Browse Topic: Electrical systems

Items (15,709)

Enhancing Efficiency in Aerospace Manufacturing through AI Agent Based Bearing Diagnostics System

2025-01-0158To be published on 04/25/2025

Industrial bearings are critical components in aerospace manufacturing, where their failures can result in costly downtime. Traditional fault diagnosis typically depends on time-consuming on-site inspections conducted by specialized engineers. This research introduces an innovative Artificial Intelligence application that functions as a virtual maintenance technician, empowering on-site personnel to perform preliminary diagnoses. By reducing the dependence on specialized engineers, this technology aims to minimize downtime. The AI system leverages large language models to guide the inspection process, answer queries from a comprehensive knowledge base, analyze defect images, and generate detailed reports with actionable recommendations. Multiple deep learning algorithms operate as backend APIs to support this functionality. This study details the architectural design of the expert system and provides a real-time simulation of its workflow, demonstrating its potential to enhance

CHANDRASEKARAN, BALAJI

Integrating for Safety – A Proposed Approach to the Integration of Propulsion Battery Systems in Hybrid Electric Aviation

2025-01-0148To be published on 04/25/2025

In the last year we have witnessed a notable surge in the designs and in the guidance material for electric and hybrid aircraft. FAA and EASA have continued to evaluate the safety of Propulsion Battery Systems (PBS), with a focus on thermal runaway containment testing. As a result, a harmonization white paper was issued to provide a certification path for Thermal Runaway (TR) Hazards, followed by an EASA certification memorandum on the acceptable approaches for the certification of Electric/Hybrid Propulsion Systems (EHPS). And just recently, an FAA Advisory Circular (draft) was issued for the “powered-lift” aircraft that feature these propulsion battery systems. In spite of the advances made by electric/hybrid aircraft manufacturers and the aviation authorities, there is still a missing piece of the puzzle. Mainly, we are still not confident in our ability to properly integrate the PBS into the EHPS architecture, in such a way where safety is never compromised, no matter the hazard

Hanna, Michael, Walker, Cherizar

Short-Time Current Rating of Aircraft Wire

2025-01-0145To be published on 04/25/2025

This paper presents a comparative analysis of various short-time current rating formulas, focusing on applications in aircraft wiring. Examining historical formulas developed by pioneers such as W.H. Preece and I.M. Onderdonk alongside modern experimental data provide a comprehensive understanding of short-time current rating formulas. Also, exploring key challenges, such as environmental conditions and material variability in aviation with particular attention to adiabatic methods for current-carrying calculations. The findings of this paper offer practical insights into improving the safety and reliability of an aircraft electrical system with improving the accuracy of short-time current rating predictions.

Fifield, Jon

Conceptual Design of a Superconducting Aero Electric Engine System

2025-01-0146To be published on 04/25/2025

The goal of the development of an electric aircraft engine is to create an aircraft system that achieves ultimate efficiency using hydrogen fuel instead of fossil fuels. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on reducing weight as much as possible, and this paper describes the approach to such fuel cell-powered aircraft. The authors have adopted a superconducting coreless rotating electric machine with an integrated hydrogen tank and are pursuing a target of 70kg or less for the main components of a 2MW rotating electric machine. High-temperature superconducting wires have zero electrical resistance and can carry a very high current density, but the alternating current (AC) loss generated when used in AC has been an issue in their application to rotating electric machines. In 2023, The SCSC cable was developed to be a low-AC-loss, robust, and high current cable concept, in which copper-plated multifilament coated conductors are wound spirally on a core. In addition to using this

Oyori, Hitoshi, Sakurai, Sho, Kusase, Shin, Yoshida, Yukihiro, Yoshinaga, Seiichiro, Nose, Hiroyuki, Amemiya, Naoyuki

Model-Based Design and Energy Management of an Aeronautical Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System

2025-01-0150To be published on 04/25/2025

The growing demand for air transport requires efficient and sustainable power systems to meet the pressing need for decarbonizing the sector. A hybrid unit, consisting of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell system and a lithium-ion battery, is a suitable option due to the benefits of reduced gravimetric and volumetric impacts, along with the flexibility of energy management strategies. This work addresses, using a model-based approach, the issue of integrating these electrochemical devices into the aircraft’s electrical architecture, considering both design and energy management aspects. Two scenarios are explored to match the DC bus line voltage requirements. In the first, the fuel cell system nominal power is kept constant, while the number of DC/DC converters operating in parallel is assessed by constructing bi-dimensional maps derived from literature. These maps relate the converter’s maximum deliverable power to the input and desired output voltage. The second scenario introduces

Aliberti, Paolo, Sorrentino, Marco, Cuomo, Fabrizio, Napolitano, Ciro

Sustainable Design of Automotive Batteries

2025-01-0001To be published on 04/18/2025

A consequence of the automotive industry's shift to electrification is that a significantly higher percentage of a vehicle's lifecycle CO₂ emissions occur during the production phase. As a result, vehicle manufacturers and suppliers must shift the focus of product development from the 'in-use phase only' to optimizing the complete product lifecycle. The proper design of a battery has the highest impact to all other phases following in the life-cycle. It influences the selection of materials, the manufacturing, in-use and end of life, respectively the recycling and recycling yield for a circular economy. Using real-life examples the paper will explain what are the main parameters necessary for designing a sustainable battery. What are the low hanging fruits to be considered? In addition, it will elaborate on the relation as well as the impacts to other KPIs like safety, costs and life-time of the battery. Finally it will round up in an outlook on how batteries will evolve in the future

Braun, Andreas, Rothbart, Martin

Understanding Forming Characteristics of 980 MPa and 1180 MPa strength level AHSS with various Microstructures

2025-01-8222To be published on 04/01/2025

For electrical vehicle (EV) automotive body-in-white (BIW) structures, protection of passengers and battery in crash event becomes critically important. In addition to energy absorption, intrusion protection for battery and vehicle becomes extremely important and Advanced high strength steels (AHSS), like dual phase (DP)/multi-phase (MP)/complex phase (CP)/retained austenite bearing (GEN3) steels and Press hardened steels (PHS), have become material of choice for design for these components. Higher yield strength materials especially in 980/1180MPa MP and CP category are chosen for part design over conventional low yield strength DP to meet crash and performance targets. In this study, the forming characteristics including both global and local formability are evaluated and compared among 980 DP/MP/CP grades. Formability tests, such as forming limit curve (FLC), true fraction strain, V bend, half dome, and hole expansion tests are conducted. Microstructure analysis to understand the

