Browse Topic: Greenhouse gas emissions

Items (1,158)
Find
Impact of Temperature on the Aging of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Insights from Capacity Testing for Enhanced Battery Management in Sustainable Transportation Systems2025-01-8131To be published on 04/01/2025
This study focuses on a vital element of energy storage systems, particularly lithium-ion batteries, in the effort to cut down greenhouse gases and air pollutants from internal combustion engine vehicles. It investigates the impact of temperature on the aging process of these batteries, offering important insights into their capacity and lifespan. The research involved controlled testing at various temperatures to replicate real-world automotive conditions and evaluate how battery capacity changes over time. Initial characterization of fresh cells was conducted to establish baseline data on their capacity and internal resistance, which helps in understanding how temperature fluctuations affect battery performance. A thorough teardown analysis was then performed using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) on the electrodes, separator, and electrolyte. This analysis provided an in-depth look at the physical and chemical behavior of the battery
Garcia, Antonio, Monsalve-Serrano, Javier, Egea, Juan Manuel H.
Technical Paper
Achieving ultra-low NOx and meeting full useful life requirement for CARB 2027 NOx and GHG 2027 Phase2 CO2 regulation w/ opposed piston 2-stroke engine and a conventional ATS2025-01-8391To be published on 04/01/2025
Internal combustion engines are expected to continue to play an important role in the future of transportation, particularly in long haul transit and off-road applications. Substantially reducing criteria emissions of heavy-duty commercial vehicle engines while reducing CO2 is the quickest way for a more sustainable transportation. The opposed-piston (OP) engine developed by Achates Power has demonstrated the ability to meet the most stringent 0.02g/hp-hr ultralow NOx and CO2 emissions requirements at the same time using only a conventional, underfloor aftertreatment system, offering reduced cost, complexity and compliance risk compared to other diesel engines. The present paper focuses on the measurement results of Achates Power heavy-duty engine achieving CARB proposed ultralow NOx emission for 2027 and 2031+full useful requirements while also meeting the EPA GHG Phase 2 limits with a conventional aftertreatment system which was aged to 435k, 600k and 800k equivalent miles. The paper
Kale, Vaibhav, Bako, Zoltan
Technical Paper
Ignition and Combustion Improvement via Ignition Modulation under Flow Conditions2025-01-8403To be published on 04/01/2025
In order to reduce the environmental impact of transportation, the adoption of low and zero carbon fuel is needed to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from engines, both from tailpipe and well-to-wheel perspectives. However, for some of the promising fuels, such as renewable natural gas and ammonia, the relatively low chemical reactivity and laminar flame speed bring challenge to a rapid and efficient combustion process, especially under lean or diluted conditions to suppress NOx emissions, leading to reduced combustion and thermal efficiencies. To tackle the challenge, high in-cylinder turbulence intensity is needed to shorten the combustion duration, together with strong ignition sources to support the initial flame kernel development. In this paper, an ignition energy modulation system is developed to enhance both discharge duration and discharge energy of a spark event to secure the ignition process. Moreover, a rapid compression machine is employed to compress the fuel-air
Jin, Long, Yu, Xiao, Zhou, Qing, Reader, Graham, Li, Liguang, Zheng, Ming
Technical Paper
Enhancing Dual Fuel Combustion Simulation: A Novel Geometric Approach for Accurate Flame Entrainment Estimation2025-01-8366To be published on 04/01/2025
Maritime transport plays a key role in the EU economy and stands as one of the most energy-efficient transportation modes. However, it is a significant and growing source of greenhouse gas emissions. In Europe, maritime transport accounts for 3 to 4% of the EU's total 〖CO〗_2 emissions, which was over 124 million tonnes of 〖CO〗_2 in 2021. These emissions are anticipated to rise to 130% of 2008 levels by 2050. To reduce greenhouse gas emissions from maritime transport, the European Union has set targets to reduce emissions by 6% by 2030 and by 80% by 2050. A promising way to achieve these targets is to use renewable fuels in marine engines. Fuels such as hydrogen or methanol can serve as the primary energy source in internal combustion (IC) engines. However, their high autoignition temperatures require an external ignition source to start combustion in compression ignition (CI) engines. The Dual Fuel (DF) approach offers an effective method for incorporating these fuels. Due to the time
Parsa, Somayeh, Daenens, Arthur, Verschaeren, Roel, Dierickx, Jeroen, Verhelst, Sebastian
Technical Paper
Potential for Reduction in NRMM Real-World Emissions2025-01-8489To be published on 04/01/2025
The pollutant emission regulation for Non-Road Mobile Machinery (NRMM) is currently under consideration, both in the European Union (EU) and the United States (US). In Europe a Stage V review is expected within 2025 and in the US, the California Air Resource Board (CARB) has released their Tier 5 proposal in late 2024. It is expected that there will be further focus on covering a wide variety of operation conditions in actual use cases, including continuous low load scenarios. In addition, CO2-neutral fuels are being investigated to reduce the carbon footprint of NRMM Internal Combustion Engines (ICE), which remains an important powertrain for the sector. The objective of the work presented is to assess the potential for emissions reductions in the future, both NOx and CO2. A simulation study is conducted, modelling a 9l class engine with 8-10 g/kWh engine-out NOx emission level. Three different emission control systems are investigated: an enhanced stage V system with single SCR, a
Demuynck, Joachim, Bosteels, Dirk, Michelitsch, Philipp, Noll, Hannes
Technical Paper
High-efficient and Cost-effective Three-Way Catalyst Substrate Design for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle2025-01-8528To be published on 04/01/2025
China 6b regulation was fully implemented since July 2023 with very strict emission standards for HC, NMHC, NOx, and CO. The country is now also in the process of developing China 7 regulation, which will perhaps impose even stricter emission limits and extra criteria pollutants including NH3. Moreover, increasingly strict fuel consumption regulation has been implemented as well and it is highly possible that greenhouse gas emission limits will be included in the China 7 regulation. With the hybrid technology innovation, PHEVs are effective in fuel economy and emission reduction, which are favored by manufacturers and consumers, and leading to a rapid increase in market share. Through the optimization of hybrid architecture and the synergy of electric motors, the operating conditions of the hybrid engine have been optimized, making it more stable and avoiding extreme engine operating conditions compared to traditional ICE, which also provides possibilities for optimizing the after
Wang, Jiming, Li, Chunbo, Feng, Xiangyu, Chen, Xiaolang, Boger, Thorsten, Tian, Lichen, Hu, Xianli, Zeng, Jun, Tian, Tian, Li, Dacheng, liu, Shicheng, Jiang, Fajun, Gao, Bojun
Technical Paper
Validation of Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Models for ALPHA v3.02025-01-8521To be published on 04/01/2025
