Browse Topic: Electrical systems

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CONNECTOR RECEPTACLE, BAYONET COUPLING, IN LINEAS95234/1A (Current)To be published on 06/01/2103
AE-8C1 Connectors Committee
A Comprehensive CFD‑Driven Approach to Battery Thermal Modeling and Cooling System Optimization2026-01-0752To be published on 07/01/2026
In recent years, the thermal management batteries for automotive applications has become a key factor to further improve their performance and ensure their efficiency, durability and safety. As a matter of the fact, an overheat of these devices can result in various issues, including degradation of insulation materials, decreased efficiency, shortened lifespan, and even failure and consequent thermal runaway. In this context, this work aims to improve the comprehension of heat dissipation in batteries and to model the cooling circuit through the integration of CFD, in order to provide guidelines for the optimization of the overall system. To this scope, a novel OpenFOAM solver is introduced, capable of computing electric quantities along with losses inside the battery cells, consequently assessing heat generation across various components. The combined thermodynamic and electric analysis of the battery, which predicts the heat sources and temperature distribution under the effective
Montenegro, Gianluca, Onorati, Angelo, Della Torre, Augusto, Tariq, Muhammad Hasnain, Bonetti, Elisa
Passive Thermal Management of Battery Disconnect Units for Fast-Charging Electric Vehicles: A Comparative Study of Phase Change Material Heat Transfer Configurations2026-01-0759To be published on 07/01/2026
Reducing charging time remains a critical challenge for the widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). Limited charging infrastructure availability, combined with the long duration required for battery recharging, significantly affects user acceptance. As a result, fast-charging technologies are increasingly being introduced in both newly designed EV platforms and existing vehicles through retrofitting solutions. Despite their benefits, fast-charging systems impose substantial thermal loads on vehicle components, charging stations, and associated power electronics. Excessive heat generation can compromise performance, reliability, and safety, making effective thermal management a key design concern. Within the high-voltage architecture, the Battery Disconnect Unit (BDU) plays a vital role by monitoring and controlling the connection of the battery to the powertrain and charging system. Traditionally, BDUs are designed for conventional charging power levels; however, higher
Salameh, Georges, Goumy, Guillaume, Frecinaux, Anthony, Ratajczack, Christelle, Palluel, Marlène, Noiseau, Pascal, Lardeux, Sébastien
Design and Prototyping of a winding reconfiguration system for electric traction applications2026-01-0730To be published on 07/01/2026
Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) place high demands on electric drives across a wide operating range: high efficiency in customer-related driving scenarios and maximum performance in dynamic driving modes. A promising solution to this challenge is the dynamic reconfiguration of the electric machine winding configuration between series and parallel mode, enabling optimal electromagnetic properties of the drive for different operating points. This paper presents the design and prototyping of an electronic winding reconfiguration system for high-performance traction applications. Unlike mechanical switching concepts, which have long transition times and cannot switch under load, the proposed system enables fast and safe load transitions between the winding configurations. The study describes the topology and hardware of the switching unit, including the integration of power semiconductors, the required connection assemblies, cooling concept and the control of the power electronics. A
Oestreicher, Raphael, Schneider, Jörg, von Ohlen, David, Fuchs, Patrick, Kulzer, André Casal
Stochastic Gradient Pulse Adaptation for Onboard Pulse Charging in Grid-Friendly DC Fast Charging of Battery Electric Vehicles2026-01-0734To be published on 07/01/2026
The increasing deployment of battery electric vehicles (BEVs), particularly in commercial and heavy-duty applications, is driving demand for higher DC fast-charging power while placing growing pressure on battery lifetime and local grid capacity. In today’s multi-battery-pack vehicles, a common practical solution is the use of multi-step or multi-constant CC-CV charging, where charging current is reduced in stages to accommodate pack-to-pack differences in state of charge, state of health, and ageing behavior. While effective from a safety standpoint, this approach often leads to conservative charging profiles, longer charging times, and inefficient use of available grid power, especially at higher charging rates. This paper presents an onboard pulse-charging concept for electric powertrains that addresses these limitations through a combination of vehicle-side power electronics and an adaptive control strategy referred to as Stochastic Gradient Pulse Adaptation (SGPA). Instead of
