Browse Topic: Batteries

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Aerodynamic analysis is a primary requirement in the development of electric scooters to predict the impact of air flow around the vehicle on critical performance parameters including the overall range, vehicle stability due to wind loads, air cooling of electric motor and battery. Any new design of vehicle requires an aerodynamic evaluation to estimate the variations in drag forces with speed. It is prohibitively expensive and time consuming to perform full-scale model wind tunnel tests on each variant of the vehicle configuration for wide range of driving scenarios. Physics-based 3D simulation is the preferred approach in the present context and the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for such cases has been well understood and established. Although only the external shape changes make a difference to external aerodynamics, sometimes even a small variation in shape could trigger unwanted flow behavior leading to large drag forces, or enhance the vehicle performance by reducing
Balachandran, KarthikDas, AlokShinde, Pranav
Since the inception of battery driven electric vehicles in the automotive world, there has been a constant challenge in maximizing the range of an electric vehicles through various means including battery technology, vehicle weight optimization, low drag coefficients etc. The tires being a viscoelastic composite material have now become a vital to the range performance of an EV. The rolling resistance of a tire is now become a hotter topic than ever. The rolling resistance coefficient (RRC) is the measure of energy loss during rolling due to viscoelastic dissipation in the tire. The viscous dissipation in tire arises due to hysteresis in the various components of a tire including tread, sidewall, inner liner, apex etc rubber compounds. The internal friction between layers of body ply, steel belts and tread crown ply also contribute to the internal heat generation. Therefore, the development of ultra-low RRC tires is a serious challenge for tire engineers. Nevertheless, the recent
Mishra, NitishSingh, Ram Krishnan
A lightning strike during raining season causes significant risks to automobiles, especially modern vehicles mostly dependent on electronic systems. Lightning can cause severe damage to electronic control unit that control the vehicle functions such as engine management, electrical circuits with sensors, braking systems, and safety features. Therefore, this research work focused for developing new electrical polymers with better conductive properties that would create a path for lightning to travel without damaging it. In-situ chemical oxidative polymerization was used to develop a new series of functional electroactive nanocomposites based on silver nanoparticles embedded poly (aniline-co-3-chloroaniline) matrix. Here we would suggest these electroactive polymers can be widely used as additive in paint manufacturing as special coatings in automobiles industry. Because of the internal chemical bonds and internal structure of these materials acts as a semiconducting nature, hence they
Pachanoor, VijayanandMoorthi, Bharathiraja
The traction for zero emission vehicles in the transportation industry is creating a focus on Battery Electric vehicles (BEV) as one of the potential alternate powertrain sources. To operate BEV safely and efficiently battery operating conditions and health is of utmost importance. Battery management system (BMS) controller is needed for optimized and safe operation of high voltage (HV) battery. For correct behavior of BMS, accuracy of state of charge (SoC) estimation is important. SoC is an important and decisive factor for deciding operating limits such as current limits, voltage limits and battery operational range (charge-discharge interval). Inaccurate SoC estimation can accelerate battery aging and cause damage to it. The current state of art deploys coulomb counting technique for SoC calculation, this approach encounters challenges like sensor noises and initial SoC error (carried from the previous charge-discharge cycle). This paper mainly focuses on exploring various
Kumar, RamanAHMAD, MD SAIFChalla, KrishnaRanjan, AshishBayya, Madhuri
Heavy-duty vehicles, particularly those towing higher weights, require a continuous/secondary braking system. While conventional vehicles employ Retarder or Engine brake systems, electric vehicles utilize recuperation for continuous braking. In a state where HV Battery is at 100% of SOC, recuperated energy from vehicle operation is passed on to HPR and it converts electrical energy into waste heat energy. This study focuses on identification of routes which are critical for High Power Brake Resistors (HPRs), by analyzing the elevation data of existing charging stations, the route’s slope distribution, and the vehicle’s battery SOC. This research ultimately suggests a method to identify HPR critical vehicle operational routes which can be useful for energy efficient route planning algorithms, leading to significant cost savings for customers and contributing to environmental sustainability
