Browse Topic: Emissions measurement

Items (1,204)

A Numerical approach to predict UREA crystal deposition in the exhaust system

2025-01-0233To be published on 06/16/2025

The stringent emission regulations for NOx pollutants force further development of automotive exhaust aftertreatment systems with selective catalytic reduction. Crystal free operation is one of the major requirements for automotive exhaust aftertreatment systems with selective catalytic reduction using urea water solution as NH3carrier fluid. A high injection rate of UWS or unfavorable operating such as high injection rate or low exhaust temperatures conditions may lead to formation of solid deposits. Both may lead to formation of solid deposits which increase backpressure and impair ammonia uniformity. Crystals forming on the injector tip may fail the emissions test and will also need frequent service to the vehicle, which will be stinging point to the customer. To optimize the exhaust path, a reliable & a faster numerical simulation approach was considered. An initial assessment of the spray deposit and the correlation with the experiment is initially studied to understand the

Krishnan, Karthikeyan N.

A Comprehensive Experimental Analysis of Ethanol 27% Fuel Blend in a Turbocharged Gasoline Direct Injection Engine

2025-01-0245To be published on 06/16/2025

India is committed to achieving a 20% ethanol blend in petrol (E20) by 2025, as part of its national biofuels policy to reduce carbon emissions, enhance energy security, and support the agricultural economy. Building on E20's achievement in reducing GHG emissions, E27 fuel—which contains 27% ethanol in gasoline—is one of the means of advancing India's ethanol strategy and reducing dependency on fossil fuels. In line with the literature and the preliminary study, an experimental analysis utilizing fuel blends ranging from E10 to E40 was conducted. It was found that E27 provides the optimal balance of emissions reduction and performance without requiring engine modifications, complying with the government's aim to boost ethanol blending and cut carbon emissions by 2030. This study examines a turbocharged gasoline direct injection (TGDI) engine powered passenger car that was tested using E27 fuel for a mileage accumulation of 20,000 km under real-world driving conditions. This evaluation

D R, Vigneshwar, Bhakthavachalu, Vijayabaskar, Muralidharan, M.

Statistical approach to develop Worst Case Cycle for BS6 RDE using On Road Data

2025-01-0234To be published on 06/16/2025

The OEMs need to improve their Tail Pipe emission and confirm compliance to the norms for any on road driving condition. In the coming April 2022 BS6 RDE will be implemented, Failure to confirm leads to a huge penalty and damage to brand image. An optimized trade-off is required between fuel efficiency and tail pipe emissions. On-road cycles have random variation of conditions from terrain, traffic, temperature and driver behavior. This increases the risk of exceeding the compliance limits. The objective of the activity is to generate a Worst-case cycle that satisfies the IRDE boundary conditions and produces the maximum emission. To gain confidence before the actual implementation, two approaches were followed. In the first method, Random cycles were generated using a commercially available 1D simulation code. In the second method, Worst-Case Cycle was created from a MATLAB code was made to identify the worst engine out strips from over 1000 km data and was stitched with low

Krishnan, Karthikeyan N.

Investigation on Degradation Process of PdRuIr/CZ “Pseudo-Rh” Catalysts Used for Motorcycles

2024-32-0016

To be published on 04/18/2025

Platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), and rhodium (Rh) are used as active substances in exhaust gas purification catalysts for automobiles. Among these, Rh is an essential element because it efficiently promotes a NOx reduction reaction. On the other hand, the price of Rh has been rising in recent years. From the perspective of the supply risk of rare resources, there is an urgent need to develop technologies to replace or reduce the amount of Rh used in catalysts. We focused on the pseudo-rhodium alloy developed by the ACCEL program of the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), and then investigated the application of the pseudo-rhodium alloy on the catalysts of our motorcycles and also the degradation process. A nanosized PdRuIr alloy supported on a ceria-zirconia solid solution (PdRuIr/CZ) was prepared and assembled into a motorcycle for emissions measurement. The PdRuIr/CZ catalyst with an alloy loading of 4.0 g/L had initial properties comparable to the Rh supported on a CZ (Rh/CZ

Motegi, Takuya, Tatara, Shunya, Takamoto, Shunpei, Doi, Kosuke

RDE Methodology Development for Motorcycle Emissions Assessment

2024-32-0073

To be published on 04/18/2025

The transfer of conditions and regulations for RDE testing from passenger cars to motorcycles is a non-trivial undertaking. Motorcycles exhibit significant differences in construction and usage compared to cars, necessitating a distinct set of requirements for equipment and methodology. Currently available PEMS are hindered by their relatively large size and weight due to the embedded measurement technology and external power supply. The weight of, at least 50kg, poses a substantial additional load, leading to a deviation and, on average, higher load collective of the engine during RDE measurement rides. Beyond these structural parameters, the actual propulsion system and subsequent exhaust system introduce another challenge when employing PEMS on motorcycles. An unfavorable combination of the ratio of engine displacement to the volume of the exhaust system and long or unequal ignition intervals leads to pulsations, which has a considerable impact on the differential pressure-based

Schurl, Sebastian, Keller, Stefan, Lankau, Mathias, Hafenmayer, Christian, Schmidt, Stephan, Kirchberger, Roland

Sensor Cluster for Recording the Spread of Emissions in the Wake of a Vehicle

2025-01-8492

04/01/2025

Progressive emission reductions and stricter legislation require a closer look at the emission behaviour of a vehicle, in particular non-exhaust emissions and resuspension. In addition to the analysis of emissions in isolation, it is also necessary to consider the impact of transport routes and dispersion potential. These factors provide insight into the movement of dust particles and, consequently, the identification of particularly vulnerable areas. Measurements using low-cost environmental sensors can increase the level of detail of dispersion analyses and allow a statement on the distribution of emissions in the vehicle's wake, as several measuring points can be covered simultaneously. A newly developed measurement setup allows vehicle emissions to be recorded in a plane behind the vehicle in a measurement area of 2 by 2 metres. The measuring grid consisting of 16 sensors (4x4 grid) can be variably positioned up to 1 metre from the rear of the vehicle. The sensors detect fine dust

Kunze, Miles, Ivanov, Valentin, Gramstat, Sebastian

Impact of Chemical Poisoning and Hydrothermal Aging on a Production Diesel AT System

