Browse Topic: Lithium-ion batteries

Items (1,348)
The danger of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles (EVs) is intensified when they are used at inappropriate temperatures, leading to self-heating and eventually contributing to thermal runaway. Nevertheless, there is uncertainty through the safety of reusing batteries after they have been exposed to heat damage and water mist from fire extinguishers. To address these concerns, this study aimed to experimentally investigate the impact of temperature on batteries and introduce a thermal management using a water mist. Subjecting a battery to a temperature of 100°C for a duration of 39 minutes can immediately detect inoperability from a sudden drop in voltage. The use of water mist was proposed to rapidly mitigate the heat production inside the battery. The state of health (SOH) and the impedance were employed to confirm the battery’s functionality after exposure to thermal abuse and water spraying. The SOH of fresh cells was measured as a reference line for comparison to tested
Trinuruk, PiyatidaPatthathum, PathompornJumnongjit, Apiwit
A great number of performances of an electric vehicle such as driving range, powering performance, and the like are affected by its configured batteries. Having a good grasp of the electrical and thermal behavior of the battery before the detailed design stage is indispensable. This paper introduces an experiment characterization method of a lithium-ion battery with a coolant system from cell level to pack level in different ambient conditions. Corresponding cell and pack simulation models established in AMESim that aimed to capture the electrical and thermal features of the battery were also illustrated, respectively. First, the capacity test and hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC) test were conducted in a thermotank to acquire basic data about the battery cell. Next, based on acquired data, first-order equivalent circuit model (1C-ECM) was built for the battery cell and further combined with environmental boundary conditions to check the simulation accuracy. Then, hybrid
Zhou, ShuaiLiu, HuaijuYu, HuiliYan, XuYan, Junjie
Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) offer a promising solution for achieving environmentally friendly transportation and improving fuel economy. The energy management strategy (EMS), as a critical technology for FCVs, faces significant challenges of achieving a balanced coordination among the fuel economy, power battery life, and durability of fuel cell across diverse environments. To address these challenges, a learning-based EMS for fuel cell city buses considering power source degradation is proposed. First, a fuel cell degradation model and a power battery aging model from the literature are presented. Then, based on the deep Q-network (DQN), four factors are incorporated into the reward function, including comprehensive hydrogen consumption, fuel cell performance degradation, power battery life degradation, and battery state of charge deviation. The simulation results show that compared to the dynamic programming–based EMS (DP-EMS), the proposed EMS improves the fuel cell durability while
Song, DafengYan, JinxingZeng, XiaohuaZhang, Yunhe
Electric vehicles (EVs) are gaining popularity due to their zero tailpipe emissions, superior energy efficiency, and sustainable nature. EVs have various limitations, and crucial one is the occurrence of thermal runaway in the battery pack. During charging or discharging condition of battery pack may result in thermal runaway condition. This promotes the requirement of effective cooling arrangement in and around the battery pack to avoid localized peak temperature. In the present work, thermal management of a 26650 Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cell using natural convection air cooling, composite biobased phase change material (CBPCM) and its combination with copper fins is numerically investigated using multi-scale multi dimension - Newman, Tiedenann, Gu and Kim (MSMD-NTGK) battery model in Ansys Fluent at an ambient temperature of 306 K. Natural convection air cooling was found effective at discharge rates of 1C to 3C, maintaining cell temperature below the safe limit of 318 K for 80
Srivastav, DurgeshPatil, Nagesh DevidasShukla, Pravesh Chandra
Given the promising prospects of retired lithium-ion batteries in second-life utilization, enhancing their consistency through a rational sorting process has become a pressing priority. Traditional capacity-based sorting methods have significant limitations as it takes high time costs and fails to provide internal dynamic information about the batteries. To address this, the present study introduces a novel approach by incorporating electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) into the sorting process. Firstly, principal component analysis (PCA) analysis is applied to extract the first principal component from the EIS data, which has a strong correlation with battery capacity. It serves as a key feature for assessing the residual value of retired batteries. Accurate estimation of battery capacity is then achieved using a simple linear equation: For retired nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) batteries, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and root mean squared percentage error (RMSPE
Fan, WenjunWang, XueyuanJin, YiqunJiang, BoZhu, JiangongWei, XuezheDai, Haifeng
Interest in Battery-Driven Electric Vehicles (EVs) has significantly grown in recent years due to the decline of traditional Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs). However, malfunctions in Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) can lead to catastrophic results such as Thermal Runaway (TR), posing serious safety concerns due to their high energy release and the emission of flammable gases. Understanding this phenomenon is essential for reducing risks and mitigating its effects. In this study, a digital twin of an Accelerated Rate Calorimeter (ARC) under a Heat-Wait-and-Seek (HWS) procedure is developed using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) framework. The CFD model simulates the heating of the cell during the HWS procedure, pressure build-up within the LIB, gas venting phenomena, and the exothermic processes within the LIB due to the degradation of internal components. The model is validated against experimental results for an NCA 18650 LIB under similar conditions, focusing on LIB temperature
Gil, AntonioMonsalve-Serrano, JavierMarco-Gimeno, JavierGuaraco-Figueira, Carlos
In this study, we examine the thermal behaviours of lithium-ion battery cells using two widely employed electro-chemistry models: the Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) and the Newman-Tiedemann-Gauthier-Kim (NTGK) model. Given the critical importance of temperature regulation for the efficiency and lifespan of lithium-ion batteries, this research aims to identify the numerical method that best predicts cell thermal behaviour under constant discharge conditions with 2C, 1C and 0.5C rate. By comparing the outputs of the ECM and NTGK models, we assess their accuracy in predicting key parameters such as State-of-Charge (SoC), current output, voltage, temperature and heat generation. The findings offer valuable insights into the effectiveness of each model in simulating the thermal dynamics of battery cells, providing a basis for optimizing battery performance and longevity in real-world applications.
