Browse Topic: Greenhouse gas emissions

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Multi-Objective Optimization of Oxyfuel Gas Engine Using Stochastic Engine Model and Detailed Chemistry2025-01-0529To be published on 11/25/2025
The energy transition initiatives in Germany’s renown coal mining region Lusatia have driven research into Power-to-X-to-Power (P2X2P) technologies, where synthetic fuel is produced from renewably sourced hydrogen and captured CO2, and converted to electricity and heat through oxyfuel combustion. This work investigates the multi-objective optimization of oxyfuel gas engine using stochastic engine model (SEM) and detailed chemistry. EGR rate, initial cylinder temperature and pressure, spark timing, piston bowl radius and depth are selected as design parameters to minimize the exhaust temperature at exhaust valve opening (EVO) and indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC) corresponding to oxyfuel operation with different dry and wet exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates. The optimization problem is solved for a dry EGR and four wet EGR cases with various CO2 / H2O fractions, aiming to achieve comparable performance as in conventional natural gas / air operation, along with an energy
Asgarzade, Rufat, Franken, Tim, Mauss, Fabian
Off-Highway Vehicles for Sustainable Development and Empowerment: Innovation and Technology2025-28-0230To be published on 11/06/2025
The growing demand for sustainable solutions in the off-highway vehicle sector has driven innovation in alternative fuels, significantly contributing to environmental conservation and economic empowerment. Off-highway vehicles, including construction equipment, agricultural machinery, and mining trucks, are traditionally powered by diesel engines, which contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and environmental degradation. Transitioning to alternative fuels such as biodiesel, hydrogen, compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), and electrification presents a viable solution to reduce the carbon footprint and promote sustainable development. This paper explores the advancements in alternative fuel technologies and their impact on the off-highway vehicle industry. It highlights how biofuels and hydrogen fuel cells are reducing dependency on fossil fuels, while electrification and hybrid powertrains are enhancing efficiency and lowering emissions. The integration of these
Mulla, Tosif, Thakur, Anil, Tripathi, Ashish
Structural Evaluation and Improvement of Mobile Vehicle Battery Storage Architecture2025-28-0259To be published on 11/06/2025
Environmental concerns are prompting the global mobility sector to transition towards electrification. Increased research and development in the field of electric vehicles have made them an increasingly efficient and compelling option for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving the sustainability of freight transport. Electric vehicles require batteries that offer long range, shorter charging times and high energy efficiency. During long-distance travel, for customer convenience, mobile charging stations have become a trending and highly meaningful solution. For such mobile charging stations, it is essential to ensure the durability and safety parameters of the battery and its structure. For this to happen, it is mandatory that the system possess the strength and stiffness behavior to withstand the various dynamic loads arising from the environment and acting on the vehicle and system. Moreover, the system should maintain a weight that is as low as possible so that it is both
Sonare, Pushpesh, Ganeshan, Subramanian, Dattawade, Vishal
Experimental Investigations on Lean Burn Spark-Ignition Engine Using Alcohol-Gasoline Blends2025-28-0213To be published on 11/06/2025
Alcohol fuels are regarded as a feasible approach to address escalating energy costs and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, with ethanol and methanol emerging as a promising renewable fuel for spark ignition engines. In this research work, tests were performed on a spark ignition engine altered from a diesel engine that employs ethanol/methanol-gasoline mixture as fuel under lean operating conditions. The engine was worked at a high compression ratio of 10.5:1 and 1500 rpm under full throttle condition. The 10% of methanol and 10% of ethanol and 5% ethanol and methanol each blended with gasoline, were studied and compared. Investigational results reveals that alcohol-gasoline blends displayed low COV of IMEP. Furthermore, the alcohol-gasoline blends enhanced the peak in-cylinder pressure owing to improved flame speed and flammability limits. Adopting lean-burn operation and high compression ratio can efficiently improve combustion attributes in an alcohol-gasoline fuel operated spark
Devunuri, Suresh, Porpatham, Dr. E
Onboard Exhaust Capture and Carbon Sequestration for Off-Highway Vehicles: A Sustainable Approach to Emission Reduction2025-28-0215To be published on 11/06/2025
Off-highway vehicles (OHVs) operating in sectors like mining, construction, and agriculture play a significant role in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Despite progress in alternative fuel technologies, diesel-powered OHVs continue to prevail because of their strong torque and reliability. This paper suggests an onboard exhaust capture and carbon sequestration system designed to be incorporated into diesel OHVs to temporarily contain and utilize emissions, thereby lessening their environmental impact. The system employs nano-porous filters and solid-state carbon absorption materials to selectively trap CO₂ and NOx directly from the exhaust flow. The gathered CO₂ is then subjected to compression and temporary storage, with possible uses for conversion into carbon-based fuel additives or direct sequestration in industrial applications. Unlike conventional catalytic converters that only diminish NOx emissions, this system provides
Vashisht, Shruti
Experimental Study on Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Port Water Injection and Blends of Biodiesel for Performance & Emission.2025-32-0062To be published on 11/03/2025
The increasing demand for alternative fuels due to environmental concerns has sparked interest in biodiesel as a viable substitute for conventional diesel. Most of automotive engines use diesel fuel engine. They contribute a major portion of today's air pollution, which causes serious health issues including chronic bronchitis, respiratory tract infections, heart diseases, and many more. Greenhouse gases are produced using fossil fuel in the engines and causes global warming. To combat with air pollution, we need clean renewable and environment friendly fuels. Due to depletion in fossil fuels, it has become necessary to find alternative fuel which are safer for the environment and humankind. One such possible solution is Biodiesel. In present study series of experiments were carried out on 435cc naturally aspirate DI Diesel engine with port water injection and different blend of Jatropha based Biodiesel. Biodiesel was derived from Jatropha oil, produced using a heterogeneous catalyst
Bhoite, Vikram, Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Jagtap, Pranjal, Reddy, Kameswar
Assessment of E-fuels applicability as gasoline replacement in a small two-stroke Engine2025-32-0058To be published on 11/03/2025
