Despite the rail’s sector already remarkable environmental performance, it is continually challenged to further reduce its environmental footprint, hence, contributing to the world efforts to reduce the Greenhouse gases (GHG) and criteria pollutant emissions, aligned with the global initiatives to tackle the climate change effects, as well as the reduction of regional and local emissions. Hence, the alternative zero local emission technologies, based on the so called “autonomous electrification” approach, such as the hydrogen fuel cell and battery electric driven powertrains, have been researched for the use in the rail segment, focused on the improvement of the environmental sustainability, efficiency and decreasing the dependency on fossil fuels on light to medium loaded rail corridors. This work presents a comparative assessment of the Straight Electric Rail (SER), Hydrogen Fuel Cell Rail (Hydrail) and Battery Only Electric Rail (BOER), based on a quantitative evaluation of the

Barbosa, Fábio Coelho

Numerical Analysis of the Performance of an Engine with a Pre-Chamber Equipped with an Air Injector Operating in TJI Mode

2025-36-0187

12/18/2025

The sustainability of the transportation sector demands the continuous development of new technologies in internal combustion engines, aiming at reducing pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions while increasing fuel conversion efficiency. Pre-chamber (PC) ignition systems have recently emerged as an important technological pathway to explore. These systems generate turbulent combustion gas jets capable of accelerating flame propagation in the main chamber. The use of this mechanism enables a more homogeneous and efficient combustion, as well as allowing an increase in the compression ratio, resulting in improvements in engine performance and a reduction in pollutant emissions. One of the strategies to further enhance the benefits of pre-chambers is the introduction of air injectors. The objective of this modification is to promote the cleaning of residual gases that remain in the pre-chamber after combustion, mitigating adverse effects such as mixture dilution and ignition instabilities

Rocha, Hiago Tenório Teixeira Santana, Oliveira, Wender Pereira de, Filho, Fernando Antonio Rodrigues, Baeta, José Guilherme Coelho, Guzzo, Márcio Expedito, Assis, Marcelo Suman Silva, Moreira, Thiago Augusto Araujo

Challenges for Truck Decarbonization: Load Distribution Evaluation According to Contran Resolution N° 882/2021

2025-36-0192

12/18/2025

The road transport mode is predominant in Brazil, representing more than 50% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from energy sector [1]. Currently, trucks use internal compression combustion engine (ICCE) with fuel Diesel as propulsion, considering the reference for technical and economic studies for alternative propulsions such as: electrification or hydrogen (H2) as fuel. Both technologies are extremely important to achieve the goals defined by Brazilian nationally determined contribution (NDC) (commitment to Paris agreement target) to avoid climate changes catastrophic issues due climate temperature risk to exceed 2°C. In addition, several companies have announced sustainability compromises to contribute with reduction of GHG emissions in scopes 1,2 and 3, focusing on Environmental, Social and governance (ESG), where road transportation has a larger contribution to achieving the target. Contran Resolution (CR) n° 882/2021 defines the maximum weights and dimensions of vehicles to be

Ferreira, Bruno Francisco, Oliveira Da Silva, Laura de

Sustainable Aviation Fuels – A Review of the Challenges Associated to the Aviation’s Net Zero Commitment

2025-36-0218

12/18/2025

The aviation sector currently accounts for 2-3% of global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, while the projected increased air travel demand (average 3.4% per year), might surge the aviation fuel use. This increase in jet fuel demand, associated with the current decarbonization pathway of other sectors might increase the aviation’s absolute emissions, as well as its relative global GHG share. This scenario has driven the aviation stakeholders into a decarbonization strategy, focused on an immediate and gradual GHG reduction effort associated with a net-zero commitment by 2050. Meanwhile, the aviation sector is known as one that set most difficulties to use alternative fuels and/or powertrains, such as battery electric or sustainable hydrogen fueled propulsion systems, already used on some road and rail applications, but still restricted to the aviation, due to the inherent weight and volume tight requirements. In this context, the sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) are set as the most