Thakur, ShivamSalunke, OmkarAmbuskar, MandarPandey, Lokesh
In light of the growing demand for Electric vehicles (EVs) as a sustainable mode of transportation, it becomes essential to understand the effect of various abuse conditions that batteries undergo. Vibrational abuse is a significant condition experienced by batteries in operation. Vibrations caused by road roughness, acceleration inertia, and other factors can affect key performance indicators such as cycle life, capacity retention, and safety. These cells undergo various chemical and mechanical reactions over time, leading to the degradation of components like the anode, cathode, electrolyte, separator, and current collector, resulting in reduced performance. Therefore, understanding battery degradation is important for managing system performance. This study is focused on a detailed analysis of Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) and Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) cells subjected to vibrational abuse. Vibration testing was carried as per International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC
Manwatkar, Asmita AshokPandit, Sachin PrabhakarSantosh Jambhale, MedhaMahagaonkar, Nitin
During the development of E-Driveline, it observed that loading failure encountered with On-highway vehicle’s E-Drivelines has increased in comparison with traditional driveline. The major cause of these failures is motor and battery reaction loads acting on driveline in electric vehicles. The main source of load generation is acute dynamic reaction coming from road conditions i.e., bumps, potholes, ditch, uneven surfaces, and it transferred to motor or batteries through the E-Driveline. The uneven distribution of motor and battery loads in vehicle will amplify the dynamic reactions which may lead to severe failures. It will be useful if we predict the dynamic loads in early design and simulation stage for accurate solution. This work is based on development of multi body dynamic modeling and simulation approach to predict loads coming on to E-Driveline due to road conditions and correlate it with test setup of actual vehicle running on these road conditions. After the correlation
Deshmukh, ShardulNikam, Vinod
The advent of electric vehicles has increased the complexity of air conditioning systems in vehicles which now must maintain the safety and comfort of occupants while ensuring that the high voltage battery temperature is kept within safe limits. This new task is critical due to the influence of the cell and battery pack temperature on the efficiency. Moreover, high temperatures within the battery pack can lead to undesirable effects such as degradation and thermal runaway. Classical solutions to this problem include larger air conditioning components to support worst case scenario conditions where the cooling request from the battery and the cabin happen at the same time. In such conditions, for the safety of the battery, the cooling request is assigned to battery system which may cause discomfort to the passengers due the significant temperature increase in the cabin during such events. The probability of such events happening is certainly dependent on the weather conditions but in
Palacio Torralba, JavierKulkarni, Shridhar DilipraoShah, GeetJaybhay, SambhajiKapoor, SangeetLocks, Olaf
Anode material, responsible for the critical storage and release of lithium ions during charge and discharge cycles, holds paramount importance. By strategically altering the material design and composition of the current graphite, researchers aim to significantly improve fast charging capabilities, energy density, cycling stability and overall electrochemical kinetics within Lithium ion battery. Anode materials operate through three primary mechanisms: insertion/de-insertion that is allowing for reversible lithium ion accommodation within the host structure; alloying, where lithium ions form chemical bonds with the anode material; and conversion reactions, involving the creation of new phases during charge/discharge cycles. This review delves into a captivating array of advanced anode materials with the potential to surpass the limitations of traditional graphite. Carbon-based nanomaterials like graphene and its derivative, reduced graphene oxide, offer exceptional conductivity and