2025-01-8497

04/01/2025

Diesel aftertreatment (AT) systems are critical for controlling emissions of CO, HC, NOX, and PM in the on-road transportation sector. Ensuring compliance with regulatory standards throughout the AT system's lifespan requires precise prediction of various degradation mechanisms under real-world operating conditions and mitigating their impact through proper catalyst sizing and advanced controls. In the SwRI A2CAT-II consortium, a medium-duty diesel engine production aftertreatment system was subjected to full useful life aging, involving chemical poisoning with phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) species, along with hydrothermal aging following the DAAAC protocol. This study was aimed to model and predict the aging trajectory of this production AT system thereby capturing changes in system dynamics under both steady-state and transient conditions. The system, designed to meet the 0.2 g/bhp-hr standard, comprised a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC), Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF), Selective

Balakrishnan, Arun, Chundru, Venkata Rajesh, Eakle, Scott, Sharp, Christopher

Real World Emissions in a High-Altitude City: A Comparison between LPG Taxis and Gasoline Cars

2025-01-8494

04/01/2025

To study the real driving emission characteristics of light-duty vehicles fueled with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and gasoline in a high-altitude city, experimental investigations were performed on two LPG taxis and three gasoline passenger cars in Lhasa using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS). The results reveal that the emission factors of CO2, CO, NOx, and HC of LPG taxis are 159.19±11.81, 18.38±9.73, 1.53±0.46, and 1.27±0.99 g/km, and those of gasoline cars are 223.51±23.1, 1.51±0.68, 0.27±0.16, and 0.06±0.04 g/km, respectively. The emissions show strong relationships with driving mode, which is considerably affected by driving behavior. Furthermore, as vehicle speed increases, the emission factors of both LPG taxis and gasoline cars decrease. The emission rates of both types of vehicles are low and change slightly at a vehicle specific power (VSP) of 0 kW/t or below; After that, the rates slowly increase initially and then increase rapidly with increasing VSP. These

Lyu, Meng, Xu, Yan, Huang, Meihong, Wang, Yunjing

Innovative Use of Basic Technologies for a High-Efficiency, Low-Cost Small Displacement Gasoline Engine

2025-01-8392

04/01/2025

India, with its low per capita income vast population and growing middle class, represents a significant market for low-cost, fuel-efficient automobiles. As the largest two-wheeler market globally, a transition to four-wheelers is underway, further driving the demand for affordable vehicles. This necessitates the design and development of low-priced vehicles equipped with efficient and economical powertrains. Globally, stringent regulations like Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE), Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycles (WLTC), and Real Driving Emissions (RDE) are pushing manufacturers to develop fuel-efficient vehicles. India has also adopted similar regulations, including CAFE2 and Bharat Stage 6-Phase 2 (BS6-2), to improve fuel economy and reduce emissions. These regulations, coupled with the growing demand for affordable vehicles, have spurred innovation in engine technology. In response to these challenges, Maruti Suzuki India Limited (MSIL) has consistently focused on

Singh, Amandeep, Singh, Jaspreet, Jalan, Ankit, Kumar, Narinder

Procedure for the Calculation of Non-Volatile Particulate Matter Sampling and Measurement System Penetration Functions and System Loss Correction Factors

AIR6504A (Current)

04/01/2025

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes a method for assessing size dependent particle losses in a sampling and measurement system of specified geometry utilizing the non-volatile Particulate Matter (nvPM) mass and number concentrations measured at the end of the sampling system.1 The penetration functions of the sampling and measurement system may be determined either by measurement or by analytic computational methods. Loss mechanisms including thermophoretic (which has a very weak size dependence) and size dependent losses are considered in this method2 along with the uncertainties due to both measurement error and the assumptions of the method. The results of this system loss assessment allow development of estimated correction factors for nvPM mass and number concentrations to account for the system losses facilitating estimation of the nvPM mass and number at the engine exhaust nozzle exit plane. As the particle losses are size dependent, the magnitude of correction

E-31P Particulate Matter Committee

High-Performance and Stable Three-Way Catalyst Achieved Via Ultrasonic Treatment for Gasoline Vehicle Emission Control

2025-01-8480

04/01/2025

Three-way catalysts (TWCs) containing significant amounts of precious metals are commonly employed to purify exhaust emissions (CO, NOx, and THC) from gasoline-powered vehicles. A critical factor contributing to TWC degradation is the sintering of these precious metals. Maintaining the appropriate particle size and distribution of the metals is essential for optimal catalyst performance. In this study, palladium (Pd) nanoparticles with a uniform size were synthesized using ethylene glycol as a reductant under ultrasonic conditions, yielding particles in the range of 3 nm to 5 nm. These Pd nanoparticles were subsequently used to prepare three-way catalysts on cordierite substrates supplied by Corning (China) Inc. Chemisorption analysis revealed that the Pd active component in the catalysts prepared via the ultrasonic method exhibited higher dispersion than the state-of-the-art commercial catalysts. The aged catalysts were obtained after 150 hours of aging following the General Motors

Hao, Shijie, Lv, Yanan, Wang, Weidong, Rao, Chao, Wei, Wei, Mao, Bingbin, Chen, Tao, Zhao, Huawang

Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel Blends Oxidation by Diesel Oxidation Catalyst

2025-01-8500

04/01/2025

Renewable and alternative liquid fuels are being evaluated for their equivalence with ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) in terms of engine and emission control system performance. Our previous research showed an elevated lightoff temperature for diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and lower DOC thermal efficiency for biodiesel blends into ULSD with more than 20% biodiesel. Here we report a similar DOC performance study to gage the performance of blends of biodiesel and hydrocarbon renewable diesel (RD) also made from fats and oils feedstocks. The same DOC used previously was used to evaluate RD blends with biodiesel up to 60 vol% (B60R40) in decrements of 10%. The performance of the DOC was evaluated on a steady-state performance cycle and a transient lightoff curve. Similar to previous results, the performance of the DOC is significantly affected by even low blend levels of biodiesel. At low flow rates 50% (B50R50) and higher biodiesel blends have a poor performance defined as the lightoff

Lakkireddy, Venkata, Weber, Phillip, McCormick, Robert, Howell, Steve

On the Potentially Misleading Evaluation of CO ₂ Emissions for Hybrid-Electric Vehicles