Shih, Hua-Chu, Pednekar, Vasant, Shi, Ming, Singh, Jatinder, Tedesco, Sarah, Wu, Wei

On the potentially misleading evaluation of CO2 emissions for hybrid-electric vehicles

2025-01-8537To be published on 04/01/2025

The adoption of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) is becoming more popular during the last few years due to government incentives and favourable legislation both for automotive companies and final users. This type of vehicle claims very low carbon dioxide emissions while eliminating the range anxiety associated with battery electric vehicles thanks to the on-board range extender being able to recharge the battery throughout the journey. Unfortunately, the low emissions values are more representative of the particular mathematical model implemented by the legislation than the measured real driving emissions. Specifically, the legislation does not take into account the CO2 embedded in production of the batteries or of the electrical energy stored in it. This work analyses these aspects by means of a numerical model of the BMW i3 94Ah vehicle. The results obtained are collected from simulations conducted over the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) by using the commercial

Turner, James, Vorraro, Giovanni

Methods for fatigue under Random Vibration excitation for components of an Electric Vehicle

2025-01-8233To be published on 04/01/2025

A vehicle travels on roads with various profiles of surface roughness that are best characterized by a random process. The random vibration not only subjects passengers to the unpleasant physical shakes and noises perceived, but also imparts the fatigue damage to components installed on it. The ability to predict fatigue damage at the early design stage to prevent unwanted durability problems down the road is very important in today’s design process, especially for an electronic vehicle. Although the random vibration analysis for a dynamic response for a linear system subjected to random excitations is fairly straightforward in the frequency-domain, the prediction of the fatigue damage as a result of those random responses is still an arena drawing a lot of research efforts. Different from the conventional approach to deal with the damage based on the stress or strain responses in a time-domain, the most effective method of predicting the fatigue in random vibration is to obtain the

Yang, Zane, Fouret, Charles

Cost Analysis of Battery Electric and Fuel Cell Powertrains for Class 8 Heavy-Duty Trucks in Real-World Scenarios: A 2024, 2035 and 2050 Perspective

2025-01-8592To be published on 04/01/2025

This study evaluates the performance of alternative powertrains for Class 8 heavy-duty trucks under a variety of real-world driving conditions, cargo loads, and operating ranges. Energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and the Levelized Cost of Driving (LCOD) were assessed for different powertrain technologies in 2023, 2035, and 2050, considering anticipated technological advancements. The analysis was conducted using simulation models that accurately reflect vehicle dynamics, powertrain components, and energy storage systems, leveraging real-world driving data. The Argonne National Laboratory's POLARIS, SVTrip, Autonomie, and TechScape software were used in an integrated simulation workflow for this analysis. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted on fuel and battery costs to understand their impact on economic outcomes. The study considered a hydrogen cost of $4/kg in 2035 and 2050, three AEO2023 low, medium, high diesel cost scenarios, and electricity costs ranging

Mansour, Charbel, Bou Gebrael, Julien, Kancharla, Amarendra, Freyermuth, Vincent, Islam, Ehsan Sabri, Vijayagopal, Ram, Sahin, Olcay, Zuniga, Natalia, Nieto Prada, Daniela, Alhajjar, Michel, Rousseau, Aymeric, Borhan, Hoseinali, El Ganaoui-Mourlan, Ouafae

Barrier Weight Prediction for Vehicle Compatibility in North America Market using Finite Element Analysis

2025-01-8621To be published on 04/01/2025

The proliferation of the electric vehicle (EVs) in the US market led to an increase in the average vehicle weight due to the integration of the larger high-voltage (HV) batteries. To comply with this weight increase and meet stringent US regulations and Consumer Ratings requirements, Vehicle front-end rigidity has substantially increased. This increased stiffness in the larger vehicles (Large EV pickups/SUVs) may have a significant impact during collision with smaller vehicles. To address this issue, it is necessary we consider adopting a vehicle compatibility test like EuroNCAP MPDB in North American market as well. This study examines the influence of mass across vehicle classes and compares the structural variations for each impact class. The EuroNCAP MPDB (Moving Progressive Deformable Barrier) protocol was referenced for this analysis. Our evaluation approach comprises of two sections: the impact of the barrier mass on to the vehicle structure (V2B) and vehicle-to-vehicle impact

Kusnoorkar, Harsha, Koraddi, Basavaraj, Guerrero, Michael, Sripada, Venu Vinod, Tangirala, Ravi

Analysis of the design space for battery and fuel cell powered electric trucks

2025-01-8600To be published on 04/01/2025

A diverse set of solutions will likely be needed to decarbonize the commercial truck sector in US. Battery powered vehicles definitely has a predominant role in this, but there are several areas where fuel cell trucks are more advantageous for the consumer. This study examines several prominent medium and heavy duty applications, designed for different driving range requirements to identify the design space where battery and fuel cell trucks are attractive. The impact of purchase price, fuel cost, vehicle usage are also considered in this analysis. Since future costs cannot be accurately predicted, this study includes parametric sweeps with certain high and low values to examine the uncertainty of the observations. This work examines the top 10 truck classes based on vehicle population, fuel usage and driving distances. It also considers some of the bus applications such as coach, transit and school buses. The vehicle usage information taken from VIUS as well as inputs from the 21CTP

Vijayagopal, Ram, Birky, Alicia

Optimization method of phase change energy storage device for electric vehicle batteries based on numerical simulation

2025-01-8603To be published on 04/01/2025

Phase change energy storage devices are extensively utilized in latent heat thermal energy storage and hold significant potential for application in the thermal management of automotive batteries. By harnessing the high-density energy storage capabilities of phase change materials to absorb heat released by the batteries, followed by timely release and utilization, there is a substantial improvement in energy efficiency. This approach aligns with the objective of promoting low-carbon environmental protection and presents an opportunity to enhance the operational performance and energy utilization efficiency of electric vehicle batteries in low-temperature conditions. However, the thermal conductivity of medium and low temperature phase change materials is poor, leading to its inefficient utilization. This paper focuses on optimizing the structure of a phase change heat exchanger in a phase change energy storage device to improve its performance. A basic design of the phase change heat