Borkar, ShwetaNahalde, SujayRuban J S, AlwinMore, Hemant
Recently, there has been a growing emphasis on Thermal Management Systems (TMS) for Lithium-ion battery packs due to safety concerns related to fire risks when temperatures exceed operating limits. Elevated temperatures accelerate electrochemical reactions, leading to cell degradation and reduced electronic system performance. These conditions can cause localized hotspots and hinder heat dissipation, increasing the risk of thermal runaway due to high temperatures, flammable gases, and heat-producing reactions. To tackle these issues, many automotive manufacturers employ indirect liquid cooling techniques to maintain battery pack and electronic system temperatures within safe limits. Engineered nanofluids, particularly those containing multi-nanoparticles dispersed in water and ethylene glycol, are being explored to enhance electrical safety in case of accidental exposure to electrical systems in EVs. This paper focuses on the experimental characterization of nanofluid containing
Nahalde, SujayHonrao, GauravMore, Hemant
Electric vehicles are regarded to be the most effective way to lower emissions of greenhouse gases from the transportation industry. Lithium-ion batteries are rechargeable and ideally suited for vehicle electrification due to their high specific energy and energy density in comparison to other batteries. Electric vehicle performance greatly depends on the efficient operation of lithium-ion battery. Battery thermal management plays a crucial role in ensuring optimum vehicle operation. Heat dissipation from the battery should be dealt with, for safe operation and to prolong the battery life cycle. To achieve the battery’s optimal temperature, an efficient cooling system should be established. The battery cooling plate is an essential component that is necessary for heat transfer from the battery pack to the coolant. Five different battery cooling plates with linear dimple, staggered dimple, straight channel, wave channel and splitter channel are modeled for computational fluid dynamics
K, MuthukrishnanS, SaikrishnaK, Keshavbalaje
Electric Vehicles use Li-ion batteries due to their high energy and power densities. Performance of Li-ion cell is sensitive to temperature. Temperature control of these batteries becomes very important to provide safety and performance under different working conditions. This paper review different integrated thermal management system developed for Electric Vehicles. integrated thermal management content. Battery thermal management, Cabin thermal management and Electric drive thermal management. These systems share some common objectives and common parts. Integration of these systems will help to optimize the number of components in the Electric Vehicles thermal management system. The integrated thermal management system also helps to optimize the weight and use of waste heat to heat the cabin or battery. This will help in optimization of energy consumed by the thermal management system and range improvement. Integrating different systems which content refrigerant and coolant circuit
Mhaske, Pramodkumar Chimaji
The transition from Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) Vehicles to Electric Vehicles (EVs) has catalyzed significant advancements in battery technology, prioritizing safer and more reliable energy storage solutions. Although Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) batteries are recognized for their safety, they rely on critical and market-volatile elements such as copper, lithium, and graphite. To address these challenges, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as sustainable alternatives that are particularly suited for low-speed EVs. Ensuring the seamless integration of SIBs into EV battery packs necessitates preparedness for the rapid evolution of SIB technology. Model-based approaches, including Equivalent Circuit Models (ECMs), are crucial for developing advanced Battery Management Systems (BMSs) and State of Charge (SoC) estimation algorithms that enable precise battery control. This study comprehensively evaluates various order Resistance-Capacitance (RC) ECM configurations to accurately
Ns, Farhan Ahamed HameedGupta, ShubhamJha, Kaushal
Electrified powertrain is the essential need to meet the C02 and NOX emissions compliance. Thereby focus of automotive industry is shifting towards to Electric Vehicle (EV). Thermal Runaway (TR) is still a big challenge to the safety of the EV. The major cause of TR is internal short-circuit of batteries under external mechanical abuse. When Anode and cathode of the battery comes in contact and short circuit happens. Internal short circuit is causing high amount of current flow and energy generation which leads to high increase in temperature. The approach that is used till date by OEMs is to protect the battery pack from structural damage during crash resulting into overdesigning of the vehicle. In this paper, detailed FE modeling of the battery system is considered for evaluating internal short circuit and TR. Solid Randle circuit is used for Multiphysics coupling simulation in Ls-dyna. Solid Randle circuits solves this Multiphysics and derives these electrical and thermal parameters