2025-01-8537

04/01/2025

The adoption of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) is becoming more popular during the last few years due to government incentives and favourable legislation both for automotive companies and final users. This type of vehicle claims very low carbon dioxide emissions while eliminating the range anxiety associated with battery electric vehicles thanks to the on-board range extender being able to recharge the battery throughout the journey. Unfortunately, the low emissions values are more representative of the particular mathematical model implemented by the legislation than the measured real driving emissions. Specifically, the legislation does not take into account the CO2 embedded in production of the batteries or of the electrical energy stored in it. This work analyses these aspects by means of a numerical model of the BMW i3 94Ah vehicle. The results obtained are collected from simulations conducted over the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) by using the commercial

Turner, James, Vorraro, Giovanni

Impact of Oxidation Catalyst Formulation and Space Velocity on Performance with Conventional and Renewable Fuels

2025-01-8495

04/01/2025

Prior study with biodiesel and its blends with ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and renewable diesel (RD) showed that a commercial diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) is unable to effectively oxidize neat biodiesel (B100) or high-level biodiesel blends injected into the exhaust of a diesel engine at challenging conditions of low temperature, high exhaust flow rate and high dosing rate. In steady-state performance tests, the performance of blends up to B50 in ULSD or RD was nearly equivalent to ULSD at the lowest exhaust flow rate or for exhaust temperature over 340°C for medium and high flows. ULSD blends above 50 vol% biodiesel exhibited reduced thermal efficiency and DOC outlet temperature with increasing dosing rate and required exhaust temperatures over 400°C to achieve similar performance as ULSD. For RD blends at higher flow rates and temperatures below 300°C even B10 blends showed some loss in performance at the highest dosing rates. Data showed an increase in lightoff temperature

Lakkireddy, Venkata, Weber, Phillip, McCormick, Robert, Howell, Steve

Study on Energy Consumption and Emission Characteristics of EHC Coupled DOC+SDPF+SCR-ASC System under WLTC and RDE

2025-01-8498

04/01/2025

With the tightening of emission regulations, Electrically Heated Catalyst (EHC) are an important technical solution for diesel vehicles to address the emission challenges of cold start and Real Driving Emission (RDE). This paper investigates the impact of EHC coupled exhaust aftertreatment system (Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) + Selective Catalytic Reduction Integrated into Diesel Particulate Filter (SDPF) + Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) - Ammonia Slip Catalyst (ASC)) on the energy consumption and emission characteristics of light-duty diesel vehicles based on the World Light Vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC) and RDE. The research results show that under WLTC conditions, compared to EHC off, the time for the SDPF inlet temperature to reach 180 °C when EHC on is 44 seconds earlier. The Carbon Monoxide (CO) emission of diesel vehicles is 63.5 mg/km, the Total Hydrocarbon (THC) emission value is 44.9 mg/km, the Non-Methane Hydrocarbon (NMHC) emission value is 39.5 mg/km, and the Nitrogen

Kang, Lulu, Zhao, Zhiguo, Lou, Diming

High-Efficient and Cost-Effective Three-Way Catalyst Substrate Design for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

2025-01-8528

04/01/2025

China 6b regulation was fully implemented since July 2023 with very strict emission standards for HC, NMHC, NOx, and CO. The country is now also in the process of developing China 7 regulation, which will perhaps impose even stricter emission limits and extra criteria pollutants including NH3. Moreover, increasingly strict fuel consumption regulation has been implemented as well and it is highly possible that greenhouse gas emission limits will be included in the China 7 regulation. With the hybrid technology innovation, PHEVs are effective in fuel economy and emission reduction, which are favored by manufacturers and consumers, and leading to a rapid increase in market share. Through the optimization of hybrid architecture and the synergy of electric motors, the operating conditions of the hybrid engine have been optimized, making it more stable and avoiding extreme engine operating conditions compared to traditional ICE, which also provides possibilities for optimizing the after

Wang, Jiming, Li, Chunbo, Feng, Xiangyu, Chen, Xiaolang, Boger, Thorsten, Tian, Lichen, Hu, Xianli, Zeng, Jun, Tian, Tian, Gao, Bojun, Li, Dacheng, Liu, Shicheng, Jiang, Fajun

Combustion Characterization and Heat Release Rate Modeling of a Heavy-Duty Hydrogen-Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine

2025-01-8418

04/01/2025

Introducing hydrogen (H2) into the intake air of diesel engines provides a near-term approach to reducing tailpipe CO2 emissions from heavy-duty commercial vehicles. The premixed hydrogen results in a complex H2-Diesel dual fuel (H2DF) combustion process, where H2 can both participate in the non-premixed diesel combustion and result in a propagating H2/air combustion. These interactions influence engine combustion characteristics, including in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate (HRR), as well as emissions. The nature and extent of the impact depends on the amount of H2 introduced as a function of the total fuel energy (H2 energy share ratio - HES), the trapped air mass, and engine operating conditions. To optimize the HES ratio under different conditions, it is crucial to understand how H2DF combustion differs from diesel combustion and how this limits engine operation and impacts emissions. To investigate these effects, a heavy-duty class 8 truck fitted with an H2DF system

Farzam, Reza, Guan, Mang, Gmoser, Raine, Steiche, Patrick, Kirchen, Patrick, McTaggart-Cowan, Gordon

The Aerodynamic Development of the Range Rover

2025-01-8781

04/01/2025

The current Range Rover is the fifth generation of this luxury SUV. With a drag coefficient of 0.30 at launch, it was the most aerodynamically efficient luxury SUV in the world. This aerodynamic efficiency was achieved by applying the latest science. Rear wake control was realised with a large roof spoiler, rear pillar and bodyside shaping, along with an under-floor designed to reduce losses over a wide range of vehicle configurations. This enabled manipulation of the wake structure to reduce drag spread, optimising emissions measured under the WLTP regulations. Along with its low drag coefficient, in an industry first, it was developed explicitly to achieve reduced rear surface contamination with reductions achieved of 70% on the rear screen and 60% over the tailgate when compared against the outgoing product. This supports both perceptions of luxury along with sensor system performance, demonstrating that vehicles can be developed concurrently for low drag and reduced rear soiling

Chaligné, Sébastien, Gaylard, Adrian Philip, Simmonds, Nicholas, Turner, Ross

Effect of Fuels on Compression Ignition Engine Particle Number and Mass Emissions and DPF Filtration Efficiency

