Browse Topic: Air pollution

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Decarbonizing Off-Highway Vehicles: Fuel Alternatives and Implementation Strategies2025-28-023011/06/2025
Off-Highway Vehicles (OHVs) — including mining trucks, construction machinery, and agricultural equipment — contribute significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and local air pollutants due to their dependence on fossil diesel. Achieving sustainable development goals in off-highway sectors requires transitioning toward alternate fuels that can reduce CO₂, NOₓ, and particulate matter (PM) emissions while maintaining performance and reliability. This paper comprehensively evaluates alternate fuels such as biodiesel, renewable diesel, compressed and liquefied natural gas (CNG/LNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), hydrogen, and alcohol-based blends. Using insights from Service Bulletins, fuel standards, and the Worldwide Fuel Charter, it discusses fuel properties, engine compatibility, operational challenges, sustainability impacts, economic feasibility, safety considerations, and regulatory aspects. Case studies of alternate fuel deployment in OHVs illustrate practical challenges and
Mulla, Tosif, Thakur, Anil, Tripathi, Ashish
Experimental Study on Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Port Water Injection and Blends of Biodiesel for Performance & Emission2025-32-006211/03/2025
The increasing demand for alternative fuels due to environmental concerns has sparked interest in biodiesel as a viable substitute for conventional diesel. Most automotive engines use diesel fuel engines. They contribute a major portion of today’s air pollution, which causes serious health issues including chronic bronchitis, respiratory tract infections, heart diseases, and many more. Greenhouse gases are produced using fossil fuel in the engines and causes global warming. To combat air pollution, we need clean renewable and environmentally friendly fuels. Due to depletion of fossil fuels, it has become necessary to find alternative fuel which are safer for the environment and humankind. One such possible solution is Biodiesel. In present study, series of experiments were carried out on 435cc naturally aspirate DI Diesel engine with port water injection and different blend of Jatropha based Biodiesel. Biodiesel was derived from Jatropha oil, produced using a heterogeneous catalyst
Bhoite, Vikram, Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Jagtap, Pranjal, Reddy, Kameswar
Attribute Optimization of Multi-Zone Climate Control System for Indian Applications2025-28-042410/30/2025
Single-zone cabin climate control systems have been standard for decades in passenger cars. Looking at the technology trend, which is transitioning from single-zone to multi-zone automatic control systems, it is now possible to provide zonal comfort tailored to the individual requirements of each passenger. In current single-zone climate control systems, maintaining the cabin temperature as stated by the passenger has been straightforward and can be achieved with slight calibration efforts using the present set of parameters and sensors until now. In this work, a multi-zone climate system highlighting the importance of individual calibration parameters in improving cabin comfort when transitioning from a single-zone to a multi-zone climate control system is proposed. As multi-zone climate systems are based on passenger set temperature requests for individual zonal comfort, appropriate controller fine-tuning is challenging when an input is taken from various sensed parameters, including
Varma, Mohit, Swarnkar, Sumit Kumar, BHOSALE, KRISHNA, Patil, Prashant, Sardesai, Suresh
The Study of Major Noise Sources of a Diesel Engine Using Acoustical Duct Method2025-28-041910/30/2025
The internal combustion engine has mechanized the world. Since the early 1900s, it has become a prime source of mechanical power. In modern times, petrol and diesel engine-powered vehicles find wide application in the field of transport and agriculture. However, the progress has resulted in newer problems. Due to the high density of internal combustion engines, the world over has resulted in the severe pollution problem. They are classified as air and noise pollution. Air pollution is caused due to dispersion of emitted from engine exhaust to the atmosphere at different concentration levels. Similarly, the emission of unwanted sound from engine structure, intake and exhaust are the principal sources of noise pollution. Excessive noise can have severe psychological and physiological effects on human beings like hearing loss, muscular and gastric effects and fatigue. In the present problem, we have studied mechanical-induced noise. Mechanical noise refers to noise generated by the
Goel, Arunkumar, Meena, Avadhesh Kumar
Performance Investigation of Air Conditioning System in Electric Vehicle by Fault Detection and Diagnosis2025-28-035310/30/2025
The study emphasizes on detection of different faults and refrigerant leakage as well as performance investigation of automobile air conditioning system for an electric vehicle by varying various operating conditions. A refrigerant leak in an EV isn't just an inconvenience; it's a potential threat to vehicle range and usability, lifespan and health of the expensive battery pack, overall vehicle performance, passenger safety and comfort, component longevity (motor, power electronics), environmental responsibility. Due to the refrigerant leakage, the cooling system performance degrades, and components tend to fail. Because of that this study is focusing on deriving an algorithm to have an early detection of fault and leakage in the vehicle. The performance of the system is predicted for actual conditions of operation encountered by the automobile air conditioning system. The objective of the present work includes predicting the causes and effects of refrigerant leakage in AC system of
Bezbaruah, Puja, Yadav, Ankit, Pilakkattu, Deepak
Enhancing Cabin Air Quality: Challenges, Impact and Advanced Climate Control Solutions2025-28-043310/30/2025
Cabin air quality plays a crucial role in ensuring passenger comfort, health and driving experience. There have been growing concerns over poor cabin air quality resulting from multiple factors, including infiltration of external pollutants such as particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, emissions from vehicle interior materials, microbial contamination and inadequate ventilation. Therefore, maintaining optimal air quality inside vehicle cabin has become a critical aspect of vehicle climate control systems. Additionally, high humidity levels inside the cabin contribute to mold growth and fogging of windows, further compromising both air quality and visibility. This review explores such factors contributing to poor cabin air quality, where the severity of these issues ranges from mild discomfort and allergic reactions to long-term respiratory ailments. To mitigate these challenges, automotive manufacturers and researchers have implemented various air purification and filtration
Sharma, Shrutika
A Method to Enhance Cabin Air Quality with Energy Efficiency in parallel for AC System in Electric Vehicle2025-28-042810/30/2025