The Environmental Protection Agency’s Advanced Light-Duty Powertrain and Hybrid Analysis (ALPHA) modeling tool was initially created to simulate the Greenhouse Gas emissions from light-duty vehicles. ALPHA is used to predict tailpipe CO2 emissions and energy consumption from advanced automotive technologies. ALPHA is a physics-based, forward-looking vehicle computer simulation tool capable of analyzing various vehicle types with different powertrain technologies while replicating realistic vehicle behavior. ALPHA version 3.0 is the current version of the MATLAB/Simulink based software. Key changes made to ALPHA v3.0 include the addition of new light- and medium-duty vehicle models to support simulation of electrified vehicle architectures (hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and battery electric vehicles) aligning with the automotive industry transition towards electrified fleets. Each electrified vehicle model was tuned to replicate operational behavior of components (such as engine, transmission
Kargul, John, Moskalik, Andrew, Barba, Daniel, Butters, Karla
Technical Paper
Model-Based Evaluation of Hybrid Powertrains for a Light Duty Pickup Truck Application2025-01-8532To be published on 04/01/2025
The ever-growing push for reducing GHG and NOx emissions has been challenging vehicle manufacturers globally. In the USA, multi-pollutant emissions standards finalized recently by EPA, for model years 2027 and later aim to reduce the CO2 emissions by 56% and 44%, respectively, for light and medium duty vehicles by 2032. The NMOG+ and NOx are also required to be reduced by 60 – 76% by 2032 from 2026 levels. Europe is also aiming to reduce CO2 emissions by 55% by 2030 from 1990 levels and 100% by 2035. To achieve such low levels of CO2 emissions, especially in the near-term scenario of limited EV sales, hybridization of conventional powertrains has found renewed interest. While hybrid powertrains add complexity, if optimized well for the application, they can offer best tradeoff between upfront cost, range, payload, performance, emissions and off-ambient operation. This study investigates the benefits and challenges of various hybrid architectures suitable for a pickup truck application
Fnu, Dhanraj, Correia Garcia, Bruno, Paul, Sumit, Joshi, Satyum, Franke, Michael
Technical Paper
Overview of Battery-Integrated Modular Multilevel Converter Topologies for Automotive Applications2025-01-8557To be published on 04/01/2025
The rise in global temperatures due to greenhouse gas emissions has led to a transition to alternative energy carriers especially in automotive applications. A key component in this transition is the battery pack, which contains several parallel and/or series-connected cells. The available energy and power of the battery pack are determined not only by the cell type, size, and configuration but also by the battery management system. To improve the control and energy utilization of the pack, battery-integrated modular multilevel converters (BI-MMCs) are presented. Five BI-MMC topologies for three main battery-integrated system configurations, namely, 3-phase, 6-phase low voltage, and 6-phase high voltage systems are evaluated for a 400 kW 40-ton commercial vehicle. The evaluation includes a comparative assessment of the number of submodules, battery, capacitor, and semiconductor losses for all BI-MMC topologies with 1 to 12 cascaded cells per submodule against a conventional 2-level
Balachandran, Arvind, Jonsson, Tomas, Eriksson, Lars
Technical Paper
Cost Analysis of Battery Electric and Fuel Cell Powertrains for Class 8 Heavy-Duty Trucks in Real-World Scenarios: A 2024, 2035 and 2050 Perspective2025-01-8592To be published on 04/01/2025
This study evaluates the performance of alternative powertrains for Class 8 heavy-duty trucks under a variety of real-world driving conditions, cargo loads, and operating ranges. Energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and the Levelized Cost of Driving (LCOD) were assessed for different powertrain technologies in 2023, 2035, and 2050, considering anticipated technological advancements. The analysis was conducted using simulation models that accurately reflect vehicle dynamics, powertrain components, and energy storage systems, leveraging real-world driving data. The Argonne National Laboratory's POLARIS, SVTrip, Autonomie, and TechScape software were used in an integrated simulation workflow for this analysis. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted on fuel and battery costs to understand their impact on economic outcomes. The study considered a hydrogen cost of $4/kg in 2035 and 2050, three AEO2023 low, medium, high diesel cost scenarios, and electricity costs ranging
Mansour, Charbel, Bou Gebrael, Julien, Kancharla, Amarendra, Freyermuth, Vincent, Islam, Ehsan Sabri, Vijayagopal, Ram, Sahin, Olcay, Zuniga, Natalia, Nieto Prada, Daniela, Alhajjar, Michel, Rousseau, Aymeric, Borhan, Hoseinali, El Ganaoui-Mourlan, Ouafae
Technical Paper
Activity and Performance of Zero and Near-Zero Emissions Port Equipment for Emissions Reduction in the Maritime Sector2025-01-8539To be published on 04/01/2025
Medium-duty (MD) and heavy-duty (HD) vehicles and off-road equipment make one of the most important contributions to the emissions inventory for both urban pollutants and greenhouse gases. Reducing the emissions contribution from these sources has been a focus of regulations and incentive programs over the past few years. The number of plug-in and electric vehicle/equipment models in the MD, HD, and off-road equipment categories has significantly expanded in recent years. Along with that, a growing number of fleets are deploying or are interested in deploying electric vehicles such as port-related equipment, transit buses, school buses, trucks, and other off-road equipment. With this rapid growth of electric vehicles in the market, reliable operation and performance data on electric MD and HD vehicles/equipment is needed to provide insights on usage and to support the ongoing research into the future deployment. The objective of this study is to collect and analyze activity data from a
Frederickson, Chas, Vu, Alexander, makki, Maedeh, Johnson, Kent, Durbin, Tom, Burnette, Andrew, Huang, Eddy, alvarado, Erica, Rao, Leela
Technical Paper
Study of the Effects on Plain Bearings in Simulated Corrosion Tests Using Carbon neutral Fuels2025-01-8470To be published on 04/01/2025
Many countries around the world are currently working toward carbon neutrality, which would reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050. As part of our efforts to achieve carbon neutrality, we have developed low friction bearings that contribute to reduced fuel consumption, and high load capacity bearings for increased engine output and longer service life. Meanwhile, Countries around the world are also considering engines that use carbon-neutral (CN) fuels, such as hydrogen and e-fuel, as part of their efforts to achieve carbon neutrality. It was reported that CN fuels differ significantly from gasoline and diesel in the chemical composition of gases produced after combustion. In particular, hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines generate more water during combustion than gasoline engines, and nitrogen oxides emissions (NOx) have also been observed under some combustion conditions. Dissolution of these substances in engine oil is expected to create a corrosive environment
Kondo, Makoto, Kawaura, Hiroki, Shiroya, Tomoyasu, Watanabe, Airi
Technical Paper
Performance and Emissions Analysis of a Hydrogen-Powered Heavy-Duty High Compression Ratio SI Engine Across Various Loads and speed at ultra-lean condition2025-01-8428To be published on 04/01/2025