2025-01-8502

04/01/2025

As part of decarbonization, alternative fuels are likely to be used in compression ignition internal combustion engines as a substitute for diesel fuel. There have been many studies on the effect of these alternative fuels on emissions and catalytic aftertreatment systems. Past research has reported lower particulate matter (PM) and higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) with biofuels. However, there are limited studies on the effect of PM on the performance of diesel particulate filters (DPFs), especially in its effectiveness of PM filtration. PM emissions from four (4) types of fuels and five (5) of their blends, a total of nine fuels, were investigated using PM2.5 mass, soot mass, solid particle number (> 10 nm SPN10 and > 23 nm SPN23) and size distribution (6 nm to 560 nm) measurements at inlet and outlet of a DPF. The PM emissions were measured over a non-road regulatory cycle sequence consisting of five (5) non-road transient cycles (NRTCs) and five (5) non-road steady-state cycles

Lakkireddy, Venkata, Khalek, Imad, Buffaloe, Gina

Test Procedure for Determining Refrigerant Emissions from Mobile Air Conditioning Systems

J2763_202503 (Current)

03/25/2025

This SAE Standard covers the mini-shed testing methodology to measure the rate of refrigerant loss from an automotive air conditioning (A/C) system. This SAE procedure encompasses both front and rear air conditioning systems utilizing refrigerants operating under sub-critical conditions. The SAE procedure will cover multiple refrigerants to emission testing and is utilized for evaluating air condtioning systems. Heat pump systems can also be evaluated; however, they will have different usage and mission profiles.

Interior Climate Control MAC Supplier Committee

Experimental Analysis of Soot and NOx Mitigation during Energy-Buffered Diesel Engine Transients

03-18-02-0014

03/24/2025

Transient operation of a diesel-fueled compression ignition engine will produce significant levels of engine-out criteria pollutants such as NOx and soot emissions due to turbocharger lag. Conventional pollutant mitigation strategies during tip-ins (large increases in load) are constrained by the soot–NOx trade-off—strategies that mitigate soot/NOx emissions often result in an increase in NOx/soot emissions. Hybridization offers the ability to use an e-machine as an energy buffer during a tip-in, allowing the engine to tip-in slower to give the turbocharger time to spin up and provide the necessary amount of air for clean, high-load operation. In this work, an in-line six-cylinder 12.8 L Detroit Diesel DD13 engine was used to study the impact of slowing the torque ramp rate of a tip-in on the effectiveness of transient emission reduction strategies for turbocharged diesel engines, including exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve closing, start of injection retard, and the air–fuel ratio

Gainey, Brian, Datar, Aditya, Bhatt, Ankur, Lawler, Benjamin

Exploring H ₂ /O ₂ Injection in an Active Pre-Chamber Ignition Engine

03-18-02-0013

03/04/2025

Active fuel injection into a pre-chamber (PC) promotes high-temperature and highly turbulent jets, which ignite the cylinder gas with a very high exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ratio, reducing emissions such as NOx. In the present study, two active PC injection strategies were designed to investigate the effect of injected hydrogen mass and PC mixture air-to-fuel equivalence ratio λ on PC combustion, jet formation, and main chamber (MC) combustion. Stoichiometric or rich hydrogen/oxygen mixtures are actively injected into the PC to enhance the combustion processes in the PC and the MC. A three-dimensional numerical engine model is developed using the commercial CFD code CONVERGE. The engine geometry and parameters adopt a modified GM 4-cylinder 2.0 L GDI gasoline engine. The local developments of gas temperature and velocity are resolved with the adaptive mesh refinement (AMR). The turbulence of the flow is computed with the k-epsilon model of the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS

Yu, Tianxiao, Lee, Dong Eun, Alam, Afaque, Gore, Jay P., Qiao, Li

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Fuel Cell Heavy-Duty Vehicles in China: A Cradle-to-Gate Analysis

13-06-03-0018

02/04/2025

Considered as one of the most promising technology pathways for the transport sector to realize the target of “carbon neutral,” fuel cell vehicles have been seriously discussed in terms of its potential for alleviating environmental burden. Focused on cradle-to-gate (CtG) stage, this article evaluates the environmental impacts of fuel cell heavy-duty vehicles of three size classes and three driving ranges to find the critical components and manufacturing processes in the energy context of China. The findings show that the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the investigated fuel cell heavy-duty vehicle range from 47 ton CO2-eq to 162 ton CO2-eq, with the fuel cell system and hydrogen storage system collectively contributing to 37%–56% of the total. Notably, as the driving range increases, the proportion of GHG emissions stemming from fuel cell-related components also rises. Within the fuel cell system, the catalyst layer and bipolar plate are identified as the components with the most

Mu, Zhexuan, Deng, YunFeng, Bai, Fanlong, Zhao, Fuquan, Liu, Zongwei, Hao, Han, Liu, Ming

Effect of Injection Pressure and Equivalent Ratio on Combustion and Emissions of The Ammonia/Diesel Dual Fuel Engine

2025-01-7111

01/31/2025

In the context of low-carbon and zero-carbon development strategies, the transformation and upgrading of the energy structure is an inevitable trend. As a renewable fuel, ammonia has a high energy density. When ammonia is burned alone, the combustion speed is slow. The emissions of nitrogen oxides and unburned ammonia is high. Therefore, a suitable high-reactivity combustion aid fuel is required to improve the combustion characteristics of ammonia. Based on this background, this study converted a six-cylinder engine into a single-cylinder ammonia/diesel dual-fuel system, with diesel fuel as the base and a certain percentage of ammonia blended in. The impact of varying the injection pressure and equivalence ratio on engine combustion and emissions was examined. The results demonstrate that an appropriate increase in injection pressure can promote fuel-gas mixing and increase the indicated thermal efficiency (ITE). With regard to emissions, an increase in injection pressure has been

Wang, Hu, Lv, Zhijie, Zhang, Shouzhen, Wang, Mingda, Yang, Rui, Yao, Mingfa

Effects of Injection Parameters On the Evaporation, Mixing, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Spark Ignition Methanol Engine