During air conditioning operation in automobiles (ICE and EVs), cabin air is predominantly recirculated to reduce heating and cooling loads of occupant space. However, prolonged recirculation of air leads to deteriorated cabin air quality. Simply introducing fresh air to improve air quality is inefficient, as external air conditions are unpredictable and may negatively affect energy consumption as well as cabin interior air quality. Moreover, even in recirculation mode under low ambient conditions where de-humidified air is available outside, energy usage increases due to the dual operation of the electric compressor (e-Compressor) and the Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) heater especially in case of Electric Vehicle. In this dual-mode scenario, the e-Compressor maintains a low evaporator temperature for effective air dehumidification, while the PTC heater supplies sensible heating to achieve the desired cabin comfort. In case of ICE vehicle the heater is coolant based and free
Kumar, Sunny, Venu, Santosh, Raj, Shivam, Khan, Farhan
Characterization of High-Power Cold-Start Emissions Part 1: Analysis of a Modern Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Tailpipe Emissions03-18-06-003810/22/2025
The California Air Resources Board (CARB) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) have recently introduced targets for tailpipe emissions during high-power cold-start conditions for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). However, the performance characteristics of hybrid powertrains and the effectiveness of cold-start strategies in PHEVs are not well known. In this two-part study, the performance of a production PHEV is examined with the objective of quantifying the impact of high-power cold-start events on overall tailpipe emissions. High temporal fidelity data of powertrain performance and tailpipe emissions generated during cold-start events for various driving conditions are presented for the first time. The selected P2 hybrid vehicle was tested using (i) the European Real Driving Emissions (RDE) test, (ii) the US06 (Supplemental Federal Test Procedure), and (iii) a custom drive cycle developed for this study. Results show that driving conditions leading
Chakrapani, Varun, O’Donnell, Ryan, Fatouraie, Mohammad, Wooldridge, Margaret
Characterization of High-Power Cold-Start Emissions Part 2: Impact of Hybrid Topologies and Powertrain Sizing on Tailpipe Emissions Performance03-18-06-003910/22/2025
The current work is the second installment of a two-part study designed to understand the impact of high-power cold-start events for plug-in electric vehicles (PHEVs) on tailpipe emissions. In part 1, tailpipe emissions and powertrain signals of a modern PHEV measured over three drive cycles identified that high-power cold-start events generated the highest amounts of gaseous and particulate emissions. The trends in emissions data and powertrain performance were specific to the P2-type hybrid topology used in the study. In this second part of the study, the effects of different PHEV hardware configurations are determined. Specifically, the tailpipe emissions of three production plug-in hybrid vehicles, operated over the US06 drive cycle, are characterized. The approach compared the tailpipe emissions of the test vehicles on the basis of the hybrid topologies and corresponding engine operational characteristics during a high-power cold-start event. Analysis of test results showed
Chakrapani, Varun, O’Donnell, Ryan, Fataouraie, Mohammad, Wooldridge, Margaret
Reconstruction of Density Fields of Category L-Vehicles’ Exhaust Plumes for Optimizing Remote Emission Sensing and Engine Performance03-18-06-003610/07/2025
Air pollution is a significant long-term public health issue, with on-road traffic emissions being a primary contributor, especially in urban areas. Remote emission sensing (RES) is an innovative method for large-scale monitoring of vehicle emissions. It not only enables accurate detection of pollutants from vehicles under real-world driving conditions but also offers actionable insights to optimize engine performance. The point sampling-based RES technique involves sampling the vehicle exhaust plume along the roadside with a sampling line and using exhaust analyzers. In this method, the sampling line is placed alongside the road for sample extraction. Thus, the sampling position and knowledge regarding the spread of the exhaust plumes are crucial. Other modern RES systems utilize laser absorption spectroscopy to measure the pollutants in vehicle exhaust. For accurate absorption measurements, the laser’s height must align with the height of the exhaust plume, and the absorption length
Imtiaz, Hafiz Hashim, Liu, Yingjie, Schaffer, Paul, Kupper, Martin, Bergmann, Alexander
A Novel Simulation Method for Vehicle Brake Wear Emissions2025-01-036109/15/2025
The effective reduction of particulate emissions from modern vehicles has shifted the focus toward emissions from tire wear, brake wear, road surface wear, and re-suspended particulate emissions. To meet future EU air quality standards and even stricter WHO targets for PM2.5, a reduction in non-exhaust particulate (NEP) emissions seems to be essential. For this reason, the EURO 7 emissions regulation contains limits for PM and PN emissions from brakes and tire abrasion. Graz University of Technology develops test methods, simulation tools and evaluates technologies for the reduction of brake wear particles and is involved in and leads several international research projects on this topic. The results are applied in emission models such as HBEFA (Handbook on Emission Factors). In this paper, we present our brake emission simulation approach, which calculates the power at the wheels and mechanical brakes, as well as corresponding rotational speeds for vehicles using longitudinal dynamics
Landl, Lukas, Ketan, Enis, Hausberger, Stefan, Dippold, Martin
An Optimized Particle Collection System for PM10 and PM2.5 Tyre Wear Emission Factors under Real-World Conditions2025-24-009309/07/2025
The growing demand for improved air quality and reduced impact on human health along with progress in vehicle electrification has led to an increased focus on accurate Emission Factors (EFs) for non-exhaust emission sources, like tyres. Tyre wear arises through mechanical and thermal processes owing to the interaction with the road surface, generating Tyre Road Wear Particles (TRWP) composed of rubber polymers, fillers, and road particles. This research aims to establish precise TRWP airborne EFs for real-world conditions, emphasizing in an efficient collection system to generate accurate PM10 and PM2.5 EFs from passenger car tyres. Particle generation replicates typical driving on asphalt road for a wide selection of tyres (different manufacturers, price ranges, fuel economy rating). Factors such as tyre load, speed and vehicle acceleration are also considered to cover various driving characteristics. The collection phase focuses on separating tyre wear particles from potential
Kontses, Dimitrios, Dimaratos, Athanasios, Kaimakamis, Thomas, Vizvizis, George, Ouzounis, Rafail, Koutsokeras, Odysseas, Samaras, Zissis
