Browse Topic: Battery management systems (BMS)

Items (216)
The increasing reliance on lithium-ion batteries in manufacturing necessitates advanced monitoring techniques to ensure their longevity and reliability. Cloud technology offers a solution by enabling real-time data collection, analysis, and accessibility, facilitating thorough monitoring and predictive maintenance. Digital twin technology, creating a virtual replica of the physical battery system, provides a platform for simulating real-world conditions and predicting potential issues before they arise. By integrating sensor data and historical usage patterns, the digital twin model can accurately predict battery degradation, aiding in timely maintenance strategies. This proactive approach enhances battery operational efficiency and extends lifespan, leading to cost savings and improved safety. The paper explores using cloud-based monitoring systems to enhance the health estimation and management of lithium-ion batteries. A comprehensive feasibility study on adopting battery digital
Zeeshan, MohammadAkre, Vineet
Due to energy competition and scarcity of natural gas resources in recent years, fossil fuels have been significantly replaced by renewable energy sources. Because of this, battery electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are getting adopted instead of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. The main component of electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles is the battery management system (BMS), which is necessary to ensure that the battery pack operates efficiently, reliably, and effectively. The battery should not degrade its performance by charging and discharging too much, which can lead to serious failures if the battery is left to its end of life. This paper aims to present a novel Machine learning-based battery health estimation algorithm by mitigating risks associated with real-time battery data. This study used proprietary data collected from nickel-cobalt-aluminum (NCA) chemistry battery cells in electric vehicles. Machine learning models are trained to
Joshi, UmitaMandhana, Abhishek
A power battery parameter acquisition device was designed and developed with STM32 as the core, featuring the functions of a battery management system (BMS) to ensure the safety and stability of the battery pack during operation. The device includes functions such as battery charge and discharge management, battery safety protection, and battery status monitoring, enabling real-time monitoring of cell parameters. The hardware design covers the power circuit, charge and discharge cycle circuit, battery acquisition circuit, communication module circuit, and single-cell balancing circuit. The software part completes the design and development of each functional module. This paper addresses issues in battery management systems, such as low accuracy in battery parameter acquisition, inconsistencies between individual cells, and weak BMS balancing capabilities. The developed acquisition device can collect parameters for 15 series-connected power batteries, and conduct sampling tests of cell
Ge, RenzhouDuan, Chendong
Thermal management system of electric vehicles (EVs) is critical for the vehicle's safety and stability. While maintaining the components within their optimal temperature ranges, it is also essential to reduce the energy consumption of thermal management system. Firstly, a kind of architecture for the integrated thermal management system (ITMS) is proposed, which can operate in multiple modes to meet various demands. Two typical operating modes for vehicle cooling in summer and heating in winter, which utilizes the residual heat from the electric drive system, are respectively introduced. The ITMS based on heat pump enables efficient heat transfer between different components. Subsequently, an ITMS model is developed, including subsystems such as the battery system, powertrain system, heat pump system and cabin system. The description of modeling process for each subsystem is provided in detail. The model is tested under world light vehicle test cycle (WLTC) condition of six different
Zhao, LuhaoTan, PiqiangYang, XiaomeiYao, ChaojieLiu, Xiang
This paper focuses on the development and validation of predictive models for battery management systems, specifically targeting State of Health (SOH) and State of Charge (SOC) estimation, as well as the design of a comprehensive Battery Management System (BMS). The study begins by establishing and evaluating SOH prediction models, employing both linear regression and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) algorithms. Comparative analysis is conducted to assess the prediction accuracy between Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) and LSTM, highlighting the superior performance of the LSTM algorithm in forecasting battery health. The second part of the paper addresses SOC estimation, outlining common methods and introducing an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) algorithm for real-time SOC prediction. The EKF model is constructed through three primary stages: the establishment of the observed signal section, the ECU section, and the algorithmic structure itself. Rigorous validation confirms the EKF model’s
Yuan, ChuoBao, ZhimingLi, WeizhuoLiu, ZezhengZhao, XuJiao, Kui