2025-01-7119

01/31/2025

The combustion performance test under different injection parameters was carried out on an inline 6-cylinder spark-ignition (SI) methanol engine, and the influence mechanism of injection parameters on methanol evaporation, mixing, combustion and emission was revealed through simulation. The results indicate that compared to the low-flow nozzle scheme (14*D0.26), when adopting the high-flow nozzle scheme (16*D0.30), the injection duration is shorter. The evaporation rate of methanol in the intake port is increased, the amount of methanol droplets and wall-attached liquid film in the cylinder is reduced, and the temperature in the cylinder is elevated. Moreover, the changes are more significant under high-load operating conditions. The change in the methanol charge rate during the intake process leads to a slightly higher inhomogeneity of the in-cylinder mixture. The relatively high temperature in the cylinder and the appropriate increase in the mixture concentration on the exhaust side

Zhang, Zhi, Liu, Haifeng, Li, Yongzhi, Chang, Weide, Shu, Zanqiao, Ju, Chengyuan, Ratlamwala, Tahir Abdul Hussain, Yao, Mingfa

Impact of Time Aligned Measurement Parameters on Brake Specific Emissions

2024-28-0132

12/05/2024

As per global emissions legislation requirements running test cycles and reporting brake specific emissions is the key requirement. Engine gaseous emissions measurement is mandatory requirement for ON Highway and OFF Highway applications for transient duty cycles during testing at test cells. To meet the stringent emission limits is one of the challenging tasks considering the nature of transient duty cycles with accurate measurement of lower emission values. Calculating accurate results is critical since there are several factors which impacts the accuracy of calculated results especially for transient tests measurement as various engine measurement parameters are involved in calculating the brake specific emission results and time alignment of the various parameters are needed. As per latest regulatory test methods (Euro VI, BS VI, EPA), there is guidance on measuring the time lag through an experiment method and accounting the same during the results calculation, however during

Patil, Rahul Chandrakant, Rajopadhye, Sunil, Mudassir, Mohammed, Mokhadkar, Rahul, Phadke, Abhijit Narahari, Bharambe, Niraj, Dhuri, Santosh

Data Quality Evaluation and Assurance of Emissions on IC Engine

2024-28-0134

12/05/2024

Engines are the predominant source of Earth’s air pollution contributor, hence there are various emission laws which mandate the use of emission test cycle to verify that engine adhere to predetermined emission limits. A protocol found in an emission standard that enables consistent and comparable measurement of exhaust emissions for various engines is known as an emission test cycle. The values of emission parameters are the result of emission cycle. Measurements of GHG (Green House Gas) emissions - particulate number and particulate matter, carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbon, and nitrogen oxides are used to determine exhaust gas thermodynamic characteristics, fuel-air ratio, combustion efficiency, and emission indices, as they link engine performance to environmental impact. The engine and after-treatment system’s exhaust emissions are currently having a significant negative impact on the environment. The emission indices (EI) are the characteristics that engine engineers and

Baraskar, Shweta, Rajopadhye, Sunil, Dhuri, Santosh, Patil, Rahul, Mudassir, Mohammed, Phadke, Abhijit Narahari, Mokhadkar, Rahul

Emission Characteristics of TCR Diesel Fuels in Comparison to Diesel Fuels Derived from other Sources

2024-01-4289

11/05/2024

In this work we demonstrate the influence of different refined TCR refining diesel fuels on emission, power and efficiency in comparison to reference Diesel fuel (homologation fuel for Euro 6 emission testing), hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) and a blend of poly(oxymethylene)dimethyl ether (OME3) with reference Diesel. The emission characteristics of such TCR fuels used in a production type Diesel engine with modern common rail system has up to now not been tested. The comparison was performed at an engine test bench equipped with a Hatz 4H50 TIC direct injection common rail Diesel engine. For different engine operation points exhaust gas emissions and particulate matters were measured and the results analyzed.

Seeger, Jan, Taschek, Marco

Study on the Test Procedure of Fuel Economy and CO ₂ Emissions for Vehicles with Adaptive Cruise Control System

2024-01-4308

11/05/2024

With advancements in the development of the automated driving technology, vehicles equipped with such technology can be observed widely in market. However, there is a lack of clarity regarding fuel consumption and emission characteristics with automated driving functions. In fact, it cannot be found that any technical papers that have conducted such an evaluation. Therefore, in this study, it was investigated that an evaluation method to understand fuel consumption and emission characteristics by using the adaptive cruise control (ACC) function. The function is one of the automated driving functions which is widely used and corresponds to Level 2 defined by SAE International (Society of Automotive Engineers). In the approach taken for this study, two vehicles were used as the real driving emission test and the preceding vehicle—equipped with a driving robot—was driven accurately to trace the speed pattern defined by the test cycle. The trailing vehicle was driven using the ACC function

Okui, Nobunori

Catalyzed Gasoline Particulate Filter Performance from Fresh to Full Useful Life

2024-01-4311

11/05/2024

The gasoline particulate filter (GPF) represents a durable solution for particulate emissions control in light-duty gasoline-fueled vehicles. It is also seen as a viable technology in North America to meet the upcoming US EPA tailpipe emission regulation, the proposed “Multipollutant Rule for Model Year 2027”. The goal of this study was to track the evolution of tailpipe particulate emissions of a modern GTDI light duty vehicle under typical North American mileage accumulation; from a fresh state to 4000-mile, and finally to its full useful life of 150,000-miles. For this purpose, a production TWC + GPF after-treatment system was installed in place of the T3B85 TWC-only system. Chassis dyno emissions testing was performed at the pre-determined mileage points with on-road driving conducted for the necessary mileage accumulation. This report will show the outstanding filtration durability and enhanced particulate control and of the current GPF technology all the way to 150,000 miles for

Craig, Angus, Warkins, Jason, Beattie, James, Nipunage, Sanket, Moser, David, Day, Ryan, Banker, Vonda

A Step towards Pragmatic Carbon Emission Reduction in Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles through Differentiated Diesel and Green Combo Lubricants