The push for reducing greenhouse gas emissions has extended to various sectors, including outdoor power equipment. While electrification is a promising solution for low-power gardening tools, the substitution of small two-stroke engines becomes critical for applications requiring higher power and range. Biofuels and e-fuels produced from renewable sources present a viable short-term alternative, leveraging existing engine technologies to minimize dependence on fossil fuels. However, the ability of current engines to operate with these fuels while maintaining performance and emissions levels without modifications requires thorough evaluation. This study investigates the feasibility of using e-fuels as sustainable replacements for gasoline in small two-stroke engines. Preliminary computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted to evaluate the performance of two e-fuel formulations assessing possible challenges in combustion performance and emissions. Experimental tests were
Breda, Sebastiano, Fontanesi, Stefano, Merolla, Santo, Gagliardi, Vincenzo, Cicalese, Giuseppe, Pati, Matteo, Dalseno, Luca, Kuschel, Mario
Effect of In-cylinder Hydrogen Mixture Formation on Hydrogen Combustion2025-32-0065To be published on 11/03/2025
Countries around the world are making long-term efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in response to global climate change, with a target of Zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. In the automotive sector, discussions are ongoing on carbon-free powertrains in the future. Hydrogen is a fuel that can achieve zero carbon emissions and production, and is positioned as a key technology that is expected to play an active role in a wide range of fields, including power generation, transportation, and industry. Hydrogen engines are attracting increasing attention because conventional engine components can be diverted. In particular, hydrogen direct injection engines are attracting attention in order to achieve high power and high efficiency. In a hydrogen direct injection engine, the generation of backfire can be suppressed by injecting high-pressure hydrogen in the compression process, but it is known that the formation of air-fuel mixture in the cylinder becomes difficult, which greatly
Hisano, Atsushi, Saitou, Masahito, Sakurai, Yota, Ichi, Satoaki
On Board Monitoring of Water Injection Inducement System and Particulate Filter for 3-Wheeler BS VI OBD II B Diesel Vehicle Norms.2025-32-0086To be published on 11/03/2025
To mitigate greenhouse emission reduction Government of India implemented Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) norms from year 2020. Moving to more stringent emission norms poses challenges for automakers in several ways such as meeting exhaust emissions, on board diagnostic, drivers’ inducement, and catalyst monitoring on vehicles. It is imperative to upgrade engine management system for On-board diagnostics (OBD) that refers to a vehicles self-diagnostic and reporting ability. OBD systems enables owner of vehicles to gain access of the various vehicle sub-systems. OBD-II standards were made more rigid, requiring the Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL) to be activated if emission-related components fail. Also, vehicle emissions not to exceed OBD thresholds. Consequently, the use of specific NOx emission control systems became necessary in BS VI OBD II B for 3-wheeler applications. Additionally, the performance and integrity of the catalytic converter must be monitored. Driver warnings, inducement
Jagtap, Pranjal, Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Bhoite, Vikram, Reddy, Kameswar
Experimental Study of HCNG on Single Cylinder 395cc Spark Ignition Engine for Performance and Exhaust Emission.2025-32-0050To be published on 11/03/2025
There is growing demand for energy utilization due to stricter environmental emission norms to reduce greenhouse gases and other threats posed due to the emissions are major motivation factors for researchers to adopt on strategic plans to decrease the usage of energy and reduce the carbon contents of fuels, the usage of hydrogen or blend of hydrogen with CNG as a fuel in internal combustion engines is the best option. As hydrogen has lower volumetric energy density and higher combustion temperature, pure hydrogen-fueled engines produce lower power output and much higher NOx emissions than gasoline-fueled engine at stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. Blending of hydrogen with CNG provides a blended gas termed as hydrogen-enriched natural gas (HCNG). HCNG stands for hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas and it combines the advantages of both hydrogen and methane. The addition of Hydrogen to CNG has potential to even lower the CNG emissions and is the first step towards promotion of a
Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Sajjan lng, Suresh
Validation of an integrated ignition-combustion model for premixed hydrogen-air flames under lean conditions2025-32-0056To be published on 11/03/2025
Recent climate changes, driven by greenhouse gas emissions, along with global regulations aimed at mitigating these effects, have intensified research on carbon-free fuels. Among these, hydrogen stands out as one of the most promising options.In this study, use is made of a recent 1D kernel expansion model developed by the authors, which is based on the conservation equations of mass, energy and deficient reactant, and on the transient thermo-diffusive theory of flames to estimate the reactant and temperature gradients at the outer flame surface. The kernel expansion model accounts for the variability of thermodynamic properties both inside and outside the flame volume, including high-temperature ionization and dissociation effects.The kernel expansion model is coupled with a flame propagation combustion model, which accounts for the effects of both thermo-diffusive instability and turbulence. The former, induced by a less-than-unity Lewis number and hence key for lean hydrogen
Pretto, Marco, Bozza, Fabio, Giannattasio, Pietro, De Bellis, Vincenzo, Ugliano, Emanuele
Development of the Hydrogen Fueled Internal Combustion Engine for Off-road Applications2025-32-0066To be published on 11/03/2025
In recent years, the reduction of greenhouse gases has emerged as a global challenge, prompting various sectors worldwide to undertake initiatives aimed at achieving carbon neutrality by eliminating overall greenhouse gas emissions. Within the energy sector, hydrogen produced through the electrolysis of water using renewable energy has garnered attention as a promising energy solution. This is due to its suitability for the storage and transport of renewable energy, as well as its low greenhouse gas emissions during combustion. In the automotive market, fuel cell vehicles that convert hydrogen into electrical energy to power motors have already been introduced alongside hybrid and electric vehicles. Conversely, in the off-road market, there are various applications, including construction and agricultural machinery, which often face difficulties in charging due to off-grid usage and limited opportunities for regenerative braking. These issues prevent the full utilization of the
Shiraishi, Kentaro, Kishi, Shinji, Kato, Daichi, Mitamura, Kenta, Murakami, Kei, Mikuni, Yusuke
Development of Thermal Management Strategies for Refrigerant Boilers in Organic Rankine Cycle for Solar Electric Energy Conversion2025-28-041410/30/2025
Electricity is a fundamental necessity for individuals worldwide, serving as a force driving technological progress hitherto unimaginable. Electricity generation uses diverse methodologies based on available natural resources in a given geographic region. Conventional methods like thermal power from coal and natural gas, water-based hydropower, solar power from the sun, wind power, and nuclear power are used extensively, the former two being the dominant sources. The generation of nearly 70% of the world's electricity is estimated to be from thermal power plants; however, these operations lead to widespread environmental destruction, greenhouse emissions, and the occurrence of acid rain. Conventional thermal power plants run on the Rankine cycle principle of a boiler, a turbine, a condenser, and a pump. A similar method may be used in the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) with the use of solar energy, where heat is transferred to the working fluid in the boiler using a heat pipe, a passive
