Browse Topic: Emissions control

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Passive Soot Regeneration Observations on a GPF-equipped vehicle for PM exhaust emission control.2026-01-0366To be published on 04/07/2026
The gasoline particulate filter (GPF) will be a common technology adopted by EPA Tier4 emission compliant vehicles, starting as early as model year 2017 in North America. For those Tier-4 compliant gasoline-powered powertrains, their GPF solutions will require that the captured soot can be safely removed through passive oxidation. This clean-out process is driven by occasional fuel-cut events, such as engine motoring, which would provide an excess of oxygen in the exhaust gas flow to the hot, soot-loaded GPF. Here, a study has been conducted where a modern vehicle with a 3L engine displacement was upfitted with appropriately sized GPFs for soot capture in the dual-bank exhaust line. These GPFs were weighed to track their soot-load trends between representative real-world driving routes, where sensor data and ECU parameters were recorded. Thus, characterization of the passive soot regeneration process in the GPF was linked to the preceding exposure of gaseous flow temperatures, oxygen
Craig, Angus, Warkins, Jason
Ultra-low NOx Technologies for Heavy-Duty Applications with reduced Total Cost of Ownership2026-01-0294To be published on 04/07/2026
The utilization of gasoline engines in heavy-duty vehicles for the purpose of continental transportation is in direct competition with conventional diesel engines. It’s imperative that the operating performance of the gasoline engine is equivalent to the diesel engine, and that the gasoline engine shows efficiency benefit to both cost segments, the product manufacturing costs) and total cost of ownership (TCO). The 11.6-liter gasoline engine developed has been designed and applicated in such a way that it operates at a stoichiometric combustion air ratio (lambda = 1) across the entire engine map range without exception. In combination with external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) this strategy does not result in a substantial decrease in the absolute NOx concentration in raw emissions compared to the diesel engine with 15.0-liter displacement, but it facilitates the cost-efficient utilization of the three-way catalyzer as the main exhaust aftertreatment system, thereby reducing NOx
Medicke, Mario, Arnold, Thomas, Bohme, Jan, Krause, Matthias, Leesch, Mirko
Active site characterization of CuSCR catalysts under H2-ICE exhaust gas conditions2026-01-0361To be published on 04/07/2026
Hydrogen engines (H2-ICEs) can be a bridge technology for reducing carbon emissions until fuel cells and battery systems reach full commercial readiness. Because they share similar components to diesel, allowing the use of existing components and infrastructure, making them easier to scale. At the same time, H2-ICEs can deliver diesel-like performance, durability, and reliability while maintaining the advantage of fast refueling. Lean-burn H2-ICE offers enhanced thermal efficiency while minimizing engine-out NOx emissions. One of the main challenges under lean-burn H2-ICE operation is the significant drop in turbo-out temperatures combined with higher water content and the possible presence of unburned hydrogen in the exhaust. This study examines the impact of excess water and residual hydrogen on Cu-SCR durability, active site chemistry, and stability for the case with and without an upstream oxidation catalyst, through aging tests at 450 °C and 550 °C. Changes in Cu redox cycles were
Kim, Mi-Young, Daya, Rohil, Kamasamudram, krishna
Emission and Combustion Characteristics of a Hydrogen Direct-Injection Spark Ignition Engine using EGR2026-01-0325To be published on 04/07/2026
Hydrogen is recognized as a promising alternative fuel for internal combustion engines as it contains no carbon, but in addition to NOx emissions during hydrogen combustion, unburned hydrogen emissions have recently emerged as an important environmental issue. In this study, a 400 cc single-cylinder direct-injection hydrogen engine based on a 1.6 L Hyundai Kappa engine was used to analyze the effects of injection and ignition timing on combustion characteristics and engine emissions. Experimental results showed that the formation state of the air-fuel mixture varied with injection and ignition timing. Under conditions where locally fuel-rich mixtures were formed, NOx emissions increased while unburned hydrogen decreased. In contrast, when the mixture was relatively homogeneous, NOx decreased but unburned hydrogen increased. These findings clearly confirmed the trade-off relationship between NOx and unburned hydrogen emissions. To address this issue, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) was
Yang, Heetae, Ki, Youngmin, Kim, Jungho Justin, Kim, Jinsu
Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel in a 4-Stroke Locomotive Engine2026-01-0315To be published on 04/07/2026
Rail transportation in North America consumes substantial amounts of fossil fuel, raising energy security and supply chain resilience concerns. Adopting renewable or alternative fuels is a practical approach to reduce petroleum dependence and improve supply security. The objective of this paper is to investigate the combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel and renewable diesel as a drop-in fuel without engine modification. In this study, a single-cylinder, four-stroke locomotive engine was employed to investigate the combustion and emissions characteristics of four fuels: conventional Diesel No. 2, plant-based biodiesel, animal-based biodiesel, and renewable diesel. The experimental campaign was carried out under both part-load and full-load operating conditions at the constant load, with injection duration adjusted to achieve the targeted engine’s load and speed. Results indicate that biodiesel and renewable diesel deliver comparable peak in-cylinder pressure, indicated
Ewphun, Pop-Paul, Biruduganti, Munidhar, El-Hannouny, Essam, Longman, Douglas, Fu, Xiao, Subramanya, Raghavendra
A Latent Space Framework for Modeling Transient Engine Emissions Using Joint Embedding Predictive Architectures2026-01-0423To be published on 04/07/2026
Accurately modeling exhaust emissions during transient events, such as rapid acceleration and deceleration, remains a long-standing challenge in the automotive field and is a prerequisite for real-time control and optimization in modern powertrain systems. The nonlinear emission behavior is difficult to capture, and early mathematical models frequently relied on approximations that limited their accuracy. With the rise of data-driven methods, especially deep neural networks, including multilayer perceptrons and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, modeling capabilities have improved significantly. However, to achieve meaningful accuracy, these models often require deep architectures, which increase computational load and inference time. This makes their application in real-time control systems challenging, as controllers must run at high sampling rates while maintaining accuracy, which is often a contradictory requirement. This paper addresses the trade-off with a new framework
Sundaram, Ganesh, Gehra, Tobias, Ulmen, Jonas, Heubaum, Mirjan, Görges, Daniel, Günthner, Michael