Zhang, Haonan, Sun, Mingzhe, Zheng, Haoyun, Zhang, Tianming

Comprehensive Techno-Economic Analysis of Battery-Electric Trucks: Evaluating Battery Aging Impact for Regional Delivery Missions

2025-01-8591To be published on 04/01/2025

This study offers a comprehensive techno-economic assessment of battery-electric trucks, accounting for battery aging in the total cost of ownership (TCO) model. Due to the pressing regulations regarding emissions, battery electric vehicles are emerging as a solution for trucks, especially in Europe. Given the profit-oriented perspective of the customers purchasing these vehicles and the high uncertainty surrounding the cost-effectiveness of battery-electric trucks, several studies have focused on estimating their TCO. However, these studies overlook or overly simplify the impact of battery aging. This work introduces cost terms associated with aging, quantified over the vehicle's lifetime through an empirical battery degradation model. These often neglected costs include payload loss, battery residual value, and battery replacement. A case study was developed with a truck from VECTO group 9 for regional delivery missions, considering different payloads and battery pack sizes. To

Costantino, Trentalessandro, Acquarone, Matteo, Miretti, Federico, Spessa, Ezio

Research on the Thermal Performance of Thick Film Heater for Electric Vehicle Battery

2025-01-8154To be published on 04/01/2025

The life of power battery and its discharge efficiency in electric cars will be significantly reduced in a low temperature environment. Therefore, in order to ensure its working mileage and safety, heating the power battery is required. Heat pump air conditioners and PTC-based onboard heaters are usually way to heat the power battery under lower temperature so far. In low temperature environment, due to the lower heating efficiency of the heat pump air conditioner, onboard heaters are widely used in electric cars. A specific thick film heater(TFH) for electric vehicles is investigaed in this study, and its three dimensional heat tansfer analysis model is established. The heat transfer and fluid performace of the TFH is analied using a computational fluid dynamics software. The performance of TFH is measured on a test bench, and the measured data is used to validate the developed model. Using the established model, the heating efficiency of TFH is studied for different inlet

Guan, Wenzhe, Guo, Yiming, Wu, Xiaoyong, Wang, Dongdong, Shangguan, Wen-Bin

A framework for modeling mechanically induced thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries

2025-01-8134To be published on 04/01/2025

Battery safety is a paramount concern in the development of electric vehicles (EVs), as failures can lead to catastrophic consequences, including fires and explosions. With the rapid global adoption of EVs, understanding how battery cells perform under extreme conditions such as mechanical or thermal abuse is crucial for ensuring vehicle safety. This study investigates the abuse response of lithium-ion batteries under high-speed mechanical loading. Our research systematically examines the response of these cells at different states of charge (SOC) through controlled dynamic tests. These tests offer insights into the failure response of the cells. By analyzing the data, we gain a deeper understanding of the conditions that could trigger thermal runaway under mechanical abuse loadings, representative of EV crashes, a critical safety concern in EV battery systems. The experimental setup and methodologies are presented in this paper, alongside key findings that highlight the importance of

Patanwala, Huzefa, Kong, Kevin, Challa, Vidyu, Darvish, Kurosh, Sahraei, Elham

Model-Predictive Control for Heat Pump-Based Battery Thermal Management in Off-Road Autonomous Electrified Vehicles During Transient Operation

2025-01-8184To be published on 04/01/2025

The shift towards hybrid and electric powertrains in off-road vehicles aims to enhance mobility, extend range, and improve energy efficiency. However, heat pump-based thermal management systems in these vehicles continue to consume significant energy, impacting overall range and efficiency. Effective thermal management is essential for maintaining battery performance and safety, particularly in extreme conditions. Although high-fidelity models can capture the complex dynamics of heat pumps, real-time control within model-based optimization frameworks often depends on simplified models, which can degrade system performance. To address this, we propose a novel data-driven grey box control-oriented model (COM) that accurately represents the thermal dynamics of a vapor-compression refrigeration-based heat pump system. This COM is integrated into a model-predictive control (MPC) framework, optimizing thermal management during transient and burst-power operations of the battery pack. We

Sundar, Anirudh, Ghate, Atharva, Zhu, Qilun, Prucka, Robert, Ruan, Yeefeng, Figueroa-Santos, Miriam, Barron, Morgan

Development of Ceramic Humidity Regulator (CHR) Using Honeycomb Type PTC Heater to Improve Electric Vehicle Driving Range in Winter

2025-01-8177To be published on 04/01/2025

With Rapid growth of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in the market, challenges such as driving range, charging infrastructure, and reducing charging time needs to be addressed. Unlike traditional Internal combustion vehicles, EVs have limited heating sources and primarily uses electricity from the running battery, which reduces driving range. Additionally, during winter operation, it is necessary to prevent window fogging to ensure better visibility, which requires introducing cold outside air into the cabin. This significantly increases the power consumption for heating and the driving range can be reduced to half of the normal range. This study introduces the Ceramic Humidity Regulator (CHR), a compact and energy-efficient device developed to address driving range improvement. The CHR uses a desiccant system to dehumidify the cabin, which can prevent window fogging without introducing cold outside air, thereby reducing heating power consumption. A desiccant system typically consists of two

Hamada, Takafumi, Shinoda, Narimasa, Konno, Yoshiki, Ihara, Yukio, Ito, Masaki

Modelling and Simulation of a Fuel Cell Powertrain for Extreme H Applications

2025-01-8008To be published on 04/01/2025

This paper aims to model and simulate a design specification for a fuel cell electric powertrain tailored for Extreme H motorsport applications. A comprehensive numerical model of the powertrain was constructed using GT-Suite, integrating the 2025 Extreme H regulations, which include specifications for the fuel cell stack, electric motors, hydrogen storage, and battery systems. A detailed drive cycle representing the real-world driving patterns of Extreme E vehicles was developed, utilising kinematic parameters derived from literature and real-world data. The performance of the Extreme H powertrain was benchmarked against the Toyota Mirai fuel cell vehicle to validate the simulation accuracy under the same racing conditions. The proposed design delivers a maximum power output of 400 kW, with 75 kW supplied by the fuel cell and 325 kW by the battery, ensuring optimal performance within the constraints set by the Extreme H 2025 regulations. Additionally, the design maintains an optimal

