Browse Topic: Lithium-ion batteries

Items (1,402)
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have consolidated their place in the technology market for the energetic transition, with global manufacturing capacity exceeding 1 TWh in recent years and costs falling in this competitive environment. At the same time, the number of end-of-life LIBs is increasing, stimulating the recycling industry to process battery streams, thus promoting the circular economy to meet the increased demand for strategic raw materials and decarbonization. Vehicle electrification is the main driver of battery production, but their end-of-life will take some time to be significant in volume in the next years. Consumer electronics such as smartphones, laptops and power tools are now available at an appropriate volume enabling the preparation of recycling industry for the moment. In this scenario, recyclers are looking for sustainable routes to absorb all these streams and the different LIBs chemistries (LFP, NCA, NMC, LCO, LMO) to recover the critical metals (Ni, Co, Cu, Mn
Gobo, Luciana AssisFerrarese, AndreOliveira, Rafael Piumatti deMartins, Thamiris Auxiliadora GonçalvesGuillen, Daniela RomeroSilva Vasconcelos, David daTenório, Jorge Alberto Soares
The growth of the electric vehicle market has driven the advancement of technologies related to energy storage and lithium-ion cells, which stand out for their fast charge and discharge capabilities, high energy density, and long service life. This paper proposes a thermal control strategy for lithium-ion battery packs using the Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) method. The model is developed in Simcenter Amesim software, using cylindrical 21700 cells in a pack equipped with a water-cooling system, and was adapted for export in FMU format and integrated into MATLAB/Simulink, where the control algorithms were designed and simulated. From step input tests, a first-order transfer function was identified with a fitting of 97.67%, supporting the adoption of a first-order ADRC. The tests involved scenarios with changes in temperature reference and current disturbances typical of vehicle operation. Results indicate that ADRC performs satisfactorily in temperature tracking, even
Leal, Gustavo NobreFernandes, Lucas PasqualEbner, Eric RossiniNeto, Cyro AlbuquerqueLeonardi, Fabrizio
System robustness and performance are essential considerations in controller design to ensure reference tracking, disturbance rejection, and resilience to modeling uncertainties. However, guaranteeing that the system operates within safe bounds becomes a priority in safety-critical applications, even if performance must be compromised temporarily. One prominent example is the thermal management of lithium-ion battery packs, where temperature must be strictly controlled to prevent degradation and avoid hazardous thermal runaway events. In these systems, temperature constraints must consistently be enforced, regardless of external disturbances or control errors. Traditional strategies, such as Model Predictive Control (MPC), can explicitly handle such constraints but often require solving high-dimensional optimization problems, making real-time implementation computationally demanding. To overcome these limitations, this study investigates the use of a Constraint Enforcement strategy to
Ebner, Eric RossiniFernandes, Lucas PasqualLeal, Gustavo NobreNeto, Cyro AlbuquerqueLeonardi, Fabrizio
In aviation industry, compared to traditional batteries (lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries), non-rechargeable lithium batteries are usually the primary choice as independent backup power sources for emergency equipment (such as Emergency Locator Transmitter and Underwater Locator Beacon) due to excellent performance, weight/volume advantages and relatively long inspection/maintenance intervals. However, considering higher energy density and more active chemical characteristics, lithium batteries unique failure modes require special consideration in safety analysis. Among these failure modes, thermal runaway is one of the most severe failure modes of non-rechargeable lithium batteries, potentially leading to serious impact such as flame, explosion, and release of toxic and harmful gases/liquid. Therefore, it is necessary to demonstrate the containment of thermal runaway of non-rechargeable lithium batteries through equipment-level testing, and do aircraft-level safety analysis to
Zhang, XiaoyuZheng, JianYang, DianliangSheng, Jiaqian
This work proposes a novel framework for evaluating the second- and third-life viability of lithium-ion battery packs through the development of the RISE Index—a comprehensive metric based on Resistance growth, Integrity, Safety, and End-of-life usability. While previous research focuses on singular indicators such as residual capacity or State of Health (SoH), these approaches lack a unified, safety-informed structure for reuse qualification. This paper distinguishes itself by integrating multiple aging indicators, including resistance evolution, degradation theory, and thermal safety considerations, into a consolidated decision-making tool designed for practical deployment. The novelty lies in the formulation of the RISE Index, which fuses empirical data with electrochemical degradation mechanisms such as SEI formation, lithium plating, calendar aging, and cycling-induced impedance growth. The methodology includes a comparative analysis of Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) and Lithium