Barbosa, Fábio Coelho

Artificial Neural Network-Based Performance and Emission Prediction for Hydrogen-Combustion Multicylinder Engines

2025-36-0237

12/18/2025

22xx

Pasa, Bruno Roberto, Silveira, Juliano Pereira, Fagundez, Jean Lucca Souza, Lanzanova, Thompson Diórdinis Metzka, Martins, Mario Eduardo Santos, Salau, Nina Paula Gonçalves

Experimental Investigation of Additive Formulations for Ethanol Use in Compression Ignition Engines Using a Rapid Compression Machine

2025-36-0185

12/18/2025

The transition to renewable fuels is critical to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and achieve carbon neutrality in the transportation sector. Ethanol has emerged as a promising biofuel for compression ignition (CI) engines due to its renewability and low-carbon profile. However, its low cetane number, high latent heat of vaporization, poor lubricity, and corrosive properties severely limit its auto-ignition capability and durable operation under conventional CI conditions. Building upon previous work using a Rapid Compression Machine (RCM) to assess ignition improvers for ethanol, this study explores a broader range of fuel formulations to enhance ethanol-based combustion. A total of nine blends were prepared, consisting predominantly of hydrated ethanol (50-80% by volume), combined with 5-25% biodiesel and up to 5% of a commercial ignition improvers. The biodiesel component acted both as a co-solvent and as a combustion stabilizer, particularly under cold-start conditions. Tests were

Bacic, Denise Amato, Sánchez, Fernando Zegarra, Ticona, Epifanio Mamani, Pradelle, Renata Nohra Chaar, Santos Coelho, Lucas dos, Mota, Crislane Almeida Pereira da, Pradelle, Florian

Calculation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in CO ₂ Equivalent per Hectare of Sugarcane Cultivated for Brazilian Ethanol Production

2025-36-0191

12/18/2025

Assis, Marcelo Suman Silva, Paula Araújo, Gabriel Heleno de, Baeta, José Guilherme Coelho, Abreu, Pedro Blaso Barbosa de, Filho, Fernando Antonio Rodrigues

Energy and Exergy Analysis of Ethanol Steam Reforming with an Emphasis on Thermal Efficiency for Sustainable Mobility Applications

2025-36-0133

12/18/2025

Apaza, Jerson Bequer Urday, Pradelle, Florian, Braga, Sergio Leal, Sánchez, Fernando Zegarra, Guzman, Juan Jose Milon

Gear Ratio Variation Concept Influence on Energy Efficiency Optimization of Light Vehicles

2025-36-0104

12/18/2025

The growing concern regarding global warming pushes the contribution of all emitting sources to mitigate greenhouse gases. The significant light passenger vehicle fleet deserves continued attention, both in the implementation of more efficient new technologies and in the optimization of conventional technologies, which are still widely used. The vehicle’s energy efficiency is directly influenced by the coupling of the internal combustion engine to the transmission system. Engines have a restricted operation region of maximum efficiency that must be adequately explored by the transmission system in the different conditions of vehicle use. Thus, this paper analyzes and quantifies the sensitivity of the vehicle’s energy efficiency of two distinct engine technologies, naturally aspirated and turbocharged, coupled to an automatic transmission system with six discrete or continuously variable gears. Experimental data on the overall efficiency of the engines and the transmission concepts

Rovai, Fernando Fusco, Menezes Lourenço, Maria Augusta de, Rohrig, Marcelo

Review of the Potential for Utilizing Organic Waste for Biogas Production in Latin American Countries

2025-36-0083

12/18/2025

Rodrigues, Jônatas Soares, Moreira, Thiago Augusto Araújo, Souza Pereira, Felipe Augusto de, Castro, Daniel Enrique

Research on Optimization Method for Railway Route Schemes in the Western Mountainous Area Considering the “Dual-Carbon” Strategy