With the global shift towards sustainable and low-emission transportation, hydrogen-fueled engines stand out as a promising alternative to traditional fossil fuels, offering significant potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the performance and emissions characteristics of a hydrogen-powered heavy-duty compression ignition engine, which has been modified to operate as a Spark Ignition (SI) engine with a high compression ratio of 17:1. The evaluation was conducted across various speeds, loads, and spark timings under ultra-lean combustion conditions. The analysis utilized a modified 6-cylinder, 13-liter Volvo D13 diesel engine, configured to operate in single-cylinder mode with the addition of a spark plug for SI operation. The study examined key performance metrics, including brake thermal efficiency (BTE), power output, and specific fuel consumption, under the selected operating conditions. Emissions profiles for nitrogen oxides
Dyuisenakhmetov, Aibolat, Panithasan, Mebin Samuel, Cenker, Emre, AlRamadan, Abdullah, Im, Hong, Turner, James
Technical Paper
Regional Analysis for an Economically and Environmentally Viable Transition to Heavy-Duty Vehicles with Alternative Powertrains2025-01-8597To be published on 04/01/2025
The transportation sector is responsible for a significant portion of greenhouse gas emissions. Within the sector, truck freight is responsible for a third of the associated emissions. Alternative powertrains are seen as a viable approach to significantly reduce these emissions. Prior to making a large scale transition, it is important to consider the following questions: will the power grid support a transition to alternative powertrains?; will the transition truly reduce carbon emissions?; and will the transition impose an unnecessary economic burden on companies within the industry? The answer to these questions, however, can vary geographically. We focus on the latter two questions, investigating the variation in estimated total cost of ownership and carbon emissions across the United States at the zip code level for both heavy-duty battery electric vehicles and heavy-duty fuel cell electric vehicles. As a benchmark, we compare estimated emissions and costs of alternative
Goulet, Nathan, Sun, Ruixiao, Fan, Junchuan, Sujan, Vivek, Miller, Brandon
Technical Paper
Selection of Energy-Efficient Powertrain Architecture for the Application in Off-Highway Vehicle2025-01-8524To be published on 04/01/2025
Off-highway vehicles, with their unique requirements of durability, high power, and torque density, are typically powered by diesel ignition internal combustion engines (ICEs). This reliance on ICEs significantly contributes to greenhouse gases (GHGs) and emissions. For this reason, there is an urge to develop an energy-efficient powertrain architecture that produces fewer GHGs and emissions while meeting the variable torque levels and variable speeds and performing various duty cycles with high efficiency. In order to select the energy-efficient powertrain architecture for the off-highway vehicle, different existing powertrain architectures (i.e., series hybrid, parallel hybrid, series-parallel hybrid, conventional) for off-highway applications have been studied to highlight their pros and cons. This is done keeping in view the different duty cycles and applications along with Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). Off-highway vehicles operate under different road/surface conditions than on-road
Abououf, Hend, Hanif, Athar, Dickson, Jon, chandramouli, Nitish, Ahmed, Qadeer
Technical Paper
Fully Automated Global Powertrain Optimization for Electric Truck Using Active Learning Algorithm and Backwards Simulation Approach2025-01-8536To be published on 04/01/2025
To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly becoming a significant part of the automotive market. This trend is not limited to passenger cars, but also extending to the truck segment. Electric trucks, due to their substantial self-weight and payload, require a different approach compared to electric passenger cars. While electric passenger cars generally use only one motor or a single-speed transmission, electric trucks necessitate the use of multiple motors or multi-speed transmissions. This addresses a complex issue: how to determine the size of the motor, the number of motors, the number of gears, and the corresponding gear ratios in the drive system of an electric truck. The nonlinearity of the vehicle system further complicates this issue. To tackle this, the paper proposes the application of an active learning algorithm, namely Bayesian optimization, to determine the configuration of the motors and transmission. The goal is to provide an optimal
Chen, Bicheng, Wellmann, Christoph, Xia, Feihong, Savelsberg, Rene, Andert, Jakob, Pischinger, Stefan
Technical Paper
Effects of Lower Carbon Intensity Fuels on Performance and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Intensity Reduction for Conventional and Next Generation Powertrains Part I: Engine test results and WtW CO2 emissions estimation2025-01-8442To be published on 04/01/2025
The use of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) powered by biofuels produced by photosynthetic fixation of CO2 and synthetic fuels produced by industrial synthetic reactions can be an effective way to reduce well-to-wheel (WtW) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions intensity from vehicles, including both new and legacy fleet. In this study, several lower-carbon intensity fuels that contain at least 50% of renewable components, have at least 40% lower carbon intensity compared to commercially available E10 gasoline, and meet applicable US fuel standards were evaluated in a naturally aspirated (NA) engine in the legacy fleet, a turbocharged engine in the legacy fleet, and a prototype turbocharged super lean-burn engine, to identify their effects on thermal efficiency and exhaust emissions. As a result, it was confirmed that the lower-carbon intensity fuel can provide almost equivalent engine power and thermal efficiency as conventional fuel, and good
Takada, Keishi, Sugata, Kenji, Matsubara, Naoyoshi, Takahashi, Daishi, Vuilleumier, David, Morlan, Brian, Lorenz, Robert, Ohta, Satoshi
Technical Paper
Effects of Lower Carbon Intensity Fuels on Performance and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Intensity Reduction for Conventional and Next Generation Powertrains Part II2025-01-8439To be published on 04/01/2025
Renewable gasoline blends, paired with next-generation engines, can deliver >50% reduction in lifecycle GHG emissions, relative to a state-of-the-art hybrid powertrain. Critically, renewable gasoline blends can be formulated to meet current market standards for gasoline, making them a drop-in fuel solution for all gasoline vehicles. Renewable Gasoline Blends can also be formulated with higher ethanol blend ratios or to meet a variety of fuel grades and market standards, and these varying formulations can in turn offer tradeoffs in engine performance, fuel economy, and potentially cost. Ultimately, renewable gasoline blends can offer similar performance to conventional gasoline, when tested in both modern and future engines
Vuilleumier, David, Morlan, Brian, Ohta, Satoshi, Loeper, Paul, Lorenz, Robert, Takada, Keishi, Sugata, Kenji, Matsubara, Naoyoshi, Takahashi, Daishi
Technical Paper
Evaluating the Potential of a Turbocompound System for a Heavy-Duty Natural Gas Engine: A Modelling Study2025-01-8355To be published on 04/01/2025