Prakashkumar, Balagopal
Thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries represents a critical safety challenge, particularly in high-voltage battery systems used in electric vehicles and stationary energy storage. A comprehensive understanding of the multi-scale processes that initiate and propagate thermal runaway is essential for the development of effective safety measures and design strategies. This study provides a structured theoretical overview of the thermal runaway phenomenon across four hierarchical levels: electrode, single cell, module, and high-voltage battery system. At the electrode level, thermal runaway initiation is linked to electrochemical and chemical degradation mechanisms such as solid electrolyte interphase decomposition, separator breakdown, and internal short circuits. These processes lead to highly exothermic reactions that, at the cell scale, can result in rapid temperature increases, gas generation, and overpressure. On the module and system levels, thermal runaway can propagate through
Ceylan, DenizKulzer, André CasalWinterholler, NinaWeinmann, JohannesSchiek, Werner
Power electronics are fundamental to sustainable electrification, enhancing energy, efficiency, integrating renewable energy sources, and reducing carbon emissions. In electric vehicles (EVs), power electronics is crucial for efficient energy conversion, management, and distribution. Key components like inverters, rectifiers, and DC-DC converters optimize power from renewable sources to meet EV system requirements. In EVs, power electronics convert energy from the lithium-ion battery to the electric vehicle motor, with sufficient propulsion and regenerative braking. Inverters is used to transfer DC power from the lithium-ion eEV battery to alternating current for the motor, while DC-DC converters manage voltage levels for various vehicle systems. These components maximize EV energy efficiency, reduce energy losses, and extend driving range. Power electronics also support fast and efficient battery charging, critical for widespread EV adoption. Advanced charging solutions enable rapid
Pipaliya, Akash PravinbhaiHatkar, Chetan
In recent years, small electric mobility powered by fuel cells have been proposed as a way to achieve a carbon neutral society. One reason for the proposal is that fuel cells have an advantage over battery electric vehicle (BEV) in traveling range and refueling time. This study develops a hybrid system combining a fuel cell and a lithium-ion capacitor (LiC) for small electric mobility applications with severe load fluctuations. The proposed system achieves a 53% reduction in size, a 50% reduction in weight, and a 23% improvement in acceleration performance compared to a configuration using a lithium-ion battery (LiB) as the secondary battery, while also reducing load fluctuations in the fuel cell. Although LiCs tend to be compact, lightweight, and capable of high output, they have limited discharge capacity. To address this, a prototype hybrid system combining a fuel cell and an LiB was initially constructed to verify the system’s ability to suppress load fluctuations through current
Suzuki, MasayaNakata, Nobuhiro
Liquid cooling systems are a widely used method for cooling lithium-ion batteries in modern electric vehicles. Battery thermal plate (BTP) is a key component of the liquid-cooled thermal management system, which regulates battery temperature to prevent thermal runaway and fire accidents. Designing an energy efficient flow pattern with uniform velocity and temperature distribution is a major challenge for the BTP. In this paper, the effect of flow patterns in cooling performance of the BTP is examined. Battery temperature can be efficiently controlled by varying direction, number of flow channels and structure of the BTP. Complex flow pattern networks are modeled and compared based on the computational fluid dynamics results. The channel flow resistance, pressure drop, and temperature distribution are key parameters which are evaluated for varying mass flow rate conditions. From this study, the flow pattern which satisfies the temperature requirement and has 10% less pumping power
K, MuthukrishnanS, SaikrishnaK, KeshavbalajeGutte, Ashish
Over the past decade, significant progress in nano science and nanotechnology has opened new avenues for the development of high-performance photovoltaic cells. At present, a variety of nanostructure-based designs—comprising metals, polymers, and semiconductors—are being explored for photovoltaic applications. Advancements in the understanding of optical and electrical mechanisms governing photovoltaic conversion have been supported by theoretical analyses and modeling studies. Nevertheless, the high fabrication cost and relatively low efficiency of conventional solar photovoltaic cells remain major barriers to their large-scale deployment. One-dimensional (1D) nano materials, in particular, have introduced promising prospects for enhancing photovoltaic performance owing to their unique structural and electronic characteristics. Nanowires, nano rods, and nanotubes exemplify such 1D nanostructures, offering substantial potential to improve photon absorption, electron transport, and
P, GeethaSudarmani, Rc, VenkataramananSatyam, SatyamNagarajan, Sudarson