DLR Tire and Road Wear Particle Emission Testing Methodology–Collection System Influence and Repeatability Assessments2025-24-009209/07/2025
Tire and road wear particles (TRWP) have emerged as air quality hazardous matters and significant sources of airborne microplastic pollution, contributing to environmental and human health concerns. Regulatory initiatives, such as the Euro 7 standards, emphasize the urgent need for standardized methodologies to quantify TRWP emissions accurately. Despite advancements in measuring tire abrasion rates, critical gaps persist in the characterization of airborne TRWP, particularly regarding the influence of collection system design and influencing parameters on measurement accuracy and repeatability. This study addresses these challenges by designing a controlled methodological framework that aims to minimize the influencing effects and ensure comparability in TRWP emission quantification results. At the German Aerospace Center (DLR) dynamometer testbench in Stuttgart, Germany, a methodical framework was established to ensure the repeatability and comparability of TRWP measurements
Celenlioglu, Melis Seren, Epple, Fabius, Reijrink, Nina, Löber, Manuel, Reiland, Sven, Vecchi, Roberta, Philipps, Franz
AeroSolfd: Advancing Air Quality through Retrofitted Gasoline Particulate Filters – Insights from Laboratory and Real-World Evaluations2025-24-008809/07/2025
This article details the experimental and testing activities of the EU project AeroSolfd, with a particular focus on the project's efforts to reduce combustion-based nanoparticle emissions in exhaust gases for the European fleet of vehicles by developing a GPF retrofit solution. The technical activities undertaken the process of developing such a retrofit are examined in this article. The findings illustrate the viability of reducing nanoparticle levels in gasoline-powered vehicles with the utilization of appropriate GPFs. For this purpose, in addition to a fleet, four vehicles were examined in great detail and underwent the process of obtaining component approval for the particulate filter. The vehicles were measured in a preliminary state, then following the installation of the GPF, and subsequently after several months of continuous field operation. A total of four vehicles were selected for evaluation as a representative subgroup of a larger test fleet of vehicles in the project
Engelmann, Danilo, Mayer, Andreas, Comte, Pierre, Rubino, Lauretta, Larsen, Lars
A New Methodology to Evaluate In-Service Emissions of Used Vehicles at a Large Scale Using a SEMS and Digital Tools2025-24-009009/07/2025
Air quality is an increasing concern, particularly in densely populated urban areas. Indeed, large European cities have seen pollutant concentrations exceed World Health Organization thresholds, with a significant portion of NOx emissions originating from road transportation. Studies have shown that less than five percent of the vehicle fleet, often including vehicles with defective after-treatment systems, is responsible for a disproportionate share of these emissions. This highlights the importance of not solely relying on the gradual renewal of vehicle fleets to mitigate health risks associated with air pollution. This research, funded by the French Agency for the Ecological Transition (ADEME), introduces an experimental methodology aimed at controlling emissions from vehicles already in circulation. Aramis Group, a European specialist of refurbishment and online sales of used cars, provided several refurbished used vehicles for testing, directly taken from its workflow. These
Carlos Da Silva, Daniel, Kermani, Joseph, Farcot, Fabrice, Gaie, Fabien
Exhaust Thermal Management in a Dual-Fuel Marine Engine via Fully Variable Valve Actuation and Wastegate Lambda Control2025-24-008509/07/2025
Dual-fuel combustion is emerging as a promising solution to address the growing focus on maritime decarbonization, because it is adaptable and needs minimal system modifications. However, natural gas as an alternative fuel must deal with the issue of methane slip, because methane has greater global warming potential than CO2. Conventional aftertreatment systems may incorporate a methane oxidation catalyst to mitigate methane emissions, but effective methane oxidation requires high temperatures of approximately 400 °C. Therefore, exhaust thermal management (ETM) is crucial for maintaining high exhaust gas temperature (EGT) and ensuring conversion efficiency. This study investigates the effectiveness of fully variable valve actuation (VVA), including early exhaust valve opening (EEVO) and early intake valve closing (EIVC), along with lambda control via wastegate control. Each strategy’s effect on exhaust gas temperature is evaluated, while considering potential trade-offs with efficiency
Soleimani, Amir, Kim, Jeyoung, Axelsson, Martin, Hyvonen, Jari, Mikulski, Maciej
Methodology for Fast-Running, Time-Resolved Simulation of Non-Exhaust Particle Emissions from Brake Wear Abrasion2025-01-027507/02/2025
Non-exhaust particle emissions, particularly those generated by brake wear, are a significant source of fine particulate matter in urban environments. These emissions contribute to air pollution and pose serious health risks, particularly in densely populated areas. While vehicle exhaust emissions have been extensively studied and regulated, the contribution of non-exhaust sources, including brake wear, remains a critical factor in air quality management. This paper presents a novel methodology for fast-running, time-resolved simulation of non-exhaust particle emissions, specifically those from brake wear abrasion. A 3D CFD model computes the turbulent flow field around the disc brake. The resulting information on the convective air cooling is applied as boundary conditions on a 3D thermal model. This thermal simulation setup is compared and verified with experimental data from literature. The 3D numerical models produce data and boundary conditions for an efficient 1D numerical
Herkenrath, Ferris, Lückerath, Moritz, Günther, Marco, Pischinger, Stefan
Low-Cost Mobile Hydrogen Refuelling Stations: A Cost-Effective Solution for India's Sustainable Transportation2025-01-018706/16/2025
Low-Cost Mobile Hydrogen Refuelling Stations: A Cost-Effective Solution for India's Sustainable Transportation” The likely depletion of fossil fuel reserves in the next fifty years and growing environmental concerns caused by petroleum fuel-based vehicles highlight the urgent need for sustainable alternatives. India, a developing country, requires a significant amount of energy to sustain its growth, most of which is imported. Hydrogen is one of the cleanest fuels and offers sustainable pathways to a low-carbon future. The government of India has already launched a Green Hydrogen mission and has set up a very ambitious target for 2030. However, the absence of adequate refueling infrastructure is a significant blockade to India's widespread adoption of hydrogen-powered vehicles. The mobile hydrogen refueling station (MHRS) is a flexible system that enables lower initial capital costs than fixed hydrogen refueling stations and allows for the gradual build-up of hydrogen mobility fleets
Mathur, Animesh, Nayak, Ajay, Kumar, Naveen