2025-99-0304

12/17/2025

Building a green and ecological railway transportation system that incorporates the “Dual-Carbon” Strategy is a central focus and challenge in current industry research. In the western mountainous regions with complex engineering geological conditions and fragile ecosystems, it is particularly important to explore the optimal railway route under the framework of the “Dual-Carbon” strategy. By analyzing the characteristics of the geographic environment of the western mountainous areas and the trend of low-carbon railroad construction, and referring to the relevant principles of railroad line selection, the method of quantifying the carbon emissions during the construction phase of the railroad and the carbon sequestration capacity of the land lost as a result of the railroad project’s land occupation is proposed by selecting 23 indicators from the five aspects of engineering adaptability, low-carbon adaptability, economic adaptability, environmental adaptability, and social adaptability

Wang, Yibo

Multi-Objective Optimization of Oxyfuel Gas Engine Using Stochastic Engine Model and Detailed Chemistry

2025-01-0529

11/25/2025

The energy transition initiatives in Germany’s renown coal mining region Lusatia have driven research into Power-to-X-to-Power technologies, where synthetic fuel is produced from renewably sourced hydrogen and captured CO2, and converted to electricity and heat through oxyfuel combustion. This work investigates the multi-objective optimization of oxyfuel gas engine using a stochastic engine model and detailed chemistry. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate, initial cylinder temperature and pressure, spark timing, piston bowl radius and depth are selected as design parameters to minimize the exhaust temperature at exhaust valve opening and indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC) corresponding to oxyfuel operation with different dry and wet EGR rates. The optimization problem is solved for a dry EGR and four wet EGR cases with various CO2/H2O fractions, aiming to achieve comparable performance as in conventional natural gas / air operation, and energy-efficient carbon capture. The

Asgarzade, Rufat, Franken, Tim, Mauss, Fabian

Evaluation of Advanced Powertrain Technologies for Large Agricultural Tractors: Insights on Energy Consumption and Life Cycle Environmental Impact

13-06-03-0025

11/21/2025

This study aims to assess how alternative electrified powertrain technologies affect energy use for agricultural tractors in the Autonomie simulation tool. The goal of this study is also to assess the feasibility and performance of hydrogen internal combustion engines as a suitable alternative for the agricultural tractor powertrains. The energy consumption and efficiencies of alternative powertrains and fuel options are analyzed and compared across a variety of duty cycles using modeling and simulation methodologies. The considered alternative powertrains are series, parallel, power-split hybrid electric, fuel cell, and battery electric powertrains. The alternative fuel and powertrains are evaluated for their energy efficiency as well as their potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve overall tractor performance in a variety of agricultural applications. Following a methodology developed by Argonne National Laboratory and Aramco Americas, the study applied prospective

Kim, Namdoo, Yan, Ziming, Vijayagopal, Ram, Jung, Jaekwang, He, Xin

Assessing Engine Dynamics, Fuel Efficiency, and Emission Characteristics with HHO-Enriched Fuel: A System-Level Evaluation of a HydroBoost™ Technology

03-18-07-0042

11/08/2025

In the present work, the effect of HHO addition to gasoline was investigated using HHO produced via the HydroBoost™ electrolysis technology—a system specifically designed to overcome the limitations of conventional electrolysis methods, such as electrode degradation, low efficiency, and safety concerns. Engine performance, fuel behavior, and emission characteristics were evaluated both with and without HHO enrichment. A comprehensive four-phase testing protocol was adopted to simulate various real-world driving conditions. Through a multi-parameter assessment—including fuel economy (FE), engine response under different load conditions, fuel savings accounting for parasitic load, total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions—it was demonstrated that HHO addition significantly enhances both the performance and emission characteristics of a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine. Statistical significance of these parameters was assessed across four