Wakale, AnilMa, ShihuHu, Xiao
With the increasingly prominent environmental problems and energy crisis, wind power, solar power and other new energy has been rapid development, and energy storage technology is of great significance to the development of new energy. Compared with the power batteries applied in electric vehicles, battery energy storage systems gather a larger number of batteries and a larger scale, usually up to megawatts or 100 megawatts. During the operation of the energy storage system, the lithium-ion battery continues to charge and discharge, and its internal electrochemical reaction will inevitably generate a lot of heat. If the heat is not dispersed in time, the temperature of the lithium-ion battery will continue to rise, which will seriously affect the service life and performance of the battery, and even cause thermal runaway leading to explosion. It is of great significance for promoting the development of new energy technologies to carry out research on the thermal model of lithium-ion
Chen, JianxiangLi, LipingZhou, FupengLi, ChunchengShangguan, Wen-Bin
As the main power source for modern portable electronic devices and electric vehicles, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are favored for their high energy density and good cycling performance. However, as the usage time increases, battery performance gradually deteriorates, leading to a heightened risk of thermal runaway (TR) increases, which poses a significant threat to safety. Performance degradation is mainly manifested as capacity decline, internal resistance increase and cycle life reduction, which is usually caused by internal factors of LIBs, such as the fatigue of electrode materials, electrolyte decomposition and interfacial chemical reaction. Meanwhile, external factors of LIBs also contribute to performance degradation, such as external mechanical stresses leading to internal structural damage of LIBs, triggering internal short-circuit (ISC) and violent electrochemical reactions. In this paper, the performance degradation of LIBs and TR mechanism is described in detail, as well
Zhou, JingtaoZhong, XiongwuWang, KunjunZhou, YouhangYou, GuojianTang, Xuan
aThe lengthy charging time of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles (EVs) significantly affect their acceptance. Reducing charging time requires high-power fast charging. However, such fast charging can trigger various side reactions, leading to safety and durability issues. Among these, lithium plating is a major concern as it can reduce battery capacity and potentially cause internal short circuits or even thermal runaway. Currently, multi-stage constant current charging (MCCC) protocols are widely adopted. However, the difficulty in effectively detecting lithium plating during the MCCC process significantly limits the charging power. Therefore, it is urgent to explore a method to detect lithium plating during the MCCC process. In this study, the impedance evolution during the MCCC procedure was first investigated. Then a method based on the impedance variation patterns was proposed to detect lithium plating. Besides, the reason for the behavior of impedance changes was further
Shen, YudongWang, XueyuanWu, HangWei, XuezheDai, Haifeng
Battery safety is a paramount concern in the development of electric vehicles (EVs), as failures can lead to catastrophic consequences, including fires and explosions. With the rapid global adoption of EVs, understanding how battery cells perform under extreme conditions such as mechanical or thermal abuse is crucial for ensuring vehicle safety. This study investigates the abuse response of lithium-ion batteries under high-speed mechanical loading. Our research systematically examines the response of these cells at different states of charge (SOC) through controlled dynamic tests. These tests offer insights into the failure response of the cells. By analyzing the data, we gain a deeper understanding of the conditions that could trigger thermal runaway under mechanical abuse loadings, representative of EV crashes, a critical safety concern in EV battery systems. The experimental setup and methodologies are presented in this paper, alongside key findings that highlight the importance of
Patanwala, HuzefaKong, KevinChalla, VidyuDarvish, KuroshSahraei, Elham
As electric vehicles (EVs) become increasingly prevalent, ensuring the safety of their battery systems is paramount. Lithium-ion batteries, present unique safety challenges due to their high energy density and the potential for failure under certain conditions. There is an extensive amount of research on pouch and cylindrical cells, however, prismatic cells have not received similar attention. This study presents an extensive series of experimental tests conducted on prismatic cells from two different manufacturers. These tests include flat punch, hemispherical punch, axial compression and three-point bending tests, all designed to assess the cells’ mechanical properties and failure behavior. A model was developed simulating the behavior of the cell under local loading scenarios. While this paper focuses primarily on testing methodologies, initial findings and an introductory FEA model, future work will incorporate these experimental results into detailed FEA models across all loading
Patanwala, HuzefaSong, YihanSahraei, Elham
The use of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles marks a major progression in the automotive sector. Energy storage systems extensively make use of these batteries. The extended life cycle, low self-discharge rates, high energy density, and eco-friendliness of lithium-ion batteries are well-known. However, Temperature sensitivity has an adverse effect on lithium-ion battery safety, durability, and performance. Thus, maintaining ideal operating conditions and reducing the chance of thermal runaway depend heavily on efficient thermal management. To address this, experimental study was conducted on various battery thermal management techniques, including active, passive, and hybrid approaches. These techniques were investigated for their cooling efficiencies under different operating conditions. The electro-thermal behavior of cylindrical lithium-ion battery cells, battery packs, and supervisory control techniques were simulated in the study using MATLAB Simulink, Simscape, and