Deepan Kumar, Sadhasivam, Kumar, V, Dhayaneethi, Sivaji, Mahendran, M, Saminathan, Sathiskumar, R, Karthick, A, Vikasraj
Quantitative Analysis for Optimizing Thermal Management in Fuel Cell Vehicles2025-28-035810/30/2025
Zero emission vehicles are essential for achieving sustainable and clean transportation. Hybrid vehicles such as Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) use multiple energy sources like batteries and fuel cell stacks to offer extended driving range without emitting greenhouse gases. Optimal performance and extended life of the important components like the high voltage battery and fuel-cell stack go a long way in achieving cost benefits as well as environmental safety. For this, energy management in FCEVs, particularly thermal management, is crucial for maintaining the temperature of these components within their specified range. The fuel cell stack generates a significant amount of waste heat, which needs to be dissipated to maintain optimal performance and prevent degradation, whereas the battery system needs to be operated within an optimal temperature range for its better performance and longevity. Overheating of batteries can lead to reduced efficiency and potential safety hazards
BHOWMICK, SAIKAT, Churi, Chetana
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - SAE J3341: Driving Sustainability Through Smarter Life Cycle Assessments1354010/24/2025
From pinpointing greenhouse gas (GHG) hot spots to modeling decarbonization scenarios, life cycle assessments (LCAs) can be a powerful tool for sustainability. However, a lack of standardized methodologies across the automotive industry makes progress difficult. That's where the SAE J3341 Task Force comes in. It's a cross-industry initiative uniting automakers, government, and academia to establish a more flexible yet transparent framework on carbon footprint reporting methodologies for passenger vehicles through smarter LCAs. To learn more, we sat down with Laurel Nelson, Chair of the SAE J3341 Task Force, and Staff Engineer of Sustainability Science at Rivian Automotive. She discusses how the task force is implementing a "disclosure addendum" approach that encourages OEMs to clearly communicate their assumptions and data for more accurate and meaningful carbon reporting. If you are interested in taking part in the SAE J3341 Task Force, please reach out to Laurel directly at
Patterson, Lori
TOC99-07-05-0TOC10/23/2025
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Tobolski, Sue
Effect of Flow Speed and Turbulence on Methane Combustion in a Rapid Compression Machine2025-01-039310/07/2025
Recent experimental work from the authors’ laboratory demonstrated that applying a boosted current ignition strategy under intensified flow conditions can significantly reduce combustion duration in a rapid compression machine (RCM). However, that study relied on spark anemometry, which provided only localized flow speed estimates and lacked full spatial resolution of velocity and turbulence near the spark gap. Additionally, the influence of turbulence on combustion behavior and performance across varying flow speeds and excess air ratios using a conventional transistor-controlled ignition (TCI) system was not thoroughly analyzed. In this study, non-reactive CFD simulations were used to estimate local flow and turbulent velocities near the spark gap for piston speeds ranging from 1.2 to 9.7 m/s. Simulated local velocities ranged from 0.7 to 96 m/s and were used to interpret experimentally observed combustion behavior under three excess air ratios (λ = 1.0, 1.4, and 1.6). Combustion was
Haider, Muhammad.Shaheer, Jin, Long, Yu, Xiao, Reader, Graham, Zheng, Ming
Equivalent Power Consumption Minimization Strategy Based Controller for a Novel Dedicated Hybrid Engine Powertrain for a Light-Duty Application2025-01-041610/07/2025
Due to strengthened CO2 regulations, the automotive industry is facing the challenge of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In response, the industry has focused on developing various technologies that enhance fuel economy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Hybrid electric powertrains have demonstrated significant potential to improve fuel economy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The improvements resulting from hybrid electric powertrains depend on the degree of electrification, which is closely related to the sizing of the motor and battery. However, hybridization increases the complexity of the powertrain. As multiple power sources are involved, complex control algorithms must be developed to allocate power usage among various driving scenarios while fulfilling driver requests. One way to simplify hybrid power management control is to implement optimization strategies that determine the operating states for each component during different driving scenarios, aiming to minimize
Echeverri Marquez, Manuel, Bhoge, Mahesh, Lago, Rafael, Engineer, Nayan, Bhadra, Kaustav, Whitney, Christopher, Baur, Andrew
Comparative Evaluation of Energy Efficiency and Performance of Electric and Counterpart Diesel Tractors2025-01-041710/07/2025
The objective of this trial was to compare the energy efficiency and performance of battery electric and conventional diesel tractors. Controlled road tests replicating normal operations were conducted using two electric and two diesel day-cab tractors. The test protocol was based on the TMC - Type III RP 1103A and SAE J1526 test procedures. The tests were conducted on a 110 km long route that included a 59 km hilly portion with a maximum altitude difference of 307 m. The tractors were divided into test groups of two vehicles. Trailers and drivers were switched throughout the trial between the tractors in a test group. The tests found that the two electric trucks consumed 60% and 63% less energy than their counterpart diesel trucks, respectively. Considering the average emission factor for production of electricity in Canada, the electric trucks emitted on average 82% less GHG emissions than the conventional diesel-powered tractors. The two diesel trucks showed similar fuel consumption
Surcel, Marius-Dorin, Partington, Mark, Tanguay-Laflèche, Maxime, Schumacher, Richard
Multilevel Control Strategy Design and Optimization for Fuel Cell Hybrid Heavy-Duty Vehicles2025-24-010709/07/2025
The heavy-duty transportation sector is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, highlighting the urgent need for zero-emission solutions. This research develops a multilevel control architecture that optimizes fuel economy and minimizes emissions in fuel cell hybrid heavy-duty vehicles, equipped with proton exchange membrane fuel cell and battery pack as main power sources. The detailed fuel cell system model incorporates reactants and thermal dynamics, including air supply, hydrogen flow, water management and their effects on reaction kinetics, membrane conductivity, water balance, performance and durability. The low-level control strategy is designed using a physics-based approach that accounts for critical constraints, including temperature, membrane water content and differential pressure between the cathode and anode. By identifying optimal setpoints for key control variables, this methodology enables the development of accurate control maps for actuator management