Effect of Geometrical Manipulation of the Pre-Chamber Design Parameters on the Combustion Performance of an Argon Power Cycle Engine2025-01-840504/01/2025
Most of the power produced by manufacturing industry in the United States is via combined heat and power (CHP) systems, with most CHP installations using reciprocating internal combustion engines (RICE). RICE CHP systems offer several advantages, such as low installation and operational costs, high performance, load flexibility, and adaptability to various applications spanning from kilowatt to megawatt scales. Noble Thermodynamic Systems' (NTS) core technology, the Argon Power Cycle (APC), is a revolutionary, new power generation system that boosts the efficiency of RICE CHP generation systems while emitting zero greenhouse gasses or producing zero air pollutants, including nitrogen oxides (NOx). The APC uses the noble gas argon, a monatomic gas, which dramatically increases the specific heat ratio of the working fluid, resulting in a significantly higher ideal Otto cycle efficiency. The APC presents a promising solution to reach a carbon-neutral future for the energy needs of pivotal
Sharma, Eshan, Kim, Joohan, Strickland, Tyler, Scarcelli, Riccardo, Beardsell, Guillaume, Nilsen, Christopher, Sierra Aznar, Miguel
Impact of Temperature and Current Rate Protocols on the Aging of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Capacity Testing and Impedance Analysis2025-01-813104/01/2025
This study looks into the impact of temperature on the aging of lithium-ion batteries, which are an important component of energy storage systems in electric vehicles. To evaluate battery capacity over time, experiments were carried out at two temperatures, 25°C and 50°C, imitating real-world vehicle circumstances. Pristine cells were initially assessed in terms of capacity and internal resistance. Aging results from cycling indicate that higher operating temperatures, particularly under aggressive conditions (fast charging), lead to accelerated battery degradation due to heat accumulation. Charging at 2C resulted in fast degradation at both temperatures, with the battery reaching its End Of Life (EOL), 80% capacity, in fewer than 200 cycles. Surprisingly, cycling at 50°C resulted in a longer lifespan than 25°C for 1C charge/discharge rates. The 1C charge and 2C discharge regimen at 50°C produced the best results, retaining more than 80% capacity even after 600 cycles. This shows that
Garcia, Antonio, Monsalve-Serrano, Javier, Egea, Juan Manuel H., Bekaert, Emilie, Herran, Alvaro, Marco-Gimeno, Javier
Hydrogen and Electric Charging Infrastructure for Heavy-Duty Trucks: A Nationally Scalable Megaregion Assessment2025-01-860804/01/2025
Decarbonizing regional and long-haul freight is challenging due to the limitations of battery-electric commercial vehicles and infrastructure constraints. Hydrogen fuel cell medium- and heavy-duty vehicles (MHDVs) offer a viable alternative, aligning with the decarbonization goals of the Department of Energy and commercial entities. Historically, alternative fuels like compressed natural gas and liquefied propane gas have faced slow adoption due to barriers like infrastructure availability. To avoid similar issues, effective planning and deploying zero-emission hydrogen fueling infrastructure is crucial. This research develops deployment plans for affordable, accessible, and sustainable hydrogen refueling stations, supporting stakeholders in the decarbonized commercial vehicle freight system. It aims to benefit underserved and rural energy-stressed communities by improving air quality, reducing noise pollution, and enhancing energy resiliency. This research also provides a blueprint
Sujan, Vivek, Sun, Ruixiao, Jatana, Gurneesh, Fan, Junchuan
Performance Evaluation and Thermal Analysis of Various Electric Drives for Automotive Electric Propulsion14-14-02-001003/26/2025
Electric vehicles (EVs) represent a significant stride toward environmental sustainability, offering a multitude of benefits such as the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Moreover, EVs play a pivotal role in enhancing energy efficiency and mitigating reliance on fossil fuels, which has propelled their global sales to unprecedented heights over the past decade. Therefore, choosing the right electric drive becomes crucially important. The main objective of this article is to compare various conventional and non-conventional electric drives for electric propulsion in terms of electromechanical energy conversion ratio and the thermal response under continuous [at 12 A/mm2 and 6000 rpm] and peak [at 25 A/mm2 and 4000 rpm] operating conditions. The comparative analysis encompasses torque density, power density, torque pulsation, weight, peak and running efficiencies of motor, inverter and traction drive, electromechanical efficiency, and active material cost. This
Patel, Dhruvi Dhairya, Fahimi, Babak, Balsara, Poras T.
Optimizing Electric Vehicle Charging Station Locations Based on Urban Road Network Congestion Tracing2025-01-721603/19/2025
Exhaust emissions from congested road segments constitute a significant source of urban air pollution. Resolving traffic congestion throughout the road network presents considerable challenges. However, alleviating tailpipe emissions on congested roads can be achieved by increasing the proportion of electric vehicles (EVs) in the traffic flow. Therefore, we propose a method for optimizing the layout of EV charging stations based on urban road networks congestion tracing. This method traces congestion sources through similarity between road networks, and evaluates the installation potential value of adjacent candidate installation points using the congestion contribution degree of the road segment as an indicator. The analysis is conducted on 100 routes within the Qinhuai district of Nanjing city, using spatiotemporal similarity metrics. The utilization of point-of-interest and traffic data from online mapping sources overcomes the complexity of road network structure and the sparsity
Zeng, Wenyi, Jian, Lu, Hu, Xiaojian
Real-World Vehicle Estimation and Control of Indirect Emissions Control and Performance Evaluation of Electric Vehicles with In-Wheel Motors03-18-02-001603/17/2025
The growing number of automobiles on the road has raised awareness about environmental sustainability and transportation alternatives, sparking ideas about future transportation. Few short-term alternatives meet consumer needs and enable mass production. Because they do not accurately reflect real-world driving. Current models are unable to estimate vehicle emissions. However, the purpose of this research is to present an application of an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system for managing the various factors contributing to vehicle gasoline engine exhaust emissions. It examines how well the three known standardized driving cycles (DSCs). Accurately reflect real-world driving and evaluate the impact of real-world driving on vehicle emissions. Indirect emissions are inversely proportional to the vehicle’s fuel consumption. The methodology used is Eco-score methodology to calculate indirect emissions of light vehicles. Expected emission charge estimates for different using styles
Shiba, Mohamed S., Abouel-Seoud, Shawki A., Aboelsoud, W., Abdallah, Ahmed S.