To address the thermal management challenges in lithium-ion batteries-which are associated with safety, real-world driving, and operating cycles, particularly at high discharge rates and in extreme ambient conditions-it is essential to maintain the battery temperature within its optimal range. This work introduces a novel hybrid Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) that integrating a Phase Change Material (PCM) and air cooling with fins attached to air-channel in PCM side. Unlike conventional approaches that use standard rectangular fins, this study employs angular fins with varying dimensions to enhance heat dissipation. The hybrid system is designed to leverage the high latent heat storage capability of the PCM while ensuring efficient convective heat removal through air cooling. The airflow through the cooling channel accelerates heat dissipation from the PCM, thereby increasing its effectiveness. The angular fins are strategically positioned within the PCM section to enhance
Kalvankar, TejasLam, Prasanth Anand KumarAruri, Pranushaa
Lithium-ion batteries are the most preferable power source for electric vehicles due to their high energy density compared to other battery types. However, the life cycle, battery capacity, and safe operation are significantly influenced by the operating temperatures of the batteries. In general, most of the battery thermal management systems employ battery cooling plates to maintain the required battery temperature. However, there are significant problems in battery cooling such as coolant temperature difference, non-uniform velocity distribution, coolant pressure drop and power consumption, which are influenced by cooling plate channel geometric parameters. In this study, different combinations of critical parameters such as channel width, channel height and dimple diameter of battery cooling plates are modelled. Simulations are made using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). From the results, pressure drop, temperature rise and power consumption are analyzed to identify the dominant
K, MuthukrishnanK, KeshavbalajeGutte, AshishN, Aswin
Lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles (EVs) are facing issues owing to internal short-circuit (ISC), leading to thermal runaway. In this study, a pseudo-two-dimensional (P2D) model is employed to numerically investigate the effects of charging rate (C-rate) and separator electrical conductivity on the ISC behavior of a lithium-ion cell. The results reveal that as C-rate increases, both the voltage and capacity decrease more rapidly marked by higher solid potential gradient indicating increased internal resistance. These effects further intensified at higher separator conductivity, which facilitates greater ISC current and accelerates cell degradation. Also, the variations in current density and solid-phase lithium concentration become more pronounced at higher C-rates, particularly near the anode–separator interface, indicating increased non-uniformity during ISC conditions. Furthermore, the electrolyte voltage drop intensifies with rising C-rate, contributing to additional
Ch, Narendra BabuParamane, AshishRandive, Pitambar
Thermal management of electric vehicle (EV) battery systems is critical for ensuring optimal performance, user safety, and battery longevity. Existing high-fidelity simulation methods provide detailed thermal profiles, but their computational intensity makes them inefficient for early design iterations or real-time assessments. This paper introduces a streamlined, physics-based one-dimensional transient thermal model coded in MATLAB for efficiently predicting battery temperature behavior under various driving cycles. The model integrates vehicle dynamics to estimate power demands, calculates battery current output and heat generation from electrochemical principles, and determines the battery temperature profile through a 1D conduction model connected to a thermal resistance network boundary condition that incorporates the effect of coolant heat capacity. The model achieved prediction errors below 1% when compared to analytical solutions for conditions of no heat generation and steady
Builes, IsabelMedina, MarioBachman, John Christopher
As the electric vehicle (EV) industry grows rapidly in Saudi Arabia, driven by the development of companies such as CEER, Lucid, and Tesla, there is an increasing need to evaluate and adapt electricity tariff structures to address changing demand patterns. This study explores the interaction between EV charging infrastructure, electricity pricing strategies, and consumer behavior, aiming to provide insights that support the sustainable expansion of the electric mobility ecosystem in the Kingdom. The methodology incorporates demand-supply analysis, energy consumption forecasting, and comparative assessments of tariff models implemented in other countries, with Saudi Arabia serving as a case study aligned with Vision 2030 objectives. Although EV adoption is expected to increase electricity demand, the Kingdom’s generation capacity, which reached 453 TWh in 2023 and is projected to exceed future consumption, ensures a stable and sufficient supply. Currently, public EV charging services
AlJuhani, Haneen Radi ABedywi, Lama Mohammed AAbdulNour, Bashar
Prescribe test conditions to quantify the effectiveness of containment devices for containing thermal runaway hazards of lithium/lithium-ion cells, batteries, and equipment during storage resulting from the failure of a cell within the container. Due to the many storage locations (indoors, outdoors, etc.), the hazards shall be classified individually to allow for varying performance based on a given storage location.