Bove, Giovanni, Aliberti, Paolo, Simone, Christian, Sorrentino, Marco, Pianese, Cesare
Machine Learning-Enhanced Combustion Modelling: Predicting Ethanol Effects in a Single-Cylinder Research Engine2025-24-002609/07/2025
Recent studies highlight the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to mitigate the impacts of global warming and climate change. As a major contributor, the transport sector plays a vital role in these efforts. Ethanol emerges as a promising fuel for decarbonising hard-to-electrify propulsion sectors, thanks to its sustainable production pathways and favourable physical and combustion properties, such as energy density, rapid burning velocity, and high knock resistance. This work proposes a methodology to enable the possibility of replicating the combustion behaviour of ethanol in a 1D CFD simulation environment representative of a single-cylinder research engine. Spark-ignition combustion is simulated through the Eddy Burn-Up combustion model previously calibrated for standard fossil gasoline. The combustion model features a laminar flame speed neural network, trained and tested through reference chemical kinetics simulations. The combustion model showed great accuracy
Ferrari, Lorenzo, Sammito, Giuseppe, Fischer, Marcus, Cavina, Nicolò
Toward Sustainable Heavy-Duty Transport: Evaluating Charge Dilution and Advanced Corona Ignition System Effects on SI Natural Gas Engine Efficiency and Combustion Characteristics2025-24-002409/07/2025
Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transportation sector is a significant challenge. A multi-technology approach is the most practical and sustainable solution for minimizing the environmental impact of road transport. Alternative gaseous fuels derivable from bio sources have the potential to significantly cut equivalent carbon dioxide (CO2eq) emissions from a Well-to-Wheel (WtW) perspective, and the development of technologies that allow to improve the efficiency of natural gas-powered Heavy Duty (HD) Spark Ignition (SI) engines is of strategic importance. In such applications, charge dilution strategies might have the potential to increase engine efficiency at a relatively low implementation cost. Diluting the in-cylinder charge can reduce fuel consumption by decreasing wall and pumping losses, and increasing the Heat Capacity Ratio (γ). The coupling with innovative technologies aimed at enhancing ignition energy, influencing combustion development, could be a promising
Di Domenico, Davide, Napolitano, Pierpaolo, Papi, Stefano, Ricci, Federico, Golini, Stefano, Rapetto, Nicola, Giordana, Sergio, Beatrice, Carlo
Experimental and Numerical Study on the Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Single-Cylinder Natural Gas Large Bore Engine Equipped with Passive Pre-Chamber2025-24-002209/07/2025
The maritime industry is among the most energy-intensive sectors, and achieving fleet decarbonization is crucial to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. As a transitional fuel, natural gas (NG) presents a viable short-to-midterm solution. Compared to conventional marine fuels, NG has the potential to lower carbon dioxide emissions by approximately 20–30%. However, to fully leverage this potential on carbon footprint reduction, substantial advancements in combustion technologies are required. One promising approach to enhance the efficiency of SI NG engines is the implementation of Passive Pre-Chamber (PPC) technology. This strategy enables leaner combustion, improving thermal efficiency, mitigating the occurrence of knocking, and reducing NOx emissions. This study presents both experimental and numerical investigations to analyze the impact of charge dilution and ignition timing on the performance and emissions of a single-cylinder prototype NG PPC SI engine for marine
Marchitto, Luca, Pesce, Francesco, Accurso, Francesco, Tornatore, Cinzia, Gorietti, Valentina, Buzzi, Luca, Grosso, Alessandro, Luci, Matteo, Napolitano, Pierpaolo, Pennino, Vincenzo, Beatrice, CARLO, Di Domenico, Davide, Giardino, Angelo
Experimental Assessment of ‘Drop-In’ and ‘Optimized’ HVO Usage in a 6.6l Diesel Engine for Low-Emissions Marine Applications2025-24-007309/07/2025
All mobility sectors are facing the challenge to contribute actively to the reduction of environmental pollution and of the impact on climate change driven by Greenhouse Gas effect. One of the most active sectors in the research of environment-friendly propulsion propositions is the recreational and light-commercial boating. Presently, many of the boats operating in this sector are propelled by internal combustion engines derived from road applications. In this work, the effects of replacing conventional fossil-derived B7 diesel with Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) were experimentally investigated in a modern Medium-Duty Engine, using the advanced biofuel initially as drop-in replacement, and then repeating the testing after the recalibration of the engine combustion set points. Comparing the results of the replacement of diesel with HVO showed appreciable benefits in terms of NOx, Particulate Matter (PM), mass fuel consumption and Well-to-Wake (WtW) CO2 thanks to the inner properties
Cosseddu, Cinzia, Spedicato, Tonio, Pennazio, Davide, Vassallo, Alberto, Fittavolini, Corrado
Understanding and Qualifying Hydrogen Combustion Related Phenomena for Low-Carbon Mobility2025-24-005709/07/2025
The reduction of the overall greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions from ground vehicles is mandatory to fight against global warming and health issues. Moreover, regarding the increasing demand related to the population growth, the energy requirement for mobility may significantly increase during coming years. Meeting greenhouse gas emission targets is not only about commitment to regulations but also fundamentally about enhancing human well-being. Consequently, the diversification of low-carbon energy sources is of huge interest. The use of Hydrogen (H2) as a sustainable energy source in ground transportation is an alternative or a complementary solution to the full electric vehicles. Hydrogen for mobility can be used in two types of energy converters: The Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell or the H2 adapted Internal Combustion Engine (H2-ICE). This last has the advantage of its strong maturity with the reuse of existing production infrastructures from conventional ICE and low raw
Laget, Olivier, Bardi, Michele, Quintens, Hugo, Giuffrida, Vincent, Bramoullé, Clément, Sikic, Ivan
Comparison of Ignition Modes to Enable Ammonia Combustion Engines: Dual Fuel, Multi-Spark and Pre-Chamber2025-24-000509/07/2025
This study presents a CFD-based evaluation of ignition strategies for enabling ammonia combustion in a light-duty internal combustion engine. The model was first validated against experimental data for both pure ammonia spark ignition and dual-fuel ammonia-diesel compression ignition cases. Upon validation, three ignition strategies were investigated: dual-fuel compression ignition with sixty percent ammonia energy fraction, and multi-spark and passive pre-chamber ignition under stoichiometric conditions. Simulations were used to assess combustion phasing, efficiency, and emissions characteristics. The dual-fuel mode enabled stable ignition but resulted in incomplete combustion, with three-dimensional contours revealing that central regions of the chamber remained largely unburned, contributing to high ammonia slip and highlighting the need for further optimization of spray targeting and combustion chamber design. The multi-spark strategy achieved the highest efficiency through rapid
Shafiq, Omar, Menaca, Rafael, Liu, Xinlei, Uddeen, Kalim, Tang, Qinglong, Turner, James, Im, Hong G.