Moreno Medina, Javier, Samuel, Stephen

Design of an Air-Liquid Coupled Thermal Management System for Battery Packs in Energy Storage Cabinets

2025-01-8168To be published on 04/01/2025

Efficient thermal management is critical for ensuring the performance and safety of large-capacity battery packs. Traditional air or liquid cooling methods often fail to provide sufficient cooling and to maintain uniform temperature distribution. To address these limitations, a novel hybrid air-liquid cooling system was developed in this study. A 3D model of the proposed cooling structure was constructed. Heat transfer and fluid flow resistance were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations based on the developed model. The model was validated through experimental measurements. These included discharge temperature rise measurements on individual battery cells and flow resistance tests on the liquid cooling plate. The thermal performance of the air-liquid hybrid cooling system was evaluated at various discharge rates and compared with only air or liquid cooling methods. Results indicated that the hybrid cooling system significantly enhanced heat dissipation. At a

Li, Hao, Guo, Yiming, Zhou, Fupeng, Li, Kunyuan, Shangguan, Wen-Bin

Reducing Temperature-related Aging Inhomogeneities in Battery Modules Using a Switchable Thermal Management System

2025-01-8167To be published on 04/01/2025

The operating temperature of lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells significantly influences their degradation behavior. In indirect liquid cooling systems, temperature variations within a Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) LIB module are inevitable due to the increasing downstream temperature of the cooling medium as it absorbs heat. This leads to reduced temperature differentials between the cooling medium and the LIB cells. As a result, LIB cells located further along the flow path experience higher average temperatures than those at the front. Typically, a maximum average cell temperature difference of 5 K within LIB modules is considered acceptable. However, results from a conventional cooling system indicate that, when fast charging is exclusively used, this can lead to a 15.5 % difference in the total ampere-hours passed before the End-of-Life (EOL) is reached for the front and back LIB cells. To address this issue, a switchable thermal management system for the traction battery is

Auch, Marcus, Weyershäuser, Konstantin, Kuthada, Timo, Wagner, Andreas

Experimental Analysis of Battery Thermal Management Techniques for Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries Using MATLAB Simulink, Simscape, and Stateflow Simulations

2025-01-8165To be published on 04/01/2025

The integration of lithium-ion batteries into electric vehicles represents a significant advancement in the automotive industry. These batteries are widely utilized in energy storage systems. The extended life cycle, low self-discharge rates, high energy density, and eco-friendliness of lithium-ion batteries are well-known. However, Lithium-ion batteries are highly sensitive to temperature, adversely affecting their performance, lifespan, and safety. Therefore, effective thermal management is critical to ensuring optimal operating conditions and mitigating the risk of thermal runaway. To address this, experimental study was conducted on various battery thermal management techniques, including active, passive, and hybrid approaches. These techniques were investigated for their cooling efficiencies under different operating conditions. The study utilized MATLAB Simulink, Simscape, and Stateflow to simulate the electro-thermal behavior of cylindrical lithium-ion battery cells, battery

Thangaraju, Shanmuganathan, N, Meenakshi, Ganesan, Maragatham

A Study on the Influence of Compression Pads on the Safety and Life of a Lithium-ion Cell Module

2025-01-8132To be published on 04/01/2025

The demand for eco-friendly electric powertrains has increased significantly in recent years. Cells are the most crucial component of a battery pack, directly influencing the dimensions, range, lifespan, performance, and cost of electric vehicles. Lithium-ion cells outperform other cell chemistries due to their higher energy density, allowing for more compact and lightweight designs while providing longer operational ranges. It is crucial that lithium-ion cell packaging complies with assembly requirements to maximize its lifespan and ensure operational safety. Assembly force requirements of lithium-ion cells are critical to ensure optimal cell performance throughout its lifetime & enhance the longevity of the battery pack. The compression pad between cells ensures appropriate cell assembly pressure. The service life is how long a lithium-ion cell can operate effectively, while the cyclic life refers to the number of charge-discharge cycles before cell functional degradation. The cell

Varambally, Vishakha, Sithick basha, Abubakker, Chalumuru, Madhu, Sasikumar, K

Impact of Temperature and Current Rate Protocols on the Aging of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Capacity Testing and Impedance Analysis

2025-01-8131To be published on 04/01/2025

This study looks into the impact of temperature on the aging of lithium-ion batteries, which are an important component of energy storage systems in electric vehicles. To evaluate battery capacity over time, experiments were carried out at two temperatures, 25°C and 50°C, imitating real-world vehicle circumstances. Pristine cells were initially assessed in terms of capacity and internal resistance. Aging results from cycling indicate that higher operating temperatures, particularly under aggressive conditions (fast charging), lead to accelerated battery degradation due to heat accumulation. Charging at 2C resulted in fast degradation at both temperatures, with the battery reaching its End Of Life (EOL), 80% capacity, in fewer than 200 cycles. Surprisingly, cycling at 50°C resulted in a longer lifespan than 25°C for 1C charge/discharge rates. The 1C charge and 2C discharge regimen at 50°C produced the best results, retaining more than 80% capacity even after 600 cycles. This shows that

Garcia, Antonio, Monsalve-Serrano, Javier, Egea, Juan Manuel H., Bekaert, Emilie, Herran, Alvaro, Marco-Gimeno, Javier

Lithium battery health status and lifespan prediction based on deep learning

2025-01-8126To be published on 04/01/2025

Rechargeable lithium batteries are widely used in the electric vehicle industry due to their long lifespan and high energy density. However, after long-term repeated charging and discharging, various electrochemical reactions inside lithium batteries can lead to performance degradation and even cause battery fires. Estimating the health status and predicting the remaining life of lithium batteries can provide insights into their future operating conditions, which is crucial for achieving fault warnings and ensuring the safe operation of battery-related equipment. In terms of predicting the health status of lithium batteries, this paper proposes a method based on an improved LSTM for health status estimation. This method first employs nearest neighbor component analysis to eliminate feature redundancy among the multidimensional health factors of the battery. Then, the differential grey wolf optimization algorithm is used to globally optimize the hyperparameters of the LSTM. The

K, Meng Zi

Effectiveness of Nail Penetration for Thermal Propagation Test in Battery Packs and Vehicles