Life Cycle Assessment of PEMFC System for Fuel Cell Vehicles Based on the GREET Model2025-01-708601/31/2025
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are seen as an ideal solution to the issues of energy security and environmental pollution. There is a great need for a comprehensive understanding of the ecological impacts associated with fuel cells throughout their entire life cycle, from fuel extraction through manufacturing, operation, and ultimately to the disposal stage. This paper reviews the progress of research on measuring the emissions of hydrogen fuel cells and focuses on the carbon footprint throughout the fuel cell’s life cycle. The study defines the boundary conditions of the fuel cell system using the PLAC (Process-based life cycle assessment) method, analyzes the proportion of each material in the system, and divides its life cycle into six stages: raw material preparation, manufacturing and assembly, transportation and logistics, utilization, maintenance and repair, and scrap and recycling. This study uses the GREET analysis software to introduce a carbon footprint analysis model for a
Zhang, Ruojing, Zhu, Haomin, Zhou, Xiangyang, Pan, Xiangmin
Research on the Characteristics of an Integrated Thermoelectric Generation, Catalytic Conversion, and Noise Suppression System2025-01-706201/31/2025
In the context of global energy shortages and increasing environmental pollution, improving energy efficiency in automobiles has become a key area of research. Traditional internal combustion engines exhibit low energy conversion efficiency, with a significant portion of fuel energy wasted as exhaust heat. To address this issue, this paper proposes an integrated thermoelectric generation, catalytic conversion, and noise suppression system (ITGCMS) aimed at recovering waste heat from vehicle exhaust, while optimizing emissions and noise reduction through the combination of a catalytic converter and a muffler. A three-dimensional model was established using COMSOL software to thoroughly analyze the system's thermoelectric generation, catalytic conversion, and acoustic performance. The study found that Model B demonstrated the best thermoelectric performance, with an average surface temperature of 300.2°C and a more uniform temperature distribution across the thermoelectric modules
Wu, Ji-Xin, Su, Chu-Qi, Wang, Yi-Ping, Yuan, Xiao-Hong, Liu, Xun
Data Quality Evaluation and Assurance of Emissions on IC Engine2024-28-013412/05/2024
Engines are the predominant source of Earth’s air pollution contributor, hence there are various emission laws which mandate the use of emission test cycle to verify that engine adhere to predetermined emission limits. A protocol found in an emission standard that enables consistent and comparable measurement of exhaust emissions for various engines is known as an emission test cycle. The values of emission parameters are the result of emission cycle. Measurements of GHG (Green House Gas) emissions - particulate number and particulate matter, carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbon, and nitrogen oxides are used to determine exhaust gas thermodynamic characteristics, fuel-air ratio, combustion efficiency, and emission indices, as they link engine performance to environmental impact. The engine and after-treatment system’s exhaust emissions are currently having a significant negative impact on the environment. The emission indices (EI) are the characteristics that engine engineers and
Baraskar, Shweta, Rajopadhye, Sunil, Dhuri, Santosh, Patil, Rahul, Mudassir, Mohammed, Phadke, Abhijit Narahari, Mokhadkar, Rahul
Cost Optimization Techniques for EV Charging Stations Based on Renewable Energy Sources and Grid Power2024-28-014612/05/2024
Adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs) reduces air pollution by reducing harmful gas emissions. Such adoption, however, needs a reliable and convenient charging infrastructure, including smart EV charging. Renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaic cells, battery and wind energy systems can address these infrastructural gaps which work in conjunction with main grid power supply thereby providing low-cost electricity. This paper introduces an energy management algorithm for integrated renewable and grid power sources available at charging stations across India that considers techno-economic and environmental factors. The current work proposes a supervisory controller model that manages the load power demand of the charging station. The controller effectively deploys low cost energy sources based on the status of all available power supplies and reduces the overall charging costs in real time. The energy management algorithm ensures adequate stand-alone energy generation and
Shukla, Ankit, Kushwah, Yogendra Singh, Suman, Saurabh
Donaldson's filters aim to keep fuel cells clean24TOFHP12_0612/01/2024
One of the advantages of the internal combustion engine is that it can function with relatively simple intake air filtration. Provided that dust is kept out, air entering the engine can ensure that the necessary combustion process takes place. So, a relatively simple dust filter will do the job. By comparison, hydrogen fuel cells are far more sensitive to air quality. Other pollutants can affect both fuel-cell performance and the lifetime of the fuel-cell stack. At the recent IAA Transportation Show in Hanover, Germany, Donaldson Filtration Solutions displayed tailored solutions through its range of cathode air filters. These typically rely on multiple layers - including activated carbon, an acid and base layer, and a dust filter - to screen out sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and ammonia, while allowing for customization to protect against butane, toluene and other unwanted compounds.
Kendall, John, Gehm, Ryan
Effect of Premixing Ratio on the Deterministic Characteristics of Combustion Dynamics Butanol-Diesel RCCI Engine2024-01-429211/05/2024
The rising demand for vehicles has increased CO and HC emissions, worsening air quality and contributing to climate change, key issues under the clean development mechanism and UN SDG 13: Climate Action. Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) offers a promising solution to reduce PM and NOx while maintaining fuel efficiency. However, the cyclic variation of the RCCI engine remains an underexplored area in control strategies, necessitating further research for optimization in line with sustainable development goals. This study explores the impact of premixing ratios on RCCI engines fueled with butanol and the nature of cyclic variation to know the controllability. Tests were conducted on a single-cylinder diesel engine at 1500 rpm and constant engine load. The experiments reveal that increasing the premixing ratio from 45% to 60% decreases the heat release rate by 15%, Pmax by 10%, and IMEP by 12%. Recurrence Quantitative Analysis (RQA) confirmed strong deterministic
Yadav, Ratnesh Kumar, Mohite, Avadhoot Abaso, Maurya, Rakesh Kumar
How Printed Electronics Are Transforming HealthcareTBMG-5199211/01/2024
The healthcare industry is evolving and facing two major challenges. First, the rise of chronic diseases. By 2050, chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, and respiratory illnesses could account for 86 percent of the 90 million deaths each year, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) in its 2023 World Health Statistics report. This increase is due to factors such as an aging population, lifestyle changes, and risk factors like high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and air pollution. Consequently, this creates a second challenge: added strain on healthcare resources. To address this, WHO recommends tackling the root causes of chronic diseases, promoting healthier behaviors, and ensuring universal access to healthcare resources.