Study of a CI Engine for Off-Road Application in Diesel-Hydrogen Dual Fuel Configuration2025-24-005509/07/2025
Hydrogen as fuel in internal combustion engines is a promising solution for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, as its combustion produces only water vapor. One potential application is in dual fuel (DF) engines, where diesel is used to ignite the mixture, and hydrogen serves as the primary fuel. However, there is limited literature on the use of hydrogen in compression ignition (CI) engines for off-road applications running in dual fuel diesel/hydrogen, which motivates this study. The focus is on a 3-cylinder, 1-liter naturally aspirated (NA) engine with a compression ratio of 17.5:1 equipped with direct injection (DI) for diesel. Retrofitting the engine with 3 port fuel injectors, it was possible to feed the engine with hydrogen by the control system elaborated in the laboratory. The study aims to analyze dual fuel diesel/hydrogen combustion characteristics and the emissions across different engine speeds (from 1600 rpm to 3600 rpm) and loads (30%, 50% and 70%). The dual fuel
Gelé, Raphaël, Mancaruso, Ezio, Rossetti, Salvatore, Rousselle, Christine, Brequigny, Pierre
Lifting the Key Functional Figures Concerning Performance and Efficiency for 2nd Gen. H 2 Engines for On- and Off-Highway Installations by Tailored Engineering Measures2025-24-004909/07/2025
To curb global warming and meet stricter greenhouse gas emission standards all over the globe, it is essential to minimize the carbon footprint of applications in the mobility and transport segment. The demands on mobility, transportation and services are constantly increasing in line with worldwide population growth and the corresponding need for economic prosperity. This ongoing trend will lead to a significant increase in energy requirements for mobility-related applications in the upcoming time, despite all efficiency improvements. The timely introduction and accelerated spread of low-carbon/carbon-neutral energy sources is therefore of crucial importance. In addition to the switch to electric propulsion systems, particularly in the light-duty vehicle sector, the use of advanced and optimized hydrogen (H2)-powered internal combustion engines (ICE) represents a parallel, compatible technical option, as these applications will also meet the most stringent requirements in terms of
Koerfer, Thomas, Zimmer, Pascal, Li, Zhengling, Pischinger, Stefan, Lückerath, Moritz
Numerical Investigation on an Injection strategy Optimization for Dual Fuel Marine Engine Fuelled by Ammonia2025-24-001309/07/2025
In the context of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) reduction the most viable short-term solution in the maritime sector is the use of renewable carbon-free fuels. Among these, ammonia represents a possible alternative in compression ignition (CI) engines operating in dual fuel (DF) mode. Although, such fuel features low chemical reactivity, especially in lean mixtures, resulting in poor combustion efficiency, exhaust ammonia slip and low engine performance, DF combustion can be an interesting strategy to overcome such limitations. In this work a wide numerical examination of diesel injection strategies is presented, while ammonia acts as the primary fuel with energy supply around 80%. Since the original marine engine, fuelled with natural gas (NG), presents a single diesel injection, firstly, a pilot injection is added and different diesel mass shares between pilot and main are investigated, by varying the injection rate shape and the pilot start of injection (SOI). Calculations are
Cameretti, Maria Cristina, De Robbio, Roberta, Palomba, Marco
Development of a Cloud Based Operating Strategy for an Electrified Trailer System2025-24-011709/07/2025
The need for greenhouse gas emission reductions leads to decreasing emission limits in road traffic. The development of efficient powertrains and the use of renewable energy sources are crucial in order to meet these targets. Electrification is one of the key technologies that can help to achieve higher efficiency and lower emissions. Besides the passenger car segment, electrification has started to play a more important role in heavy-duty applications as well. One technology that has been discussed in the last years is the electrification of heavy-duty semi-trailers. In the joint research project "evTrailer2" funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action, the potential of different technologies for electrified semi-trailer systems in long-haul applications is evaluated. The overall project goal is the development of high-efficiency technologies to help reduce the fuel consumption and therefore the greenhouse gas impact of large semi-trailer trucks. The
Knaup, Lars, Beidl, Christian
Numerical Investigation of Lean Neat Ammonia Combustion in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Converted to Spark Ignition2025-24-003209/07/2025
Ammonia (NH3) use as fuel poses technical challenges such as increased nitrogen-based and unburned NH3 emissions. This study used a 0D model coupled with detailed NH3 kinetics to evaluate the effect of equivalence ratio (ϕ) from 0.7 to 1.0 in a heavy-duty compression ignition engine converted to spark ignition operation. The goal was to evaluate how ϕ affected NOx and N2O formation and/or destruction at constant fuel energy per cycle, engine speed, and CA50. Simulated NOx emissions (i.e., NO + NO2) followed a trend similar to the one typically observed for hydrocarbon fuels in a SI engine, but that was different from the experiment. In addition, it underpredicted NOx emissions for ϕ = 0.7 by 79% and overpredicted NOx emissions for ϕ = 1 by 576%. The simulation showed that thermal NO production was more than 80% from the total NO production, but the effect of ϕ on this percentage was negligible. Then, predicted N2O emissions had an opposite trend and were three orders of magnitude lower
Saenz Prado, Stefany, Alvarez, Luis F., Trujillo Grisales, Juan M., Akkerman, Vyacheslav, Dumitrescu, Cosmin E.