2025-01-8128To be published on 04/01/2025

The number of electric vehicles (EVs) has increased significantly in recent years. Consequently, incidents of EV fires have been reported. To protect passengers and evaluate battery robustness, thermal propagation tests are conducted. Typically, these tests initiate a cell in a battery pack using either a heater or a nail. While the heater method is commonly used, the nail method faces restrictions when selecting an initiation cell, especially for battery pack and vehicle testing. For battery pack testing, vertical penetration against the vehicle's travel direction does not have cell selection restrictions. However, for horizontal penetration, the initiation cells are limited to the outermost cells in the battery pack. In vehicle testing, horizontal penetration is unfeasible, whereas vertical penetration from bottom to top is possible. To demonstrate the feasibility of the nail method for battery pack and vehicle testing, especially in vehicles, nail tests were conducted on an electric

Maeda, Kiyotaka, Takahashi, Masashi

Multi-disciplinary Electric Cargo Scooter Battery Design, Simulation and Validation

2025-01-8123To be published on 04/01/2025

Evaluating the structural strength & thermal performance of electric vehicle battery pack is crucial for enhancing safety & performance. For electric cargo scooter, the battery pack must withstand significant vibrational forces, shocks from impacts & accidental drops all of which can compromise the battery's structural integrity. A failure in this regard could lead to dangerous outcomes such as short circuits, fire, or even explosions, making the robustness of the battery pack crucial for both safety and performance. Conducting physical vibration, shock, and drop tests on a battery pack can result in hazardous situations, necessitating stringent safety measures and specialized equipment, which can be prohibitively expensive and time consuming. The present work focuses on computer-aided virtual simulations at design stage to evaluate the structural integrity, thermal safety & ease of manufacturing of a battery pack assembly, to optimize battery design and reduce prototyping and physical

Shinde, Pranav, Balachandran, Karthik, Gandhi, Chaitanya, Mishra, Sonu, Deshmukh, Harish, Karve, Madhura, Chittur, Srikrishna, Das, Alok

Investigation of Impedance Evolution for Lithium Plating Detection during Multi-Stage Constant Current Fast Charging of Lithium-Ion Batteries

2025-01-8124To be published on 04/01/2025

The lengthy charging time of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles (EVs) significantly affect their acceptance. Reducing charging time requires high-power fast charging. However, such fast charging can trigger various side reactions, leading to safety and durability issues. Among these, lithium plating is a major concern as it can reduce battery capacity and potentially cause internal short circuits or even thermal runaway. Currently, multi-stage constant current charging (MCCC) protocols are widely adopted. However, the difficulty in effectively detecting lithium plating during the MCCC process significantly limits the charging power. Therefore, it is urgent to explore a method to detect lithium plating during the MCCC process. In this study, the impedance evolution during the MCCC procedure was first investigated. Then a method based on the impedance variation patterns was proposed to detect lithium plating. Besides, the reason for the behavior of impedance changes was further

Shen, Yudong, Wang, Xueyuan, Wu, Hang, Wei, Xuezhe, Dai, Haifeng

A Minimalist High-Power Boost Charging Solution Integrated Into Electric Drives

2025-01-8560To be published on 04/01/2025

The drive power and charging performance of leading electric vehicles (EVs) continue to advance, with high-performance EVs elevating their high-voltage platform ranges from below 500V to 800V and even 900V. To be compatible with existing public charging stations of lower voltage, vehicles with high-voltage platforms often equip a boost charge device. However, this boost charge device incurs additional costs, weight, and space requirements. Most mature solutions employ an additional DC-DC boost converter, which, however, results in low charging power at a high cost. Some new approaches utilize the power switching devices and motor inductance of electric drives to form a boost converter circuit, using a three-phase current in-phase control strategy for charging. This method requires external inductors to reduce charging current ripples. Alternatively, to minimize current ripple without external inductors, a two-phase parallel and one-phase series topology is used, albeit at the expense

Yuan, Baocheng, Ma, Yong, Xie, Xi, Liu, Shaowei, Guan, Tianyu, Ge, Kai, Zheng, Lifu, Xu, Xu

Study of High-Power and High-Energy Lithium-ion Batteries: From Parameter Analysis to Physical Modeling and Experimental Validation

2025-01-8372To be published on 04/01/2025

This study presents a comparative analysis of high-power (HP) and high-energy (HE) INR21700 lithium-ion batteries, which are Samsung 30T (3.0Ah) and 50E (4.9Ah) respectively, examining their design differences and performance characteristics. First, this paper conducted a literature review about battery teardown data, summarized key parameters and revealed that the HP cell has higher porosity, thicker current collectors, and thinner electrode coatings compared to the HE cell. Additionally, this HE cell incorporates approximately 6% silicon oxide in its graphite anode to increase energy density. Second, extensive cell-level tests were conducted, including High Pulse Power Characterization (HPPC) and constant-current discharge tests at various C-rates (0.05C, 0.5C, 1C, and 2C) across temperatures from -20°C to 40°C, as well as aging tests. Results demonstrated that the HP cell maintains a low terminal voltage drop (<0.2V) during 2C discharge from open circuit voltage at 25°C and 40°C

Yao, Qi, Kollmeyer, Phillip, Chen, Junran, Panchal, Satyam, Gross, Oliver, Emadi, Ali

Impact of Thermal and Electrical Dissimilarities on Battery Module Aging

2025-01-8173To be published on 04/01/2025

Battery cell aging and loss of capacity are some of the many challenges facing the widespread implementation of electrification in mobility. One of the factors contributing to cell aging is the dissimilarities of individual cells connected in a module. This paper reports the results of several aging experiments using a mini-module consisting of seven 18.2 Ah 21700 Lithium-ion battery cells connected in parallel. The aging cycle comprised a constant current-constant voltage charge cycle at a 0.7C C-rate, followed by a 0.2C constant current discharge, spanning the useful voltage range from minimum to maximum according to the cell manufacturer. Charge and discharge events were separated by one-hour rest periods and were repeated for four weeks. Weekly reference performance tests were executed to measure static and pulse power capacity as well as discharge impedance. All diagnostics were normalized with respect to their starting numbers to achieve a percentage change over time. Both

Swarts, Andre, Salvi, Swapnil S., Juarez Robles, Daniel

Telematics-based Managed EV Charging: A pilot case study for utility bulk and distribution grid services