Battery Transportation and Storage Committee
New smart sensors can help detect dangerous internal failures in lithium-ion batteries before they escalate into fires or explosions, say researchers from the University of Surrey. Lithium-ion batteries are at the heart of the global shift to electric vehicles and renewable energy — but when they fail, the results can be devastating.
Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are a promising technology for next-generation energy storage, offering higher energy density than traditional lithium-ion batteries. However, challenges related to the anode’s behavior — specifically issues related to its kinetics and reversibility — have hindered their widespread adoption. Researchers have long struggled with understanding the underlying causes of battery failure, often relying on post-mortem analysis that only reveals outcomes but fails to capture the dynamic processes leading to failure.
In a major step forward for sustainable energy technology, researchers at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), led by Professor Yan Wang, William B. Smith Professor of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, have developed a new, scalable method to recycle lithium-ion batteries in a way that is both efficient and environmentally friendly.
As electric vehicles and energy storage systems (ESS) become increasingly widespread, the management and recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries has emerged as a pressing global issue. Traditional recycling methods, such as energy-intensive smelting or chemically aggressive wet processes, require significant energy and pose environmental risks.
Researchers from Nanjing University, led by Professor Ping He and Professor Shaochun Tang, have published a comprehensive study in Nano-Micro Letters on the development of high-energy, stable all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) using aluminum-based anodes and high-nickel cathodes. This study highlights the latest advancements in addressing the challenges of electrode-electrolyte interface instability and achieving long-term cycling stability in ASSLBs.
In research published in Cell Reports Physical Science, the NJIT team led by Professor Dibakar Datta successfully applied generative AI techniques to rapidly discover new porous materials capable of revolutionizing multivalent-ion batteries. These batteries, using abundant elements like magnesium, calcium, aluminum, and zinc, offer a promising, cost-effective alternative to lithium-ion batteries, which face global supply challenges and sustainability issues.
Avoiding the rare raw materials required for the production of traditional batteries without sacrificing energy density is a major goal for those looking to electrify the world. Lithium-ion batteries power most of today’s electric vehicles (EVs)1 but are associated with high costs as well as sustainability and environmental concerns. Engineers and developers in the battery industry are investigating alternative chemistries and designs to find new approaches that address these concerns and reduce costs while fulfilling the demands of most lithium-ion applications.