With increasing global attention on environmental issues and the greenhouse effect, electric vehicles (EVs) have become a focal point for sustainable transportation solutions. Lithium-ion batteries are integral to EVs due to their high energy density, elevated operating voltage, and long service life. However, their performance is highly influenced by factors such as ambient temperature, charge and discharge rates, and aging processes. To enhance the safety, reliability, and efficiency of lithium-ion battery systems, it is critical to develop a robust and advanced battery management system (BMS) that can monitor battery states accurately and in real-time. A key aspect of BMS design is the estimation and prediction of the battery's state of health (SOH). Accurately characterizing SOH during actual usage conditions is essential for optimal battery performance and longevity. This study investigates various SOH indicator extraction methods reported in the literature, including features
Long, TianfengShang, HuaqingLiu, XiaoqiZhang, PengchengYue, MeilingMeng, Jianwen
Accurate and reliable SOC estimation plays a vital role in the engineering application and development of LIBs. A multi-time scale joint algorithm combining FFRLS and AEKF is introduced in this paper. The FFRLS algorithm is employed for online parameter identification of a second-order resistance-capacitance ECM, while the AEKF algorithm estimates the SOC. To account for the time-varying nature of model parameters and SOC, different sampling periods are selected, enabling the parameter identification and SOC estimation processes to operate on distinct time scales. Experimental results demonstrate that, under constant current conditions at room temperature, the multi-time scale FFRLS-AEKF joint algorithm can maintain a high level of accuracy while reducing the computational burden, with MAE and RMSE values of 0.0111 and 0.0129, respectively. Simultaneously, a public data set is used to prove the application of the algorithm in complex operating conditions, and the computed results of
Liang, DanYang, BoLiu, BingLiu, ShuaiCao, Chang
In order to deploy renewable energy sources for balanced power generation and consumption, batteries are crucial. The large weight and significant drain on the energy efficiency of conventional batteries urge the development of structural batteries storing electrical energy in load-bearing structural components. With the current shift to a green economy and growing demand for batteries, it is increasingly important to find sustainable solutions for structural batteries as well. Sustainable structural batteries (SSBs) have strong attraction due to their lightweight, design flexibility, high energy efficiency, and reduced impact on the environment. Along with sustainability, these structural batteries increase volumetric energy density, resulting in a 20% increase in efficiency and incorporate energy storage capabilities with structural components, realizing the concept of massless energy storage. However, the significant problems in commercializing SSBs are associated with their
Kusekar, Sambhaji KashinathPirani, MahdiBirajdar, Vyankatesh DhanrajBorkar, TusharFarahani, Saeed
Fast chargers are necessary for the success of vehicle electrification. These devices can achieve a battery charge rate greater than 4C, significantly increasing the amount of heat generated by the battery. Additionally, the operating temperature of the storage device directly influences the device’s efficiency and lifespan. Given the importance of operation temperature, the Battery Management System (BMS) plays a key role in mitigating heat generation and degradation effects. Despite BMS optimizing battery operation under all possible conditions, the use of fast chargers in extremely hot and cold environments still lowers overall efficiency. In these two worst-case scenarios, the thermal system must manage the ideal charging temperature by consuming part of the energy supplied by the charger. The present work aims to evaluate the charging energy efficiency and time with fast charger utilization, considering the Brazil’s minimum and maximum temperatures registered in 2020. In order to
Pires, Rodrigo AlonsoPontes, Diego AugustoSouza, Rafael BarbosaOliveira, Matheus Leonardo AraújoRodrigues, Luiz Fernando AlvesFernandes, HederMaia, Thales Alexandre Carvalho
The traction for zero emission vehicles in the transportation industry is creating a focus on Battery Electric vehicles (BEV) as one of the potential alternate powertrain sources. To operate BEV safely and efficiently battery operating conditions and health is of utmost importance. Battery management system (BMS) controller is needed for optimized and safe operation of high voltage (HV) battery. For correct behavior of BMS, accuracy of state of charge (SoC) estimation is important. SoC is an important and decisive factor for deciding operating limits such as current limits, voltage limits and battery operational range (charge-discharge interval). Inaccurate SoC estimation can accelerate battery aging and cause damage to it. The current state of art deploys coulomb counting technique for SoC calculation, this approach encounters challenges like sensor noises and initial SoC error (carried from the previous charge-discharge cycle). This paper mainly focuses on exploring various
Kumar, RamanAHMAD, MD SAIFChalla, KrishnaRanjan, AshishBayya, Madhuri
The transition from Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) Vehicles to Electric Vehicles (EVs) has catalyzed significant advancements in battery technology, prioritizing safer and more reliable energy storage solutions. Although Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) batteries are recognized for their safety, they rely on critical and market-volatile elements such as copper, lithium, and graphite. To address these challenges, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as sustainable alternatives that are particularly suited for low-speed EVs. Ensuring the seamless integration of SIBs into EV battery packs necessitates preparedness for the rapid evolution of SIB technology. Model-based approaches, including Equivalent Circuit Models (ECMs), are crucial for developing advanced Battery Management Systems (BMSs) and State of Charge (SoC) estimation algorithms that enable precise battery control. This study comprehensively evaluates various order Resistance-Capacitance (RC) ECM configurations to accurately