Sherman, Gregory, Singh, Amit Pratap

Establishing a Sustainability Certification System for Aviation Fuel in China

01-18-03-0012

11/07/2025

Amid escalating global warming challenges, the aviation industry must adopt low-carbon and green practices. China, aiming to meet its dual carbon goals, urgently requires enhanced research and development in sustainable aviation fuels (SAF), including their sustainability certification. However, China’s regulatory framework and limited research foundation in biofuels exacerbate this endeavor. This article summarizes the development status of SAF sustainability certification internationally and within China, encompassing the indicator framework, full life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) calculation methodologies, and emission reduction thresholds. It also highlights issues encountered in the application of current international sustainability certification systems in China, such as high certification costs and inadequate data security. Advancement in domestic sustainability certification in China faces obstacles related to the incomplete foundational database, despite possessing life cycle

Zhang, Shuping, He, Yin, Jia, Quanxing, Jia, Qin, Tao, Zan, Miao, Jiahe, Shi, Yao, Zhang, Xiangping, Wang, Siyu

Experimental Investigations on Lean Burn Spark-Ignition Engine Using Alcohol-Gasoline Blends

2025-28-0213

11/06/2025

Alcohol fuels are regarded as a feasible approach to address rising energy demands and reduce the dependency on fossil fuels, with ethanol and methanol emerging as a promising renewable fuel for spark-ignition engines. In this research work, tests were performed on a spark ignition engine altered from a diesel engine that employs ethanol/methanol-gasoline blend as fuel operating under lean conditions. The experiments were conducted at 10.5:1 compression ratio and 1500 rpm under full throttle condition with three fuel blends namely M10 (10% of methanol+ 90% gasoline), E10 (10% of ethanol+ 90% gasoline), E5M5 (5% of each ethanol and methanol+ 90% gasoline). Investigational results reveals that alcohol-gasoline blends displayed low COV of IMEP. Furthermore, the alcohol-gasoline mixtures enhanced the peak in-cylinder pressure owing to improved flame speed and flammability limits. Adopting lean-burn operation and high compression ratio can efficiently improve combustion attributes in an

Devunuri, Suresh, Porpatham, Dr. E

Onboard Exhaust Capture and Carbon Sequestration for Off-Highway Vehicles: A Sustainable Approach to Emission Reduction

2025-28-0215

11/06/2025

Off-highway vehicles (OHVs) in sectors such as mining, construction, and agriculture contribute significantly to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOₓ). Despite the growth of alternative fuels and electrification, diesel engines remain dominant due to their superior torque, reliability, and adaptability in harsh environments. This paper introduces a novel onboard exhaust capture and carbon sequestration system tailored for diesel-powered OHVs. The system integrates nano-porous filters, solid-state CO₂ adsorbents, and a modular storage unit to selectively capture CO₂ and NOₓ from exhaust gases in real time. Captured CO₂ is then compressed for onboard storage and potential downstream utilization—such as fuel synthesis, carbonation processes, or industrial sequestration. Key innovations include: A dual-function capture mechanism targeting both CO₂ and NOₓ Lightweight thermal-regenerative adsorption materials Integration with

Vashisht, Shruti

Structural Evaluation and Improvement of Mobile Vehicle Battery Storage Architecture

2025-28-0259

11/06/2025

Environmental concerns are prompting the global mobility sector to transition towards electrification. Increased research and development in the field of electric vehicles have made them an increasingly efficient and compelling option for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving the sustainability of freight transport. Electric vehicles require batteries that offer long range, shorter charging times and high energy efficiency. During long-distance travel, for customer convenience, mobile charging stations have become a trending and highly meaningful solution. For such mobile charging stations, it is essential to ensure the durability and safety parameters of the battery and its structure. For this to happen, it is mandatory that the system possess the strength and stiffness behavior to withstand the various dynamic loads arising from the environment and acting on the vehicle and system. Moreover, the system should maintain a weight that is as low as possible so that it is both