Combining a low-carbon content fuel, such as natural gas, with a high-efficiency engine can reduce greenhouse gas emissions significantly in hard-to-electrify long-haul trucking applications. Turbocompounding, where an additional power turbine is added after the turbocharger turbine, can extract useful amounts of energy from diesel engine exhaust at high loads. This work assesses the net benefits of combining turbocompounding with a high-efficiency, natural gas fuelled heavy-duty engine. The effects on brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), greenhouse gas emissions, and engine-out emissions of nitrogen oxides are considered. The experimentally validated 1D model for a 13L diesel pilot- direct injection of natural gas, heavy-duty engine in GT-SUITETM is used to develop a series turbocompound model. The impact of turbine sizes and swallowing capacities in fixed-geometry turbocharging and power turbines is numerically assessed on the engine’s BSFC, considering the tradeoff between
Balazadeh, Navid, Munshi, Sandeep, Shahbakhti, Mahdi, McTaggart-Cowan, Gordon
Technical Paper
Comparative study of emissions and energy consumption of battery electric and hydrogen fuel cell electric HDVs for production and use phases2025-01-8599To be published on 04/01/2025
The depletion of fossil fuels and the emergence of global warming propel public sectors to explore alternative energy such as renewable electricity and hydrogen to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Numerous studies have demonstrated substantial environmental benefits of electric light-duty vehicles. However, research focusing on heavy-duty vehicles is still relatively scarce, and the transition to zero-emission heavy-duty trucking is facing enormous technical and economic challenges. The present work focuses on decarbonised heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs), including battery electric (BE) and gaseous hydrogen fuel cell electric (FCE) trucks, to identify contributions and implications of the eco-friendly trucks for achieving the net zero emissions target. To this end, the study uses the SimaPro software package with wildly accepted Ecoinvent database to investigate environmental implications during the vehicle manufacturing and assembly stage based on UK grid mix. A comparative analysis
Zhao, Jianbo, Li, Hu, Babaie, Meisam, Li, Kang
Technical Paper
Fleet-Level Decarbonization Analysis of the US Off-Road Sector with VISION: Off-Road2025-01-8594To be published on 04/01/2025
In the United States (US), the off-road sector (i.e., agriculture, construction, etc.) contributes to approximately 10% of the country’s transportation greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, similar to the aviation sector. The off-road sector can be classified into 11 sub-sectors, which include 85 equipment types. The horsepower of these equipment ranges from 1 to 3000 and have very different types of utilization over their lifetime, which makes decarbonization a complex endeavor. To address this, Argonne’s on-road vehicle fleet model, VISION, has been expanded to the off-road sector. The GHG emissions factors for several energy carriers (biofuels, electricity, and hydrogen) have been incorporated from GREET for a sector-wide well-to-wheel life cycle GHG emissions analysis of the present as well as future fleet. Several technology adoption and energy decarbonization scenarios were modeled to better understand the appropriate actions required to approximate net-zero emissions of the off-road
Tripathi, Shashwat, Kolodziej, Christopher, Gohlke, David, Burnham, Andrew, ZHOU, Yan, Longman, DOUGLAS
Technical Paper
Optimizing Charging Infrastructure and Schedules for Electrified Heavy-Duty Fleets: A Grid Resilience Approach2025-01-8120To be published on 04/01/2025
Vehicle electrification, particularly for heavy-duty vehicles like school buses, offers substantial benefits, including energy savings, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and improved student health outcomes. However, adopting electric heavy-duty vehicles presents additional challenges compared to conventional vehicles. Key issues include the high initial cost and recharging constraints, particularly the limitations of existing charging infrastructure. As a result, the fleet electrification of heavy-duty buses and logistic trucks often requires the development of dedicated depot charging infrastructure. Moreover, when constructing such infrastructure, it is essential to consider not only the installation and management costs but also grid resilience. This study addresses the requirements for charging infrastructure and plans charging strategies from a grid resilience perspective to support a sustainable electric vehicle fleet, using real operational data from school bus fleets. For this
Moon, Joon, Hanif, Athar, Ahmed, Qadeer
Technical Paper
Viability Assessment of Wind and Solar Renewable Energy Generation In Support of Nationwide Vehicle Electrification2025-01-8121To be published on 04/01/2025
In 2022, the U.S. transportation sector was the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the country, with the combination of passenger and commercial vehicles contributing 80% of these emissions. As adoption of passenger electric vehicles continues to climb, sights are being set on the electrification of heavy-duty commercial vehicle (HDCV) fleets. The sustainability of these shifts relies in part on the addition of significant renewable energy generation resources to both bolster the grid in the face of increased demand, and to prevent a shift in the source of GHG emissions to the grid, as opposed to a true net reduction. Additionally, it is necessary to quantify the variations in economic viability across the country for these technologies. Doing so will encourage investment and make the transition to electrified HDCV fleets commercially viable, as well as sustainable. To this end, multiple frameworks are utilized to determine the feasibility of expanding renewable
Miller, Brandon, Sun, Ruixiao, Sujan, Vivek
Technical Paper
Comprehensive Investigation of Combustion Characteristics, Emissions, and Tribological Properties of Synthetic Kerosene (S8) in a CVCC and CRDI Research Engine2025-01-8443To be published on 04/01/2025
There is a need to reduce both the greenhouse gas emissions of internal combustion engines, and the reliance on traditional fossil fuels like Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel (ULSD). In this research, a synthetic aviation fuel created from natural gas feedstocks using the Fischer-Tropsch process was investigated to determine its autoignition and combustion characteristics, emissions, and tribological properties. This fuel, S8, has a Derived Cetane Number (DCN) of 62, which reflects a short Ignition Delay (ID) and Combustion Delay (CD) compared to ULSD, which has a DCN of 48. However, due to the chemical properties of S8, it lacks sufficient lubrication qualities in comparison to ULSD, so addition of 3% methyl oleate by mass was used to improve lubricity. The shorter ignition delay of S8, initially observed in a Constant Volume Combustion Chamber (CVCC), was also observed in the instrumented Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) engine. Investigations with an He-Ne laser apparatus with Mie
Soloiu, Valentin, Willis, James, Norton, Coleman, Davis, Zachary, Graham, Tristan, Nobis, Austin
Technical Paper
Combustion and Emission Analysis of Pelletized vs. Raw Biomass Fuels2025-28-0035To be published on 02/07/2025
Biomass fuels, such as sawdust and groundnut shells, are increasingly recognized as sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. However, their high moisture content and loose structure result in low thermal efficiency. To improve performance, pellet forms of these fuels are often used. Naturally available raw and pellet forms of Sawdust, groundnut shell fuels have been utilized in this study. This study evaluates and compares the thermal efficiency of a gasifier cook stove and emissions from the combustion of raw and pellet forms of biomass fuels. It was found that the burning rate and firepower increase significantly with the use of pellet from of fuels. Sawdust pellets exhibited a highest thermal efficiency of 22.41%. The hydrocarbon (HC) levels for groundnut shell pellets were observed to range between 1 and 5 parts per million (ppm), while for sawdust pellets, it was observed to range from 1 to 6 ppm, indicating the preferable usage of pellets as fuel over raw form of biomass fuel