Jain, TriptiBonala, SastryDangare, Anand
The development and implementation of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, particularly in Automotive applications, requires substantial diagnostic and practical modelling efforts to fully understand the electrical and thermal characteristics in the batteries across various operating conditions. Electrical thermal modelling prompts the understanding of the battery electrical characteristics along with the thermal behavior beyond what is possible from experiments, and it provides a basis for exploring electrical and thermal management control strategies for batteries in electric vehicles (EVs). For replicating the electrical behavior of Li-ion batteries under varied operating situations, an equivalent circuit model (ECM) must be created. This model aids in forecasting the transient distribution of electrical and thermal properties at various operating states as well as estimating heat generation within the battery pack. The paper focus in the following application areas: An equivalent
Gupta, Gaurav
The Battery Management System (BMS) plays a vital role in managing the energy present in the high voltage battery pack of electric vehicles. The wired battery management system is commonly used in automotive applications. The known difficulties with the wired battery management system includes the intricate wiring harness, wiring failures, system scalability and high implementation costs. To mitigate the above challenges, the wireless battery management system is proposed. Several wireless protocols, including BLE, Zigbee, and 2.4GHz proprietary protocol, are being examined for wireless BMS. However, there are technical difficulties with these protocols to be applied in the battery pack environment. This research paper looks at the Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) communication protocol for wireless BMS, considering UWB’s efficiency low latency and robust Radio Frequency (RF) performance. The UWB protocol is used to communicate between the Cell Supervisory Circuit (CSC) and the Battery Management
Dannana, Arun KumarSubbiah Subbulakshmi, NallaperumalChandirasekaran, RamachandranBeemarajan, Mutharasu
A BDT (Battery digital Twin) is a virtual representation of a vehicle's physical battery system, combining electrochemical and machine learning models to provide insights into key battery parameters like State of Charge (SOC), State of Health (SOH), Internal Resistance (IR), and Remaining Useful Life (RUL). This BDT model is calibrated using cell testing throughout its degradation process up to 80% SOH, alongside vehicle data for accurate predictions under diverse conditions. By continuously monitoring the battery under various operating scenarios, the BDT aids in effective battery management, identifying cells that degrade more quickly and the likely causes of this degradation. Current and temperature profiles offer insights into battery usage patterns. The BDT aggregates fleet-wide parameters and analyzes individual cell performance, providing critical information on SOC, SOH, IR, RUL, and voltage. Additionally, the BDT includes prognostic capabilities to alert users of potential
Sasi Kiran, TalabhaktulaKondhare, ManishPatil, SuyogNath, SubhrajyotiCH, Sri RamTank, PrabhuSarkar, Prasanta
The market for battery-fitted electric cars continues to experience robust growth globally as well as in Indian market. During the charging process heat generation happen because of internal resistance of the battery cells and electrical connectors. Making an efficient battery cooling system is vital for all electric vehicles. One common cause of battery overheating is due to low cooling efficiency. So this research highlights the importance of scientifically designing coolant circuits and selecting appropriate coolant hose materials. Currently, EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer) material is widely used for battery cooling hoses due to its design Flexibility, Compatibility with a 50:50 glycol-water mixture and Resistance to thermal and ozone cracking [1]. This study benchmarks EPDM hose technical properties with leading EV battery cooling plastic hose materials, such as mono layer polyamide, mono layer TPVs (thermoplastic vulcanizates) and PA PP two layer hose. Comparative