Sonare, Pushpesh, Ganeshan, Subramanian, Dattawade, Vishal

Decarbonizing Off-Highway Vehicles: Fuel Alternatives and Implementation Strategies

2025-28-0230

11/06/2025

Off-Highway Vehicles (OHVs) — including mining trucks, construction machinery, and agricultural equipment — contribute significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and local air pollutants due to their dependence on fossil diesel. Achieving sustainable development goals in off-highway sectors requires transitioning toward alternate fuels that can reduce CO₂, NOₓ, and particulate matter (PM) emissions while maintaining performance and reliability. This paper comprehensively evaluates alternate fuels such as biodiesel, renewable diesel, compressed and liquefied natural gas (CNG/LNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), hydrogen, and alcohol-based blends. Using insights from Service Bulletins, fuel standards, and the Worldwide Fuel Charter, it discusses fuel properties, engine compatibility, operational challenges, sustainability impacts, economic feasibility, safety considerations, and regulatory aspects. Case studies of alternate fuel deployment in OHVs illustrate practical challenges and

Mulla, Tosif, Thakur, Anil, Tripathi, Ashish

Validation of an Integrated Ignition-Combustion Model for Premixed Hydrogen-Air Flames under Lean Conditions

2025-32-0056

11/03/2025

Recent climate changes, driven by greenhouse gas emissions, along with global regulations aimed at mitigating these effects, have intensified research on carbon-free fuels. Among these, hydrogen stands out as one of the most promising options. In this study, use is made of a recent 1D kernel expansion model developed by the authors, which is based on the conservation equations of mass, energy and deficient reactant. The theory of transient thermo-diffusion is also adopted to estimate the reactant and temperature gradients at the outer flame surface. The kernel expansion model accounts for the variability of thermodynamic properties both inside and outside the flame volume, including high-temperature ionization and dissociation effects. The kernel expansion model is used until the non-linear stretch effects are sufficiently relaxed. Subsequently, the propagation of the premixed flame is described by means of a two-zone combustion model. During both phases, the effects of hydrodynamic

Pretto, Marco, Bozza, Fabio, Giannattasio, Pietro, De Bellis, Vincenzo, Ugliano, Emanuele

Assessment of E-Fuels Applicability as Gasoline Replacement in a Small Two-Stroke Engine

2025-32-0058

11/03/2025

The push for reducing greenhouse gas emissions has extended to various sectors, including outdoor power equipment. While electrification is a promising solution for low-power gardening tools, the substitution of small two-stroke engines becomes critical for applications requiring higher power and range. Biofuels and e-fuels produced from renewable sources present a viable short-term alternative, leveraging existing engine technologies to minimize dependence on fossil fuels. However, the ability of current engines to operate with these fuels while maintaining performance and emission levels without modifications requires thorough evaluation. This study investigates the feasibility of using e-fuels as sustainable alternatives to gasoline in small two-stroke engines. Preliminary computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted to evaluate the performance of the e-fuel after defining a proper fuel surrogate. Experimental tests were then carried out to assess combustion

Breda, Sebastiano, Fontanesi, Stefano, Merolla, Santo, Gagliardi, Vincenzo, Cicalese, Giuseppe, Pati, Matteo, Dalseno, Luca, Kuschel, Mario

Effect of In-Cylinder Hydrogen Mixture Formation on Hydrogen Combustion

2025-32-0065

11/03/2025

Global efforts to mitigate climate change include ambitious long-term strategies by countries to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The automotive sector is exploring carbon-free powertrains, with hydrogen emerging as a key technology. Its zero-emission potential positions it for widespread adoption in power generation, transportation, and industry. Hydrogen engines, particularly direct injection engines offering high power and efficiency, are gaining traction due to their adaptability using existing engine components. However, in a hydrogen direct injection engine, achieving proper mixing of hydrogen and air in the cylinder is challenging, making in-cylinder mixture formation a crucial factor for ensuring stable combustion. To predict hydrogen mixture formation in the cylinder, we conducted a Schlieren visualization experiment of the hydrogen jet. Based on the results, a detailed hydrogen jet model for the direct injection injector was developed. This model was then