Integration of AI-Powered Vehicles with Smart City Infrastructure to Transform the Future of Automotive World2024-28-002810/17/2024
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force across various industries, revolutionizing processes and enhancing efficiency. In the automotive domain, AI's adaption has ushered in a new era of innovation and driving advancements across manufacturing, safety, and user experience. By leveraging AI technologies, the automotive industry is undergoing a significant transformation that is reshaping the way vehicles are manufactured, operated, and experienced. The benefits of AI-powered vehicles are not limited to their manufacturing, operation, and enhancing the user experience but also by integrating AI-powered vehicles with smart city infrastructure can unlock much more potential of the technology and can offer numerous advantages such as enhanced safety, efficiency, growth, and sustainability. Smart cities aim to create more livable, resilient, and inclusive communities by harnessing innovation through technologies like Internet of Things (IoT), devices, data
Shrimal, Harsh
Air Quality for Commercial Aircraft CabinsAIR4766 (Current)10/03/2024
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides information on air quality and some of the factors affecting the perception of cabin air quality in commercial aircraft cabin air. Also a typical safety analysis process utilizing a Functional Hazard Assessment approach is discussed.
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
Active Management of Energy Source in a Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Considering Air Contaminants along the Route2024-28-005009/19/2024
One of the major goals of the automotive industry is to improve vehicular fuel efficiency and performance with much lesser percentages of harmful tailpipe emissions. One of the major technologies includes fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV). Fuel cell electric vehicle can positively affect the transportation industry with regards to increase in the greenhouse gas emission, air pollution. A proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell that is widely used in commercial vehicles takes hydrogen and oxygen to generate the electricity. Hydrogen stored either in liquid or compressed gas, is supplied from anode end and oxygen from atmosphere is supplied from cathode end. The atmospheric air, which enters fuel cell, also contains pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), Sulphur oxides (SOx), carbon monoxides and dioxides (CO, CO2), methane, ammonia etc. Operation of fuel cell in a geographic region, where the concentration of pollutants mentioned is significant leads to adsorption on the catalysts
Bhat, Adithya, Shah, Saurabh, Choubey, Ayush, Barik, Madhusmita, Mallappanavar, Babu, Prasad P, Shilpa
Comparative Analysis of Automotive Air Purification Systems and Efficacy in Indian Environment2024-28-010409/19/2024
In recent times, indoor air quality has become an important concern as it affects people’s health and comfort. According to WHO report, air pollution causes 7 million deaths every year. PM2.5 has been identified as a key pollutant which impacts human health causing diseases like stroke, heart diseases, breathing issues, cancer and so on [1]. In today's time, we travel by personal vehicle every day, commuting for hours. It is an extension to our homes. Unfortunately, due to frequent door and windows opening, the cabin air gets exposed to outside pollution, and we end up breathing pollutants. To mitigate the problem, air purifiers are added in the automobile. As people are becoming more aware and conscious about good air quality, there is a growing demand for cabin interior air quality solutions for automobiles. A popular approach is to add an air purifier inside cars like ones being used in our homes to bring down the PM2.5 levels. The air purifier consists of a filter, blower system
Pimpalkar, Ankit, Patel, Abhishek, Sonkar, Surabhi, Rajaur, Deepak, Joshi, Rishi
Study of Particle Emissions Due to Brake Wear: Impact of Braking Profiles and Transport Efficiency of the Test System2024-24-004109/18/2024
Vehicular emissions represent the main responsible of the deterioration of air quality in the urban area. In the attempt to reduce both gaseous emissions and particulates from internal combustion engines, increasingly stricter regulations were introduced from European Union in the last years. These limits have led to the improvement of emissions-reduction technologies as well as the vehicle hybridization and electrification. In this scenario, vehicle emissions due to other sources rather than the propulsion systems, such as brakes and tires, have taken a significant weight. In this regard, European Commission has proposed the introduction in the next EURO 7 standard of the first-ever limit on the particles emitted by vehicle brakes. This study is devoted to improving the knowledge on the particle characteristics due to the brake wear by means of laboratory experiments thus providing support to the definition of the new standards. An experimental layout was realized consisting in a box
Catapano, Francesco, Di Iorio, Silvana, Magno, Agnese, Vaglieco, Bianca Maria
Runtime Safety Assurance of Autonomous Last-Mile Delivery Vehicles in Urban-like Environment2024-01-299107/02/2024
The conventional process of last-mile delivery logistics often leads to safety problems for road users and a high level of environmental pollution. Delivery drivers must deal with frequent stops, search for a convenient parking spot and sometimes navigate through the narrow streets causing traffic congestion and possibly safety issues for the ego vehicle as well as for other traffic participants. This process is not only time consuming but also environmentally impactful, especially in low-emission zones where prolonged vehicle idling can lead to air pollution and to high operational costs. To overcome these challenges, a reliable system is required that not only ensures the flexible, safe and smooth delivery of goods but also cuts the costs and meets the delivery target. In the dynamic landscape of last-mile delivery, LogiSmile, an EU project, introduced a solution to urban delivery challenges through an innovative cooperation between an Autonomous Hub Vehicle (AHV) and an Autonomous
Aslam, Iqra, Aniculaesei, Adina, Buragohain, Abhishek, Zhang, Meng, Bamal, Daniel, Rausch, Andreas
Assessment of North Delhi People’s Electric Vehicle Purchase Intent through Consumer Behavior and Technology Adoption Theory2024-01-506706/24/2024
The transportation sector of India is a significant consumer of energy, accounting for over 18% of total energy consumption, which equates to 94 million tons of oil equivalent (MTOE). This contributes to heightened air pollution concerns, especially in densely populated cities such as Hyderabad and Delhi. Despite government initiatives such as FAME-I and FAME-II, the current scenario reflects only a modest 2% adoption rate of electric vehicles (EVs). As a result, understanding consumer perceptions, particularly in highly populated urban areas, is crucial. Applying a non-probabilistic–hypothetic deductive research method, this article examined the purchase intent of 403 respondents in North Delhi based on EV attributes and consumers’ attitudes. The study revealed a positive influence of attributes on attitude (r = 0.386; p < 0.001; t = 5.9256; standardized B = 0.205, R2 = 0.149), as well as attitude on intent (r = 0.327; p < 0.001; t = 5.003; standardized B = 2.141; R2 = 0.107), while
Wangchuk, Singye, Mahajan, Pranav, M., Abhimanyu, Chaudhary, Rajiv
Catalytic Converter—An Integrated Approach to Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emission2024-01-504704/22/2024
Vehicle emissions, which are rising alarmingly quickly, are a significant contributor to the air pollution that results. Incomplete combustion, which results in the release of chemicals including carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter, is the main cause of pollutants from vehicle emissions. However, CO2 contributes more than the aforementioned pollutants combined. Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas that vehicles emit. For every liter of gasoline burned by vehicles, around 2,347 grams of carbon dioxide are released. Therefore, it’s important to reduce vehicle emissions of carbon dioxide. The ability of materials like zeolite and silicon dioxide to absorb CO2 is outstanding. These substances transform CO2 into their own non-polluting carbonate molecules. Zeolite, silicon dioxide, and calcium oxide are combined to form the scrubbing material in a ratio based on their increasing adsorption propensities, along with enough bentonite sand to bind the mixture.