1D System Evaluations for Efficiency Trade-offs for a Heavy-Duty H2ICE Concept2026-01-0274To be published on 04/07/2026
Lean H2 combustion strategies have shown promising gross thermal efficiency and ultra-low engine-out NOx emissions for H2-fuel based internal combustion engine (H2ICE) systems in heavy-duty (HD) transport. Implementing lean combustion strategies require excessive air flow demand that further increases with the engine load increase. To meet such air flow demands efficiently across a wide engine operating region, a detailed system optimization is warranted including next-generation turbocharging systems. In this 1D system analysis campaign, a detailed study of various air-system configurations was conducted for a modified HD, direct-injection (DI), H2ICE concept based-off a Cummins heavy-duty 15L engine. The concept engine configuration had a geometric compression ratio of 10.4 and possessed no external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). First, a calibrated 1D engine model representing the H2ICE concept was developed. Using the 1D model, a detailed system-level analysis was conducted at
Kumar, Praveen, Sari, Rafael, Merritt, Brock, Popuri, Sriram
EGR Tolerance of Synthetic Gasoline Fuels in a DISI Engine: Fuel Effects on Performance and Emissions2026-01-0305To be published on 04/07/2026
Drop-in synthetic gasoline fuels are an attractive alternative to traditional fossil fuels for transportation due to their high energy density, compatibility with the existing fleet and potential to decrease carbon intensity. Despite of meeting gasoline standards, the composition of these fuels can vary depending on the feedstock used for production and production process, which has shown to affect engine performance and emissions. This study investigated the effects of synthetic fuel composition on combustion in a direct-injection spark-ignition engine. Spark timing sweeps from the stability limit to the knock limit were performed with three different bio-fuels, methanol-to-gasoline, ethanol-to-gasoline and hydrotreated-biomass gasoline, at different loads, speeds and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates, and results were compared against a research-grade E10 (10%vol ethanol) regular gasoline representative of petroleum gasoline available in the US. Octane index analyses showed that
MacDonald, James, Narayanan, Abhinandhan, Lopez Pintor, Dario, Matsubara, Naoyoshi, Kitano, Koji, Yamada, Ryota, Sugata, Kenji
Experimental Study on Macroscopic Characteristics of Ammonia Spray under Flash Boiling and Non-Flash Boiling Conditions with Large-Diameter single-hole Nozzles2026-01-0339To be published on 04/07/2026
Ammonia is regarded as a potential alternative fuel, and its spray characteristics are crucial for efficient combustion in engines. For large-bore engines suitable for heavy-duty vehicles or ships, the adoption of large-diameter nozzles is expected to ensure an appropriate fuel flow rate while improving fuel-air mixing efficiency, thereby enhancing in-cylinder combustion performance. This paper conducted an experimental study on the characteristics of liquid ammonia sprays under wide thermodynamic conditions, a wide range of injection pressures, and a wide range of nozzle diameters. The study found that at room temperature, as the ambient pressure increases from 0.1 MPa to 4 MPa, the development of spray penetration slows down. However, at 0.05 MPa, the radial expansion of the near-field spray is greater, and the penetration is slightly behind that at 0.1 MPa. The liquid penetration increases with the increase in ambient temperature. This was because the increase in temperature reduced
Liu, Yi, Zhong, Jie, Hu, Yuchen, Zhu, Wuzhe, yunliang, Qi, QINGCHU, CHEN, Wang, Zhi
Pathways to Exceed 50% Thermal Efficiency in Direct-Injection Gasoline Engines2026-01-0300To be published on 04/07/2026
Researches on high efficiency and low emission control strategies are crucial for addressing energy security and pollution challenges for combustion engines of vehicles. This paper investigates the effects of increasing compression ratio and air-fuel ratio (λ) under naturally aspirated conditions, as well as enhancing intake flow and λ under boosted intake combined with the Miller cycle, on combustion efficiency and pollutant emissions. Experiments were conducted on a high-compression-ratio (up to 16.6) single-cylinder thermodynamic gasoline engine. Under natural aspiration, the effective compression ratio was raised via valve timings adjustments, while λ was increased using integrated passive and active pre-chamber systems. Under boosted conditions, intake flow was controlled via a flow meter, and λ was controlled via an active pre-chamber to analyze the λ distribution and thermal efficiency at high-efficiency operating points. Results indicate that under natural aspiration
Deng, Jun, Li, Xiaoliang, Miao, Xinke, Xu, Bingxin, Zhang, JianQi, Li, Liguang
Comparison of Ammonia Emission Characteristics Between Different Gasoline Vehicles Equipped with Three-Way Catalysts2026-01-0374To be published on 04/07/2026
In recent years, the tightening of vehicle emission regulations has led to a decreasing trend in regulated pollutants such as NOₓ and CO. However, the emission of ammonia (NH₃), which is unintentionally generated during the purification process in three-way catalyst of gasoline vehicles, has become a growing concern. NH₃ emissions from vehicles can serve as a precursor to PM2.5 and have been reported to cause local roadside pollution. Therefore, there is a growing need for on-road testing to identify conditions under which NH₃ is likely to be emitted. Furthermore, since engine control strategies vary among vehicle types, it is desirable to consider differences in emission behavior across different models. In this study, on-road NH₃ emissions were measured for multiple vehicle models with different powertrains, and the effects of engine behaviors and engine operating duration across vehicles on NH₃ emissions were investigated. To analyze differences in NH₃ emission behavior among
Ashizawa, Keigo, Fukunaga, Chisato, Gao, Tianyi, Sato, Susumu
Study on the Regulation of the Three-Phase Microenvironment in Low-Platinum MEA2026-01-0443To be published on 04/07/2026
With the growth of energy demand, fuel cells as efficient and clean energy devices, have attracted increasing attention. However, the high cost of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) restricts their large-scale application. Therefore, reducing the platinum usage and improving performance have become key research point. In this work, MEA was prepared and excellent performance of 1.52 W·cm-2 was achieved at a low platinum loading. The influence of different ionomer/carbon (I/C) ratio on the performance of fuel cells was systematically investigated. It was found that the performance of the MEA was the highest when the I/C ratio is 0.6. Quantifying hydrophilic and hydrophobic characteristics of catalyst layers with varying ionomer contents revealed that the proton conduction efficiency is optimal when the I/C ratio is 0.6. This balance established efficient proton conduction pathways, from the results of proton conduction impedance testing. SEM analysis demonstrated that pore structure
Li, Xin, Cai, Xin, Lin, Rui