Although significant progress has been made on developing electrochemical models of Li-ion batteries performance, there is a significant gap in predictive, physics-based modelling of the degradation mechanisms. In this work, we perform a systematic experimental and modelling study to explore the potential of predictive battery ageing models. A commercial NMC pouch cell is initially characterized in detail using tear-down analysis, electrical and electrothermal tests to obtain electrochemical model parameters and validate its fidelity in a large range of operating conditions in terms of temperature, state-of-charge and load. The cell is then exposed to accelerated ageing operating conditions and its performance is monitored regularly to obtain its degradation rate in terms of capacity and resistance. The aged cell is also characterized by tear-down and optical techniques. The experimentally obtained test database is used to develop and validate the mathematical models that describe the
Koltsakis, GrigoriosSpyridopoulos, SpyridonChatziioannou, PanteleimonTentzos, Michail
Prediction of EV performance through lifetime is a crucial task. However, accurate prediction of states of LIBs remains a challenge due to the complexity of detailed electrochemical models, absence of a single universally accepted approach for the identification of model parameters and limitations in invasive and non-invasive parameter obtention methods. Classification and estimation of the most relevant parameters under different steps will enhance the identifiability of parameters in P2D models operating under various conditions. On the other hand, reliable estimation of the internal state of batteries can be drawn with proper integration of material parameters into the battery model. In this study, a systematic classification framework of parameter obtention was proposed through multi-steps for P2D electrochemical and degradation models. Furthermore, a practical mixed approach is developed for parameter obtention of P2D models with optimization-based calibration methodology and
Mehranfar, SadeghMahmoudzadeh Andwari, AminGarcia, AntonioMicó, CarlosElkourchi, ImadBekaert, EmilieHerran, AlvaroKonno, Juho
Li-ion battery performance is highly dependent on the electrode materials. The composition of the negative and positive electrodes influences crucial aspects of the Li-ion cell, including energy density, ageing behavior and thermal stability. Recent Li-ion technologies include the use of composite graphite-silicon negative electrodes to improve the energy storage capacity of the otherwise graphite-only negative electrode. This article evaluates the impact of negative electrode composition (standard graphite vs. Si-Gr) on the performance of two recent technologies of Li-ion batteries from the same manufacturer, focusing on electrical performance and safety behavior. The studied technologies are the LG M50LT and LG M58T, the latest one introducing a considerable increase of capacity, passing from 4.80 to 5.65 in nominal capacity. This article abords the comparison of both technologies in electric performance, electrode composition, cell design and thermal stability. Electrical
Cruz Rodriguez, Jesus ArmandoLecompte, MatthieuRedondo-Iglesias, EduardoPelissier, SergeAbada, Sara
The ongoing shift toward electrification, particularly in the transport and energy sectors, has intensified the deployment of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). While LIBs offer high energy density and efficiency, their increasing use also brings significant safety challenges—most critically, the risk of thermal runaway (TR) in confined environments. This study presents a fast and structured zero-dimensional/one-dimensional (0D/1D) methodology for estimating key parameters associated with TR events in sealed volumes. The model integrates empirical correlations, energy-based mass estimation approaches, and simplified combustion simulations to assess pressure and temperature rise during TR. Experimental vented mass and gas composition data—obtained through sealed canister testing—serve as the basis for the simulation inputs. A numerical procedure combining mixing dynamics and adiabatic combustion is used to predict critical outcomes such as maximum overpressure and peak temperature
Garcia, AntonioMicó, CarlosMarco-Gimeno, JavierGómez-Soriano, Alejandro
Nowadays, electric vehicles (EVs) are considered one of the most promising solutions for reducing pollutant emissions related to the road transportation sector. Although these vehicles have achieved a high level of reliability, various challenges about Li-ion storage systems and their thermal management systems remain unresolved. This work proposes a numerical and experimental study of a lithium-ion storage cell with a scaled battery thermal management system (BTMS). In particular, a channel plate for liquid cooling is specifically designed and manufactured for the cell under test. The BTMS is based on the development of an indirect liquid cooling system with optimal control of the coolant flow rate to fulfill the thermal requirements of the system. A lumped parameters approach is used to simulate the electro-thermal behavior of the system and to analyze the effects of real-time control strategies on the temperature of the cell under test. An ad-hoc experimental test rig is set up for
Capasso, ClementeCastiglione, TeresaPerrone, DiegoSequino, Luigi