Saravanakumar, L., Arunprasad, S.
Further Advances in Demonstration of a Heavy-Duty Low NOX System for 2027 and Beyond2024-01-212904/09/2024
Multiple areas in the U.S. continue to struggle with achieving National Ambient Air Quality Standards for ozone. These continued issues highlight the need for further reductions in NOX emission standards in multiple industry sectors, with heavy-duty on-highway engines being one of the most important areas to be addressed. Starting in 2014, CARB initiated a series of technical demonstration programs aimed at examining the feasibility of achieving up to a 90% reduction in tailpipe NOX, while at the same time maintaining a path towards GHG reductions that will be required as part of the Heavy-Duty Phase 2 GHG program. These programs culminated in the Stage 3 Low NOX program, which demonstrated low NOX emissions while maintaining GHG emissions at levels comparable to the baseline engine. Building on that prior program effort, EPA continued to support further Low NOX demonstration efforts in support of the development of new Federal Emissions Standards for heavy-duty highway vehicles and
Sharp, Christopher, Neely, Gary, Zavala, Bryan, Rao, Sandesh, McDonald, Joseph, Sanchez, James L.
Maximizing FCEV Stack Cooling Performance: Developing a Performance Prediction Model Based on Machine Learning for Evaporative Cooling Radiator2024-01-258604/09/2024
Recently, regulations on automobile emission have been significantly strengthened to address climate change. The automobile industry is responding to these regulations by developing electric vehicles that use batteries and fuel-cells. Automobile emissions are environmentally harmful, especially in the case of vehicles equipped with high-temperature and high-pressure diesel engines using compression-ignition, the proportion of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions reaches as high as 85%. Additionally, air pollution caused by particulate matter (PM) is six to ten times higher compared to gasoline engines. Therefore, the electrification of commercial vehicles using diesel engines could potentially yield even greater environmental benefits. For commercial vehicles battery electric vehicles (BEVs) require a large number of batteries to secure a long driving range, which reduces their maximum payload capacity. However, fuel-cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) use hydrogen as a fuel to generate
Lee, Dong Keon, Kim, Dong Seok, Byun, Hyung Suk, Kang, Hyun Sung, Shin, Yoon Hyuk, Lee, Ho Seong
Full-Scale CFD Prediction of the Performance of Advanced After-Treatment Systems during Severe RDE Test Cycle2024-01-262404/09/2024
Air pollution is a significant environmental issue, and exhaust emissions from internal combustion engines are one of the primary sources of harmful pollutants. The transportation sector, which includes road vehicles, contributes to a large share of these emissions. In Europe, the latest emission legislation (Euro 7) proposes more stringent limits and testing conditions for vehicle emissions. To meet these limits, the automotive industry is actively developing innovative exhaust emission-control technologies. With the growing prevalence of electrification, internal combustion engines are subject to continuous variations in load and engine speed, including phases where the engine is switched off. The result is an operating condition characterized by successive cold starts. In this context, the challenge in coping with the emission limits is to minimize the light-off time and prevent fast light-out conditions during idling or city driving. This goal can be achieved by reducing heat
Sartirana, Andrea, Montenegro, Gianluca, Della Torre, Augusto, Onorati, Angelo, Pace, Lorenzo, Zaldua-Moreno, Naroa
Prediction of Air Generation in Engine Oil Pan by MPS and DEM2024-01-272704/09/2024
Recent automobile engines are equipped with many devices that are driven by oil pressure. Generally, engine oil is used for oil pressure, and in addition to its conventional functions of lubrication and cooling, etc., it also plays an important role in accurately driving such devices. One of the factors that can interfere with the characteristics of engine oil is air contamination. Excessive air contamination can cause issues with driving devices. Although there are various factors that contribute to air contamination, this paper focuses on, and attempts to help predict, the air generated by engine oil falling and colliding with the surface of the oil in the oil pan as it returns from the top to the bottom of the engine. Using the particle method as the prediction method, the coupled Moving Particle Simulation (MPS) and Discrete Element Method (DEM) calculations were used to represent the generation of air. Basic tests were conducted to computationally reproduce the behavior of each of
Sato, Kenji, Takano, Junpei
CARB Off-Road Low NOx Demonstration Program - Engine Calibration and Initial Test Results2024-01-213004/09/2024
Off-road diesel engines remain one of the most significant contributors to the overall oxides of nitrogen (NOX) inventory and the California Air Resources Board (CARB) has indicated that reductions of up to 90% from current standards may be necessary to achieve its air quality goals. In recognition of this, CARB has funded a program aimed at demonstrating emission control technologies for off-road engines. This program builds on previous efforts to demonstrate Low NOX technologies for on-road engines. The objective was to demonstrate technologies to reduce tailpipe NOX and particulate matter (PM) emissions by 90 and 75%, respectively, from the current Tier 4 Final standards. In addition, the emission reductions were to be achieved while also demonstrating a 5 to 8.6% carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction and remaining Greenhouse Gas (GHG) neutral with respect to nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). This paper focuses on the engine calibration efforts for aftertreatment (AT) thermal
Neely, Gary, Sharp, Christopher, Adsule, Kartik, Zavala, Bryan
Formula 1 Race Car Aerodynamics: Understanding Floor Flow Structures and Why It Is a Key Component in Modern Racing2024-01-207804/09/2024