Ns, Farhan Ahamed HameedGupta, ShubhamJha, Kaushal
The Battery Management System (BMS) plays a vital role in managing the energy present in the high voltage battery pack of electric vehicles. The wired battery management system is commonly used in automotive applications. The known difficulties with the wired battery management system includes the intricate wiring harness, wiring failures, system scalability and high implementation costs. To mitigate the above challenges, the wireless battery management system is proposed. Several wireless protocols, including BLE, Zigbee, and 2.4GHz proprietary protocol, are being examined for wireless BMS. However, there are technical difficulties with these protocols to be applied in the battery pack environment. This research paper looks at the Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) communication protocol for wireless BMS, considering UWB’s efficiency low latency and robust Radio Frequency (RF) performance. The UWB protocol is used to communicate between the Cell Supervisory Circuit (CSC) and the Battery Management
Dannana, Arun KumarSubbiah Subbulakshmi, NallaperumalChandirasekaran, RamachandranBeemarajan, Mutharasu
In recent years, Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) has become a popular choice for Li-ion battery (LIB) chemistry in Electric Vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems (ESS) due to its safety, long lifecycle, absence of cobalt and nickel, and reliance on common raw materials, which mitigates supply chain challenges. State-of-charge (SoC) is a crucial parameter for optimal and safe battery operation. With advancements in battery technology, there is an increasing need to develop and refine existing estimation techniques for accurately determining critical battery parameters like SoC. LFP batteries' flat voltage characteristics over a wide SoC range challenge traditional SoC estimation algorithms, leading to less accurate estimations. To address these challenges, this study proposes EKF and PF-based SoC estimation algorithms for LFP batteries. A second-order RC Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) was used as the dynamic battery model, with model parameters varying as a function of SoC and
Ns, Farhan Ahamed HameedJha, KaushalShankar Ram, C S
Today's battery management systems include cloud-based predictive analytics technologies. When the first data is sent to the cloud, battery digital twin models begin to run. This allows for the prediction of critical parameters such as state of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH), remaining useful life (RUL), and the possibility of thermal runaway events. The battery and the automobile are dynamic systems that must be monitored in real time. However, relying only on cloud-based computations adds significant latency to time-sensitive procedures such as thermal runaway monitoring. Because automobiles operate in various areas throughout the intended path of travel, internet connectivity varies, resulting in a delay in data delivery to the cloud. As a result, the inherent lag in data transfer between the cloud and cars challenges the present deployment of cloud-based real-time monitoring solutions. This study proposes applying a thermal runaway model on edge devices as a strategy to reduce
Sarkar, PrasantaPardeshi, RutujaKharwandikar, AnandKondhare, Manish
Conventional Constant Current- Constant voltage (CC-CV) based charging techniques initially consist of Constant Current (CC) phase for quick charging of the battery till it reaches the safety voltage limit wherein the Constant Voltage (CV) phase starts. Then the CV phase of the charging ensures safe charging of the battery till it is fully charged but it takes comparatively a long duration of time to the amount of charge pumped into the battery. Adoption of efficient charging algorithms are crucial for optimising the charging time, reducing the range anxiety and improving the long-term health of electric vehicle (EV) batteries. This paper proposes an innovative charging algorithm that optimises the transition from Constant Current (CC) to Constant Voltage (CV) charging stages utilising a multivariable function based on the real-time data of State-of-Charge (SoC), temperature, State-of-Health (SoH) and battery impedance parameters. By dynamically adjusting the charging parameters based
Rajawat, Shiv PratapMoorthi, SathiyaSoni, LokeshJain, Swati
In the realm of low-altitude flight power systems, such as electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL), ensuring the safety and optimal performance of batteries is of utmost importance. Lithium (Li) plating, a phenomenon that affects battery performance and safety, has garnered significant attention in recent years. This study investigates the intricate relationship between Li plating and the growth profile of cell thickness in Li-ion batteries. Previous research often overlooked this critical aspect, but our investigation reveals compelling insights. Notably, even during early stage of capacity fade (~ 5%), Li plating persists, leading to a remarkable final cell thickness growth exceeding 20% at an alarming 80% capacity fade. These findings suggest the potential of utilizing cell thickness growth as a novel criterion for qualifying and selecting cells, in addition to the conventional measure of capacity degradation. Monitoring the growth profile of cell thickness can enhance the