Thangaraju, ShanmuganathanN, MeenakshiGanesan, Maragatham
Thermal runaway is a critical phenomenon in lithium batteries, characterized by a self-sustaining process due to internal chemical reactions, that is triggered once a certain temperature is reached within the cell. This event is often caused by overheating due to charge and discharge cycles and can lead to fires or explosions, posing a significant safety threat. The aim of this study is to induce thermal runaway on single cells in different ways to characterize the phenomenon and validate the simulation models present in Altair SimLab®. The work was conducted in several key phases. Initially, an experimental test was performed in a calorimeter (EV ARC HWS test) to collect temperature data of the Molicel 21700 P45B cell during thermal runaway under adiabatic conditions. These data were used for a simulation on a single cell, allowing a detailed comparison with the experimental results. Subsequently, a test was conducted on a single cell under operational conditions, overheated using a
Giuliano, LucaScrimieri, LuigiReitano, SimoneBerti Polato, DavideFerraris, AlessandroComerford, AndrewBhatnagar, Saakaar
A vital aspect of Ultra-Fast Charging (UFC) Li-Ion battery pack is its thermal management system, which impacts safety, performance, and cell longevity. Immersion cooling technology is more effective compared to indirect cold plate as heat can dissipate much quicker and has a potential to mitigate the thermal runaway propagation, improve pack overall performance, and cell life significantly. For design optimization and getting better insight, high fidelity Multiphysics-Multiscale simulations are required. Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) based electro-thermally coupled multi-physics CFD simulations are performed to optimize the innovative busbar design, of a recently developed immersion cooled battery pack, which enables the capability to remove individual cell. Further, high fidelity 3D transient flow-thermal simulations have helped in optimizing the coolant flow direction, inlet positions, cell spacing and separator design for efficient flow distribution in the module. While high
Tyagi, RamavtarNegro, SergioBaranowski, AlexAtluri, Prasad
Thermal management is a key challenge in the design and operation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), particularly in high-stress conditions that may lead to thermal runaway (TR). Immersion cooling technology provides a promising solution by offering uniform cooling across all battery cells, reducing the risk of hotspots and thermal gradients that can trigger TR. However, accurately modeling the thermal behavior of such systems, especially under the complex conditions of immersion cooling, presents significant challenges. This study introduces a comprehensive multiscale and Multiphysics modeling framework to analyze thermal runaway and its propagation (TRP) in battery systems cooled by immersion in dielectric fluids. The model integrates both 1D and 3D simulations, focusing on calibrating energy terms at the single-cell level using 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The calibration process includes a detailed analysis of cell chemistries, exothermic heat release, and thermal runaway
Negro, SergioTyagi, RamavtarKolaei, AmirPugsley, KyleAtluri, Prasad
This study presents a comparative analysis of Samsung lithium-ion batteries, which are the INR21700 30T high-power (HP) cell and INR21700 50E high-energy (HE) cell, examining their design differences and performance characteristics. Based on teardown data reported in literature, the HP cell features higher porosity, thicker current collectors, and thinner electrode coatings compared to the HE cell, while the HE cell incorporates approximately 6% silicon oxide in its graphite anode for increased energy density. Cell-level characterization test results demonstrated superior rate capability of the HP cell, maintaining 93.8% of its capacity at 2C discharge, while the HE cell retained 93.4% at 1.6C. The HP cell also exhibited better cycle life stability due to its silicon-free design. Pseudo-two-dimensional (P2D) models were constructed using both teardown experimental parameters and adjusted parameters. Simulation results revealed significant discrepancies using teardown parameters
Yao, QiKollmeyer, PhillipChen, JunranPanchal, SatyamGross, OliverEmadi, Ali
Rechargeable lithium batteries are widely used in the electric vehicle industry due to their long lifespan and high energy density. However, after long-term repeated charging and discharging, various electrochemical reactions inside lithium batteries can lead to performance degradation and even cause battery fires. Estimating the health status and predicting the remaining life of lithium batteries can provide insights into their future operating conditions, which is crucial for achieving fault warnings and ensuring the safe operation of battery-related equipment. In terms of predicting the health status of lithium batteries, this paper proposes a method based on an improved Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) for health status estimation. This method first employs nearest neighbor component analysis to eliminate feature redundancy among the multidimensional health factors of the battery. Then, a differential grey wolf optimization algorithm (DEGWO) is used to globally optimize the