Hisano, Atsushi, Saitou, Masahito, Sakurai, Yota, Ichi, Satoaki

Experimental Study of hCNG on Single Cylinder 395cc Spark Ignition Engine for Performance and Exhaust Emission

2025-32-0050

11/03/2025

There is growing demand for energy utilization due to stricter environmental emission norms to reduce greenhouse gases and other threats posed due to the emissions are major motivation factors for researchers to adopt on strategic plans to decrease the usage of energy and reduce the carbon contents of fuels, the usage of hydrogen or blend of hydrogen with CNG as a fuel in internal combustion engines is the best option. As hydrogen has lower volumetric energy density and higher combustion temperature, pure hydrogen-fueled engines produce lower power output and much higher NOx emissions than gasoline-fueled engine at stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. Blending of hydrogen with CNG provides a blended gas termed as hydrogen-enriched natural gas (hCNG). hCNG stands for hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas and it combines the advantages of both hydrogen and methane. The addition of Hydrogen to CNG has potential to even lower the CNG emissions and is the first step towards promotion of a

Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Sajjan lng, Suresh

Development of the Hydrogen Fueled Internal Combustion Engine for Off-Road Applications

2025-32-0066

11/03/2025

This paper focuses on the potential application of hydrogen fueled internal combustion engine (HICE) in the off-road market, examining HICE based on a diesel engine. In the transition to HICE, priority was given to compatibility with existing systems, minimizing changes from the base engine. By adopting a PFI (Port Fuel Injection) method for fuel injection, low-pressure hydrogen supply was achieved. To address the issue of backfire associated with PFI, optimization of injection pressure using a variable pressure control valve, along with adjustments to valve timing and injection timing, was implemented to suppress backflow of residual gases into the intake system and minimize hydrogen retention. Regarding pre-ignition, in addition to suppressing hotspots, the relationship between the homogenization of the air-fuel mixture and NOx emissions was examined, revealing a correlation. This engine was mounted on a generator, and efforts were made to improve the important characteristic of

Shiraishi, Kentaro, Kishi, Shinji, Kato, Daichi, Mitamura, Kenta, Murakami, Kei, Mikuni, Yusuke

On Board Monitoring of Water Injection Inducement System and Particulate Filter for 3-Wheeler BS VI OBD II B Diesel Vehicle Norms

2025-32-0086

11/03/2025

To mitigate greenhouse emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxides (CO2), oxide of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter reduction Government of India implemented Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) norms from year 2020. Moving to more stringent emission norms poses challenges for automakers in several ways such as meeting exhaust emissions, on board diagnostic, drivers’ inducement, and particulate filter monitoring on vehicle. It is imperative to upgrade engine management system for on-board diagnostics (OBD) that refers to a vehicles self-diagnostic and reporting ability. On board diagnostics systems enables owner of vehicle to gain access of the various vehicle sub-systems. OBD-II standards were made more rigid, requiring the malfunction indicator lamp (MIL) to be activated if emission-related components fail. Also, vehicle emissions carbon monoxide (CO), oxide of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter not to exceed OBD thresholds. Consequently, the use of specific oxide of nitrogen

Jagtap, Pranjal, Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Bhoite, Vikram, Reddy, Kameswar

Study on CO ₂ Absorption via Atomization Utilizing Surface Texturing and Surface Energy for Small Engine Applications