Zhang, JianZheng, Yiting
Electrical vertical take-off and landing vehicle (eVTOL) are more and more popular in future’s urban mobility. How to improve the reliability of the battery, is the key problem. Battery Management System (BMS) through the battery status monitoring, charging and discharging control, temperature management, fault diagnosis, battery equalisation and other core measures to improve the battery reliability and performance, of which battery equalisation technology plays a vital role. BMS manages batteries through battery status monitoring, charging and discharging control, temperature management, fault diagnosis, battery equalisation and other core measures to ensure the safety, reliability and performance of batteries. This paper analyses the inconsistency mechanism of batteries, introduces the classification of mainstream balancing circuits, describes the advantages and disadvantages of different types of balancing technologies, introduces the practical application scheme of passive
Feng, GuoZhang, XinfengLi, Hong DunYue, Han
This study leverages the temperature impact data obtained from the battery systems of airworthiness-certified fixed-wing electric aircraft to predict and correct the performance of eVTOL battery systems under various temperature conditions. Due to the lack of airworthiness-certified eVTOL models, it is challenging to directly test battery system parameters under temperature variations. However, using data from Ma Xin's team's production batteries tested on certified fixed-wing electric aircraft, we can accurately measure the effects of temperature changes. The capacity retention data at temperatures of -40°C, -20°C, -10°C, 0°C, 0°C, 25°C, 35°C, 45°C, 55°Care 78.14%, 83.3%, 84.1%, 88.1%, 92.3%, 100.0%, 102.0%, 103.9%, 104.6%. These quantified results provide a basis for modeling and experimental validation of eVTOL battery systems, ensuring their performance and safety across a wide range of temperatures. Although there are some research of battery system of eVtol in room temperature
Ma, XinDing, ShuitingPan, Yilun
Tracking of energy consumption has become more difficult as demand and value for energy have increased. In such a case, energy consumption should be monitored regularly, and the power consumption want to be reduced to ensure that the needy receive power promptly. Our objective is to identify the energy consumption of an electric vehicle from battery and track the daily usage of it. We have to send the data to both the user and provider. We have to optimize the power usage by using anomaly detection technique by implementing deep learning algorithms. Here we are going to employ a LSTM auto-encoder algorithm to detect anomalies in this case. Estimating the power requirements of diverse locations and detecting harmful actions are critical in a smart grid. The work of identifying aberrant power consumption data is vital and it is hard to assure the smart meter’s efficiency. The LSTM auto-encoder neural network technique is used here for predicting power consumption and to detect anomalies
Deepan Kumar, SadhasivamArun Raj, VR, Vishnu Ramesh KumarManojkumar, R
The automobile industry is currently undergoing a huge transition from IC Engine based systems to electric based mobility systems. Battery technology based on Li ion has made interesting move towards popularization of electric vehicles (EVs) in world market. battery management system (BMS) forms one of the major constituents of this technology. Battery pack as a whole is the most sought-after component of EVs which needs intensive monitoring and control. Battery parameters such as State of Health (SOH) and State of Charge (SOC) needs precise measurement and calculation. Monitoring them directly is a difficult task. In the present work methodologies and approaches for estimating the batteries parameters using Artificial Intelligent methods were investigated. Six machine learning algorithms used for state estimation were critically reviewed. The employed methods are linear, random forest, gradient boost, light gradient boosting (light-GBM), extreme gradient boosting (XGB), and support
Vashist, DevendraRaj, RishiSharma, Deepanshu
Nowadays, Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) and Electric Vehicles (EVs) are becoming popular globally due to increasing pollution levels in the environment and expensive conventional non-renewable fuels. Li-ion battery EV’s have gained attention because of their higher specific energy density, better power density and thermal stability as compared to other cell chemistries. Performance of the Li-ion battery is affected by temperatures of the cells. For Li-ion cells, optimum operating temperature range should be between 15-35 °C [1]. Initially, small battery packs which are cooled by air were used but nowadays, large battery packs with high power output capacities being used in EV’s for higher vehicle performance. Air based cooling system is not sufficient for such batteries, hence, liquid coolant based cooling systems are being introduced in EV’s. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation can be used to get better insight of cell temperature inside battery. But it is complex, time
Kumar, VivekSHENDRE, Mohit
