaneously improve NOx reduction and soot oxidation performance. Catalyst coating strategy is an important parameter affecting the performance of SDPF. In this study, the effects of different coating strategies of SCO-SCR catalysts (C25, C50, C75, and C100) on the performance of NOx reduction and soot oxidation in SDPF were investigated. The results show that, as the inlet gas temperature increases, NO emissions first decrease and then increase, NOx conversion efficiency first increases and then decreases, and the rich-NO2 area, NH3 oxidation rate, N2O, CO, CO2
Chen, Ying-jie, Tan, Piqiang, Yao, Chaojie, Lou, Diming, Hu, Zhiyuan, Yang, Wenming
Technical Paper
Fundamental Science on Oxygen Storage Capacity of Cerium Complex Oxides for Advanced On-Board Diagnostics (1) Kinetic Observation of Cerium Valence Change Using Synchrotron Radiation2025-01-847404/01/2025
On-board diagnosis (OBD) of gasoline vehicle emissions is detected by measuring the fluctuations of the rear oxygen sensor due to the time-dependent deterioration of the oxygen storage capacity (OSC) contained in the automotive catalyst materials. To detect OBD in various driving modes of automobiles with an order of magnitude higher accuracy than before, it is essential to understand the OSC mechanism based on fundamental science. In this study, time-resolved dispersive X-ray absorption fine structure (DXAFS) using synchrotron radiation was used to carry out a detailed analysis not only of the OSC of ceria-based complex oxides, which had previously been roughly understood, but also of how differences in design parameters such as the type of precious metals, reducing gases (CO and H2), detection temperatures, and mileages (degree of deteriorations) affect the OSC rate in a fluctuating redox atmosphere. A fundamental characteristic was clearly demonstrated in ceria-based complex oxides
Tanaka, Hirohisa, Matsumura, Daiju, Uegaki, Shinya, Hamada, Shota, Aotani, Takuro, Kamezawa, Saeka, Nakamoto, Masami, Asai, Shingo, Mizuno, Tomohisa, Takamura, Riku, Goto, Takashi
Technical Paper
High-Efficient and Cost-Effective Three-Way Catalyst Substrate Design for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle2025-01-852804/01/2025
China 6b regulation was fully implemented since July 2023 with very strict emission standards for HC, NMHC, NOx, and CO. The country is now also in the process of developing China 7 regulation, which will perhaps impose even stricter emission limits and extra criteria pollutants including NH3. Moreover, increasingly strict fuel consumption regulation has been implemented as well and it is highly possible that greenhouse gas emission limits will be included in the China 7 regulation. With the hybrid technology innovation, PHEVs are effective in fuel economy and emission reduction, which are favored by manufacturers and consumers, and leading to a rapid increase in market share. Through the optimization of hybrid architecture and the synergy of electric motors, the operating conditions of the hybrid engine have been optimized, making it more stable and avoiding extreme engine operating conditions compared to traditional ICE, which also provides possibilities for optimizing the after
Wang, Jiming, Li, Chunbo, Feng, Xiangyu, Chen, Xiaolang, Boger, Thorsten, Tian, Lichen, Hu, Xianli, Zeng, Jun, Tian, Tian, Gao, Bojun, Li, Dacheng, Liu, Shicheng, Jiang, Fajun
Technical Paper
Nitrogen Oxides Reduction Potential Via Water Direct Injection in a Single-Cylinder Hydrogen-Fueled Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine2025-01-842704/01/2025
In hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine (H2ICE), there are some ways to reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. Using the wide flammability range of hydrogen, such as conducting lean combustion to reduce nitrogen oxides and employing exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), have been adopted. However, challenges exist in terms of load expansion, and due to the absence of high heat capacity of carbon dioxides in the exhaust, EGR also struggles to exhibit significant effects. In such a scenario, there is growing interest in injecting water into the H2ICE as an alternative to augment the EGR effect. In this study, the spark ignition (SI) single-cylinder engine equipped with two direct injectors was used to evaluate the hydrogen and the water dual direct injection combustion system. This system involved the direct injection of hydrogen using a wall-guided gasoline direct injector and the direct injection of water into the combustion chamber using a diesel injector. This approach utilizes the
Kim, Kiyeon, Lee, Seungil, Kim, Seungjae, Lee, Seunghyun, Min, Kyoungdoug, Oh, Sechul, Son, Jongyoon, Lee, Jeongwoo
Technical Paper
Development of a Zeolite-Based (HC Trap Type) Cold-Start Catalyst (CSC) for the Future more Stringent Vehicle Tailpipe Emission Standards, Part III2025-01-848104/01/2025
This is a follow-up paper to the two previous reports [1, 2] regarding the development of a zeolite-based, hydrocarbon (HC) trap-type cold-start catalyst (CSC) as a method to meet future vehicle tailpipe emission standards. In this paper, vehicle tests at a low ambient temperature of -7°C have been performed and the CSC has been shown to further decrease the tailpipe cold start non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) emissions by 59% when compared to a standard 23°C WLTC test. This work has proven that the increased presence of condensed water at low ambient temperatures within the exhaust system does not affect the ability to provide a NMHC reduction, in fact the lower ambient temperature enables an increase in the reduction capability due to the ability to retain and then release the stored NMHC in a more controlled manner. Additionally, the impact of the zeolite loading level was investigated and the high zeolite loading within a CSC did improve the cold-start NMHC but the benefits did