Prasad, Malladi Jogendra, Vangipurapu, Bapi Raju
Technical Paper
Design and Development of Range Extended-Hybrid Power Train for Two-Wheeler2025-28-0194To be published on 02/07/2025
Environmental awareness is being fostered in every sector, with particular emphasis on the automotive industry. Conventional internal combustion engines responsible for greenhouse gas emissions and health issues. Researchers are looking for alternative technologies to reduce carbon footprint and for green environment. In this study, electric drive train is designed for 20% range extension and retrofitted in conventional two-wheeler. A control strategy has been developed, tested and successfully deployed on the vehicle. The hybrid drivetrain architecture is assessed for complexities such as the required space for the battery and the location for fitting the electric motor. During low-speed conditions, the electric motor reduced the emissions and minimized fuel consumption. Consequently, the overall utilization of internal combustion engines at low-speed condition has decreased, leading to a decrease in the vehicle's fuel consumption and tailpipe emissions
Banad, Chandrashekhar B, Devunuri, Suresh, Nair, Jayashri Narayanan, Hadagali, Balappa, Prasad, Gvl
Technical Paper
On the Potential of Upcycling Plastic Wastes to Carbon-Capturing Materials Using Supercritical Fluid-Assisted Injection Molding Process13-05-03-002101/09/2025
With the extensive production and widespread use of plastics, the issue of environmental pollution caused by plastic waste has become increasingly prominent. Consequently, researchers have been focusing on developing efficient methodologies for upcycling waste plastics and converting them into value-added materials. This hybrid review–conceptual article first provides an overview of strategies for upcycling waste plastic into carbon-capturing materials. It presents carbonization and activation as key steps in converting plastic waste into adsorbent materials and explores strategies for converting common waste plastics. Building upon this foundation, the article introduces and conceptualizes a novel upcycling approach with two manufacturing routes to convert plastic waste into carbon-capturing materials using supercritical fluid (ScF)-assisted injection molding process. It continues by investigating the potential of developing lightweight components made of such carbon-capturing
Pirani, Mahdi, Meiabadi, Mohammad Saleh, Moradi, Mahmoud, Enriquez, Lissette Garcia, Sreenivasan, Sreeprasad T., Farahani, Saeed
Journal Article
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Reshaping Air Freight with Blended Wing Body Design1349401/06/2025
For more than 60 years, the air freight industry has adapted passenger aircraft for cargo fleets resulting in limited capacity and diminished fuel efficiency. However, a long-overdue shift toward a volume-optimized blended wing body (BWB) design is enabling freight aircrafts to carry 40-50% more in cargo capacity per trip while also reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Leading the way is Natilus, a company that develops hyper-efficient cargo and passenger BWB aircraft that dramatically improve aerodynamic efficiency and provide a powerful increase in internal volume. The result? Less fuel burn, lower emissions, higher payloads, and lower operating costs. To learn more, we sat down with Aleksey Matyushev, CEO and Co-Founder, to discuss how Natilus' next-generation BWB aircraft design can improve economic efficiency and sustainability, as well as the company's foray into the passenger aircraft space. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and
Hineman, Marcie
Podcast
A Study of India’s Transition to Electric Mobility and Its Impact on Associated Partners2024-01-511112/27/2024
The transition from internal combustion engine (ICE) industry to electric vehicle (EV) industry has significant financial implications for both the automotive industry, government, and associated partners. The shift to EVs could lead to savings in foreign exchange reserves, the creation of new jobs, and a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. However, the transition could also result in job losses in the automobile and its associated manufacturing industry. This study aims to analyze the impact of this transition on different stakeholders in India. The study takes into account the different financial aspects that includes production, technology, government policy, skilling, employability, job creation, and other associated aspects on Indian economy. For the projected study different cases were considered with 2030 as the projected year with 30% EVs. A modest attempt is made to analyze the impact on associated partners. The findings of the study suggest that the transition to EVs could
Vashist, Devendra, Malik, Varun, Pandey, Sachchidanand
Technical Paper
Letter from the Focus Issue Editors03-17-08-005712/24/2024
Letter from the Focus Issue Editors
Lakhlani, Hardik, Kumar, Vivek, Wenbin, Yu, Bagga, Kalyan, Gundlapally, Santhosh, Di Blasio, Gabriele, Splitter, Derek, Rajendran, Silambarasan
Journal Article
Hydrogen as a Fuel Cell: A Comparative between the Gas and Liquid State and Storage2024-36-012812/20/2024
It is emerging the need to take action to reduce the greenhouse effect, which is one of the major causes of climate change and environmental disasters that has been occurring frequently in recent decades throughout the planet. The burning of fossil fuels for electricity and energy generation are the main concerns and those that have greater incentives for its reduction, as its by-product of the reaction of burning CO2, which among the greenhouse gases is primarily responsible for its aggravation. The transport sector excels in CO2 emissions, emits about 20% of gas, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a scientific organization linked to the United Nations (UN). A promising solution to reduce the impact of this sector would be the use of hydrogen fuel cell, which if carried out through renewable energies, the electrolysis of hydrogen has zero CO2 emission throughout the cycle. However, one of the biggest challenges to make viable the use of hydrogen as fuel
Alves, Joyce, Silva, Antônio, Paterlini, Bruno, Santos, Felipe, Pedroso, Henrique, Henrique, Pedro, Milani, Pedro
Technical Paper
Ethanol as a Decarbonization Solution for the Two-Wheel Segment2024-36-012612/20/2024
The aim of this study is to compare possible approaches that support the goal of achieving a carbon-neutral society in the mobility sector, with a specific focus on the two-wheel segment of the mobility sector. One of the key considerations in the mobility sector is the transition from a fossil fuel-based energy mix to a more renewable one. While there are numerous options available for achieving a carbon-neutral society in the four-wheel scenario, the two-wheel sector presents a different challenge due to a smaller number of available options. This study introduces a new comparison between full electric, gasoline, and ethanol-powered two-wheeled vehicles. It suggests that ethanol is a feasible solution for reducing carbon emissions in the two-wheel sector. The study includes an analysis of CO2 emissions for two-wheel vehicles using a life cycle approach, focusing on the technologies of full electric motorcycles, motorcycles with flex-fuel internal combustion engines running on
Pereira, Thaynara K. E., Lima, Flavio, Uema, Fabio K., Sambuichi, Eduardo M.