Accurate battery state estimation is crucial for the performance, safety, and durability of electric vehicle (EV) battery management systems (BMS). The model-based dual extended Kalman filter (DEKF) has been widely used for concurrent state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) estimation. However, tuning the process and measurement covariance matrices of the DEKF is challenging and typically done through a trial and error process. In this work, a sleek version of the standard DEKF is formulated relying on a second-order equivalent circuit battery model (ECM) to estimate the SOC and SOH of EV batteries. The proposed sleek DEKF estimates the capacity fading of the battery. The main advantage of the proposed formulation is the significant reduction in tuning effort. On the other hand, to account for the non-negligible resistance increase over battery lifespan, the ohmic resistance is here formulated as a function of the state of charge and available capacity. Finally, the
Acquarone, MatteoMiretti, FedericoMisul, DanielaOnori, Simona
Batteries for eVTOL aircraft need to deliver high power for efficient takeoff and landing, as well as high energy for the cruise period. To meet these demands, designers must consider the power-energy tradeoff of batteries and integrate a reliable battery management system into the overall design. Multiphysics simulation can be used to evaluate this tradeoff and consider all design requirements in a way that is comprehensive and saves time. In recent years, more and more organizations have announced their development of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) systems and, in some cases, are even showing previews of systems that are intended to hit the market in just a few years. As new design ideas emerge, there is one important question that needs to be asked: To keep up with the developments in eVTOL aircraft, what design requirements need to be considered for the batteries that power them?
This article introduces an advanced state-of-charge (SOC) estimation method customized for 28 V LiFePO4 (LFP) helicopter batteries. The battery usage profile is characterized by four consecutive current pulses, each corresponding to distinct operational phases on the helicopter: instrument check, key-on, recharge, and emergency power output stages. To establish a precise battery model for LFP cells, the parameters of a second-order equivalent-circuit model are identified as a function of C-rate, SOC, and temperature. Furthermore, the observability of the battery model is assessed using extended Lie derivatives. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the open-circuit voltage (OCV)–SOC relation is analyzed and employed to evaluate the estimator’s resilience against OCV flatness. The extended Kalman filter (EKF) and the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) are utilized for SOC estimation. The results emphasize the significance of meticulously choosing process and sensor noise covariance matrices to
Gao, YizhaoNguyen, TrungOnori, Simona
Mild hybrid topology with 48V battery packs offers a cost-effective solution with considerable improvement in fuel economy and performance over the conventional vehicles. Thermal management of the battery pack is of utmost importance to ensure a safe, reliable, and optimal operation over the target lifetime and under varying operating conditions. The battery management system needs to take into consideration the temperature of all the cells in the pack for estimating the maximum allowed current for charge/discharge. For example, at lower temperature the coldest cell in the pack would be more probable to lithium plating and hence will be the limiting case while at higher temperature the allowed current should be such that the hottest cell in the pack is taken care. Pack design with temperature sensor for each cell in the pack will increase the cost, hardware, and software complexity. An optimized pack design is necessary to keep the overall cost of the battery pack lower while meeting
Madhura Mangalath, HashimMarikar, Ismail
A 300 mile-range automotive battery pack is comprised of many individual cells connected in series/parallel to make up the required voltage, energy, and power. The cell groupings can take the form of parallel strings of series cell groups (S-P), series string of parallel cell groups (P-S), or a hybrid of the two. Though the different battery configurations deliver identical output voltage and energy, they exhibit varying cell level behaviors due to differing electrical structure, particularly when cell imbalance occurs. In this work, we explore the relative merits of various cell grouping configurations using a model-based approach. The emphasis of the study is to evaluate the impact of electrical variation between cell-to-cell, originating from cell manufacturing process variation, battery assembly (laser tab bonding) process variation or from normal operation, on the performance of the battery pack. A first-order equivalent circuit model is used to represent a lithium-ion cell. A
Patil, ChinmayaCheng, Ye
Lithium-ion cells operate under a narrow range of voltage, current, and temperature limits, which requires a battery management system (BMS) to sense, control, and balance the battery pack. The state of power (SOP) estimation is a fundamental algorithm of the BMS. It operates as a dynamic safety limit, preventing rapid ageing and optimizing power delivery. SOP estimation relies on predictive algorithms to determine charge and discharge power limits sustainable within a specified time frame, ensuring the cell design constraints are not violated. This paper explores various approaches for real-time deployment of SOP estimation algorithms for a high-power lithium-ion battery (LIB) with a low-cost microcontroller. The algorithms are based on a root-finding approach and a first-order equivalent circuit model (ECM) of the battery. This paper assesses the practical application of the algorithm with a focus on processor execution time, flash memory and RAM allocation using a processor-in-the