2025-01-8122To be published on 04/01/2025

Growth in the EV market is resulting in an unprecedented increase of electrical load from EV charging at the household level. This has led to concern for electric utilities' ability to upgrade electrical distribution infrastructure at an affordable cost and sufficient speed that can keep up with EV sales. Adoption of EVs in the California market has outpaced the national average and offers early insight for other regions of the United States. The Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) partnered with two Distributed Energy Resource (DER) aggregators, the OVGIP (recently formed as ChargeScape) and Optiwatt, to deliver a vehicle telematics-based active managed charging pilot. This pilot was launched in Summer 2022, with approximately 1,200 EVs enrolled over two years including Tesla, Ford, BMW, and GM electric vehicles. The goal of this pilot was to evaluate the business case for mitigating EV grid impacts and delivering additional grid services providing both EV drivers and the

Liddell, Chelsea, Schaefer, Walter, Dreffs, Kora, Moul, Jacob, Kay, Carol, Aswani, Deepak

Study on Energy Consumption and Emission Characteristics of EHC Coupled DOC+SDPF+SCR-ASC System under WLTC and RDE

2025-01-8498To be published on 04/01/2025

With the tightening of emission regulations, electrically heated catalytic converters (EHC) are an important technical solution for diesel vehicles to address the challenges of cold start and RDE emission reduction. This paper investigates the impact of EHC coupled exhaust aftertreatment system (DOC+SDPF+SRR-ASC) on the energy consumption and emission characteristics of light-duty diesel vehicles based on the World Light Vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC) and Real Driving Emissions (RDE). The research results show that under WLTC conditions, compared to EHC off, the time for the SDPF inlet temperature to reach 180 ℃ when EHC on is 44 seconds earlier. The CO emission value of diesel vehicles is 67.5 mg/km, the THC emission value is 49.8 mg/km, the NMHC emission value is 42.5 mg/km, and the NOx emission value is 28.7 mg/km, which is far below the limit requirements of CHINA VI B. Among them, the average urea injection rate increased by 1.1 mg/s, and the overall NOx conversion efficiency increased

Kang, Lulu, Zhao, Zhiguo, Lou, Diming

Overview of Battery-Integrated Modular Multilevel Converter Topologies for Automotive Applications

2025-01-8557To be published on 04/01/2025

The rise in global temperatures due to greenhouse gas emissions has led to a transition to alternative energy carriers especially in automotive applications. A key component in this transition is the battery pack, which contains several parallel and/or series-connected cells. The available energy and power of the battery pack are determined not only by the cell type, size, and configuration but also by the battery management system. To improve the control and energy utilization of the pack, battery-integrated modular multilevel converters (BI-MMCs) are presented. Five BI-MMC topologies for three main battery-integrated system configurations, namely, 3-phase, 6-phase low voltage, and 6-phase high voltage systems are evaluated for a 400 kW 40-ton commercial vehicle. The evaluation includes a comparative assessment of the number of submodules, battery, capacitor, and semiconductor losses for all BI-MMC topologies with 1 to 12 cascaded cells per submodule against a conventional 2-level

Balachandran, Arvind, Jonsson, Tomas, Eriksson, Lars

Dynamic Tailgate Water Management Simulation Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics

2025-01-8625To be published on 04/01/2025

Tailgate opening can cause rain that has settled on its surfaces to run off onto the customer or into the rear load space, causing annoyance. Relatively small adjustments to tailgate seals and encapsulation can effectively mitigate these effects. However, these failure modes tend to be discovered relatively late in the design process as they, to date, need a representative physical system to test – including ensuring that materials used on the surface flow paths elicit the same liquid flow behaviours (i.e. contact angles and velocity) as the production vehicle surfaces. In this work we describe the development and validation of an early-stage simulation approach using a Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) Code (PreonLab). This includes its calibration against fundamental experiments to provide models for the flow of water over automotive surfaces and their subsequent application to a tailgate system simulation which includes fully-detailed surrounding vehicle geometry. This approach

Gaylard, Adrian Philip, Weatherhead, Duncan

Analysis of Trapped Gases Within an Aftertreatment System Reacting Over a TWC After Engine is Stopped.

2025-01-8499To be published on 04/01/2025

Measurements of Hydrogen emissions from vehicle exhaust have been often substituted for prediction models, partly due to the lack of Hydrogen analyzers targeted for combustion gases. A previous study using a Hydrogen mass spectrometer revealed that the ratio of Hydrocarbons entering a Three-Way Catalyst (TWC) and Hydrogen leaving the catalyst was inconstant throughout a standardized driving cycle. Although Hydrogen by itself is not currently a target of emission regulations, its omission during catalyzer optimization may disrupt the intended performance of the integrated aftertreatment system. The highest emissions of unwanted gases are commonly seen during vehicle cold start. Thus, this study focuses on intermittent operation of an engine, such as that of full hybrid vehicles. In particular, this study measures how the gases trapped in the aftertreatment system continue to react over the TWC as it cools down after the engine stops. Hydrocarbons (HC), NOx, NH3 and H2 are measured

Lamas, Jorge Eduardo, Lacdan, Ma Camille, Hara, Kenji, Otsuki, Yoshinori

LLM-Powered Fuzz Testing of Automotive Diagnostic Protocols

2025-01-8091To be published on 04/01/2025

Modern vehicles contain tens of different Electronic Control Units (ECUs) from several vendors. These small computers are connected through several networking busses and protocols, potentially through gateways and converters. Moreover, vehicle-to-vehicle and internet connectivity are now considered to be requirements, adding an addi- tional layer of complexity to an already complex electronic system. Due to this complexity and the safety-critical nature of vehicles, au- tomotive cyber-security a difficult undertaking. One critical aspect of cyber-security is the robust testing of software for potential bugs and vulnerabilities. Fuzz testing is an automated software testing method that injects a large set of inputs to a system. It is an invaluable tech- nique across many industries, and has been increasingly gaining popu- larity since its conception. Its success highly relies on the ”quality” of inputs injected. One shortcoming associated with fuzz testing is the expertise required in

McShane, John, Celik, Levent, Aideyan, Iwinosa, Brooks, Richard, Pesé, Mert D.