Potential for Total Cost of Ownership Reduction using Passive Pre-Chamber Ignition in Natural Gas Engines2026-01-0309To be published on 04/07/2026
Spark plug durability is a factor affecting the total cost of ownership (TCO) of spark-ignited natural gas engines, with some heavy-duty platforms requiring plug replacement after only 750 hours of operation. The high ignition energy demand under lean or diluted conditions accelerates electrode wear, shortening plug life and increasing maintenance frequency. This work evaluates passive pre-chamber (PC) ignition operating at lowered spark energies as a strategy to reduce spark energy requirements and extend plug durability, thereby lowering TCO. Experiments were conducted on a medium-duty Cummins 6.7L ISB engine at 1600 RPM and 50% load under varying exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) dilution levels (0–40%). Two passive pre-chambers, with 1.1 mm and 1.6 mm nozzle diameters, were compared against conventional spark ignition (SI). SI was operated with a fixed coil dwell of 4 ms (~90 mJ), while the PC configuration was tested across 2–4 ms dwell times (~30–90 mJ). Cylinder pressure analysis
Dhotre, Akash, Voris, Alex, Okey, Nathan, Kane, Seamus, Rajasegar, Rajavasanth, Northrop, William
Enhanced Catalyst Heating Control Strategy within Hybrid Electric Powertrain Architectures2026-01-0414To be published on 04/07/2026
Kudupley, Harshal, Pooyafar, Payam, Karogal, Indrasen, Patel, Nadirsh
Experimental Evaluation of After-treatment Solutions for Heavy-Duty Natural Gas Vehicles to meet future CNVII Regulations2026-01-0376To be published on 04/07/2026
The heavy-duty truck market in China has seen a significant increase in the adoption of natural gas-powered engines over the past two years. Simultaneously, the anticipated release of the China VII emissions regulation proposal by the end of 2025 is expected to impose stricter emissions limits on all heavy-duty engines, including new particulate number (PN10) thresholds analogous to those in the Euro 7 regulation. While tailpipe NOx and methane (CH4) emissions from natural gas engines can be mitigated through tighter lambda control and adjustments to catalyst volume and precious metal (PGM) loading, addressing particulate number (PN) emissions necessitate more advanced after-treatment solutions. Although natural gas combustion is virtually soot-free, the entrainment of lubricating oil into the combustion chamber, especially during cold-start conditions, poses a challenge, leading to potential exceedance of the proposed future China VII limits. Additionally, PN emissions from natural
Jiahui, Gao, Marc C, Besch, Ding, Ning, He, Suhao, zhao, Yuxin, Yixiao, Li, Shen, Ye
Study on the Effects of Different Catalyst Loadings on Diesel Engine Emission Characteristics with DOC Coupled SCR2026-01-0368To be published on 04/07/2026
DOC coupled with SCR is an important technical route for reducing gaseous pollutant emissions from diesel agricultural engines. Based on engine bench tests, this paper uses a diesel engine as a prototype to experimentally study the impact of different catalyst loadings on the emission characteristics of diesel engines when coupled with DOC and SCR. The results show that the higher the loading of the DOC catalyst, the greater the exhaust back pressure loss, with the maximum pressure difference reaching 4.9 kPa. The temperature difference before and after the DOC has a smaller impact with varying catalyst loadings. The higher the loading of the DOC catalyst, the stronger the catalytic activity for CO and THC. At medium and low loads, the impact of catalyst loading is more significant, while at high loads, it has a smaller impact. The higher the loading of the DOC catalyst, the stronger the oxidation ability for NO. Under external characteristic conditions, due to the higher engine
zhang, Yunhua, Junzhe, Li, Lou, Diming, Fang, Liang
Experimental and kinetic Modeling Study of Aged Three-way Catalyst Performance2026-01-0373To be published on 04/07/2026
A comprehensive global kinetic model has been developed for an aged commercial Three-Way Catalyst (TWC), incorporating key reaction pathways including oxidation of CO, CH₄, C₂H₆, and H₂; reforming of CH₄ and C₂H₆; the water-gas shift reaction; and NO reduction via CO and H₂. The model also accounts for oxygen storage capacity (OSC) and its dynamic interaction with CO and H₂. To calibrate kinetic parameters, systematic bench-scale flow reactor experiments were conducted under lean, stoichiometric, and rich conditions. Performance metrics focused on CH₄ and C₂H₆ oxidation and reforming across varying O₂ and CO concentrations, and NO reduction with CO and H₂ under different oxygen levels. Experimental results revealed CO inhibition effects on CH₄ and C₂H₆ reforming. NO conversion was observed between 150°C and 600°C, with H₂-driven reduction producing NH₃, N₂, and N₂O depending on lambda (λ). Under rich conditions, complete NO conversion occurred from 150°C, while lean conditions showed
Raj, Richa, Kim, Mi-Young, AIGBIREMOLEN, Grace, Srinivasan, Anand
Optimization of Transesterification Parameters for Sustainable Biodiesel Production from Pongamia pinnata Oil2026-01-0470To be published on 04/07/2026
The rapid depletion of fossil fuel resources, rising fuel costs, and growing environmental concerns have highlighted the urgent need for sustainable and eco-friendly alternative energy sources . Among these, biodiesel derived from renewable resources has gained significant global attention. Vegetable oils, particularly non-edible varieties, present a viable alternative fuel for compression ignition (CI) engines when converted into biodiesel. Pongamia Pinnata (Ponamia Pinnata) oil, a non-edible vegetable oil, is abundantly available in Ponamia Pinnata-producing countries such as India (. However, limited research has been conducted on its utilization and the optimization of its transesterification process. Due to the high free fatty acid (FFA) content (3.3%), direct base-catalyzed transesterification of Pongamia Pinnata oil was ineffective in producing biodiesel. Consequently, an acid pretreatment step was employed to reduce the FFA level to 0.9%, enabling successful base-catalyzed
Nigade, Shubhangi Sambhaji, Jadhav, Sangram
Impact of Hydrogen on Methane and Pollutant Emissions over Three-Way Catalysts with Natural Gas–Hydrogen Blends2026-01-0357To be published on 04/07/2026
Natural gas (NG) is a domestically abundant, low-cost fuel with the potential to displace gasoline and diesel fuel in commercial and off-road vehicles. NG engines typically produce lower engine-out pollutant emissions, such as NOx, CO and particulate matter, which could simplify emission control systems. Blending NG with hydrogen (H₂) can improve engine performance and increase combustion efficiency to further reduce engine-out emissions. Additionally, the presence of H2 in the exhaust stream may also facilitate the catalytic conversion of methane and other pollutants, resulting in cleaner tailpipe emissions. This study evaluates the impact of H2 on the conversion of methane, CO, and NOx emissions on a commercial three-way catalyst (TWC) in a flow reactor using synthetic gas mixtures that simulate stoichiometric engine exhausts with NG or NG+H₂ combustion. The work examines whether, and how, the additional amount of H₂ in the exhaust stream affects the conversion efficiency of methane