2025-32-0076

11/03/2025

In response to the stringent CO2 regulations set to be enforced in Europe in 2030, there is a global demand for innovative technologies to significantly reduce CO2 emissions from internal combustion engines used in trucks, ships, and other applications. For this reason, future power sources are anticipated to adopt a three-pronged approach: electrification; hydrogen fuel used in fuel cells or internal combustion engines; and synthetic fuels (e-fuels) produced from renewable energy-sourced hydrogen, as approved by the European Commission (EC), and from raw materials that capture CO₂ directly from the atmosphere via the Direct Air Capture (DAC) method, combined with internal combustion engines. In this study, we aimed to absorb and capture “Green” CO₂ emissions from e-fuel and carbon-neutral (CN) fuels combined with internal combustion engines by investigating a method that atomizes a CO₂-absorbing solution. This approach involved spraying the solution and impingement the droplets within

Nohara, Tetsuo, Nara, Shotaro, Kawamoto, Yuki, Fukushima, Naoya, Ochiai, Masayuki

Experimental Study on Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Port Water Injection and Blends of Biodiesel for Performance & Emission

2025-32-0062

11/03/2025

The increasing demand for alternative fuels due to environmental concerns has sparked interest in biodiesel as a viable substitute for conventional diesel. Most automotive engines use diesel fuel engines. They contribute a major portion of today’s air pollution, which causes serious health issues including chronic bronchitis, respiratory tract infections, heart diseases, and many more. Greenhouse gases are produced using fossil fuel in the engines and causes global warming. To combat air pollution, we need clean renewable and environmentally friendly fuels. Due to depletion of fossil fuels, it has become necessary to find alternative fuel which are safer for the environment and humankind. One such possible solution is Biodiesel. In present study, series of experiments were carried out on 435cc naturally aspirate DI Diesel engine with port water injection and different blend of Jatropha based Biodiesel. Biodiesel was derived from Jatropha oil, produced using a heterogeneous catalyst

Bhoite, Vikram, Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Jagtap, Pranjal, Reddy, Kameswar

Development of Thermal Management Strategies for Refrigerant Boilers in Organic Rankine Cycle for Solar Electric Energy Conversion

2025-28-0414

10/30/2025

Electricity is a fundamental necessity for individuals worldwide, serving as a force driving technological progress hitherto unimaginable. Electricity generation uses diverse methodologies based on available natural resources in a given geographic region. Conventional methods like thermal power from coal and natural gas, water-based hydropower, solar power from the sun, wind power, and nuclear power are used extensively, the former two being the dominant sources. The generation of nearly 70% of the world's electricity is estimated to be from thermal power plants; however, these operations lead to widespread environmental destruction, greenhouse emissions, and the occurrence of acid rain. Conventional thermal power plants run on the Rankine cycle principle of a boiler, a turbine, a condenser, and a pump. A similar method may be used in the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) with the use of solar energy, where heat is transferred to the working fluid in the boiler using a heat pipe, a passive

Deepan Kumar, Sadhasivam, Kumar, V, Dhayaneethi, Sivaji, Mahendran, M, Saminathan, Sathiskumar, R, Karthick, A, Vikasraj

Quantitative Analysis for Optimizing Thermal Management in Fuel Cell Vehicles

2025-28-0358

10/30/2025

Zero emission vehicles are essential for achieving sustainable and clean transportation. Hybrid vehicles such as Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) use multiple energy sources like batteries and fuel cell stacks to offer extended driving range without emitting greenhouse gases. Optimal performance and extended life of the important components like the high voltage battery and fuel-cell stack go a long way in achieving cost benefits as well as environmental safety. For this, energy management in FCEVs, particularly thermal management, is crucial for maintaining the temperature of these components within their specified range. The fuel cell stack generates a significant amount of waste heat, which needs to be dissipated to maintain optimal performance and prevent degradation, whereas the battery system needs to be operated within an optimal temperature range for its better performance and longevity. Overheating of batteries can lead to reduced efficiency and potential safety hazards

BHOWMICK, SAIKAT, Churi, Chetana

SAE TOMORROW TODAY - SAE J3341: Driving Sustainability Through Smarter Life Cycle Assessments