Disturbance Estimation Approach for minimizing Control Windup in Target Engine Speed Profile on Electrified Powertrains with a Low Voltage Belt Starter Generator and a Disconnect Clutch

2025-01-8584To be published on 04/01/2025

In cost- effective P2 hybrid vehicles with low voltage electric machines connected to the engine, an interesting control problem arises during the transition to a locked driveline state. This occurs when the engine connects to the wheels via a separation clutch. The two primary torque sources, the engine and the clutch, are traditionally imperfect estimators of applied and transferred torques. The Hybrid Supervisor’s feedforward constraints model relies on these imperfect inputs to determine torque and acceleration limits for the engine’s desired acceleration profiles and to specify engine feedforward commands, aiming for synchronization speed. Due to the inaccuracies in the torque estimates of the engine and clutch, the Hybrid Supervisor is susceptible to control windup, increased jerk to the driveline during synchronization, and inaccurate computation of its target acceleration profile, speed, and torque targets for the engine to achieve synchronization speed. This paper presents a

Banuso, Abdulquadri, Sha, Hangxing, Karogal, Indrasen, Madireddy, Krishna Chaitanya, Patel, Nadirsh

Hyperparameter-Optimized Neural Network for Precise Battery State of Charge Estimation

2025-01-8210To be published on 04/01/2025

Accurate estimation of the state of charge (SOC) of battery cells is crucial for the efficient management and longevity of battery systems, particularly in electric vehicles and renewable energy storage. This paper presents an approach utilizing a Feedforward Neural Network (FNN) to estimate the SOC of battery cells. The proposed method leverages hyperparameter optimization to determine the optimal configuration of the neural network, including the number of neurons, the number of hidden layers, the best activation function, and the most effective learning rate. The primary objective of this research is to minimize the estimation error of the SOC to within 2%, thereby enhancing the reliability and performance of battery management systems. The hyperparameter optimization process involves a systematic search and evaluation of various configurations to identify the most effective neural network architecture. This process is critical as it directly impacts the accuracy and efficiency of

Saini, Sandeep, Admane, Chinmay

A Fault Prediction Model for Electric Vehicle Charging Equipment Based on Adaptive Dynamic Thresholds

2025-01-8117To be published on 04/01/2025

The surge in electric vehicle usage has expanded the number of charging stations, intensifying demands on their operation and maintenance. Public charging stations, often exposed to harsh weather and unpredictable human factors, frequently encounter malfunctions requiring prompt attention. Current methods primarily employ data-driven approaches or rely on empirical expertise to establish warning thresholds for fault prediction. While these approaches are generally effective, the artificially fixed thresholds they employ for fault prediction limit adaptability and fall short in sensitivity to special scenarios, timings, locations, and types of faults, as well as in overall intelligence. This paper presents a novel fault prediction model for charging equipment that utilizes adaptive dynamic thresholds to enhance diagnostic accuracy and reliability. By integrating and quantifying Environmental Influence Factors (EF), Scenario Influence Factors (SF), Fault Severity Factors (FF), and

Wang, Hao, Wang, Ning, Li, Yuan, Tang, Xinyue

Using CAN Electrical Signals for Cybersecurity and Harness Diagnostics

2025-01-8080To be published on 04/01/2025

This paper describes a novel invention which is an Intrusion Detection System based on fingerprints of the CAN bus analogue features. Clusters of CAN message analogue fingerprints can be associated with each ECU on the network. During a learning mode of operation, fingerprints can be learnt with the prior knowledge of which CAN identifier should be transmitted by each ECU. During normal operation, if the fingerprint of analogue features of a particular CAN identifier does not match the one that was learnt then there is a strong possibility that this particular CAN identifier’s message is symptomatic of a problem. It could be that the message has been sent by either an intruder ECU or an existing ECU has been hacked to send the message. In this case an intruder can be defined as a device that has been added to the CAN bus OR a device that has been hacked/manipulated to send CAN messages that it was not designed to (i.e. could be originally transmitted by another device). It could also

Quigley, Christopher, Charles, David

The Accuracy of Vehicle Speeds, Decelerations, and Brake Onset Times Calculated from Onboard Dash Cameras

2025-01-8691To be published on 04/01/2025

The goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of camera and video parameters on the accuracy of speeds and decelerations calculated from onboard dashboard cameras (“dashcams”). We equipped a single test vehicle with 5 commercially available dashcams. We also equipped the test vehicle with a 5th-wheel, a brake pedal switch, and a synchronization light visible to the dashcams. We conducted 9 emergency braking tests from about 60 km/h and calculated the reference speed and deceleration from the 5th-wheel data. The brake pedal switch indicated the moment of brake application. The light synchronized the dashcam videos to the 5th-wheel and brake pedal data. The 5 dashcams had horizontal fields of view (FOV) ranging from 120 to 170 degrees, frame rates of 30 or 60 frames per second (FPS), and resolutions of 1080p, 2K, or 4K. For each camera and brake test, we extracted the video from the dashcam and calculated its linear and rotational motion using SynthEyes, a 3D motion tracking and

Flynn, Thomas, Ahrens, Matthew, Young, Cole, Siegmund, Gunter P.

Consideration of Boost DC-DC Converter Losses in the Torque Control System of a Hybrid Supervisory Controller

2025-01-8575To be published on 04/01/2025

As the complexity of electrified powertrains and their architectures continue to grow and thrive, it becomes increasingly important and challenging for the supervisory torque controller to optimize the torque commands of the electric machines. The hybrid architecture considered in this paper consists of an internal combustion engine paired with at least one electric motor and a DC-DC switching converter that steps-up the input voltage, in this case the high voltage battery, to a higher output voltage level allowing the electric machines to operate at a greater torque range and increased torque responsiveness for efficient power delivery. This paper describes a strategy for computing and applying the losses of the converter during voltage transformation to determine the optimal engine and electric motor torque commands. The control method uses a quadratic fit of the losses at the power limits of the torque control system and on optimal motor torque commands, within the constraints of

Venkataramu, Achyut, Walsh, McKenzie, Tischendorf, Christoph, Sullivan, Mary, Patel, Nadirsh, Huo, Shichao, Sharma, Ashay

A drive anti-slip and lateral stability control technique for distributed three-axis drive vehicle

2025-01-8303To be published on 04/01/2025

The research object of this project is the longitudinal and lateral control of the distributed three-axis drive tractor. Which is different from the traditional four motors power system layout is that the third axel have two motors while the second axel only have one motor. Compared with the traditional design, it can reduce the dependence on battery performance and maintain motor operation in high efficiency range by switching different working model. For example, when driving at high speed, only the two-axis motor works, which can improve motor efficiency. When accelerate or climb, all motors work to provide a large power output. In the research, established the vehicle model in Simulink firstly, and then Co-simulated with Trucksim. The longitudinal control identified the optimal slip rate of the road firstly, then used the adaptive sliding mode control to obtain the driving torque of each wheel, which can achieve well control effect under various road conditions and motion modes