Xu, Lifeng, Zhao, Fucheng, Wei, Hong, Zhao, Pengfei, Zhao, Jiajia, Ma, Ruibo, Newman, Philip, Wang, Lin, Qian, Wangmu, Qian, Menghan
Technical Paper
Exploring the Effects of Varying Pre-Chamber Geometry in a Heavy-Duty Natural Gas Optical Engine under Dilution Conditions2025-01-840704/01/2025
Pre-chamber combustion is an advanced ignition strategy that has been shown to enhance spark ignition (SI) combustion stability in natural gas (NG) engines by providing distributed ignition sites from turbulent jets and enhancing main-chamber turbulence. Pre-chamber combustion has been proven especially advantageous compared to SI in ultra-lean and dilute operating conditions. This work involves experimental investigation of the effects of varying passive pre-chamber nozzle configuration on pre-chamber and main chamber combustion under simulated exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) dilution (0 and 20%) conditions in a heavy-duty, single-cylinder, optically accessible NG engine at stoichiometric fuel-air ratio. Pre-chamber nozzle configurations include four pre-chambers with constant nozzle area to pre-chamber volume ratio (A/V) with different nozzle sizes and orientations and one configuration with larger nozzles. The optical engine is operated in a skip-fire sequence consisting of 18
Dhotre, Akash, Nyrenstedt, Gustav, Rajasegar, Rajavasanth, Varma, Arun, Singh, Satbir, Northrop, William, Srna, Ales
Technical Paper
Next Gen Automotive Heat Shield with Improved Thermo-Oxidative Properties2025-01-815204/01/2025
Alpha Engineered Composites’ thin profile textile composite heat shields provide thermal protection through several thermodynamic mechanisms including: radiation reflection; heat spreading; and finally heat transfer resistance. Typical under the hood automotive applications require heat shield average operational temperature up to 225°C, but newer internal combustion engines are being designed for higher operational temperatures to: increase efficiency through higher compression cycle ratios and lean burning; boost power through turbocharging; increase energy density; and support advanced emissions controls like EGR that can increase average operational temperature up to 300°C. Unfortunately, thermo-oxidative degradation mechanisms negatively impact the polymer structural adhesive within a heat shield textile composite and degrade thermal protection mechanisms. High average operational temperature degradation of traditional versus next generation textile composite heat shields is
Vazquez, Mark
Technical Paper
Efficient Modeling of SCR Urea Deposits Formation Using ANSYS Fluent2025-01-848504/01/2025
This paper presents recent developments of the Euler/Lagrange wall film model which allow the efficient simulation of complete Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems, used for exhaust gas aftertreatment in diesel and newly designed H2 engines. Since release 2024R2, ANSYS Fluent is equipped with a chemistry model from recent literature to predict homogeneous chemical reactions in the film and heterogeneous reactions between gas and film occurring in SCR systems operating with aqueous urea solutions. The implementation of the chemistry model is first validated against results from Thermo–Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) measurements. The SCR–specific chemistry, combined with the Lagrangian Wall Film (LWF) model employing an improved wall–film convective heat transfer model, is then compared favorably with experimental SCR test rig measurements of urea deposits for fifty injection cycles, followed by a relaxation period. The full simulation completes significantly faster due to a new
Sofialidis, Dimitrios, Mutyal, Jayesh, Faltsi, Rana, Braun, Markus, Börnhorst, Marion, Esch, Thomas
Technical Paper
Technology Package Optimization for Power, Cost, and Efficiency in a Dedicated Range Extender Engine for Electrified Vehicles2025-01-837304/01/2025
A reemergence of manufacturer interest in range-extended electric vehicles is being driven by increasing diversification of consumer interest in low carbon-intensity technologies in the passenger vehicle and other markets. A major advantage of range-extended electric vehicles is that they curtail consumer vehicle range anxiety while maintaining a lower vehicle cost when compared with battery electric vehicles (BEV). By incorporating a small liquid-fueled internal combustion engine (ICE), the range and “refueling” time of electrified vehicles can be significantly improved while overcoming issues with cost and weight faced by long-range battery packs. Compared to ICEs designed for non-hybrid and mild hybrid vehicles, the ICE in a range-extended electric vehicle has a unique set of requirements focused on compact size, low cost, and efficient operation within a limited engine map. A Range Extender (REx) 0.9L 2-cylinder engine was selected which prioritizes these attributes in a
Peters, Nathan, Marion, Joshua, Pothuraju Subramanyam, Sai, Hoth, Alexander, Bunce, Mike
Technical Paper
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