K, Meng Zi
The demand for eco-friendly electric powertrains has increased significantly in recent years. Cells are the most crucial component of a battery pack, directly influencing the dimensions, range, lifespan, performance, and cost of electric vehicles. Lithium-ion cells outperform other cell chemistries due to their higher energy density, allowing for more compact and lightweight designs while providing longer operational ranges. It is crucial that lithium-ion cell packaging complies with assembly requirements to maximize its lifespan and ensure operational safety. Assembly force requirements of lithium-ion cells are critical to ensure optimal cell performance throughout its lifetime & enhance the longevity of the battery pack. The compression pad between cells ensures appropriate cell assembly pressure. The service life is how long a lithium-ion cell can operate effectively, while the cyclic life refers to the number of charge-discharge cycles before cell functional degradation. The cell
Varambally, VishakhaSithick basha, AbubakkerChalumuru, MadhuSasikumar, K
The operating temperature of lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells significantly influences their degradation behavior. In indirect liquid cooling systems, temperature variations within a Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) LIB module are inevitable due to the increasing downstream temperature of the cooling medium as it absorbs heat. This leads to reduced temperature differentials between the cooling medium and the LIB cells. As a result, LIB cells located further along the flow path experience higher average temperatures than those at the front. Typically, a maximum average cell temperature difference of 5 K within LIB modules is considered acceptable. However, results from a conventional cooling system indicate that, when fast charging is exclusively used, this can lead to a 15.5 % difference in the total ampere-hours passed before the End-of-Life (EOL) is reached for the front and back LIB cells. To address this issue, a switchable thermal management system for the traction battery is
Auch, MarcusWeyershäuser, KonstantinKuthada, TimoWagner, Andreas
As the utilization of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles becomes increasingly prevalent, there has been a growing focus on the mechanical properties of lithium-ion battery cores. The current collector significantly impacts the tensile properties of the electrode and the internal fracture of the battery cell. The stripping process tends to cause additional damage to the current collector, so tensile testing is not able to obtain in-situ mechanical properties of the current collector. Therefore, nanoindentation tests are required to acquire the in situ mechanical properties of the current collector. Nanoindentation testing represents the primary methodology for the determination of the mechanical properties of thin films. The Oliver-Pharr method is the standard approach used by commercial indentation instruments for the evaluation of mechanical properties in materials. Nevertheless, this approach is constrained by the limitations imposed by the sample boundary conditions. To
Dai, RuiSun, ZhiweiPark, JeongjinXia, YongZhou, Qing
This study presents a control co-design method that utilizes a bi-level optimization framework for parallel electric-hydraulic hybrid powertrains, specifically targeting heavy-duty vehicles like class 8 semi-trailer trucks. The primary objective is to minimize battery energy consumption, particularly under high torque demand at low speed, thereby extending both battery lifespan and vehicle driving range. The proposed method formulates a bi-level optimization problem to ensure global optimality in hydraulic energy storage sizing and the development of a high-level energy management strategy. Two nested loops are used: the outer loop applies a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to optimize key design parameters such as accumulator volume and pre-charged pressure, while the inner loop leverages Dynamic Programming (DP) to optimize the energy control strategy in an open-loop format without predefined structural constraints. Both loops use a single objective function, i.e. battery energy consumption
Taaghi, AmirhosseinYoon, Yongsoon
Most of the plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) available today are retrofitted versions of the corresponding co-existing higher-volume internal combustion (IC) engine-based models. In order to make the former category of vehicles more attractive in terms of driving range, a Li-ion battery pack of substantive energy capacity (in kWh) is needed. The latter requirement is likely to add to the weight of an EV in relation to its conventional counterpart. This potential weight increase can to an extent be checked by aggressively scouring for opportunities for weight reduction of the BIW (Body-In-White) of the original platform. The current work suggests a practical and efficient CAE (Computer-Aided Engineering)-driven approach for weight optimization of the BIW of a vehicle without affecting its styling, modal frequencies and front crashworthiness performance. It is assumed that there would be no major changes to manufacturing resources associated with the current design although limited
Deb, AnindyaZhu, Feng
Battery cell aging and loss of capacity are some of the many challenges facing the widespread implementation of electrification in mobility. One of the factors contributing to cell aging is the dissimilarities of individual cells connected in a module. This paper reports the results of several aging experiments using a mini-module consisting of seven 5 Ah 21700 lithium-ion battery cells connected in parallel. The aging cycle comprised a constant current-constant voltage charge cycle at a 0.7C C-rate, followed by a 0.2C constant current discharge, spanning the useful voltage range from minimum to maximum according to the cell manufacturer. Charge and discharge events were separated by one-hour rest periods and were repeated for four weeks. Weekly reference performance tests were executed to measure static capacity, pulse power capability and resistance at different states of charge. All diagnostics were normalized with respect to their starting numbers to achieve a percentage change