Prikhodko, Vitaly, Wang, Min, Park, Yeonshil, Chen, Hai-Ying, Pihl, Josh
Simultaneously NOx and Fuel Reduction for Off-Road2026-01-0296To be published on 04/07/2026
Simultaneously reducing criteria pollutants and fuel consumption is important for clean air and improving vehicle total cost of ownership. The goal of this effort was focused on a 90% NOx reduction and 10% fuel savings for an off-road 407 kW diesel engine. The baseline was a current production Fiat Powertrain 13L engine and aftertreatment system meeting 0.4 g/kW-hr NOx. The baseline system was quantified over the NRTC, RMC, new low load cycle and five field cycles. A next generation engine was built incorporating many fuel-efficient approaches such as higher compression and reduced parasitic loads. Cylinder deactivation and EGR pump technologies were added to this engine as well. The combination was optimized prior to adding advanced aftertreatment systems, showing the trade-off of engine out NOx and exhaust temperature. Two next-generation catalyst technologies were employed into a LO-SCR plus main SCR system, both with and without an electric heater upstream of the LO-SCR. These
McCarthy, James, Wine, Jonathan, Bradley, Ryan, Hasseman, Andy, Prikhodko, Vitaly, Howell, Thomas
A Novel Development Method for a Control Model of TWC in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on Mechanism Simplification and Temperature Update2026-01-0371To be published on 04/07/2026
Under increasingly stringent emission regulations, hybrid electric vehicles face heightened requirements for tailpipe emission control. Their complex operational profiles and frequent transitions between power modes pose significant challenges to experimental efforts in emission measurement and aftertreatment control, leading to substantially increased economic and temporal costs that severely constrain emission optimization. To address these challenges, this study employs the development and calibration of a high-accuracy virtual model to conduct simulation experiments that accurately replicate real-world driving conditions, significantly reducing development costs while maintaining predictive accuracy. Focusing on hybrid electric vehicles, we developed an aftertreatment model integrating catalytic reaction mechanisms and energy conservation equations, incorporating coupled temperature and concentration calculations. This model enables real-time monitoring of dynamic oxygen storage
Lian, Xuetong, Wang, Zhiao, Liu, Weiqiang, Chen, Tao
Enhancing Understanding of State-of-the-Art Fe/zeolite Selective Catalytic Reduction Catalysts2026-01-0362To be published on 04/07/2026
Fe/zeolite selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts are commercially used for NOx emissions reduction from diesel engines. In comparison to Cu/zeolite, these catalysts are widely reported to form less N2O as a byproduct of the SCR reactions between NOx and NH3, and Fe/zeolite SCR catalysts also achieve impressive deNOx at high temperatures. On the other hand, Fe/zeolite SCR is much less active than Cu/zeolite for low temperature NOx conversion under standard SCR conditions (NO+NH3). In this study, a state-of-the-art Fe/zeolite SCR catalyst is probed with a combination of BET surface area analysis, SEM/EDX physicochemical characterization, reactor-based performance and active site quantification, and in-situ DRIFTS. The results are split into 3 sections evaluating the impacts of: degreening, mild hydrothermal aging, and extreme hydrothermal aging. In a degreened condition, the impact of water vapor on standard and fast SCR is assessed, and the isothermal desorption of NH3 is
Ottinger, Nathan, Xi, Yuanzhou, Liu, Z. Gerald
Effect of Exhaust Gas Components on Oxygen Storage Capacity Measurements of Automotive Catalysts2026-01-0360To be published on 04/07/2026
Three-way catalytic converters (TWC) are one of the most popular methods to help reduce harmful tailpipe emissions emitted from internal combustion (IC) vehicles. To help improve conversion efficiency, TWCs can store and release oxygen via an oxygen storage capacity (OSC) mechanism. During engine control unit (ECU) calibration, on board OSC measurements are correlated to TWC and vehicle emissions to monitor emissions performance throughout the full useful life (FUL) of the vehicle. It is known that different test conditions, including temperature, space velocity and background gases in the exhaust stream affect OSC measurement, potentially altering the calculated OSC values and thus the perceived level of OSC and emissions preformance during operation. This study utilises an OMEGA test bench to complete OSC measurements on the full-scale automotive catalyst samples to quantify the effects of different background gases including carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitric oxide on OSC
Mc Grane, Liam, Douglas, Roy, Irwin, Kurtis, Woods, Andrew, Elliott, Matthew, Istrate PhD, Oana, Nockemann, Peter
Alternate Catalyst for DOC in a Catalytic Converter2026-28-0016To be published on 02/12/2026
Emission norms have become much more stringent to reduce emissions from vehicles. Diesel engines in particular are the predominant contributors to higher emissions. Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) in diesel engine catalytic converter systems is the crucial component in reducing harmful emissions such as Carbon Monoxide (CO) and unburnt Hydrocarbons (HC). DOCs often rely on expensive noble metals like platinum, palladium, and rhodium as catalyst materials. This significantly raises the cost of emission control units. The proposed idea is to explore MnO2-CeO₂ (Manganese Oxide, Cerium Oxide) as an alternative catalyst to traditional DOC materials. The goal is to deliver effective oxidation performance while reducing overall system cost. MnO2-CeO₂ catalysts are promising because of their good low-temperature activity, oxygen storage capacity, and redox behavior. These features are helpful for diesel engines that operate under various conditions. They improve the oxidation of CO and HC
C, Jegadheesan, T, Karthi, Rajendran, Pawan, Muruganantham, Kowshiik, S, Vaitheeshwaran
Design & Optimization of CV Shaft System to Address Powertrain Induced NVH Issues2026-26-03361/16/2026
The automotive industry is a crucial sector that plays a significant role globally. Government policies have a profound impact on this automotive industry in defining the regulatory standards and emission controls. Such regulations incentivized automakers to invest in research and development complying those standards towards reduction of vehicle emission which intern result in higher torsional vibrations and excitations amplitudes. To address the rising NVH related concerns in driveline system. Drive shafts (CV shafts) is an important component in power-train system in vehicle. Drive shaft’s main purpose to transfer torque from engines to wheels at multiple speeds with different articulation angles. The roughness generated by the engine follows a transfer path from engine to transaxle and transaxle to half shafts in monocoque vehicles which generates discomfort to the drivers whenever the vehicle is driven. The roughness can also be addressed by proper design of CV Shaft stiffness and