Analysis and Simulation of Fuel Consumption and Emissions in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck under Real-World Driving Conditions for Hybridization and Waste Heat Recovery2025-24-009609/07/2025
Heavy-duty vehicles contribute significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions and are now facing challenges in meeting emission regulatory standards, particularly cold-start operations. These challenges are particularly significant during transient operations, where fuel efficiency drops and emissions peak due to suboptimal thermal conditions. Advanced powertrains that use hybridization and waste heat recovery with phase-changing materials offer potential pathways to mitigate fuel consumption and emissions under real-world driving conditions. Still, they need to be accurately sized, and the energy flows handled to overcome the disadvantages of increased mass and complexity. This investigation lays the groundwork for the development of advanced power systems by implementing a scalable, map-based model for heavy-duty diesel engines. The model is validated using an open-access dataset related to a heavy-duty vehicle equipped with a 6-cylinder diesel engine, which performed 28 different
Donateo, Teresa, Mujahid, Talha, Morrone, Pietropaolo, Algieri, Angelo
A Life Cycle Assessment of Potential Pathways to Increase Sustainable Aviation Fuel Yields through CO 2 Upgrading Co-located with Corn Ethanol Production13-06-03-002309/04/2025
Alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) upcycling of ethanol to sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) is an attractive emerging pathway for SAF production, especially in the US Midwest with large-scale corn ethanol production. Only 39% of the corn carbon is converted to ethanol, 20% is emitted as CO2. Capturing the CO2 to produce additional ethanol or SAF directly can increase the carbon yield. To guide technology selection, this work used life cycle assessment for several CO2-to-SAF production pathways. Additionally, improvements for corn ethanol production were explored by replacing natural gas burners with heat pumps for corn drying, which reduced the carbon intensity of corn ethanol by nearly 16%. But subsequent upgrading of the ethanol to SAF is only 4.5–20% better than conventional aviation fuel. By contrast, CO2-based alternative routes to SAF fared better, reducing carbon intensities between 83% and 90%. Gas fermentation of CO2 to ethanol with subsequent ATJ upcycling to SAF was contrasted to Fischer
McCord, Stephen, Talsma, Sam, Bouchard, Jessey, Zavaleta, Victor Gordillo, He, Xin, Sick, Volker
Energy-Efficient Range-Extender Study for Commercial Vehicle Electrification with Renewable Fuels02-19-01-000408/09/2025
Light-duty vehicles (LDV) are scaling up electrification technologies from battery to dedicated hybrid engines (DHEs). The success from electrification of LDVs can be a starting point to look into a similar trending development of commercial vehicles (CV), which are bigger and heavier with more demanding work cycles. “Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards for Heavy-Duty Vehicles (HDV)—Phase 3” establishes new CO2 emission standards for MY 2032 (Model Year) and later HD vehicles with more stringent CO2 standards phasing in as early as MY 2027 for certain vehicle categories. In this article, the focus is about improving the operational efficiency of MDHD (medium-duty and heavy-duty) vehicles through a selected electrification technology in this study rather than pure BET (battery electric truck). Extended-range electric vehicle (EREVs) systems are studied here to address sustainability regarding charging infrastructure and by using the renewable fuels (hydrogen, ammonia, methanol, and
Wang, Hailong, Ma, Tiancai, Shuai, Shijin, Wang, Zihui, Song, Xubin
Alternative Fuels and Hybridization as Cost-Effective Pathways to Medium-Duty Greenhouse Gas Phase 3 Compliance02-18-03-001907/23/2025
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Phase 3 regulation targets a substantial reduction in GHG emissions across model year (MY) 2027–2032 class 2b-8 vehicles. This article explores the implementation of alternative fuels, such as compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), along with powertrain hybridization as viable pathways for achieving these stringent standards in a cost-effective manner. A detailed analysis is performed on a Class-7 medium–heavy-duty (MHD) truck configuration, featuring an inline 4-cylinder 5.2-L spark-ignited (SI) engine, modeled with both CNG and LPG fuels. The vehicle’s powertrain is simulated to evaluate GHG emissions and fuel efficiency. The study further examines the impact of low rolling resistance (LRR) tires and varying tire rolling resistance coefficients (Crr) on vehicle performance. For further lowering the GHG emissions, a hybrid powertrain sizing study was performed. The simulation
Patil, Shubham V., Smith, Edward M., Bachu, Pruthvi R., Ross, Michael G.
Effect of Water Dilution and Homogenous Lean Operation on Combustion and Detailed Emissions in a Spark Ignited Gasoline Direct Injection Engine04-19-01-000407/10/2025
Twenty-nine percent of the greenhouse gas emissions in the US are produced by the transportation sector according to the US Environmental Protection Agency. The combination of increasingly stringent regulations on emissions and fuel economy, along with the current practical limitations of electrification motivate continued development efforts for improving internal combustion engine efficiency and emissions. Ethanol, an extensive fuel additive or drop-in replacement for gasoline, is already recognized as a promising transition fuel in decarbonization efforts. Furthermore, lean combustion in spark-ignited (SI) engines has been pursued extensively for engine efficiency and emissions improvements. Lean combustion, however, faces the challenges of decreased combustion stability and strong increases to engine-out NOx at conditions where conventional SI engines are stable (ϕ > 0.7). Water dilution, historically used as a knock inhibitor in performance engines, has shown potential for
Voris, Alex, Lundberg, Matt, Puzinauskas, Paulius
Lifecycle Assessment of Battery Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Internal Combustion Engine-Powered Cars in India13-06-02-001206/28/2025
Battery electric vehicles have gained popularity in the transport sector of late and are considered to emit lower greenhouse gas emissions than their internal combustion engine-powered counterparts. This study conducted a “cradle-to-grave” lifecycle assessment for two sets of battery electric, hybrid electric, and internal combustion engine vehicles sold in India to assess which powertrain emits lower greenhouse gas emissions during their lifetime. The system boundaries of the “cradle-to-grave” analysis consist of vehicle manufacturing, usage, maintenance, recycling of components, and finally, disposal. The “well-to-wheel” analysis includes oil extraction, feedstock cultivation, transportation, refining, fuel production, blending, and supply. This study considered India’s electricity generation mix from thermal, nuclear, solar, wind, and hydropower plants in different regions for 2020–2021. Greenhouse gas emissions from all three categories of vehicles were calculated for a lifespan of
Agarwal, Avinash Kumar, Singh, Rahul Kumar, Biswas, Srijit
Ammonia-Diesel Engines Segmented Modeling Approach and Simplified Combustion model Research2025-01-023206/16/2025