Technical Paper
Experimental Investigation of the Potential of Hydrogen as an Alternative to Brazilian Commercial Diesel Fuel in Current Heavy-Duty Fleet2024-36-006912/20/2024
Mobility in Brazil, dominated by road transportation, is responsible for consuming around a third of the energy matrix and for emitting approximately half of the energy-related emissions in the country. Among the alternatives to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions, the use of low-carbon hydrogen has a strong potential for decarbonization and improvement of engine efficiency. Thus, this study experimentally investigated the partial replacement of commercial diesel (with 12% of fatty acids methyl esters (FAME) biodiesel) by hydrogen in a commercial vehicle equipped with a compression-ignition internal combustion engine. To investigate the effects of this substitution on performance and emission profile, the vehicles was adapted for dual-fuel operation and hydrogen was injected together with air into the MB OM 924 LA engine of a Mercedes-Benz Accelo 1016 vehicle. Tests were carried out on a chassis dynamometer with 0%, 2% and 4% slope and at speeds equal to 50, 60 and 70 km/h to simulate
Assis, Guilherme, Sánchez, Fernando Zegarra, Braga, Sergio Leal, Pradelle, Renata Nohra Chaar, Souza Junior, Jorge, Pradelle, Florian, Ticona, Epifanio Mamani
Technical Paper
Sustainable Aviation Fuel – An Effective Tool for Complying with the Aviation’s Global Environmental Commitment2024-36-006612/20/2024
The (commercial) aviation sector (passenger and freight), which is strongly engaged with the world efforts to mitigate the carbon emissions and their inherent climate change effects, has accounted in 2018 for 2.4 % of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (pre-pandemic levels). Despite the reductions in air travel demand during the 2020 pandemic, with a reduction of up to 80% in passenger travel during the peak pandemic period, the air travel demand has already recovered to around 80% of the pre-pandemic level, with aviation emissions in 2022 reaching around 800 Mt CO2, accounting for 2% of the global energy related CO2 emissions. Moreover, the demand for air travel is expected to double by 2040, growing at an annual average rate of 3.4%, which means that. despite the efficiency improvement trend (average 2%/year), will almost double the aviation’s greenhouse (GHG) emissions, with a significant increase in its relative GHG share, compared to the other transport modes. Meanwhile the
Barbosa, Fábio Coelho
Technical Paper
Experimental Analysis of Mixtures Diesel -Hydrogenated Biodiesel Applied in Dynamometer with Diesel Engine 4T BD-5.02024-36-018012/20/2024
Society in actual engineering must promote sustainable developments in new renewable technologies in the transport sector, with resiliency and low greenhouse gas emissions produced. Pollutant emissions must be reduced to obtain an environmental equilibrium and stabilize part of the world’s climate change. With this, the principal objective of this research is to do different blends of diesel- biodiesel and diesel-hydrogenated biodiesel in proportions of 10, 20, 40, 80, and 100% to evaluate the performance of these samples of fuels in the internal combustion engine (ICE) diesel, model BD 5.0, connected to dynamometer XL43, located in the engines laboratory of University UFVJM, in Diamantina MG- Brazil at 1384 MASL, to obtain torque and power in different conditions of rotation. These tests were performed with blends of diesel-biodiesel and biodiesel- diesel with bubbling hydrogen (H2). The obtained data were developed with different comparisons, and results showed a positive influence
Barón Pinilla, José D., Silva, N. S., Melo, R. A. A., Santos, Alexandre S., Nery, M. C., Junqueira, H. H. B.
Technical Paper
Unsettled Issues Regarding Electric Vehicle Battery RecyclingEPR202403012/12/2024
In today's world, the electric vehicle (EV) industry is experiencing a remarkable boom with increasing global demand. With it, comes the surging and unprecedented need for EV batteries. Recycling these batteries has become of crucial importance, as it not only plays a vital role in ensuring the security of the battery supply chain but also serves as a key measure for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, there are still several issues that remain unresolved in this domain. Unsettled Issues Regarding Electric Vehicle Battery Recycling delves deep into these issues, thoroughly exploring the current state of the industry and potential solutions to drive sustainable EV battery recycling. By addressing these challenges, we can strive towards a more sustainable future in the EV sector. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio
Lin, Xiao, Saputra Lase, Irdanto
Research Report
Characterization of Graphene and Titanium Carbide Reinforced Magnesium Alloy Composite for Transmission Housings in Automobile2024-01-523112/10/2024
This study presents the mechanical characterization studies on 3 wt.% graphene (Gr) filled magnesium matrix composite reinforced with different weight fractions (4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 wt.%) of titanium carbide (TiC) particles. The matrix is AZ91 alloy, and the nano magnesium composite (NMC) is fabricated via a squeeze casting approach. The lightweight NMC is a potential solution for the automobile industry, as it reduces greenhouse gas emissions and contributes to environmental sustainability. Gr is added to enhance the composite's thermal endurance and mechanical strength. Mechanical and corrosion studies are performed as per the ASTM standards. The inclusion of Gr and 16 wt.% TiC tends to enhance the mechanical durability and corrosion resilience of the NMC when compared with other fabricated composites and cast alloys. The uniform dispersal of NC and TiC and better mould properties lead to better strength. Higher inclusion of TiC (20 wt.%) leads to brittleness, thereby decreasing the
Senthilkumar, N.