M A, Abdul Azarrudin, Jayachandran, Suresh kumar, Kumar, Shivani, Bhardwaj, Kinshuk, M, Devamanalan, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj, Ahire, Manoj
Introducing a New Catalyst Family in Gasoline Aftertreatment2026-26-02311/16/2026
This paper is to introduce a new catalyst family in gasoline aftertreatment. The very well-known three-way catalysts effectively reduce the main emission components resulting from the combustion process in the engine, namely THC, CO, and NOx. The reduction of these harmful emissions is the main goal of emission legislation such as Bharat VI to increase air quality significantly, especially in urban areas. Indeed, it has been shown that under certain operating conditions, three-way catalysts may produce toxic NH3 and the greenhouse gas N2O, which are both very unwanted emissions. In a self-committed approach, OEMs could want to minimize these noxious pollutants, especially if this can be done with no architecture change, namely without additional underfloor catalyst. In most Bharat VI gasoline aftertreatment system architectures, significant amounts of NH3 occur in two phases of vehicle driving: situations with the catalyst temperature below light-off, which appear after cold start or
Kuhn, Sebastian, Magar, Avinash, Kogel, Julius, Lahousse, Christophe
A Thermoelectric System for Emission Control Optimization in Two-Wheeler Automotive Applications2026-26-02181/16/2026
Environmental pollution is one of the growing concerns of our society. As vehicle emissions are a major contributor to air pollution, emission control is a primary goal of the Automotive industry. Vehicle emissions are higher due to improper combustion, which leads to toxic gases being generated from the exhaust system. Unburnt fuel is one of the leading causes of toxic pollutants such as Carbon Monoxide, Nitric Oxides (NOx) and Hydrocarbons. The catalytic converter converts these gases into less toxic substances such as Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, and water vapor. The catalytic converter performs efficiently after reaching its “Light Off” temperature, after which the catalyst becomes active. Hence, elevated temperature of the exhaust gases aids in efficient conversion. Presently, the gases from the exhaust system are approximately at a temperature of 300°C-600°C. This paper outlines the concept of a Peltier (Thermoelectric) Module - based system, which helps maintain the high
Venkateshwaran, Aishwarya, Soodlu, Shashikiran, M, Mathaiyan
Optimizing Catalyst Substrate Technology for Gasoline Vehicles in Indian Market2026-26-02121/16/2026
Emission norms are getting stringent day by day, posing new challenges such as stricter emission limits and compliance to Real Driving Emissions (RDE). Consequently, there is a pressing need to minimize emissions during cold start, transient phases, and high exhaust flow regions. Achieving this objective requires enhancing the efficiency of after-treatment system and optimization of engine calibration. This paper discusses the approach to improve the efficiency of after-treatment system by enhancing the substrate design features such as cell density, wall thickness, and cell shape etc. The assessment was conducted to determine the emission performance advantages of substrates with higher cell densities of up to 900 cells per square inch (cpsi) and thinner web thicknesses down to 2.5 mil. This evaluation included both square and hexagonal cell shapes, comparing them to traditional substrates featuring 600 cpsi and 4.3 mil thickness. The evaluation has also included an assessment of
Singh, Harmeet, Kumar, Amit, Mahra, Deepti, Khanna, Vikram
Legislative Framework and Emission Testing using PEMS for NRMM (Non-Road Mobile Machinery) in India: A Technological Perspective2026-26-01391/16/2026
Emission Regulations for NRMM in India have evolved significantly over past two decades. India has progressively adopted stricter standards to align with best practices carried out globally for curbing air pollution. The latest regulations have introduced stringent caps on nitrogen oxides (NOx), and other emission pollutants, ensuring compliance with environmental sustainability goals. Future legislative frameworks are expected to impose even more rigorous emission limits, while incorporating real-world emission monitoring. This will require powertrain manufacturers to integrate advanced after-treatment systems and adopt cleaner combustion technologies to meet compliance standards. To validate compliance with these stringent limits, rigorous testing methodologies are employed. Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS) have become a crucial tool for real-world emission assessment. PEMS technology allows for on-road and field testing of NRMM under actual operating conditions
Rastogi, Aadhar, Garg, Varun, Ragot, Nicolas
Optimizing Hydrogen Engine Performance a Comparative Study of Lean & Stoichiometric Calibration Approach2026-26-02611/16/2026
Hydrogen combustion in internal combustion engines offers numerous advantages, such as zero CO2 emissions and high flame speed, which make it a promising alternative fuel for green vehicle solutions. In order to maximize the engine performance with hydrogen, however, meticulous calibration of the air-fuel mixture must be performed, particularly when lean and stoichiometric combustion conditions are considered. Lean burning, i.e., excess air, offers better thermal efficiency and lower NOx emissions but can cause lower engine power and combustion instability. Stoichiometric combustion, however, ensures complete combustion of the fuel-air mixture, but at the cost of higher combustion temperatures and consequently, high NOx emissions. Calibration strategies for hydrogen engines are presented in this paper by comparing the lean and stoichiometric strategies and their implications on engine power output, efficiency, and emissions. Test data from several hydrogen engine configurations
Jadhav, Ajinkya, Bandyopadhyay, Debjyoti, Sutar, Prasanna S, Sonawane, Shailesh Balkrishna, Rairikar, Sandeep D, Thipse, Sukrut S
Niobium Alloyed Brake Disc for reduced NVH and Emission Control2026-26-02851/16/2026
Recent regulations limiting brake dust emissions have presented many challenges to the brake engineering community. The objective of this paper is to provide a low cost, mass production solution utilizing well known existing technologies to meet brake emissions requirements. The proposed process is to alloy the Gray Cast Iron with Niobium and subsequently Ferritic Nitrocarburize (FNC) the disc. The Niobium addition will improve the wear resistance of the FNC case, reducing wear debris. The test methodology included: 1. Manufacture of disc samples alloyed with Niobium, 2. Finish machining and ferritic nitrocarburizing and 3. Evaluation of airborne wear debris utilizing a pin-on-disc tribometer equipped with emission collection capability. The airborne emission and wear surfaces were further analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive techniques (SEM-EDS), X-Ray Diffraction and Optical Microscopy. The cast iron test matrix included four groups; Unalloyed eutectic 4.3
Barile, Bernardo, Holly, Mike
Development of a Passive Regeneration Diesel Particulate Filter System for an Agricultural Tractor Engine2026-26-02171/16/2026