2024-01-4303

11/05/2024

With all the environmental concern of diesel fuelled vehicle, it is a challenge to phase out them completely specifically from Heavy duty application. Most pragmatic solution lies in solutions which improves the fuel economy and reduce the carbon emission of existing diesel fuelled vehicle fleet and retain the economic feasibility offered by present diesel fuelled vehicle fleets. With implementation of Bharat Stage IV (BS VI) emission norms across country from April 2020, supply of BS VI complaint diesel fuel started and BS VI complaint vehicles with upgraded engine technologies and after treatment devices started to come which made present vehicle fleets heterogeneous with substantive number of BS IV vehicle. Beside improvement of engine technologies, existing BS IV vehicle fleet performance can be enhanced through improved fuel and lubricants solutions. The present research work is a step towards improving the fuel economy of existing BS IV diesel vehicles through the intervention of

Mishra, Sumit Kumar, Singh, Punit Kumar, Chakradhar, Maya, Seth, Sarita, Singh, Sauhard, Arora, Ajay, Harinarain, Ajay Kumar, Maheshwari, Mukul

TOC

99-06-05-0TOC

10/10/2024

TOC

Tobolski, Sue

Handling, Packaging, and Conditioning of Materials and Components Used in Automotive Interiors for Emissions Testing

J2989_202409 (Current)

09/27/2024

This SAE Recommended Practice is intended for stakeholders of the automotive industry that are conducting emission testing on materials, parts, or components used in automotive interiors. Testing methods may specifically define the handling and packaging conditions for the material to be analyzed. In these cases, follow the method as closely as possible. Use this document as a guide where the protocol for handling and packaging the samples between production and testing may be undefined or ambiguous.

Volatile Organic Compounds

Investigation of Plug-In Hybrid Light Duty Commercial Vehicle in Real-World Conditions by Simulation

2024-24-0016

09/18/2024

Light commercial vehicles are an indispensable element for the transport of people and the delivery of goods, especially on extra-urban and long-distance routes. With a view to sustainable mobility, it is necessary to think about hybridizing these vehicles to reduce the fuel consumption as well as greenhouse gas emissions and particulate matter. These types of vehicles are generally powered by diesel and travel many kilometers a day. On the other hand, the use of light commercial vehicles in battery electric vehicle (BEV) configuration has already been started but is not receiving widespread recognition. In this panorama, starting from a study already developed for the hybridization of a plug-in light commercial vehicle in Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) condition, the simulation analysis has been extended to the plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV) operating in real driving emission conditions (RDE). In particular, using Advisor software, a vehicle has been simulated in

Mancaruso, Ezio, Meccariello, Giovanni, Rossetti, Salvatore

Procedure for the Calculation of Non-Volatile Particulate Matter Sampling and Measurement System Losses and System Loss Correction Factors

ARP6481A (Current)

09/09/2024

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) details the recommended process for correcting measured non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) mass and number data for particle losses in the sampling and measurement system specified in ARP6320B. This technique is only recommended for conditions where both nvPM mass and number concentration measurements are in the valid measurement ranges of the instruments that are discussed in the tool limitations section. This ARP also supplies an Excel software tool with documentation to automate the process. The body of this ARP details the recommended calculation method, uncertainties, and limitations of the system loss correction factors. It explains, in detail, the required inputs and outputs from the supplied Excel software tool (developed on Windows 7, Excel 2016). Also included are: The Excel correction tools (refer to Attachments I and V). Installation instructions for a Windows-based computer (refer to Attachment II). A user technical manual

E-31P Particulate Matter Committee

Brake Particle Emission Influenced by Grooved Disc Friction Surfaces with or without a Hard Coating

2024-01-3030

09/08/2024

Many performance sport passenger vehicles use drilled or grooved cast iron brake rotors for a better braking performance or a cosmetic reason. Such brake rotors would unfortunately cause more brake dust emission, appearing with dirty wheel rims. To better understand the effects of such brake rotors on particle emission, a pin-on-disc tribometer with two particle emission measurement devices was used to monitor and collect the emitted airborne particles. The first device was an aerodynamic particle sizer, which is capable of measuring particles ranging from 0.5 to 20 μm. The second device was a condensation particle counter, which measures and collects particles from 4 nm to 3 μm. The testing samples were scaled-down brake discs (100 mm in diameter) against low-metallic brake pads. Two machined surface conditions (plain and grooved) with uncoated or ceramic-coated friction surfaces were selected for the investigation. The results showed that the grooved friction surface led to a higher

Cai, Ran, Nie, Xueyuan, Lyu, Yezhe, Wahlström, Jens

Features of Assessing Fuel Efficiency and Environmental Performance of Vehicles in Thermal Preparation Processes

2024-01-5088

09/02/2024

The article deals with the peculiarities of developing a method for evaluating the fuel efficiency and environmental performance of vehicle engines under conditions of pre- and post-start thermal preparations. The method was designed for gasoline engines converted to run on both liquid petroleum and gaseous fuels (LPG). A thermal treatment system based on a phase transition heat accumulator was used for pre- and post-start heat treatment in operation. An algorithm for determining and evaluating individual thermal preparation criteria for vehicle engines in operational conditions was developed based on the analysis conducted. The method for assessing fuel consumption and harmful emissions in the exhaust gases of vehicles with engines modified to run on LPG and fitted with a phase transition heat accumulator during pre- and post-start thermal preparations was improved. The method development is based on numerous experimental and computational–analytical studies. To assess the high

Gritsuk, Igor, Pohorletskyi, Dmytro, Pohorletska, Nadiia, Volkov, Vladimir, Volodarets, Mykyta, Khudiakov, Igor, Dotsenko, Serhii, Nesterenko, Viktoriia, Volska, Olena

Simulation Studies of Pollutant Emission from Passenger Cars

03-17-06-0047

07/15/2024

The article presents the results of simulation studies of pollutant emissions from passenger cars. The characteristics of emissions were determined using the vehicle driving test procedures, in consideration of differentiated average velocities as well as model traffic conditions: urban traffic jam, urban traffic with no congestion, rural, motorways, and highways. This article also presented the possibility of determining the characteristics of pollutant emission based on a singular realization of the vehicle velocities processes, as well as the intensity of pollutant emission, with the use of the Monte Carlo method. The pollutant emission characteristics enable specification of pollutant emission intensity, which can be used for the inventory of pollutant emissions from road transport (COPERT software applied as standard) and can be useful in the assessment of a degree of environmental hazard by modeling pollutant dispersion. In this article, the results related to pollutant emission

Szczepański, Krystian, Bebkiewicz, Katarzyna, Chłopek, Zdzisław, Sar, Hubert, Zakrzewska, Dagna