Ammonia-diesel dual-fuel engines can effectively reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Aiming at the real-time control requirements of ammonia/diesel dual-fuel engines, this study proposes a segmented real-time modeling method and a heat release rate model simplification strategy by linearized heat release rate curves. First, the engine working cycle is divided into three parts: intake and exhaust stage, compression and expansion stage, and combustion process. Different simulation steps and modeling strategies are designed to optimize computational efficiency while maintaining the necessary level of accuracy at each stage. Secondly, based on the calibrated heat release rate (HRR) curves, feature points are extracted to construct a simplified linear heat release model. In the absence of calibration data, the characteristic points of the HRR curves are obtained through interpolation. Compared with the commonly used combustion model, the Wiebe model, the proposed simplified model can
Li, Guangyuan, Chen, Run, Wang, Xinran, Li, Tie, Zheng, Kexiong, Liu, Shaoling, Liu, Yanzhao, Lyu, Xiaodong
Overview of Indian Government Policies, Regulations and Automotive Company Strategies toward Net-zero Emissions2025-01-018406/16/2025
The automotive sector in India is undergoing a transformation, driven by government policies and regulations aimed at achieving net-zero carbon emissions. In alignment with global climate goals, the Indian government has set ambitious targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, with a focus on promoting Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs). Initiatives like the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME) Scheme, along with tax incentives, subsidies, and charging infrastructure development, are designed to accelerate the adoption of cleaner vehicles. The introduction of stricter emission standards and the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) further underscores the push toward sustainable mobility. In response, Indian automotive companies are shifting strategies to align with these government directives. Major players are significantly increasing investments in EV technology, focusing on enhancing battery performance
Patil, Nikhil Nivrutti, Saurabh, Saurabh, Bhardwaj, Rohit, Gawhade, Ravikant, Gadve, Dhananjay, Amancharla, Naga Chaithanya
Development of Simple Models for Performance Estimation of a Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Ammonia and Hydrogen2025-01-023806/16/2025
In engine development, it is needed to investigate engine performance under a lot of conditions. This is called the adaptability test, and it takes a lot of times, money, and manpower. Therefore, decreasing the test is aspired and constructing models that estimate the engine performance is effective for early adoption of ammonia engines. In this research, factors determining the thermal efficiency of a spark ignition engine fueled with ammonia/hydrogen mixtures were investigated and two simple models to estimate the performance were constructed. A diesel based four-stroke single-cylinder spark ignition engine with a displacement volume of 412 cm3 was used. Different compression ratios ε and two pistons with different squish areas were used. Experiments were conducted for total equivalence ratio of 1.0, while changing the LHV (lower heating value) ratio of ammonia and hydrogen. It is shown that higher compression ratio and larger squish velocity expanded the stable operation range of
Ichikawa, Aya, Ogura, Yuto, Yanaoka, Kazuki, Gonzalez Palencia, Juan, Kambara, Shinji, Araki, Mikiya
Numerical Investigation into the Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Ammonia Direct Injection Mechanism2025-01-024106/16/2025
The effects of diesel and the ammonia ratio on the emissions and combustion characteristics of ammonia utilized in AMMONIA direct injection (AMMONIA-Di) engines were investigated through experimental and numerical investigations. A rapid compression expansion machine (RCEM) modified to facilitate the dual direct injection fuel (diesel-ammonia) - compression ignition (CI) method was used to conduct the experiment. A compression ratio (CR) of 19 and an ammonia energy percentage ranging from 10% to 90% were used in the experiment. Changes were made to the start of injection (SOI) from 0o to 40o before top dead center (BTDC) in order to find the best auto-ignition properties of ammonia. In order to facilitate auto-ignition, the diesel’s SOI was maintained at 10o BTDC. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling was used to establish the detailed emission propagation during the combustion process. During the expansion step, ammonia goes through a second stage of combustion, demonstrating
Setiawan, Ardhika, Lim, Ocktaeck
Life Cycle Assessment of Hydrogen Generation through Steam Methane Reforming: A Focus on Co-Product Allocation between Steam and Electricity2025-01-018106/16/2025
This research presents a numerical analysis of the environmental impacts associated with using hot steam as a co-product in hydrogen production through Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) of renewable gas sources. As hydrogen production technology advances rapidly, reducing emissions and addressing environmental concerns, particularly greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, have become essential. This study examines the SMR process with a focus on the environmental effects of utilizing hot steam as a co-product for electricity generation or facility heating. The analysis evaluates renewable feedstocks, including landfill gas, animal waste, food waste, and wastewater sludge, to determine their viability for sustainable hydrogen production. Key pollutants, such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, along with GHGs, are assessed to identify the most environmentally advantageous feedstock options. This work aims to provide insights to promote sustainable hydrogen production practices.
Rosyadi, Ahmad Adib, Lim, Ocktaeck
Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Marine Ammonia-Diesel Dual Fuel Engine with Micro-Pilot Injector Change2025-01-023506/16/2025
Recently, as regulations on greenhouse gas emissions have become stricter, driven by global warming, there is increasing interest in engines utilizing environmentally friendly fuels. In this context, ammonia is attracting attention as a potential alternative to fossil fuels in the future. However, due to its distinct fuel properties compared to conventional fuels, research is being conducted on utilizing diesel as an ignition source for ammonia. In this study, the effects of diesel injector fuel flow rate, and micro-pilot (MP) diesel injection timing on combustion and exhaust emission characteristics were analyzed in a single cylinder 12L marine ammonia-diesel dual-fuel engine. Two types of diesel micro-pilot injectors were tested. The first one was high flow rate micro-pilot injector (HMPI) and the second one was low flow rate micro-pilot injector (LMPI). HMPI injector had 66% more number of fuel injector nozzle hole and 250% larger fuel flow rate. Therefore, HMPI injector could
Jang, Ilpum, Park, Cheolwoong, Kim, Minki, Park, Chansoo, Kim, Yongrae, Park, Gyeongtae, Lee, Jeongwoo
Experimental Analysis of Performance and Durability Using Ethanol 27% Fuel Blend in a Turbocharged Gasoline Direct Injection Engine2025-01-024506/16/2025
India aims to achieve 20% ethanol blending (E20) in petrol by 2025 under its National Biofuels Policy to reduce carbon emissions, enhance energy security, and support the agricultural economy. Building on this, E27 (27% ethanol in gasoline) is being evaluated as an advanced mid-level blend to further lower greenhouse gas emissions and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. This study investigates the performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics of a turbocharged gasoline direct injection (TGDI) engine using E27 fuel over 20,000 km in real-world driving conditions, as part of a broader research program accumulating over 100,000 km across multiple vehicle categories. Key findings indicate that E27 achieves an optimal balance of emissions reduction and performance, with NOx and THC emissions decreasing by 12% and 5%, respectively, compared to E10, while CO and CO₂ levels remained stable, reflecting ethanol’s oxygenation effect and lower carbon intensity. Power output and acceleration
D R, Vigneshwar, Bhakthavachalu, Vijayabaskar, Muralidharan, M.