This paper presents the development and evaluation of a passive regeneration Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) system for a 4-cylinder, 3.18-liter naturally aspirated agricultural tractor engine based on the mDI engine family. The primary objective is to significantly reduce particulate matter (PM) emissions while maintaining optimal engine performance and fuel economy. The passive regeneration DPF system leverages the engine's operating conditions to generate sufficient heat for the oxidation of trapped particulate matter, eliminating the need for active regeneration techniques. The paper details the design process, including the selection of DPF material, filter geometry, and integration into the exhaust system. Rigorous experimental testing was conducted to assess the performance of the DPF system under various engine load and speed conditions. Results demonstrate substantial reductions in PM emissions without compromising engine power, torque, or specific fuel consumption. This
Maddali, Varun Suman, Jidigonti, Shashank, Kannan, S, Ramesh, Natrajan
Drive Cycle Type Identification Using Data Driven Methodologies2026-26-06491/16/2026
Identifying the type of drive cycle is crucial for analyzing customer usage, optimizing vehicle performance and emission control. Methods that rely on geographical location for drive cycle identification are limited by varying driving conditions at the same location (e.g. heavy traffic during peak hours vs. free-flowing traffic at night). This paper proposes a methodology to identify the type of drive cycle (city, interurban, highway or hybrid) using drive characteristics derived from vehicle data rather than geographical location. Real-world vehicle data from testing trucks is taken, whose drive profiles are already known. Initially, multiple characteristic features of the drive cycle are identified from literature surveys and domain experience. These features, which can be extracted from basic signal data, include gear shifts, time spent in different driving modes (acceleration, cruise, standstill), velocity distributions, and an 'aggressiveness factor' representing overall driving
Reddy, Mallangi Prashanth, Gorain, Raju, Ganguly, Gourav
CS Structure: New Metallic Catalyst Substrate Generation for 2- and 3-Wheeler Applications2026-26-02201/16/2026
Affordable, efficient and durable catalytic converters for the two and three-wheeler industry in developing countries are required to reduce vehicle emissions and to maintain them at a low level; and therefore, to participate in a cleaner and healthier environment. Especially, metallic catalyst substrates developed by Emitec Technologies GmbH with structured foils like the Longitudinal Structure (LS), or LS-Design® are fully compatible to this effort with more than 70% share of produced 2/3 Wheelers metallic catalyst substrates for the Indian market in 2024. One decade after the market introduction of this LS structure, Emitec Technologies GmbH will introduce now a new generation of foil structure: the Crossversal Structure (CS) or CS-Design®, that improves further the affordability, the efficiency of metallic catalytic converters, keeping the durability at same level as previous substrate generation. The paper will briefly review the development of metallic substrates for 2/3 wheelers
Jayat, Francois, Seifert, Sven, Bhalla, Ashish, Ganapathy, Narayana Prakash
Unveiling the Dynamics of Methanol-Diesel Dual Direct Injection Compression Ignition Combustion: A Synergistic Experimental and Numerical Study2026-26-01101/16/2026
The pressing global need for de-fossilization of the transport sector, especially within the heavy-duty segment, has intensified the exploration of alternative clean fuels. In this context, methanol gained traction due to their renewable production pathways, carbon-neutrality, and are being highly promoted by the Indian government to reduce CO2 emissions. Dual direct injection compression ignition (DDICI) is an effective combustion strategy to use methanol in heavy-duty engines, which combines the advantage of high-efficiency compression ignition with the clean-burning potential of methanol. In contrast to spark-ignited premixed methanol engines, this strategy involves a diffusion combustion of the methanol flame, thereby eliminating knocking and enabling running with high compression ratios. This experimental and numerical study presents a comprehensive investigation into the DDICI strategy using methanol as primary fuel and diesel as a pilot for ignition assistance. The work
Singh, Inderpal, Dhongde, Avnish, Raut PhD, Ankit, Güdden, Arne, Emran, Ashraf, Berry, Sushil
Development of High BMEP Natural Gas Engine with Knock Mitigation2026-26-01211/16/2026
The stringent emission norms over the past few years have driven the need to use low-carbon fuels and after treatment technology. Natural gas is a suitable alternative to diesel heavy-duty engines for power generation and transportation sectors. Stoichiometric combustion offers the advantages of complete combustion and low carbon dioxide emissions. Turbocharging and cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology enhances the power density along with reduced exhaust emissions. However, there are several constraints in the operation of natural gas spark ignition engine such as exhaust gas temperature limit of 780 °C, sufficient before turbine pressure for EGR drivability, boost pressure, peak cylinder pressure limit and knocking. These limits coulld restrict the engine BMEP (brake mean effective pressure). In the present study, tests were conducted on a V12, 24 liters, heavy duty natural gas fuelled spark ignition engine (600 HP) with different EGR and turbocharger configurations to
Khaladkar, Omkar, Marwaha, Akshey
A Case Study of Emission Optimization using Machine Learning2026-26-02291/16/2026
The Exhaust Emission Control is a vital part of automotive development aimed at ensuring effective control of pollutants such as NOx, CO, and HC. The traditional method of calibrating emission control strategies is a highly time-consuming process, which requires extensive vehicle testing under a variety of operating conditions. The frequent updates in emission legislation requires a high-efficiency process to achieve a faster time-to-market. The use of Machine Learning (ML) in the domain of emission calibration is the need of the hour to proactively improve the process efficiency and achieve a faster time-to-market. This paper attempts to explores emerging trend of Machine Learning (ML) based data analysis that have improved the overall process efficiency of emission control calibration. The data generated by automated programs could be used directly in data analysis with minimal or no need for data cleaning. The Machine Learning (ML) models could be trained by historical data from
Dhayanidhi, Hukumdeen, Balasubramanian, Karthick, A, Akash
All New 1.2L Turbocharged Gasoline Direct Injection Engine from Tata Motors2026-26-00711/16/2026