Integration of a Belt Starter Generator in a Flex-Fuel Vehicle

03-17-06-0046

06/10/2024

The concern with global warming has led to the creation of legislation aimed at minimizing this phenomenon. As a result, the development of technologies to minimize vehicle emissions and reduce fuel consumption has gained market share. A promising alternative is the use of a belt starter generator (BSG): an electric machine to replace the vehicle’s alternator. This research analyzes the effects of introducing a 12 V BSG into a flex-fuel vehicle, specifically examining its impact on fuel economy and CO2 emissions when using both gasoline and ethanol. The utilization of a low-voltage BSG in a flex-fuel vehicle has not been previously studied. Numerical simulations and experimental fuel consumption and CO2 emissions tests were performed for the normal production flex-fuel baseline configuration and the vehicle with the 12 V BSG, following the standards ABNT NBR 6601 and ABNT NBR 7024. The use of the BSG led to a 10.06% reduction in CO2 emission in the urban cycle for the vehicle running

Lins, Alice, Hanriot, Sergio, Sales, Luis Carlos Monteiro

Unveiling the Potential of Hydrogen in a Downsized Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Performance and Emissions Experimental Study

04-17-03-0015

05/11/2024

The transportation sector’s growing focus on addressing environmental and sustainable energy concerns has led to a pursuit of the decarbonization path. In this context, hydrogen emerges as a promising zero-carbon fuel. The ability of hydrogen fuel to provide reliable performance while reducing environmental impact makes it crucial in the quest for net zero targets. This study compares gasoline and hydrogen combustion in a single-cylinder boosted direct injection (DI) spark ignition engine under various operating conditions. Initially, the engine was run over a wide range of lambda values to determine the optimal operating point for hydrogen and demonstrate lean hydrogen combustion’s benefits over gasoline combustion. Furthermore, a load sweep test was conducted at 2000 rpm, and the performance and emission results were compared between gasoline and optimized hydrogen combustion. An in-depth analysis was conducted by varying fuel injection time and pressure. This enabled us to explore

Mohamed, Mohamed, Biswal, Abinash, Wang, Xinyan, Zhao, Hua, Harrington, Anthony, Hall, Jonathan

Optimizing Fuel Injection Timing for Multiple Injection Using Reinforcement Learning and Functional Mock-up Unit for a Small-bore Diesel Engine

03-17-06-0041

05/03/2024

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a computational approach to understanding and automating goal-directed learning and decision-making. The difference from other computational approaches is the emphasis on learning by an agent from direct interaction with its environment to achieve long-term goals [1]. In this work, the RL algorithm was implemented using Python. This then enables the RL algorithm to make decisions to optimize the output from the system and provide real-time adaptation to changes and their retention for future usage. A diesel engine is a complex system where a RL algorithm can address the NOx–soot emissions trade-off by controlling fuel injection quantity and timing. This study used RL to optimize the fuel injection timing to get a better NO–soot trade-off for a common rail diesel engine. The diesel engine utilizes a pilot–main and a pilot–main–post-fuel injection strategy. Change of fuel injection quantity was not attempted in this study as the main objective was to

Vaze, Abhijeet, Mehta, Pramod S., Krishnasamy, Anand

Optimized Emission Analysis in Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Innovations and Exhaust Humidity Analysis

03-17-07-0052

04/23/2024

In today’s landscape, environmental protection and nature conservation have become paramount across industries, spurring the ever-increasing aspect of decarbonization. Regulatory measures in transportation have shifted focus away from combustion engines, making way for electric mobility, particularly in smaller engines. However, larger applications like ships and stationary power generation face limitations, not enabling an analogous shift to electrification. Instead, the emphasis shifted to zero-carbon fuel alternatives such as hydrogen and ammonia. In addition to minimal carbon-containing emissions due to incineration of lubricating oil, hydrogen combustion with air results in nitrogen oxide emissions, still necessitating quantification for engine operation compliance with legal regulations. A commonly used multicomponent exhaust gas analyzer on FTIR principle can suffer from higher volumetric water shares in the exhaust gas of the hydrogen engine, influencing the emission analysis

Armbruster, Felina, Kraus, Christoph, Prager, Maximilian, Härtl, Martin, Jaensch , Malte

Assessment of Condensation Particle Counter-Based Portable Solid Particle Number System for Applications with High Water Content in Exhaust

2024-01-5048

04/22/2024

The Particle Number–Portable Emission Measurement System (PN-PEMS) came into force with Euro VI Phase E regulations starting January 1, 2022. However, positive ignition (PI) engines must comply from January 1, 2024. The delay was due to the unavailability of the PN-PEMS system that could withstand high concentrations of water typically present in the tailpipe (TP) of CNG vehicles, which was detrimental to the PN-PEMS systems. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the condensation particle counter (CPC)-based PN-PEMS measurement capabilities that was upgraded to endure high concentration of water. The PN-PEMS measurement of solid particle number (SPN23) greater than 23 nm was compared against the laboratory-grade PN systems in four phases. Each phase differs based upon the PN-PEMS and PN system location and measurements were made from three different CNG engines. In the first phase, systems measured the diluted exhaust through constant volume sampler (CVS) tunnel. Data generated

Khan, M. Yusuf, Agarwal, Nikhilesh, Panda, Sampad, Desai, Atharva Tushar, Wilkinson, John C., Chaille, Evan, Vats, Shekhar, Salemme, Tina L., Ragupathy, Thinnesh

Hydrogen Injection Position Impact: Experimental Analysis of Central Direct Injection and Side Direct Injection in Engines

03-17-05-0038

04/18/2024

A detailed investigation was carried out on the performance, combustion, and emissions of a single-cylinder direct injection hydrogen spark ignition (SI) engine with either a side-mounted direct injection (SDI) or a centrally installed direct injection (CDI) injector. The first part of the study analyzed the performance and emissions characteristics of CDI and SDI engine operations with different injection timings and pressures. This was followed by comparing the engine’s performance and emissions of the CDI and SDI operations at different engine speeds and relative air-to-fuel ratios (lambda) with the optimized injection pressure and timings. Furthermore, the performance and emission attributes of the hydrogen engine with the CDI and SDI setups were conducted at a fixed λ value of 2.75 across a broad spectrum of engine loads. The study’s main outcome demonstrates that both direct injection systems produced near-zero CO2, CO, and HC emissions. Stable engine operations could be achieved