Schommer, AdrianoAraujo Xavier, MarceloMorrey, DeniseCollier, Gordana
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) play a vital role in the advancement of electric vehicles and sustainable energy solutions. They are favored over other secondary energy storage systems due to their high energy density, long cycle life, high nominal voltage, and low self-discharge rate. However, the latency of its internal states makes it difficult to predict its performance and ensure it is being operated safely. Fortunately, battery management systems (BMS) can use battery models to predict the internal states of a battery. There is a constant trade-off between accuracy and computational cost when it comes to battery models with only a handful being able to meet the constraints of a BMS. The following paper will showcase a Digital Twin framework that captures the accuracy of high-fidelity electrochemical models while meeting the computational constraints imposed by the BMS. The proposed framework will show that a high-fidelity model can be used to predict slower dynamics such as the
Biju, NikhilPandit, Harshad
Since entering the 21st century, the world has faced extremely serious environmental pollution and energy crises. In this context, new energy vehicles have been vigorously developed. Lithium-ion batteries have gradually become one of the most important energy sources for electric vehicles due to their excellent performance. State of charge (SOC) is one of the important indicators of the battery. Accurate estimation of SOC is of great significance to establishing a safe and accurate Battery management system (BMS). Among related methods for SOC estimation, observation-based methods have been widely used. However, this type of method has the disadvantages of being susceptible to disturbance and requiring high accuracy of the battery model. The traditional equivalent circuit model cannot meet the needs. This paper proposes a battery SOC estimation method based on LSSVM-UKF through research on lithium-ion battery modeling and SOC estimation methods. First, the least squares support vector
Zhu, HaotianLu, Yangtian
The lithium-ion batteries are susceptible to fires or explosions due to their extremely volatile nature. The energy-dense batteries, such as Li Ni0.8Mn0.1Co0.1 O2/Graphite(NMC811) battery that meets the consumer range demands, are most vulnerable under thermal events. A wide number of solutions are being explored to suppress or prevent battery fires. The solutions range from integrating active cooling techniques, passive heat dissipation using heat carrier pads, thermal insulating materials to prevent thermal propagation, safety vents to remove ejecta, and protection circuitry with an advanced battery management system. This paper reviews various safety solutions employed in battery packs for preventing or suppressing potential fire during any thermal runaway event. The identified safety solutions also feature distinctive methods such as using hydrogel agents, aerosol fire suppressants, and design features. Among the reviewed countermeasures, we provide a detailed analysis of the
H, ManjunathaNambisan T M, Praveen KumarR, PavanP, Hari Prasad ReddyG M, BharathKulkarni, Mukund AravindSundaram, Saravanan
Nowadays, the need to use alternative and renewable energy sources has become a frequent agenda in the technological development of various segments. This includes the automotive sector, which has presented an exponential increase in the production and demand for electric vehicles in the last few years. Hybrid electric vehicles can be considered as an intermediate step for the transition from internal combustion vehicles to 100% electric vehicles once they use both electric and combustion engines. One of the biggest challenges currently observed in vehicle electrification relies on the energy storage system composed of batteries. The lithium-ion technology is the most used due to its efficiency, safety, and useful life. For lithium-ion batteries to operate safely and efficiently, a battery management system is required, which must be able to accurately estimate the state of charge and state of health, thus preventing the battery from being exposed to dangerous conditions adverse such
Moura, Jonathan Jefferson PereiraCamboim, Marcelo MirandaNunes, Thomas Mateus SantanaRosolem, Maria de Fátima Negreli CamposBeck, Raul FernandoArioli, Vitor Torquato
The swift progress of electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) has driven advancements in battery management systems (BMS). However, optimizing the algorithms that drive these systems remains a challenge. Recent breakthroughs in data science, particularly in deep learning networks, have introduced the long–short-term memory (LSTM) network as a solution for sequence problems. While graphics processing units (GPUs) and application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) have been used to improve performance in AI-based applications, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have gained popularity due to their low power consumption and high-speed acceleration, making them ideal for artificial intelligence (AI) implementation. One of the critical components of EVs and HEVs is the BMS, which performs operations to optimize the use of energy stored in lithium-ion batteries (LiBs). Due to the nonlinear electrochemical nature of these batteries, estimating states of charge (SoC
Nagarale, Satyashil D.Patil , B. P.