There is continuous push from the legislation for stringent fuel economy and emission regulations while the modern customers are demanding more engaging driving experience in terms of performance and refinement. To meet this Tata Motors has developed an advanced 1.2L 3-cylinder turbocharged gasoline direct injection engine. This next-generation powertrain delivers optimum efficiency, reduced emissions, superior performance with refined NVH characteristics. The key features used to enable these demanding requirements includes a 35 MPa fuel injection system, Miller Cycle operation and electrically actuated variable nozzel turbocharger (VNT). A uniquely designed BSVI complaint (WLTP ready) exhaust after-treatment system with Four-Way Conversion Catalyst (FWC+TM) ensures optimum emission control. A centrally mounted variable cam phaser minimizes pumping losses. The lightweight yet rigid all-aluminum engine structure, featuring an integrated structural oil sump, enhances durability and
Hosur, Viswanatha, Ghadge, Ganesh Narayan, Joshi, Manoj, Jadhav, Aashish, Panwar, Anupam
Leveraging AI/ML Algorithms for Analyzing Fleet Vehicles In-Use Performance Ratio Monitoring Data2026-26-06371/16/2026
In recent times, the governments are pushing for stringent emission regulations. These regulations call for reduction of pollutants as well as monitoring of engine components which are critical for emission control. Monitoring these emission critical engine components are to be done in real world driving conditions. The In-Use Performance Ratio Monitoring (IUPRm) framework quantifies how often onboard diagnostic systems check these components within defined boundaries for each vehicle. IUPRm is divided into several monitoring groups like catalyst monitoring, oxygen sensor monitoring, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) monitoring, gasoline particulate filter monitoring and others. These groups are differentiated based on fuel type, engine technologies and exhaust treatment system configurations. For an Automotive manufacturer analyzing these parameters across large vehicle fleets is a complex and data intensive task. To address this, a user-friendly application was developed in-house
Ghadge, Ganesh Narayan, Jadhav, Marisha, Hosur, Viswanatha
Optimization of Negative Crankcase Pressure Mechanism to Minimize Oil Pumping into Combustion Chamber and Ensure Particulate Number Compliance in Euro VI Emission for Natural Aspirated Gas Engine2026-26-02231/16/2026
Emissions regulations, such as Euro VI, drives the Automotive industry to innovate continuously in Engine development. One significant challenge is the engine oil pumping from the crankcase into the combustion chamber, where it participates in combustion, which contributes to increased Particulate Numbers and fails to meet Euro VI emission compliance. This issue is most noticeable during engine idling and motoring conditions. During this time, a higher negative pressure difference develops between the intake manifold, which is acting above the combustion chamber and the engine crankcase. This pressure difference drives oil-laden blow-by aerosols past piston rings during the intake stroke and through the valve stem seals, allowing oil into the combustion chamber. The impact of the pressure difference between the intake manifold and crankcase was studied by varying the crankcase pressure through crankcase ventilation system. The results confirm that oil entry into the combustion chamber
R, Mahesh Bharathi, Bondfale, Shubham, Jeyaprakasan, Dharoon Gautham
Accelerated Aging Methodology for Catalyst on Engine Test Benches: Practical Considerations for a Successful Implementation of the Methodology2025-36-008712/18/2025
The durability of automotive catalysts is a critical factor in ensuring compliance with strict environmental regulations throughout the vehicle’s lifespan. Accelerated aging methods are widely used in the industry to predict catalyst degradation over a reduced period, allowing for performance optimization and ensuring their effectiveness in emission reduction. The ABNT NBR 16897:2021 standard establishes general guidelines for these tests but does not define in detail all the experimental conditions necessary for practical implementation. Addressing this gap, this study proposes the application and development of a standardized experimental procedure for accelerated catalyst aging, aligned with current regulations and adapted to test conditions in an engine dynamometer test bench. The objective is to provide a solid technical foundation, filling gaps for future implementations of this methodology, allowing investigations into the durability of aftertreatment systems and assisting both
Yana, Diego Andree Reynoso, Pradelle, Florian, Braga, Sergio Leal, Sánchez, Fernando Zegarra, Machado, Guilherme Bastos, Carvalho, Rogério Nascimento de, Silva, Katia Moniz da
Biodiesel Production via Homogeneous Route (KOH) and Heterogeneous Route (K 2 O/Nb 2 O 5 )2025-36-011612/18/2025
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Coelho, Gabriella Vilela, Alvarez, Carlos Eduardo Castilla, Ribeiro, Jessica Oliveira Notório
Development of a Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) Platform for Evaluating and Implementing Heated Injection Technology in GDI Engines2025-36-004812/18/2025
Reducing pollutant emissions remains a major challenge for the automotive industry, driven by increasingly stringent environmental regulations. While solutions such as electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have been developed, internal combustion engines (ICEs) continue to dominate many markets, requiring additional emission control strategies. Traditional technologies like catalytic converters and advanced injection systems primarily optimize performance once the engine reaches its operating temperature. However, during the cold start phase, when engine temperatures are below optimal, combustion efficiency drops, resulting in increased emissions of non-methane organic gases (NMOG) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). This phase is further compromised by factors such as fuel droplet size and suboptimal catalyst performance. In response, this work presents the development of a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) platform to study the impact of heated injection technology on cold
Triviño, Juan David Parra, Teixeira, Evandro Leonardo Silva, De Lisboa, Fábio Cordeiro, Aguilar, Raul Fernando Sánchez, Oliveira, Alessandro Borges De Sousa
Multi-Objective Optimization of Oxyfuel Gas Engine Using Stochastic Engine Model and Detailed Chemistry2025-01-052911/25/2025
The energy transition initiatives in Germany’s renown coal mining region Lusatia have driven research into Power-to-X-to-Power technologies, where synthetic fuel is produced from renewably sourced hydrogen and captured CO2, and converted to electricity and heat through oxyfuel combustion. This work investigates the multi-objective optimization of oxyfuel gas engine using a stochastic engine model and detailed chemistry. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate, initial cylinder temperature and pressure, spark timing, piston bowl radius and depth are selected as design parameters to minimize the exhaust temperature at exhaust valve opening and indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC) corresponding to oxyfuel operation with different dry and wet EGR rates. The optimization problem is solved for a dry EGR and four wet EGR cases with various CO2/H2O fractions, aiming to achieve comparable performance as in conventional natural gas / air operation, and energy-efficient carbon capture. The
Asgarzade, Rufat, Franken, Tim, Mauss, Fabian