Mohamed, Mohamed, Mirshahi, Milad, Jiang, Changzhao, Zhao, Hua, Harrington, Anthony, Hall, Jonathan

Suitability Study of Biofuel Blend for Light Commercial Vehicle Application under Real-World Transient Operating Conditions

03-17-07-0050

04/10/2024

Driving schedule of every vehicle involves transient operation in the form of changing engine speed and load conditions, which are relatively unchanged during steady-state conditions. As well, the results from transient conditions are more likely to reflect the reality. So, the current research article is focused on analyzing the biofuel-like lemon peel oil (LPO) behavior under real-world transient conditions with fuel injection parameter MAP developed from steady-state experiments. At first, engine parameters and response MAPs are developed by using a response surface methodology (RSM)-based multi-objective optimization technique. Then, the vehicle model has been developed by incorporating real-world transient operating conditions. Finally, the developed injection parameters and response MAPs are embedded in the vehicle model to analyze the biofuel behavior under transient operating conditions. The results obtained for diesel-fueled light commercial vehicle (LCV) have shown better

Saiteja, Pajarla, Ashok, B.

Technical Challenges with on Board Monitoring

2024-01-2597

04/09/2024

The proposed Euro 7 regulation includes On Board Monitoring, or OBM, to continuously monitor vehicles for emission exceedances. OBM relies on feedback from existing or additional sensors to identify high emitting vehicles, which poses many challenges. Currently, sensors are not commercially available for all emissions constituents, and the accuracy of available sensors is not capable enough for in use compliance determination. On board emissions models do not offer enough fidelity to determine in use compliance and require new complex model innovation development which will be extremely complicated to implement on board the vehicle. The stack up of multi-component deterioration leading to an emissions exceedance is infeasible to detect using available sensors and models. An assessment of limitations and measurement accuracy for sensors or models including oxides of nitrogen (NOx) sensors under a variety of operating conditions, ammonia (NH3) sensing, and particulate matter (PM) sensing

Funk, Sarah, Potter, Janean, Pruski, Erika

Evaluation of Uncoated Gasoline Particulate Filter Performance for US EPA MY27+ Particulate Mass Emissions Regulation

2024-01-2383

04/09/2024

The gasoline particulate filter (GPF) represents a practical solution for particulate emissions control in light-duty gasoline-fueled vehicles. It is also seen as an essential technology in North America to meet the upcoming US EPA tailpipe emission regulation, as proposed in the “Multi-pollutant Rule for Model Year 2027”. The goal of this study was to introduce advanced, uncoated GPF products and measure their particulate mass (PM) reduction performance within the existing US EPA FTP vehicle testing procedures, as detailed in Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) part 1066. Various state-of-the-art GPF products were characterized for their microstructure properties with lab-bench checks for pressure drop and filtration efficiency, then pre-conditioned with an EPA-recommended 1500 mile on-road break-in, and finally were tested on an AWD vehicle chassis-dyno emissions test cell at both 25°C and -7°C ambient conditions. A modern, T3B70, GTDI light-duty truck served as the test vehicle

Craig, Angus, Warkins, Jason, Wassouf, Bassel, Beall, Douglas, Banker, Vonda, Madaffari Jr, Dominick

Powertrain Digital Twinning for Real-World Emissions Compliance

2024-01-2602

04/09/2024

The context for real-world emissions compliance has widened with the anticipated implementation of EU7 emissions regulations. The more stringent emissions limits and deeper real-world driving test fields of EU7 make compliance more challenging. While EU6 emissions legislation provided clear boundaries by which vehicle and powertrain Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) could develop and calibrate against, EU7 creates additional challenges. To ensure that emissions produced during any real-world driving comply with legal limits, physical testing conducted in-house and in-field to evaluate emissions compliance of a vehicle and powertrain will not be sufficient. Given this, OEMs will likely need to incorporate some type of virtual engineering to supplement physical testing. In this respect, the HORIBA Intelligent Lab virtual engineering toolset has been created and deployed to produce empirical digital twins of a modern light-duty electrified gasoline Internal Combustion Engine (ICE

Roberts, Phil, Mason, Alex, Headley, Aaron, Bates, Luke, Tabata, Kunio, Whelan, Steve

Development of an Automatic Pipeline for Data Analysis and Pre-Processing for Data Driven-Based Engine Emission Modeling in a Real Industrial Application

2024-01-2018

04/09/2024

During the development of an Internal Combustion Engine-based powertrain, traditional procedures for control strategies calibration and validation produce huge amount of data, that can be used to develop innovative data-driven applications, such as emission virtual sensing. One of the main criticalities is related to the data quality, that cannot be easily assessed for such a big amount of data. This work focuses on an emission modeling activity, using an enhanced Light Gradient Boosting Regressor and a dedicated data pre-processing pipeline to improve data quality. First thing, a software tool is developed to access a database containing data coming from emissions tests. The tool performs a data cleaning procedure to exclude corrupted data or invalid parts of the test. Moreover, it automatically tunes model hyperparameters, it chooses the best set of features, and it validates the procedure by comparing the estimation and the experimental measurement. The proposed pre-processing

Petrone, Boris, Giovannardi, Emanuele, Brusa, Alessandro, Cavina, Nicolò, Kitsopanidis, Ioannis

Estimating Light-Duty Vehicle Gaseous Emissions Using a Data-Driven Approach in Off-Cycle Measurements

2024-01-2705

04/09/2024

As global regulations on automotive tailpipe emissions become increasingly stringent, developing precise tailpipe emissions models has garnered significant attention to fulfill onboard monitoring requirements without some drawbacks associated with traditional sensor-based systems. Within the European Union, there is consideration of mandating real-time measurement of emission constituents to enable driver warnings in cases where constituent standards are exceeded. Presently, available technology renders this approach cost-prohibitive and technologically challenging, with most sensor suppliers either unable to meet the demand or unwilling to justify the development costs associated with sensor commercialization. Efforts to circumvent the sensor-based approach through first principle models, incorporating thermokinetics, have proven to be both computationally expensive and lacking in accuracy during transient operations. We propose a data-driven solution based on DL (deep learning) to

Hashemi, Ashton, Schlingmann, Dean

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