Swarts, AndreSalvi, Swapnil S.Juarez Robles, Daniel
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are critical components in electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy systems. However, conventional cooling techniques for LIBs often struggle to efficiently dissipate heat during fast charging and discharging, potentially compromising performance and safety. This study investigates the thermal performance of immersion cooling applied to an Electric Vehicle (EV) battery module comprised of NCA-chemistry-based cylindrical 21700 format Lithium-ion cells. The effectiveness of immersion cooling in reducing maximum cell temperature, temperature gradient, cell-to-cell temperature differential, and pressure drop within the battery module is evaluated on a detailed 3D model of a 360-cell immersion-cooled battery module that was developed, incorporating a well-established heat generation model based on theoretical analysis and experimental data to simulate the thermal characteristics of the battery system. The effects of the different fluid properties are first
Garcia, AntonioMicó, CarlosMarco-Gimeno, JavierElkourchi, Imad
This study looks into the impact of temperature on the aging of lithium-ion batteries, which are an important component of energy storage systems in electric vehicles. To evaluate battery capacity over time, experiments were carried out at two temperatures, 25°C and 50°C, imitating real-world vehicle circumstances. Pristine cells were initially assessed in terms of capacity and internal resistance. Aging results from cycling indicate that higher operating temperatures, particularly under aggressive conditions (fast charging), lead to accelerated battery degradation due to heat accumulation. Charging at 2C resulted in fast degradation at both temperatures, with the battery reaching its End Of Life (EOL), 80% capacity, in fewer than 200 cycles. Surprisingly, cycling at 50°C resulted in a longer lifespan than 25°C for 1C charge/discharge rates. The 1C charge and 2C discharge regimen at 50°C produced the best results, retaining more than 80% capacity even after 600 cycles. This shows that
Garcia, AntonioMonsalve-Serrano, JavierEgea, Juan Manuel H.Bekaert, EmilieHerran, AlvaroMarco-Gimeno, Javier
Letter from the Guest Editors
Kolhe, Mohan LalZhang, Ronghui
In the pursuit of enhancing the reliability of battery health management methods, accurate estimation of state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) remains a critical challenge. This article presents a novel fusion estimation algorithm, combining a dual extended Kalman filter (EKF) with a particle filter (PF), based on a fractional-order 2-RC battery model (FOEKPF–EKF). The 2-RC fractional-order model (FOM) is first implemented to accurately depict the battery’s discharge behavior, outperforming traditional integer-order models (IOM) due to its ability to capture the cell’s intrinsic diffusion and dispersion characteristics. An adaptive genetic algorithm (AGA) is then employed for optimal parameter identification of the FOM, ensuring precise modeling. Following this, the FOEKPF–EKF algorithm is developed, leveraging the strengths of FOM, EKF, and PF to effectively handle uncertain, time-varying noise, thereby improving SOC estimation accuracy. The reliability of the proposed
Wang, KeMo, JianLi, DanZhou, YingYuan, Zhangyong
The maximum temperature and the maximum temperature difference of lithium battery energy storage systems are of great importance to their lifespan and safety. The energy storage module targeted in this research utilizes a forced air-cooling thermal management system. In this article, the maximum battery temperature, temperature difference, and cooling fan power are used as evaluation indicators. The thermal–fluid coupling simulation technology is utilized to restore the real structure of the module, ensuring the reliability of the simulation results. The P-Q curve is introduced for the boundary conditions of the heat dissipation fan to investigate the influence of the flow channel structure on the airflow volume and distribution. First, the thermal–fluid coupling simulation results of the original structure were compared with the measured parameters. Subsequently, the study on the airflow and temperature distribution of the original flow channel structure reveals that a significant
Guo, YuChengBao, YiDongJiang, BingYunLu, FeiFei
The global environmental pollution issue and global warming caused by internal combustion engines (ICE) have prompted automotive manufacturers to pioneer the development of emission-free or pure electric vehicles. The Indian government declared that all ICE cars will be replaced by electric vehicles by 2030. Thus, after 2030, ICE vehicle scrapping will be prevented by retrofitting. Transforming traditional cars into electric vehicles in Indian markets reduces emissions and enhances sustainability. This work aims to transform the Maruti Suzuki Zen petrol car into a fully electric vehicle while keeping its pristine transmission system with an onboard charging system. During the fieldwork, all unnecessary components of the ICE are removed to transform it into an electric vehicle. The E Zen’s maximum speed, gradeability, and driving range on both level and sloping roads were also examined. The performance was assessed using a 72 V, 144 Ah lithium-ion battery pack and an AC induction motor
Suryavanshi, Shweta S.Ghanegaonkar, Pravin M.Kawade, Ramesh K.