Technical Paper
Data Quality Evaluation and Assurance of Emissions on IC Engine2024-28-013412/05/2024
Engines are the predominant source of Earth’s air pollution contributor, hence there are various emission laws which mandate the use of emission test cycle to verify that engine adhere to predetermined emission limits. A protocol found in an emission standard that enables consistent and comparable measurement of exhaust emissions for various engines is known as an emission test cycle. The values of emission parameters are the result of emission cycle. Measurements of GHG (Green House Gas) emissions - particulate number and particulate matter, carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbon, and nitrogen oxides are used to determine exhaust gas thermodynamic characteristics, fuel-air ratio, combustion efficiency, and emission indices, as they link engine performance to environmental impact. The engine and after-treatment system’s exhaust emissions are currently having a significant negative impact on the environment. The emission indices (EI) are the characteristics that engine engineers and
Baraskar, Shweta, Rajopadhye, Sunil, Dhuri, Santosh, Patil, Rahul, Mudassir, Mohammed, Phadke, Abhijit Narahari, Mokhadkar, Rahul
Technical Paper
Multiple Pathways to Decarbonize India PV Sector2024-28-012712/05/2024
The cumulative accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) historically has resulted in the current problem of global warming. This is further compounded by developed nations, therefore, to fill this gap enhanced global actions are decided. Considering Country’s development need, available resources, government boost for agriculture, A holistic approach for 4W PVs is taken considering well to wheel emissions, as there are other ways to reduce tank to wheel emissions but may not be very effective for overall country’s GHG reduction. Major emissions in vehicle use are calculated based on Carbon intensity of various fuels & optimum pathway for Indian scenario is prepared & discussed in the paper considering all aspects CO2 reduction, development & motorization need. This paper explains multiple pathways for Passenger Vehicle (PV) Sector to be considered to meet country’s GHG needs
Sarna, Nishant, Jaiswal, Harsh, Rani, Abha, Dwivedi, Vipin, Vashisth, Ajay, Bhat, Anoop, Aggarwal, Tarun
Technical Paper
Sustainable Storage & Transition from CNG to Hydrogen2024-28-012812/05/2024
As the world becomes more environmentally conscious, a sustainable transition from Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) to a hydrogen economy is desirable. Hydrogen is a clean and abundant fuel that has the potential to replace fossil fuels and eliminate greenhouse gas emissions. This paper analyses the status of the hydrogen economy and the policies and incentives that government is implementing to promote its adoption, storage, dispensing and usage. The feasibility of a transition from CNG to a hydrogen economy through HCNG and the challenges that need to be overcome are explored. The paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of CNG, HCNG and hydrogen and compares the fuels in terms of energy efficiency, infrastructure requirements and environmental impact. Efforts have been made to develop Hydrogen storage cylinder (Type IV) to store hydrogen gas at high pressures, typically around 350 to 700 bar (5,000 to 10,000 psi), to ensure a sufficient range for the vehicle and ensure no risk
Vora, Kamalkishore Chhaganlal, Parasumanna, Ajeet Babu Kumar, Shembekar, Prashant Sharad
Technical Paper
Energy Efficiency Evaluation of a Hybrid Electric Tractor-Semi-Trailer Prototype2024-01-431911/05/2024
The objective of the project was to evaluate the energy efficiency of a hybrid electric tractor-semi-trailer combination prototype. The prototype was developed for log hauling application by integrating an existing tractor with an electric semi-trailer to improve fuel consumption and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. One of the conventional axles of the quad axle semi-trailer was replaced with a drive axle powered by an electric motor. Tests were conducted on a 105 km test route with a maximum difference in elevation of 355 m, including a hilly section with a length of 89 km. The results indicated fuel savings ranging from 10.5% to 14% per test run, with an average fuel savings of 12% when the electric drive axle was engaged. The hybrid electric tractor semi-trailer consumed 17.5% less fuel up-hill and 9.4% less down-hill. Throughout each test run, the battery’s state of charge fluctuated, averaging between 88% at the start and 52% at the end. Prior to each run, the batteries were
Surcel, Marius-Dorin, Mercier, Steve, Bonsi, Adime Kofi
Technical Paper
Understanding Energy Footprints of the Existing School Bus Fleets - A Case Study2024-01-433511/05/2024
Vehicle electrification has gained prominence in various industries and offers sustainability opportunities, especially in the context of heavy-duty vehicles such as school buses. Despite the prevalence of conventional diesel school buses (CDSB), the adoption of electric school bus (ESB) and other eco-friendly alternatives is increasing. In the United States alone, there has been a notable increase in the adoption of ESBs, indicating substantial growth. The electrification of school buses not only promises energy savings, but also offers health benefits to children, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and environmentally friendly transportation practices, aligned with broader eco-friendly initiatives. This paper investigates the potential for energy savings and reduction in environmental footprint through electrification of school buses in the Columbus, OH area. Analyzing current bus routes and road terrain data allows one to estimate energy demand and environmental impact, accounting
Moon, Joon, Hanif, Athar, Ahmed, Qadeer
Technical Paper
Efficiency Improvement in a 48-Volt Mild Hybrid Vehicle Using Rankine Cycle Waste Heat Recovery2024-01-431711/05/2024
The automotive industry faces significant obstacles in its efforts to improve fuel economy and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Current conventional automotive powertrain systems are approaching their technical limits and will not be able to meet future carbon dioxide emission targets as defined by the tank-to-wheel benchmark test. As automakers transition to low-carbon transportation solutions through electrification, there are significant challenges in managing energy and improving overall vehicle efficiency, particularly in real-world driving scenarios. While electrification offers a promising path to low-carbon transportation, it also presents significant challenges in terms of energy management and vehicle efficiency, particularly in real-world scenarios. Battery electric vehicles have a favorable tank-to-wheel balance but are constrained by limited range due to the low battery energy density inherent in their technology. This limitation has led to the development of hybrid
Kraljevic, Ivica, Spicher, Ulrich
Technical Paper
Operation of a Compression-Ignition Kerosene Aviation Engine with Sustainable Aviation Fuel: An Experimental Study2024-01-600510/28/2024