Battery management systems are among the key components in electric vehicles (EVs), which are increasingly replacing internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles in the automotive industry. Battery management systems mainly focus on battery thermal management, efficiency, battery life and the safety conditions. Generally, lithium-ion batteries have been chosen in EV cars. Therefore, the internal resistance of Li-ion batteries plays a crucial role in the thermal behavior of the energy storage system. Most of the published studies rely on 0D-1D models to analyses single cell thermal behavior depending on the internal resistance at different ambient temperatures and charging/ discharging rates, and on the cooling system. However, these models, though fast, cannot provide detailed information about the temperature distribution within a cell or a module. Full 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)- Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT) simulations on the other hand, are very time consuming and require
Karaca, CemOlmeda, PabloMargot, XandraPostrioti, LucioBaldinelli, Giorgio
The temperature evolution of lithium-ion cells under operation has a significant impact on their performance, efficiency, and aging. Modeling the thermal status of lithium-ion cells is crucial to predict and prevent undesired working conditions or even failures. In this context, this paper presents a mathematical model to predict the transient temperature distributions of a lithium-ion polymer battery (LiPo) cooled by forced convection via a specially designed channel plate for liquid cooling. For the battery modeling, Newman’s pseudo-2D approach was used to perform a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. It assumes that the porous electrode is made of equally sized, isotropic, homogeneous spherical particles, which results in smooth, uniform intercalation/de-intercalation of lithium inside the electrode. Also, the channel plate geometry and the cooling liquid fluid-dynamic behavior were simulated with a commercial code based on the finite volume method. The model has been set
Ferrari, CristianMagri, LucaSequino, Luigi
Effective thermal management is essential for optimizing the performance and longevity of lithium-ion battery packs, particularly in electric vehicles facing extreme temperature conditions. This study investigates the performance of an indirect liquid cooling system used for pre-cooling stationary electric vehicle battery packs, focusing on scenarios such as vehicle sleep mode in high-temperature conditions. The cooling system, which utilizes a water-glycol mixture flowing at 1.2 L/min, was tested on a battery pack consisting of 36 prismatic battery cells in a thermally isolated chamber, subjected to initial temperatures of 50.0°C, 60.0°C, and 69.5°C. To assess the thermal behavior, 25 thermocouples were strategically positioned on the battery surface, and inlet coolant temperature was monitored via an additional thermocouple. An exponential cooling response was observed across all temperature cases, with maximum temperature difference between the hottest and coldest cells reaching 7.6
Darvish, HosseinCarlucci, Antonio PaoloFicarella, AntonioLaforgia, Domenico
Experimental testing in automotive development sometimes relies on ad hoc approaches like ‘One Factor at a Time’, particularly in time- and resource-limited situations. While widely used, these approaches are limited in their ability to systematically capture parameter interactions and system complexities, which poses significant challenges in safety-critical applications like high-voltage battery systems. This study systematically investigates the factors influencing thermal runaway in lithium-ion battery cells using a statistical full-factorial experimental design. Key parameters, including state of charge, cell capacity and heating trigger power, have been analyzed under controlled conditions with an autoclave setup, enabling precise measurement of thermal and mechanical responses. The use of automotive-grade lithium-ion cells ensures relevance for next-generation applications. By employing factorial regression and statistical analysis, the study identifies critical temperatures
Ceylan, DenizKulzer, André CasalWinterholler, NinaWeinmann, JohannesSchiek, Werner
Fast charging of lithium-ion batteries presents significant thermal management challenges, due to the high demanding conditions of high C-rates, particularly at extreme ambient temperatures. This study explores the thermal behavior of a cylindrical lithium-ion cell during fast-charging scenarios designed to achieve a full charge in 15 minutes or less (SOC: 0%–100%), across a wide range of ambient temperatures. The analysis covers a broad spectrum of ambient temperatures, from 303 K to 333 K, addressing real-world operational challenges faced by electric vehicles and energy storage systems. A validated thermal model, calibrated with experimental data on the open circuit voltage (OCV) and internal resistance of the cell across varying conditions, is employed to accurately predict the temperature distribution of the cell at different states of charge (SOC). The model also includes scenarios involving high initial cell temperatures to assess their effect on thermal performance during fast
Jahanpanah, JalalMahmoudzadeh Andwari, AminBabaie, MeisamKonno, JuhoAkbarzadeh, Mohsen
From laptops to electric vehicles, Li-ion batteries power everyday life. However, as demand for longer-lasting devices threatens to outstrip the energy that Li-ion supplies, researchers are on the hunt for more powerful batteries.
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