This paper delves into the intricate realm of Formula 1 race car aerodynamics, focusing on the pivotal role played by floor flow structures in contemporary racing. The aerodynamic design of the floor of a Formula 1 car is a fundamental component that connects the flow structures from the front wing to the rear end of the car through the diffuser, thus significantly influencing the generation of lift and drag. In this work, CFD was used to predict the structure of the vortices and flow pattern underneath a Formula 1 car using a CAD model that mimicked the modern Red Bull Racing Team’s car in recent years. Through comprehensive analysis and simulation, a detailed understanding of the complex flow patterns and aerodynamic phenomena occurring beneath the floor of the car and its vicinity is presented. This entails a close examination of how air interacts with the floor of the car and how the flow around the car can be manipulated to alter the flow rate and the quality of air going into the
Shaalan, Amr, Assanis, Dimitris, Raman, Aditya, Wijeyakulasuriya, Sameera, Senecal, Kelly
Optimised Air Management System for Heavy Duty Hydrogen Engines2024-26-017101/16/2024
Many Indian cities are amongst the most polluted cities in the world. Transport sector is identified as one of the major contributors to air pollution. Following the global trend, Government of India is also promoting near zero emission fuels with zero CO2 emissions as a way forward to solve the emission problems. With its policies like Green Hydrogen Mission, government of India plans to accelerate the adoption of Hydrogen as a fuel in the country. These initiatives have created a breakthrough in development of Hydrogen ICEs by the Indian OEM’s. Hydrogen ICE have only NOx emissions as the most prominent engine out emissions. NOx emission in Hydrogen engines is very sensitive to operating lambda, where in, after a certain threshold lambda the emissions rise significantly. Therefore, the air management system plays a very important role in the hydrogen engine performance & NOx emissions. This study evaluates various air management system options for a heavy-duty Hydrogen engine
Emran, Ashraf, Paranjape, Sumeet, Sreedharan, Sajil N, Jagodzinski, Bartosch, Garg, Shivam, Sharma, Vijay, Wagh, Sachin
New Pass-by Noise Regulatory Norms IS 3028:2023 (Part 2) - an Analysis of Acceleration and Noise Source Contribution2024-26-019901/16/2024
Worldwide automotive sector regulatory norms have changed and become more stringent and complex to control environmental noise and air pollution. To continue this trend, the Indian Ministry of Road Transport is going to impose new vehicle exterior pass-by noise regulatory norms IS 3028:2023 (Part2) to control urban area noise pollution. This paper studies the synthesis of M1 category vehicle driving acceleration, dominant noise source, and frequency contribution in exterior PBN level. A vehicle acceleration analysis study was carried out to achieve an optimized pass by noise (PBN) level based on the vehicle’s PMR ratio, reference, and measured test acceleration data. Based on the analysis, test gear strategy was decided to achieve a lower PBN level. This strategy involved increasing the effective final drive ratio and optimizing engine calibration, resulting in improvement with acceleration in the ith gear. This increased acceleration surpassed the upper limit of the reference
Kalsule, Shrikant Balasaheb, Titave, Uttam, Patil, Jitendra, Jadhav, Kamalakar, Naidu, Sudhakara
Measurement & Control Methodologies of Road Side Ambient Air Emissions & Identification of New Species of Air Pollutants in Delhi / NCR2024-26-015801/16/2024
In a recent finding it was published that there are five (05) major cities across Delhi / NCR which falls under the World's most polluted cities (historical data 2017-2022) based on annual average PM2.5 concentration (μg/m3). The present study is entirely focused on Delhi / NCR and the measurement is done through the continuous type of air quality monitoring analyzers. Various activities like construction, manufacturing, trash burning, production units, burning of organic compounds, power plants, biomass burning, demolition, vehicular emission etc. are the key sources that contribute to poor air quality. As a result of these activities, numerous dangerous chemicals, pollutants with different ionic species (along with gases and aerosols) are released and pose serious threats to health and environment. The primary sources of air quality degradation are identified by methodological & scientific type of measurement done through advanced & sophisticated instruments which are having the
Kumar, Prashant, Sithananthan, M, Saroj, Shyamsher, Kant, Chander, Narwat, Aarti
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Analysis for e-Motors and Controllers of Electric Two-Wheelers2024-26-009801/16/2024
The Indian government has been promoting electric vehicles through various policy initiatives, such as offering incentives and subsidies to EV manufacturers and consumers, establishing charging infrastructure across the country, and setting ambitious targets for EV adoption. These measures aim to reduce the dependence on imported fossil fuels, mitigate air pollution, and promote sustainable mobility. As a result, the demand for electric vehicles across India is steadily increasing, and the country is emerging as a lucrative market for EVs globally. An electronically commuted brushless DC (BLDC) motor usually functions for traction in electric two-wheelers. Electric vehicles need to comply with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements. During the EMC compliance of electric two-wheelers, it is certain that the BLDC motor and its controller play an important role. This paper presents the BLDC motor and controller’s Radiated Emission (RE) performance at Electronic Sub-Assembly (ESA
Pawar, Sneha Ravindra, Desai, Manoj Madhukar
GPF: An Effective Technology to Minimize Two Wheeler (2Wh) Particulate Emission2024-26-014001/16/2024
India is the world’s largest two-wheeler (2Wh) market. With the proportion of its middle class rapidly rising, 2Wh sales and the resulting emissions, are expected to grow exponentially. The decision to leap-frog from BSIV to BSVI emission norms shows India’s commitment to clean up its atmosphere. As of now, the regulation mandates Gaseous Pollutant (CO, HC, NOx) emission limits for all 2Whs and a particulate limit (PM & PN) for 2Whs powered by Direct Injection (DI) engines. Most of the 2Whs manufactured in India are powered by gasoline engines using the Port Fuel Injection (PFI) technology, and hence by definition particulate emission limits do not apply to them. Particulates when inhaled - especially of the ultrafine sizes capable of entering the blood stream - pose a serious health risk. This was the primary motivation to investigate the particulate emission levels of the 2Whs, which as on date, do not come under the purview of BSVI regulation. A study was conducted selecting a
Bhimavarapu, Aditya, Singh, Sunil Kumar, Kataria, Rohit, Rose, Dominik, Boger, Thorsten
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