This paper proposes a novel reconfigurable battery balancing topology and reinforcement learning-based intelligent balancing management system. The different degradations cause a significant loss of battery pack available capacity, as the pack power output relies on the weakest cell due to the relevant physical requirements. To handle this capacity drop issue, a reconfigurable battery topology is adopted to improve the usability of the heterogeneous battery. There are some existing battery reconfigurable topologies in the literature. However, these studies rely on the limited options of topology designs, and there is a lack of study on the reconfigurability of these designs and other possible new designs. Also, it is rare to find an optimal management system for the reconfigurable battery topology. To fill these research gaps, this paper explores existing battery reconfigurable topology designs and proposes a new reconfigurable topology for battery balancing. Besides, the battery
Ye, YimingZhang, Jiangfeng
Control observer-based estimation methods are getting a very rapid appreciation due to their better reliability, stability and ease of implementation in already controller-packed electric vehicles and energy storage systems. As a careful sensitivity analysis is the one vital tool to enhance the accuracy and robustness of lithium-ion battery’s states estimation, an experimental sensitivity analysis is proposed to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of battery states and parameter estimation of non-linear control observer. This paper categorically uses INR21700-M50T cells for experimental characteristic analysis of lithium-ion batteries. The results of this practical work are then used in the successful design, simulation and validation of an advanced proportional integral observer. The validated proportional-integral (PI) observer is then used to carry out the proposed sensitivity analysis, and deviations resulted in estimation accuracy due to the sensitivity of each parameter are
Saeed, MuhammadKhalatbarisoltani, ArashZhongwei, DengLu, ShuaiXiaosong, Hu
The capacity of a lithium-ion battery decreases during cycling. This capacity loss or fade occurs due to several different mechanisms associated with unwanted side reactions that occur in these batteries. The same reactions occur during overcharge and cause electrolyte decomposition, passive film formation, active material dissolution, and other phenomena. As the battery ages the accuracy of state of charge prediction decreases and vulnerability to persistent overcharge increases. Moreover, as the battery ages, its tolerance to such unintended overcharge changes. This tolerance depends on the nature of the history of cycle and calendar aging. A map of this tolerance in the BMS can provide awareness of the factor of safety due to overcharge as battery ages. Signatures of early warning signs of incipient thermal runaway due to overcharge can also be very useful features in a BMS. The SwRI EssEs-I consortium conducted aging of two commercially available LMO cell types with different
Surampudi, Ph.D., BapirajuWang Ph.D., YanyuKramer, DustinSmith, Ian
An online report mentions that a conventional ICE vehicle in its lifetime of 12 years or 150000 km will emit 40 tons of CO2e. With tightening of the norms and countries setting emission targets, nowadays vehicle manufacturers are bringing out many new models of electric vehicles. The sale of EV vehicles are not without challenges. The electric vehicles traditionally require an e-motor for motive force, that are powered largely by Li-batteries located in a battery box. The batteries discharge when vehicles are running and get charged through the grid normally. When batteries charge and discharge, heat is dissipated. Generation of heat is a concern, since it reduces the life of a battery with life of battery depending on number of charge /discharge cycles. In an ideal condition a Battery Management System (BMS) ensures that the batteries are charged / discharged at optimal dissipated thermal load. However due to various random events like cell breakdown, mechanical damage to batteries
Srinivasan, Srikumar
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