The usage of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and the annual production rate have increased significantly over the years. This is due to the development of rechargeable electrical energy storage system (battery pack), which is the main power source for EVs. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) pack is predominantly used across all major vehicle categories such as 2-wheelers, 3-wheelers and light commercial vehicle. LIB is one of the high energy-dense sources of volume. However, LIBs have a challenge to pose a risk of short circuits and battery pack explosions, when exposed to damage scenarios. In the present study, the controlled crash analysis is performed for various velocities ranging from 50 kmph to 72 kmph against an obstruction directly and at an offset from the wheel, so as to mimic the real-world crash of high-speed two-wheelers. The behavior of the battery enclosure is examined through evaluating the structural integrity of the battery enclosure used in a realistic two-wheeler after crash at
Venkatesan Sr, AiyappanNelson, N RinoHariharan Nair, Adarsh
The increasing reliance on lithium-ion batteries in manufacturing necessitates advanced monitoring techniques to ensure their longevity and reliability. Cloud technology offers a solution by enabling real-time data collection, analysis, and accessibility, facilitating thorough monitoring and predictive maintenance. Digital twin technology, creating a virtual replica of the physical battery system, provides a platform for simulating real-world conditions and predicting potential issues before they arise. By integrating sensor data and historical usage patterns, the digital twin model can accurately predict battery degradation, aiding in timely maintenance strategies. This proactive approach enhances battery operational efficiency and extends lifespan, leading to cost savings and improved safety. The paper explores using cloud-based monitoring systems to enhance the health estimation and management of lithium-ion batteries. A comprehensive feasibility study on adopting battery digital
Zeeshan, MohammadAkre, Vineet
After the defected gears are determined, a novel method, combined with wavelet packet decomposition, complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise and singular value decomposition, is put forward. It is utilized to exclude disturbance of irrelevant signals that generated by the defect gears. Firstly, wavelet packet decomposition is used to extract the defect signals and retain original features. The processed signal is called S1 and the irrelevant frequency bands could be filtered out. Secondly, complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise decomposes S1 into a series of intrinsic modal functions. The correlations between S1 and intrinsic modal functions are analyzed. The intrinsic modal functions that are highly correlated with S1 are screened out and reconstructed into a new signal, called S2. The disturbance of irrelevant signals could be further filtered out, but some of them still disturb the judgement. Thirdly, singular value
Gu, JunqingZuo, YueyunZhang, NiDeng, FengWu, Xiaolong
Accurate and reliable SOC estimation plays a vital role in the engineering application and development of LIBs. A multi-time scale joint algorithm combining FFRLS and AEKF is introduced in this paper. The FFRLS algorithm is employed for online parameter identification of a second-order resistance-capacitance ECM, while the AEKF algorithm estimates the SOC. To account for the time-varying nature of model parameters and SOC, different sampling periods are selected, enabling the parameter identification and SOC estimation processes to operate on distinct time scales. Experimental results demonstrate that, under constant current conditions at room temperature, the multi-time scale FFRLS-AEKF joint algorithm can maintain a high level of accuracy while reducing the computational burden, with MAE and RMSE values of 0.0111 and 0.0129, respectively. Simultaneously, a public data set is used to prove the application of the algorithm in complex operating conditions, and the computed results of
Liang, DanYang, BoLiu, BingLiu, ShuaiCao, Chang
Lithium-ion batteries are prone to thermal failures under extreme conditions, leading to thermal runaway and safety risks such as fire or explosion. Therefore, effective temperature prediction and diagnosis are crucial. This paper proposes a thermal fault diagnosis method based on the Informer time series model. By extracting temperature-related features and conducting correlation analysis, a 9-dimensional input parameter matrix is constructed. Experimental results show that the model can maintain an absolute temperature prediction error within 0.5°C when predicting 10 seconds in advance, with higher accuracy than the LSTM model. Additionally, a three-level warning mechanism based on the forgetting coefficient further enhances diagnostic accuracy. Validation using test data and real vehicle data demonstrates that this method can efficiently diagnose and locate thermal faults in batteries, with low computational costs, making it suitable for online applications.