Murugesan, Annarajan
Electrification in off-highway vehicles faces several challenges due to the unique requirements and operational features of heavy-duty applications. Key challenges include power demand, limited range, weight, size, and the costs associated with electrification. Lithium-based batteries have limited capacity and range, and heavy-duty operations can rapidly drain the battery's power. Managing battery power for these operations requires careful planning and optimization of the vehicle's energy consumption to ensure efficient utilization of the battery's capacity. In electric off-highway vehicles, the remaining battery discharge run-time is closely related to the management of operational applications in the field. The utilization of battery power for heavy operations can be enhanced by estimating battery run-time and run distance during operation, which can then be displayed on the vehicle’s display unit. This facilitates the operator's understanding of how much longer the battery can
Narwade, SupriyaSarda, Tejal
In recent years, Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) has become a popular choice for Li-ion battery (LIB) chemistry in Electric Vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems (ESS) due to its safety, long lifecycle, absence of cobalt and nickel, and reliance on common raw materials, which mitigates supply chain challenges. State-of-charge (SoC) is a crucial parameter for optimal and safe battery operation. With advancements in battery technology, there is an increasing need to develop and refine existing estimation techniques for accurately determining critical battery parameters like SoC. LFP batteries' flat voltage characteristics over a wide SoC range challenge traditional SoC estimation algorithms, leading to less accurate estimations. To address these challenges, this study proposes EKF and PF-based SoC estimation algorithms for LFP batteries. A second-order RC Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) was used as the dynamic battery model, with model parameters varying as a function of SoC and
Ns, Farhan Ahamed HameedJha, KaushalShankar Ram, C S
Electric vehicles (EVs) represent a pivotal shift in the automotive industry, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. Central to their operation are lithium-ion batteries, which are favoured for their high energy density and long lifespan. Ensuring thermal stability during battery pack operation is crucial for both safety and efficiency. To enhance heat transfer within the battery pack, various encapsulants are employed. This study utilizes simulation to investigate the thermal performance of a 3.072kWh, 51.2V, 60Ah battery pack composed of 6Ah 32700 LFP cells, encapsulated with commercially available materials such as polyurethane (PU) foam, silicone, and silicone-modified epoxy under 1C and 2C discharge conditions. The findings show that, at 1C and 2C discharge rates, respectively, the battery pack potted with silicone attains a maximum temperature that is 2.57°C and 3.84°C lower than the pack simulated with air. Additionally, silicone-modified
Somarajupalli, ShanmukhadevVedantam, SrikanthGupta, ShubhamJha, Kaushal Kumar
As the demand for electric vehicles continues to surge, ensuring the longevity and efficiency of EV batteries becomes critical. The state of health (SoH) of these batteries serves as a critical metric, influenced by various factors such as State of Energy (SoE) and State of Power (SoP). Understanding the dynamics of EV battery health is essential for optimising performance and extending lifespan. The impedance values of battery cells (R and C values) serve as fundamental parameters influencing SoE and SoP, inevitably degrading over time due to factors such as usage at varying C-rates, temperature fluctuations, and the number of charge cycles. This paper introduces an innovative approach for estimating the State of Health (SoH) of a battery. The charging algorithm is tailored to support the SoH algorithm, with modifications enabling the estimation of R & C parameters periodically throughout charging cycles, across a range of State of Charge (SoC) levels and various temperatures. These R
Rajawat, Shiv PratapSoni, LokeshBadiger, KartikSankla, Karan