1354010/24/2025

From pinpointing greenhouse gas (GHG) hot spots to modeling decarbonization scenarios, life cycle assessments (LCAs) can be a powerful tool for sustainability. However, a lack of standardized methodologies across the automotive industry makes progress difficult. That's where the SAE J3341 Task Force comes in. It's a cross-industry initiative uniting automakers, government, and academia to establish a more flexible yet transparent framework on carbon footprint reporting methodologies for passenger vehicles through smarter LCAs. To learn more, we sat down with Laurel Nelson, Chair of the SAE J3341 Task Force, and Staff Engineer of Sustainability Science at Rivian Automotive. She discusses how the task force is implementing a "disclosure addendum" approach that encourages OEMs to clearly communicate their assumptions and data for more accurate and meaningful carbon reporting. If you are interested in taking part in the SAE J3341 Task Force, please reach out to Laurel directly at

Patterson, Lori

TOC

99-07-05-0TOC

10/23/2025

TOC

Tobolski, Sue

A Novel Vehicle Simulation Framework for the Evaluation of H ₂ and Battery Electric Powertrain Architectures

14-14-03-0021

10/10/2025

Recent policies have set ambitious goals for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to mitigate climate change and achieve climate neutrality by 2050. In this context, the feasibility of hydrogen applications is under investigation in various sectors and promoted by government funding. The transport sector is one of the most investigated sectors in terms of emission mitigation strategies, as it contributes to about one-fifth of the total GHG emissions. This study proposes an integrated numerical approach, using a simulation framework, to analyze potential powertrain alternatives in the road transport sector. Non-causal point parametric vehicle models have been developed for various vehicle classes to evaluate key environmental, energy, and economic performance indicators. The modular architecture of the simulation framework allows the analysis of different vehicle classes. The developed framework has been used to compare powertrain alternatives based on hydrogen and electricity energy

Pipicelli, Michele, Sedarsky, David, Di Blasio, Gabriele

Effect of Flow Speed and Turbulence on Methane Combustion in a Rapid Compression Machine

2025-01-0393

10/07/2025

Recent experimental work from the authors’ laboratory demonstrated that applying a boosted current ignition strategy under intensified flow conditions can significantly reduce combustion duration in a rapid compression machine (RCM). However, that study relied on spark anemometry, which provided only localized flow speed estimates and lacked full spatial resolution of velocity and turbulence near the spark gap. Additionally, the influence of turbulence on combustion behavior and performance across varying flow speeds and excess air ratios using a conventional transistor-controlled ignition (TCI) system was not thoroughly analyzed. In this study, non-reactive CFD simulations were used to estimate local flow and turbulent velocities near the spark gap for piston speeds ranging from 1.2 to 9.7 m/s. Simulated local velocities ranged from 0.7 to 96 m/s and were used to interpret experimentally observed combustion behavior under three excess air ratios (λ = 1.0, 1.4, and 1.6). Combustion was

Haider, Muhammad.Shaheer, Jin, Long, Yu, Xiao, Reader, Graham, Zheng, Ming

Equivalent Power Consumption Minimization Strategy Based Controller for a Novel Dedicated Hybrid Engine Powertrain for a Light-Duty Application

2025-01-0416

10/07/2025

Due to strengthened CO2 regulations, the automotive industry is facing the challenge of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In response, the industry has focused on developing various technologies that enhance fuel economy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Hybrid electric powertrains have demonstrated significant potential to improve fuel economy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The improvements resulting from hybrid electric powertrains depend on the degree of electrification, which is closely related to the sizing of the motor and battery. However, hybridization increases the complexity of the powertrain. As multiple power sources are involved, complex control algorithms must be developed to allocate power usage among various driving scenarios while fulfilling driver requests. One way to simplify hybrid power management control is to implement optimization strategies that determine the operating states for each component during different driving scenarios, aiming to minimize

Echeverri Marquez, Manuel, Bhoge, Mahesh, Lago, Rafael, Engineer, Nayan, Bhadra, Kaustav, Whitney, Christopher, Baur, Andrew

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