Sun, YefanZhu, XiaopengZhang, ZhengjiePeng, ZhaoxiaYang, ShichunLiu, Xinhua
An effective vehicle integrated thermal management system (ITMS) is critical for the safe and efficient operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) vehicles. This paper takes a fuel cell vehicle (FCV) as the research object, comprehensively considers the vehicle layout environment and thermal management requirements, and designs a complete thermal management system for FCV. The key components are selected and designed to match the performance and the control strategy of ITMS of fuel cell vehicle is developed. To do that, the ITMS model is established based on the heating principle and heat transfer theory of each key component. Then, the ITMS under Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) operating conditions at different ambient temperatures are simulated and analyzed by selecting indicators such as coolant flow rate and temperature. Under the ambient temperature of 40°C, the temperature of PEMFC is basically stable between 78 °C and 83°C, the coolant outlet
Jiang, QiXiong, ShushengWang, YupengZhu, ShaopengChen, Huipeng
This paper focuses on the development and validation of predictive models for battery management systems, specifically targeting State of Health (SOH) and State of Charge (SOC) estimation, as well as the design of a comprehensive Battery Management System (BMS). The study begins by establishing and evaluating SOH prediction models, employing both linear regression and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) algorithms. Comparative analysis is conducted to assess the prediction accuracy between Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) and LSTM, highlighting the superior performance of the LSTM algorithm in forecasting battery health. The second part of the paper addresses SOC estimation, outlining common methods and introducing an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) algorithm for real-time SOC prediction. The EKF model is constructed through three primary stages: the establishment of the observed signal section, the ECU section, and the algorithmic structure itself. Rigorous validation confirms the EKF model’s
Yuan, ChuoBao, ZhimingLi, WeizhuoLiu, ZezhengZhao, XuJiao, Kui
As global energy concerns and environmental challenges intensify, the automotive industry is rapidly transitioning toward more sustainable solutions, with new energy vehicles, particularly battery electric vehicles (BEVs), at the forefront. BEVs depend on lithium-ion batteries due to their high energy efficiency, large storage capacity, and ability to support long-range driving. However, maintaining optimal performance, safety, and battery longevity is critical, especially during high-rate charging and discharging operations. To address these challenges, effective battery thermal management systems (BTMS) are essential. Poor thermal management can lead to overheating, reduced battery lifespan, and potential safety hazards. This study focuses on improving air-cooled BTMS, which are widely used for their cost-effectiveness, by introducing spoilers to enhance airflow within the cooling channels. By combining simulation with experimental methods, experiments on the air-cooled BTMS
An, DouCui, FeifeiMeiwei, WangWang, ChunXi, Huan
With increasing global attention on environmental issues and the greenhouse effect, electric vehicles (EVs) have become a focal point for sustainable transportation solutions. Lithium-ion batteries are integral to EVs due to their high energy density, elevated operating voltage, and long service life. However, their performance is highly influenced by factors such as ambient temperature, charge and discharge rates, and aging processes. To enhance the safety, reliability, and efficiency of lithium-ion battery systems, it is critical to develop a robust and advanced battery management system (BMS) that can monitor battery states accurately and in real-time. A key aspect of BMS design is the estimation and prediction of the battery's state of health (SOH). Accurately characterizing SOH during actual usage conditions is essential for optimal battery performance and longevity. This study investigates various SOH indicator extraction methods reported in the literature, including features
Long, TianfengShang, HuaqingLiu, XiaoqiZhang, PengchengYue, MeilingMeng, Jianwen
With the rapid development of new energy vehicles, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used in the automotive sector. The performance and safety of LIBs in electric vehicles (EVs) are significantly influenced by operating temperature, making the development of an effective battery thermal management system (BTMS) crucial. In recent years, phase change material (PCM)-based BTMS technology has been recognized as one of the most promising solutions. Compared to traditional air and liquid cooling systems, PCM cooling technology exhibits superior cooling performance due to its large latent heat and efficient heat dissipation capabilities, while also eliminating the need for additional pump power consumption. Therefore, in-depth research on PCM cooling technology is of significant academic and practical value for enhancing the effectiveness and safety of power battery thermal management. This study investigates the effects of thermal conductivity, melting point, and thickness of
Lv, Kang-MinSu, Chu-QiWang, Yi-PingYuan, Xiao-HongLiu, Xun