Enabling Neat Alcohol Combustion in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine with Exhaust Rebreathing13-06-03-002205/23/2025
In this study, a strategy for MCCI combustion of a novel alcohol fuel is demonstrated. The novel fuel, “GrenOl”, is the result of the catalytic upgrade of sustainable ethanol into alcohols of higher molecular weight. The composition of GrenOl includes approximately 70% 1-butanol, 15% 1-hexanol, and 5% 1-octanol by mass, resulting in a cetane number around 18. In order to achieve mixing-controlled compression ignition with GrenOl, an exhaust rebreathing strategy is employed. In this strategy, the exhaust valve reopens for a part of the intake stroke, inducting hot exhaust into the cylinder and preheating the fresh air. This study investigates the feasibility of operating with such a valve strategy from idle to peak torque. At idle, the primary challenge is ensuring stable combustion by inducting adequate exhaust to achieve ignition. Under load, when cylinder temperatures are higher, the primary challenge is ensuring sufficient air is inducted to achieve the target torque. It was found
Trzaska, Joseph, Xu, Zhihao, Boehman, André L.
DoE-Based Numerical Optimization of Intake and Exhaust Port Geometry of a Small Opposed-Piston 2-Stroke (OP2S) Hydrogen Engine2024-32-005404/18/2025
The future potential of an opposed-piston two-stroke (OP2S) engine has attracted the attention of researchers worldwide as it offers a high thermal efficiency and power-to-weight ratio with a simple engine configuration. This engine can be used with low-carbon fuels and hydrogen to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, the two-stroke operation has always been limited by its low scavenging efficiency and short-circuit of fresh charge. The current work is focused on optimizing scavenging efficiency and short-circuit in a small 200 cc single-cylinder OP2S SI engine using 3-D computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations. The effect of four parameters, namely, area of intake ports, area of exhaust ports, and angular orientations of intake ports (swirl and tilt) on scavenging efficiency and short-circuit, has been assessed and optimized. A Latin-hypercube based Design of Experiments (DoE) methodology is used to sample the design space spanning over a range of four parameters. A response
Singh, Saurabh, Boggavarapu, Prasad, Himabindu, M., Ravikrishna, R.V.
Estimation Method of Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Motorcycle applicable from Individual Unit to Sales Volume2024-32-004104/18/2025
To achieve carbon neutrality, manufacturers need to estimate Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions generated throughout the life cycle of motorcycles, namely the Carbon Footprint of Product (CFP). We developed a method that allows calculation of the per-unit CFP and the total CFP of sales volume of motorcycles with a common formula, and also enables the estimation of their future values. First, we made it possible to calculate the per-unit CFP of each individual model by setting factors that we quantified the characteristics of motorcycles such as material composition and replacement parts and incorporating them into the calculation formula. Next, we enabled the calculation of the total CFP of sales volume from the present to the future by standardizing the specs of individual models and calculating the CFP by product category and multiplying the sales volume. Furthermore, we made it possible to simulate future CFP according to scenarios of expansion of environmental protection actions such
Mori, Yuichi, Kawatsu, Hirotaka, Yamaguchi, Takumi, Tanaka, Kazuhiko, Aoki, Toshiki, Niimura, Ryuta
Detecting Piston Ring–Cylinder Liner Metal–Metal Contact in a Fired Large Marine Diesel Engine Using Piezoelectric Transducers03-18-03-001704/09/2025
Shear-polarized ultrasonic sensors have been instrumented onto the outer liner surface of an RTX-6 large marine diesel engine. The sensors were aligned with the first piston ring at top dead center and shear ultrasonic reflectometry (comparing the variation in the reflected ultrasonic waves) was used to infer metal–metal contact between the piston ring and cylinder liner. This is possible as shear waves are not supported by fluids and will only transmit across solid-to-solid interfaces. Therefore, a sharp change in the reflected wave is an indicator of oil film breakdown. Two lubricant injection systems have been evaluated—pulse jet and needle lift-type injectors. The needle lift type is a prototype injector design with a reduced rate of lubricant atomization relative to pulse jet injectors. This is manifested as a smaller reduction in the reflected ultrasonic wave, showing less metal–metal contact had occurred. During steady-state testing, the oil feed rate was varied; the high flow
Rooke, Jack, Li, Xiangwei, Dwyer-Joyce, Robert S.
Viability Assessment of Wind and Solar Renewable Energy Generation in Support of Nationwide Vehicle Electrification2025-01-812104/01/2025
In 2022, the U.S. transportation sector was the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the country, with the combination of passenger and commercial vehicles contributing 80% of these emissions. As adoption of passenger electric vehicles continues to climb, sights are being set on the electrification of heavy-duty commercial vehicle (HDCV) fleets. The sustainability of these shifts relies in part on the addition of significant renewable energy generation resources to both bolster the grid in the face of increased demand, and to prevent a shift in the source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to the grid, as opposed to a true net reduction. Additionally, it is necessary to quantify the variations in economic viability across the country for these technologies as it pertains to their productive capabilities. Doing so will encourage investment and ensure that the transition to electrified HDCV fleets is commercially viable, as well as sustainable. In an effort to meet these goals
Miller, Brandon, Sun, Ruixiao, Sujan, Vivek
Optimizing Charging Infrastructure Management for Enhanced Grid Resilience2025-01-812004/01/2025
This study addresses the challenges of electrifying heavy-duty vehicle fleets, particularly school buses, by focusing on the development of dedicated depot charging infrastructure and grid resilience. A key challenge is managing recharging limitations while considering grid resilience in the electrification of school bus fleets. Using real operational data, the study introduces a two-phase approach to optimize both charging infrastructure and scheduling. In the first phase, the optimal number of chargers is determined to ensure sustainable fleet operations. In the second phase, charging schedules are refined to reduce peak power demand and improve grid resilience. Experimental results demonstrate that approximately half the fleet size is required in chargers, with distributed charging and peak shaving strategies reducing peak power demand by 20% to nearly 45%. These findings offer practical insights for fleet managers, grid operators, and policymakers on enhancing grid resilience and
Moon, Joon, Hanif, Athar, Ahmed, Qadeer
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