The aviation industry is undergoing environmental scrutiny due to its significant greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) are a vital solution for reducing carbon emissions and pollutants, aligning with global efforts for carbon-neutral aviation growth. SAFs can be produced via multiple production routes from different feedstock, resulting in significantly different physical and chemical fuel properties. Their suitability in a compression-ignition (CI) aircraft engine was evaluated through test bench investigations at TU Wien - Institute of Powertrain and Automotive Technology in partnership with Austro Engine. ASTM D7566-certified fuels like Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO), Fischer–Tropsch–Kerosene (FTK) or Alcohol to Jet (AtJ), but also an oxygen containing biodiesel have been tested extensively. Gaseous emissions, soot emissions, indication measurement data, efficiencies, and the like were acquired and comprehensively analyzed for engine operation with different
Kleissner, Florian, Hofmann, Peter
Technical Paper
Advancing Automotive Light-weighting: Material–Process–Microstructure–Performance (MP2) Relationships of Supercritical Foam Injection of PP–Graphene Nanocomposite Foams and Over-molding13-05-03-001910/23/2024
Vehicle light-weighting constitutes a critical component in the automotive sector’s drive to improve fuel economy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Among the various options for lightweight materials, thermoplastic foams are distinguished by their durability, low weight, and environmental sustainability. This study explores the manufacturing of novel graphene-filled polypropylene (PP) foam, employing supercritical nitrogen as an eco-friendly substitute instead of conventional chemical foaming agents, and investigated the role of over-molding a solid skin over a foamed core on the flexural strength of the molded component. Our approach is broken down into four distinct investigations—Study I investigated the effect of different graphene content by weight percentage (wt.%), namely 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%, on flexural properties and foam morphology obtained for 15 wt.% reduction of the PP thermoplastic, thereby helping identify an optimum graphene loading wt.%. Study II broadened the wt
Pradeep, Sai Aditya, Deshpande, Amit Makarand, Shah, Bhavik, Khan, Saida, Farahani, Saeed, Sternberg, James, Li, Gang, Pilla, Srikanth
Journal Article
Decarbonizing Aerial Inspection with a Hydrogen-Powered AirshipTBMG-5184110/16/2024
Pipeline inspection is a crucial aspect of maintaining the integrity, safety, and reliability of the planet’s energy infrastructure. However, due to cost and scale challenges, infrastructure operators struggle to conduct accurate, large-scale inspections. A French startup, HyLight, offers a solution to precisely detect issues on the infrastructure, such as methane leaks on pipelines and defects on power lines at an industrial scale, without emitting greenhouse gases
Magazine Article
Development of a Novel Correlation for Laminar Burning Velocity in Iso-Octane and Hydrogen Blends04-18-01-000610/03/2024
Global warming has intensified environmental challenges such as more intense heat waves due to the accumulation of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide (CO2), which is heavily produced in power generation and transportation sectors, traps heat and raises the Earth’s temperature. Significant measures must be taken to reduce its production and impact on our environment. Hydrogen (H2) enrichment is a promising technology that enables higher thermal efficiencies and lower exhaust emissions. However, various parameters need to be optimized for internal combustion engines (ICE), which increases experimental and computational costs. The main goal of this work is to offer a reliable correlation that can be used as an input parameter for turbulent combustion models to enhance predictions and lower the cost of running simulations. Thus, the laminar burning velocity (LBV) of binary fuel mixtures is investigated numerically over a wide range of initial conditions (300–600 K and 1–11 atm) and
Almansour, Bader
Journal Article
Hydrogen Engine Development toward Performance Parity with Conventional Fuel-Type Engines While Ensuring Ultralow Tailpipe Emissions03-17-08-006109/25/2024
The societies around the world remain far from meeting the agreed primary goal outlined under the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change: reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to keep global average temperature rise to well below 20°C by 2100 and making every effort to stay underneath of a 1.5°C elevation. In 2020 direct tailpipe emissions from transport represented around 8 GtCO2eq, or nearly 15% of total emissions. This number increases to just under 10 GtCO2eq when indirect emissions from electricity and fuel supply are added, for a total share of roughly 18%. Following the current trend, direct and indirect emissions in transport could reach above 11 GtCO2eq by 2050. Roughly 76% of transport emissions are related to land-based passenger and freight road transport. Emissions from aviation and shipping account for the remaining 24% of 2020 emissions. Hydrogen (H2) is in this scenario considered to play a key role as a carbon-free and versatile energy carrier. Combustion of hydrogen
Koerfer, Thomas, Durand, Thomas, Virnich, Lukas
Journal Article
Design and Development of a Green Mobile Air Conditioning System for Electric Vehicles2024-28-010809/19/2024
Electric Vehicles (EVs) have rapidly grown as a means for clean mobility, as they zero down tail pipe emission of greenhouse gases. Additionally, greenhouse gases such as Hydro-Fluoro-Carbon (HFCs) based refrigerants used in Mobile Air-Conditioning (MAC) are under global scrutiny for their high Global Warming Potential (GWP). To prevent earth environment to pass the climate tipping point that will be irreversible within human capacity, actions such as rapid phase down of high GWP rated HFCs under Kigali Amendment to Montreal Protocol are enacted. India being amongst signatory nations is now working to fast track phase-down use of high GWP refrigerant and transit to low GWP refrigerant options. Nearly half of national HFCs use and emissions are for manufacture and service MAC. Vehicle OEMs supplying to markets in developing countries (e.g. European nation and non-Article 5 Parties) have already phased out HFC-134a (GWP=1400) through alternate refrigerant solutions. The work presented
Maurya, Anurag, Venu, Santosh, Kapoor, Sangeet, Khan, Farhan
Technical Paper
Active Management of Energy Source in a Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Considering Air Contaminants along the Route2024-28-005009/19/2024
One of the major goals of the automotive industry is to improve vehicular fuel efficiency and performance with much lesser percentages of harmful tailpipe emissions. One of the major technologies includes fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV). Fuel cell electric vehicle can positively affect the transportation industry with regards to increase in the greenhouse gas emission, air pollution. A proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell that is widely used in commercial vehicles takes hydrogen and oxygen to generate the electricity. Hydrogen stored either in liquid or compressed gas, is supplied from anode end and oxygen from atmosphere is supplied from cathode end. The atmospheric air, which enters fuel cell, also contains pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), Sulphur oxides (SOx), carbon monoxides and dioxides (CO, CO2), methane, ammonia etc. Operation of fuel cell in a geographic region, where the concentration of pollutants mentioned is significant leads to adsorption on the catalysts
Bhat, Adithya, Shah, Saurabh, Choubey, Ayush, Barik, Madhusmita, Mallappanavar, Babu, Prasad P, Shilpa
Technical Paper
Items per page:
1 – 50 of 1158