Lithium-ion batteries have become the preferred energy storage component for electric vehicles due to their excellent overall performance. However, during use, they generate heat, causing the battery temperature to rise and the internal and surface temperatures to be inconsistent, affecting the battery’s performance and even leading to thermal safety issues. It is difficult to obtain real-time internal temperature measurements in actual vehicles. Therefore, accurately estimating the internal temperature of the battery, promptly detecting thermal faults, and ensuring efficient and safe operation of the battery are of great importance. This paper establishes a dual-state thermal model based on extended Kalman filtering for a square ternary lithium battery, which achieves real-time updating of external thermal resistance and online estimation of core battery temperature. For this type of lithium battery and its battery module, an experimental platform was set up, and basic performance
Jin, YuntaoLiu, XuanzhuoZhang, ZhengjiePeng, ZhaoxiaYang, Shichun
Thermal runaway propagation (TRP) within lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) poses critical barriers to the safe operation and large-scale application of cell-to-chassis (CTC) batteries. Such events can lead to severe safety incidents, including explosions and fires, in systems utilizing these batteries. However, there is a lack of research on the thermal runaway model coupled with vented gases at the CTC systems. In this study, a thermal runaway coupling model for the battery pack system was established utilizing Star-CCM+ software, allowing for the examination of thermal runaway propagation characteristics and vented gas characteristics a within power battery systems based on the measured parameters of battery thermal safety characteristic. The simulation results indicated that once thermal runaway becomes uncontrollable, combustible flue gases escape through the exhaust hole located on the side plate of the cell, thereby facilitating heat transfer to adjacent cells. The primary components
Ma, NiyaZhang, AnweiZhou, WentaiZhou, YouJia, YuanFan, Zehong
In order to deploy renewable energy sources for balanced power generation and consumption, batteries are crucial. The large weight and significant drain on the energy efficiency of conventional batteries urge the development of structural batteries storing electrical energy in load-bearing structural components. With the current shift to a green economy and growing demand for batteries, it is increasingly important to find sustainable solutions for structural batteries as well. Sustainable structural batteries (SSBs) have strong attraction due to their lightweight, design flexibility, high energy efficiency, and reduced impact on the environment. Along with sustainability, these structural batteries increase volumetric energy density, resulting in a 20% increase in efficiency and incorporate energy storage capabilities with structural components, realizing the concept of massless energy storage. However, the significant problems in commercializing SSBs are associated with their
Kusekar, Sambhaji KashinathPirani, MahdiBirajdar, Vyankatesh DhanrajBorkar, TusharFarahani, Saeed
Predictive maintenance is crucial for Industry 4.0, and deep neural networks are a promising approach for predicting the capacity of electric batteries. However, few applications effectively utilize neural networks for this purpose with lithium-ion batteries. In this work, different deep learning models are developed, starting with simple neural networks, dense neural networks, convolutional networks, and recurrent networks. Using a public domain dataset, training, testing, and validation datasets were generated to predict battery capacity as a function of the number of cycles. Despite the limited number of samples in the dataset, deep learning techniques are employed to ensure robust prediction performance. The work presents the loss functions for each iteration of the algorithms and the average absolute error. The models made good generalizations over the test dataset within a short prediction time window. Finally, the work presents an average absolute error below 0.3, ensuring good
Branco, César Tadeu Nasser Medeiros
The cost of electric vehicles (EVs) is significantly influenced by lithium-ion batteries, which typically account for about 40% of the total price, primarily due to the critical minerals content. Notably, minerals for cathode production are prone to scarcity and market price fluctuations. Moreover, the extraction of these minerals through mining activities poses substantial environmental challenges, including carbon emissions and resource depletion. In response to these concerns, recycling emerges as strategic to ensure the sustainability of electrification and secure the mineral supply chain. This paper presents findings from a study on recycling EV batteries using hydrometallurgical processes, encompassing the resynthesis of cathode materials utilizing recycled resources. The hydrometallurgical method exhibited an extraction efficiency surpassing 90%, with no direct CO2 emissions. Validation of the resynthesis phase involved the fabrication of cells with resynthesized cathodes
Obara, Rafael BrisollaErthal, LeopoldoSouza, Cleiton OliveiraRoggerio, LeonardoFreitas, Heverson RenanLima, Ana Luiza LorenzenBassani, Jean Carlos
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