Conventional Constant Current- Constant voltage (CC-CV) based charging techniques initially consist of Constant Current (CC) phase for quick charging of the battery till it reaches the safety voltage limit wherein the Constant Voltage (CV) phase starts. Then the CV phase of the charging ensures safe charging of the battery till it is fully charged but it takes comparatively a long duration of time to the amount of charge pumped into the battery. Adoption of efficient charging algorithms are crucial for optimising the charging time, reducing the range anxiety and improving the long-term health of electric vehicle (EV) batteries. This paper proposes an innovative charging algorithm that optimises the transition from Constant Current (CC) to Constant Voltage (CV) charging stages utilising a multivariable function based on the real-time data of State-of-Charge (SoC), temperature, State-of-Health (SoH) and battery impedance parameters. By dynamically adjusting the charging parameters based
Rajawat, Shiv PratapMoorthi, SathiyaSoni, LokeshJain, Swati
The lithium-ion battery is the most common type of batteries in modern electric vehicles. During vehicle operation and battery charging, the temperature of the battery cells increases. The temperature of any battery must be controlled and maintained within a specified range to ensure maximum efficiency. Considering the overall thermal effect on the battery, a battery cooling system is of great importance in electric vehicles to maintain the temperature of the battery cells inside the battery pack. There are different types of systems for battery cooling, out of which the water cooled systems are very popular. They use a mixture of water and ethylene glycol to absorb heat from the battery cells. The coolant circulates through the tubes or cold plates surrounded by the cells to absorb the heat. The paper involves the study of variation on temperature and pressure drop including overall thermal performance on the batteries by changing the internal structure. The temperature of battery
Parayil, PaulsonAhmad, TaufeeqDagar, AakashGoel, Arunkumar
Lithium-ion batteries are one of the prominent energy storage devices that can store electrical energy in the form of chemical energy and release it as required. During their operation, Lithium-ion batteries generate heat that needs to be removed to ensure their optimum performance and safety. A prior knowledge of heat generation rates can help design efficient thermal management systems. Numerical models are quite successful in estimating the heat generation inside Lithium-ion cells. In the present study, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is developed to estimate the heat generation and temperature distribution within a 30 Ah Prismatic Lithium-ion cell using two modelling approaches namely, the Newman, Tiedemann, Gu, and Kim (NTGK) model and the Pseudo 2-Dimensional (P2D) model. The NTGK model, known for its robust representation of electrochemical and thermal aspects is evaluated against the P2D model while providing a detailed explanation of the battery's internal states
M, AbhishekNapa, NagarajuAgrawal, Manish KumarTamma, BhaskarGarg, Akhil
As the electrification of transportation continues to gain momentum, the thermal management of onboard batteries remains a critical aspect to ensure optimal performance, efficiency, and longevity. To address this challenge, a standalone cooling system with a cooling capacity has been developed, specifically tailored for electric buses. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the performance comparison between simulation and testing data for a standalone battery cooling system designed for electric bus applications. The study encompasses two primary components: numerical simulation using MATLAB Simulink and experimental testing. In the experimental phase, rigorous tests were conducted in a laboratory environment to evaluate the system's cooling performance under various operating conditions. Key metrics such as cooling capacity, temperature profile, and power consumption were measured and recorded to assess the system's effectiveness. A detailed numerical simulation model was
Suman, SaurabhKushwah, Yogendra SinghShukla, Ankit
Today's battery management systems include cloud-based predictive analytics technologies. When the first data is sent to the cloud, battery digital twin models begin to run. This allows for the prediction of critical parameters such as state of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH), remaining useful life (RUL), and the possibility of thermal runaway events. The battery and the automobile are dynamic systems that must be monitored in real time. However, relying only on cloud-based computations adds significant latency to time-sensitive procedures such as thermal runaway monitoring. Because automobiles operate in various areas throughout the intended path of travel, internet connectivity varies, resulting in a delay in data delivery to the cloud. As a result, the inherent lag in data transfer between the cloud and cars challenges the present deployment of cloud-based real-time monitoring solutions. This study proposes applying a thermal runaway model on edge devices as a strategy to reduce