Shen, Ruiteng, Zheng, Hongyu, Kaku, Chuyo, Zong, Changfu

Analysis of Back-EMF Protection Strategies for PM Synchronous Motor Based 2W/3W Electric Vehicles

2025-01-8565To be published on 04/01/2025

The use of electric vehicles (EVs) has been on the rise in recent years and this trend is expected to continue in the upcoming years. There are several reasons for the increasing popularity of EVs, including environmental concerns, advances in technology, and government incentives. The 2W/3W EV powertrain comprises components such as the Battery, Traction Motor, Motor Controller, Charger, and DC-DC converter, etc. Essential components which impact the power, efficiency, and range of the vehicle are a motor (generally PMSM or BLDC) and a motor controller. PMSMs can produce more output power than BLDC motors of the same size, making them suitable for high-power applications. While the EV powertrain allows for greater flexibility in designing electric vehicle architectures, it also exhibits new challenges in meeting all the essential requirements. When a motor rotates, as per Lenz’s law, an opposing voltage (Back-EMF) is generated in a motor whose magnitude is proportional to its angular

Mohan, Midhun, Shinde, Rushikesh, Magar, Pradip

Improved three-way catalyst with the ignition layer for reducing cold emissions

2025-01-8482To be published on 04/01/2025

Exhaust gas regulations, such as Tier4, Euro7, and China7, are being strengthened. In addition to the regulated values during specified driving patterns, emissions must be minimized under various usage scenarios. Since vehicle catalysts have been using higher amounts of precious metals to satisfy these requirements, there is increasing demand to decrease the usage of these metals from the perspective of environmental protection. The exhaust gas emission is divided into cold emission and hot emission. Recently, improvements of cold emission have become a focus. This research focused on improving catalyst warm-up activity by positioning the palladium (Pd) layer above the rhodium (Rh) layer. At the same time, to resolve the decrease in gas utilization in the Rh layer, connectivity was enhanced, and the influence of sulfur components was suppressed through the optimization of the Pd support. As a result, the usage of precious metals has successfully lowered.

Nishio, Takahiro, Takagi, Nobuyuki, Tojo, Takumi, Fujita, Naoto, Mori, Mizuho, Toda, Yosuke

Analysis of Coolant Flowing and Heat Transfer Performance in High Voltage Heater System

2025-01-8194To be published on 04/01/2025

A method for performance calculation and experimental method of a high voltage heater system in electric vehicles is proposed. This system is critical for the thermal management of electric vehicle batteries, especially in low-temperature environments. It provides essential heating support to maintain optimal battery performance and safety, thereby improving overall efficiency and reliability.Firstly, heater outlet temperature and pressure drop of the heater are used as metrics to compare simulation results with experimental data, thereby validating the established model. Then, simulations are performed on two heater flow channel configurations: a cavity flow channel and a cooling fin flow channel. It is observed that the latter significantly reduces the heating plate temperature. This reduction enhances the protection of heating elements and extends their operational lifespan, demonstrating the advantages of incorporating cooling fins into the flow channel structure. The optimization

Gong, Ming, Wang, Xihui, Wang, Dongdong, Shangguan, Wen-Bin

A data-driven, synthetic-population approach to predict durability loads for electric vehicle propulsion systems

2025-01-8295To be published on 04/01/2025

Designing for the durability of motor vehicles requires accounting for various stress factors, including tractive loads, electrical loads, thermal loads, and structural loads. For electric vehicle propulsion systems, it is crucial to consider not just the magnitude and repeats of these loads but also their temporal sequence throughout the vehicle’s lifespan. The order and timing of these loads influence factors such as, charge and discharge cycles or active motor heating, which ultimately impact the damage to the propulsion system components like the cell and the motor. Traditionally, lifetime loads for durability assessments are derived from a single-user load profile consisting of a set of ‘representative’ drive cycles accounting for the cumulative damage equivalent to the real-world damage covered under warranty. This profile is typically based on historical usage data, user scenarios, and industry experience, but may not capture the diverse failure modes of the different propulsion

Ramakrishnan, Sankaran, Khapane, Prashant

Exploring Compatibility Limits for Lubricating Greases Formulations.

2025-01-8469To be published on 04/01/2025

Grease compatibility is thought to be an important consideration for both grease manufacturers and end-users. When switching from one grease to another, the supplier is typically asked if the two greases are compatible. Two incompatible greases could be detrimental to the equipment and even cause failure in extreme cases. However, provided due care is taken, switching from one grease to another is quite possible. Grease incompatibility is a multicomplex issue that can occur due to interactions between the thickeners, the base oils or the additives. Almost 70% of the global grease demand is based on lithium thickener chemistry. Due to the increasing debate on the gradual decrease on lithium greases reliance, the interchangeability between other types of thickeners is becoming more and more relevant. The aim of this study is to investigate the compatibility of various commercially available grease formulations that could replace lithium-based greases – namely aluminum complex, polyurea

Dodos, George S., Kaframani, Nora

Optimal usage of engine torque to engage a disconnect device in situations where battery power is not available

2025-01-8578To be published on 04/01/2025

This paper introduces a novel approach to optimize battery power usage and optimal engine torque for wheel end disconnect device engagement under power constrained scenarios for range extended hybrid vehicles. Range extended hybrid architecture provides benefits of BEV architecture and relief the range anxiety that BEV drivers often have. The wheel end disconnect device helps improve the efficiency of the battery power usage when it is disconnected and provides better drivability and performance to fulfill driver demand when it is connected. Under power constraint scenario, the disconnect device engagement could take too long or eventually fail to engage and result in degradation for drivability and vehicle level performance. This novel approach is utilizing engine to either generate more power to spin up the disconnect motor faster under discharge limited case or generate less power to allow the disconnect motor to spin down under charge limited case. The effectiveness of this

Sha, Hangxing, Madireddy, Krishna Chaitanya, Banuso, Abdulquadri, Khanal, Shishir, Rock, Joe, Patel, Nadirsh

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