Data-Based Modeling of Power-Split Hybrids Using Cascaded Neural Networks2025-01-052211/25/2025
Power-split hybrid powertrains represent one of the most advanced and complex types of powertrain systems. The combination of multiple energy sources and power paths offers great potential but results in complex interactions that require improved strategies for optimal efficiency and emission control. The development and optimization of such operating strategies typically involve algorithms that demand fast computational environments. Traditional high-accuracy numerical simulations of such a complex system are computationally expensive, limiting their applicability for extensive iterative optimizations and real-time applications. This paper introduces a data-based approach designed specifically to address this challenge by efficiently modeling the dynamic behavior of power-split hybrid powertrains using cascaded neural networks. Cascaded neural networks consist of interconnected subnetworks, each specifically trained to represent individual drivetrain components or subsystems. This
Frey, Markus, Itzen, Dirk, Yang, Qirui, Grill, Michael, Kulzer, André Casal
Experimental Analysis of Hydrocarbon Injection Strategies and In-Cylinder Injection Impact on Oil Properties in Diesel Engines2025-28-023811/6/2025
The engine has played a pivotal role in controlling regulated pollutants at the in-cylinder combustion level through strategies such as Direct Injection, Common Rail Systems, and Exhaust Gas Recirculation up to Bharat (CEV/Trem) Stage-III. With the advent of more stringent emission norms, specifically Bharat (CEV/Trem) Stage-IV and V, the importance of Exhaust After-Treatment Systems (EATS) in managing emissions outside the engine has significantly increased. The inclusion of Particulate Number (PN) limits in Bharat (CEV/Trem) Stage-V necessitates the use of Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF), which trap soot particles that must be periodically removed through a process known as regeneration. Regeneration requires elevated exhaust temperatures, typically achieved via exothermic reactions in the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC), facilitated by diesel fuel addition through external injection or in-cylinder injection strategies. This study investigates both external and in-cylinder injection
Bandaru, Balaji, M, Balasubramanian, V, Shunmuga, G, Senthil Kumar, Mahesh, P
Development of a Cost-Effective DCU for Diesel Emission Control: Design, Diagnostics, and Compliance2025-28-028611/6/2025
The Dosing Control Unit (DCU) is a vital component of modern emission control systems, particularly in diesel engines employing Selective Catalytic Reduction technology (SCR). Its primary function is to accurately control the injection of urea or Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) into the exhaust stream to reduce nitrogen oxide (NOₓ) emissions. This paper presents the architecture, operation, diagnostic features, and innovation of a newly developed DCU system. The Engine Control Unit, using real-time data from sensors monitoring parameters such as exhaust temperature, NOₓ levels, and engine load, calculates the required DEF dosage. Based on DEF dosing request, the DCU activates the AdBlue pump and air valve to deliver the precise quantity of diesel exhaust fluid needed under varying engine conditions. The proposed system adopts a master-slave configuration, with the ECU as the master and the DCU as the slave. The controller design emphasizes cost-effectiveness and simplified hardware, and
Raju, Manikandan, K, Sabareeswaran, K K, Uthira Ramya Bala, Krishnakumar, Palanichamy, Arumugam, Arunkumar, YS, Ananthkumar
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis of Turbocharger Aerodynamics and Thermal Behaviour in Automotive Applications2025-28-022911/6/2025
Turbocharging is a vital technology for enhancing internal combustion engine (ICE) performance and efficiency while enabling engine downsizing to reduce fuel consumption and emissions. This research analyzes turbocharger systems by examining their components—turbine, compressor, intercooler, and waste-gate—and their roles in boosting engine efficiency. It explores how exhaust energy drives the turbine to compress intake air, improving power output. The study evaluates turbocharger impact on fuel economy, emissions, and engine response under various driving conditions. It also considers wheel design, material selection, and durability under high temperatures and speeds. Advanced simulations using CFD and FEA analyze airflow, pressure, and thermal behavior to optimize performance. This research affirms turbocharging’s role in creating high-performance, fuel-efficient, and environmentally sustainable engines, offering insights that support the design of next-generation automotive
Chandrashekar, B. Aditya, Bhaduria, Abhishek
Effect of EGR and Ethanol additive on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Rubber Seed Biodiesel Blends2025-28-022411/6/2025
Alcohol is being considered as an alternative to traditional fuels for compression ignition engines due to their oxygen content and biomass origin. Although alcohol generally has lower cetane numbers, which makes them more favorable for premixed combustion, they also offer potential for lowering emissions in internal combustion engines, particularly when combined with strategies such as exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). This research focuses on enhancing the performance of a single-cylinder, four- stroke diesel engine by introducing ethanol into the intake port during the intake phase. Diesel and rubber seed biodiesel were used as primary fuels and were directly injected into the combustion chamber. The findings indicated that adding ethanol to rubber seed biodiesel, along with 10% EGR, led to improved brake thermal efficiency and a reduction in NOX emissions. The ethanol injection timing and duration were optimized for effective dual-fuel operation. At full engine load, the highest
Saminathan, Sathiskumar, G, Manikandan, Bungag, Joel Quendangan, T, Karthi
Performance Analysis of a Hydrogen-blended Naturally Aspirated Gas Engine with a Dedicated Exhaust Gas Recirculation System2025-32-004611/3/2025
With the publication of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) III in 2022, the European Union increased its renewable energy consumption target to 42.5% by 2030. Consequently, gaseous fuels derived from renewable electricity, particularly green hydrogen, are expected to play a pivotal role in the decarbonization of the energy sector. One promising application of green hydrogen is its integration into combined heat and power (CHP) plants, where it can replace natural gas to reduce CO2 emissions. Pure hydrogen as fuel or blended with natural gas has demonstrated potential for lowering both pollutant emissions and fuel consumption while maintaining or even enhancing engine performance. But it is expected, that the amount of available green hydrogen will be limited in the beginning. So new engine systems with hydrogen and natural gas for CHP plants are required, that offer more CO2-benefit and NOx reductioon than from fuel substitution only. In the LeanStoicH2 project, a novel approach was
Salim, Naqib, Beltaifa, Youssef, Kettner, Maurice
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