Sarkar, PrasantaPardeshi, RutujaKharwandikar, AnandKondhare, Manish
The different energy policies and legislations across the globe, unions, or country wise are the key influencer for evaluation of Transport Industry in both advancement of Technologies and Ecosystem development. Accordingly, European Climate law is focusing to achieve net zero greenhouse (or carbon neutral) gas emissions for EU (European Union) countries by 2050. Similarly in India, National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM) by Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is aiming for significant decarbonization and to become market leader in Green Hydrogen Transition. Hydrogen is potential fuel for H2-FCEV (Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric vehicle) and H2-ICE (Hydrogen -Internal combustion Engine) due to its carbon free molecule and other properties. This review paper is focusing on comprehensive study of different aspects of H2- ICE vehicle. Key study areas are mainly Hydrogen (H2) as fuel, Hydrogen Storage System (HSS), H2-ICEs, Hydrogen storge pressure and H2-ICE vehicle architecture. The
Biswas, SanjoyNaik, Amit KumarKashyap, Krishna
ABSTRACT Predictive analysis of vehicle electrical systems is achievable by combining condition based maintenance (CBM) techniques and testing for statistical significance (TSS). When paired together, these two fundamentally sound sciences quantify the state of health (SOH) for batteries, alternators, starters, and electrical systems. The use of a communication protocol such as SAE J1939 allows for scheduling maintenance based on condition and not a traditional time schedule
Rini, GuyZachos, Mark
WHY DO WE NEED SIMULATIONS? This paper is intended to provide a broad presentation of the simulation techniques focusing on transmission testing touching a bit on power train testing. Often, we do not have the engine or vehicle to run live proving ground tests on the transmission. By simulating the vehicle and engine, we reduce the overall development time of a new transmission design. For HEV transmissions, the battery may not be available. However, the customer may want to run durability tests on the HEV motor and/or the electronic control module for the HEV motor. What-if scenarios that were created using software simulators can be verified on the test stand using the real transmission. NVH applications may prefer to use an electric motor for engine simulation to reduce the engine noise level in the test cell so transmission noise is more easily discernable
Johnson, Bryce
ABSTRACT As military vehicles expand in mission roles and in offensive and defensive weaponry, there is an ever-increasing demand for greater energy storage. Moreover, with the technological breakthroughs in Direct Energy Weapons and Active Protective Systems (e.g., high-energy laser and high-power microwave systems, especially for prevention of UAVs), there is a commensurate need for increased energy density military power supplies to provide electrification to these Next Generation Combat Vehicles (Lynx, Griffin III, and CV-90). Current lithiumion batteries for vehicles (e.g., 6T) have limited energy density (~100 Wh/kg), which are not sufficient for the high energy and power needs of military vehicles. Additionally, they typically use carbonate electrolytes which are extremely flammable. To address these issues, CRG developed a high specific energy (>225 Wh/kg) lithium ion battery (LIB) pouch cell that could be integrated into current military vehicle battery formats. This cell
Hondred, JohnHenslee, BrianThampan, TonyDing, YiToomey, LaurenceLess, Greg
ABSTRACT As new subsystems are integrated onto existing ground combat vehicle platforms for capability enhancement purposes, the demand for electrical power output increases. In many cases these enhancements exhaust the available output power reserves and leads to performance capability plateau for some of the existing power systems. This increased power demand may sometimes cause the vehicle’s generator to become fully loaded, causing any energy shortfalls to be covered by the battery storage system. When a high percentage of system power is routinely provided by the battery system without optimized battery management, the result is degraded battery capacity that leads to frequent battery replacement. This paper addresses specific limitations of ground combat vehicle power systems related to insufficient power output capacity and deficient battery management practices. Additionally, the paper will discuss concepts that enhance battery management capability and extend the operational
Palmer, JasonHamilton, GeorgeSmith, MichaelWright, Ronnie L.
ABSTRACT This paper describes the development of a Battery Management System (BMS) State of Charge/Health (SOC/SOH) algorithm that was developed and proven for three different lithium ion based cell chemistries (nanophosphate, lithium manganese oxide, lithium iron phosphate). In addition, a universal BMS architecture based on this algorithm was developed that can support other chemistries, capacities, and formats. Algorithm performance was compared to actual data in the laboratory environment and also to data from a lithium iron phosphate hybrid electric vehicle pack that was integrated with an XM1124 hybrid electric HMMWV operating in a vehicle environment under realistic conditions. The system demonstrated accuracy within 5% in a software upgradeable, low cost package
Pilvelait, BruceRentel, CarlosPlett, Gregory L.Marcel, MikeCarmen, Dave
ABSTRACT Path planning is critical for mission implementation in various robot platforms and autonomous combat vehicles. With the efforts of electrification, battery energy storage as power sources is an ideal solution for robots and autonomous combat vehicles to improve capability and survivability. However, the battery’s limited energy and limited instantaneous power capability could become limiting factors for a mission. The energy and power constraints are also affected by the environment, battery state of health (SOH), and state of charge (SOC) significantly; in the worst case, a well-tested mission profile could fail in the real world if all aspects of the battery are not considered. This paper presents a framework to model the battery’s capability to support a whole mission and specific tasks under various environments. This real-time battery model can be built into an intelligent battery management system to support system-level mission planning, real-time task selection
Nan, XiDong-O’Brien, JingYan, LiangLi, PengHundich, AlexSkalny, David
ABSTRACT In support of the Army’s Next Generation Combat Vehicle the Ground Vehicle Systems Center (GVSC) and UEC Electronics have been evaluating current technologies to develop and demonstrate the feasibility of a High Voltage Common Module (HVCM). In this paper the authors describe the process used to select the optimal cells, as well as a comparison of the different cooling options for the battery module. Citation: P. Stone, S. Lentijo, T. Thampan, and D. Wilson, “Selection of the Cell and Cooling Method for the Next Generation Combat Vehicle Common Battery,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 16-18, 2022
Stone, PhilipLentijo, SantiagoThampan, TonyWilson, David
ABSTRACT Rechargeable Li-ion batteries such as BB-2590 are critical energy storage devices used for military applications. While these devices can have energy densities exceeding 150 Wh/kg, this energy is difficult to fully access in pulsed and high power applications due to the relatively slow kinetics associated with their redox processes1. As the demands for power and energy increase in the battlefield soldiers to access to new power and energy sources rapidly. Energy efficiency and recharge rates are critical for maintaining and sustaining equipment and communications. Supercapacitors are a class of electrochemical energy-storage device that could complement batteries in hybrid energy storage systems for applications in military and transportation, and load-leveling or uninterruptible power supply. In terms of their specific energy and specific power, supercapacitors partially fill the gap between conventional capacitors and batteries. Accordingly, these devices can improve the
Alexander, LeslieChoi, SaeminSiegel, JasonThompson, Levi
ABSTRACT This paper presents a semi-empirical model for predicting capability and life span of small size Lithium ion battery packs. The model consists of a simple Battery Management System (BMS) model, an existing electro-thermal model as well as calendar and cycle aging models. In this work we aimed to realize both fast calculation and high flexibility by using a simplified thermal and cycle aging model with Rainflow method, a method usually used for evaluating material fatigue. This paper details the mathematical structure of the model. The methodology is applied to a LiCoO2/carbon BB-2590 type battery pack utilized for small Unmanned Ground Vehicles. Moreover, simulation results of a capability test of an on-board battery, a 10 year calendar life test and a cycle test with 500 charging and discharging cycles are shown
Takeda, YoichiSkalny, DavidZwally, JohnToomey, Laurence
ABSTRACT CAMX Power is developing Li-ion pouch cells and batteries based on its proprietary CAM-7® cathode material and commercially available lithium titanate (LTO) anode material to provide high power, high charging rate capability, long life, safety and configurational flexibility in military vehicle batteries. The CAM-7®/LTO technology can be discharged to 0 V with no loss in performance, has excellent tolerance for cell voltage reversal and cell overcharge as well as having excellent elevated-temperature storage stability, making it ideally suited for batteries that can be logistically managed with little or no maintenance or environmental controls. These same properties make CAM-7®/LTO technology well-suited for implementing in damage-tolerant, minimally managed, batteries that are structurally distributed and integrated in military vehicles
Ofer, DavidKaplan, DanielMenard, MarkYang, CelineDalton-Castor, SharonMcCoy, ChrisBarnett, BrianSriramulu, Suresh
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