Prakashkumar, Balagopal, Mannar, Vignesh
Methodology for Battery System Optimization and Evaluation Using Format Flexible Pouch Cells2026-01-0749To be published on 07/01/2026
Electrification using battery systems is one of the most relevant solutions regarding ecological challenges within multiple application cases such as mobility, tools or stationary power supply. Nonetheless besides recent achievements in some cases battery systems are still lacking behind operational requirements compared to conventional propulsion systems, therefore limiting the potential of electrification. Especially when purpose design possibilities are limited. Besides improving properties of cell materials, better usage of the available installation space offers potential for overall optimization of the battery system. The development of battery systems is complex, as it involves multiple system levels and domains, along with a wide range of design options and architectures. Battery cells that can be manufactured in flexible formats offer the potential to make more efficient use of available installation spaces. At the same time, these additional degrees of freedom increase design
Müller-Welt, Philip, Bause, Katharina, Spohn, Hannes, Albers, Albert
Multi-Scale Modelling of Localized Battery Degradation in Heavy-Duty Series Hybrids: From Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy to Powertrain and Battery Pack Performance2026-01-0747To be published on 07/01/2026
The operational efficiency of heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) is intrinsically linked to the health and power capability of the battery pack. Traditional battery management systems often rely on bulk State-of-Health (SOH) metrics, failing to account for localized degradation and the resulting current imbalances within parallel-connected modules. Recent literature emphasizes that cell-to-cell variations and thermal gradients can lead to a 6% reduction in accessible energy and a 5.2% acceleration in degradation rates due to heterogeneous current distribution. This study addresses these gaps by presenting a multi-scale modelling framework that translates cell-level electrochemical degradation features into system-level powertrain optimization. Initially, a thorough experimental campaign was conducted on LFP cells, using accelerated cyclic and thermal aging at 25°C and 60°C. High-fidelity battery parameters were extracted from EIS data using fractional-order equivalent circuit
Safavi, Seyed Reza, Homayouni, Hooman, Shoa, Tina, Wang, Jason, McTaggart-Cowan, Gordon
Identifying and mitigating resonance effects in HV Powernets2026-01-0742To be published on 07/01/2026
HV Power nets of electric vehicles consists of various HV components such as batteries, inverters, auxiliaries and cables. During in-vehicle testing, multiple failures of an auxiliary inverter were observed, caused by resonance issues within the component filter. Initial investigations revealed that these resonances, absent during manufacturer testbench evaluations, were influenced by the vehicle power net and its impedance characteristics. To better understand the underlying causes and identify preventative measures, extensive simulations were performed. The results demonstrate a diminishing influence of the power net capacitance when significantly larger than the component capacitance. Also they highlight the critical impact of cable inductance on the component resonance frequency when comparable to the component’s inductance. A simplified electrical equivalent circuit was used to derive an equation predicting the resonance frequency as a function of the component’s capacitance
Schmiel, Fabian, Aurand, Tobias, Koehnlechner, Benjamin, Zimmer, Markus
Enhancing Efficiency in Megawatt-Scale EV Charging via Adaptive Multi-Agent Control of DC/DC Converters2026-01-0769To be published on 07/01/2026
The rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) demands high-power charging solutions that are efficient, scalable, and reliable. This work introduces a comprehensive simulation framework for megawatt-scale charging systems, focusing on the integration and control of multiple DC/DC converters. With the primary objective of maximizing overall system efficiency during megawatt-scale charging operations. The study addresses key challenges in multi-converter operation, including load distribution, synchronization, and system efficiency. A multi-agent adaptive control strategy was implemented to dynamically optimize operating points and allocate charging currents across converters in real time so that each participating converter operates at its optimal operating point where the maximum efficiency is delivered. This multi-agent adaptive control strategy allocates not only the individual optimal operating points of the multiple DC/DC converters but rather determines the optimal number of
Salah, Alia, Abu Mohareb, Omar
Low-Temperature Internal Heating of Lithium-Ion Cells by Zero-Mean Square-Wave Current Excitation: Thermal Response and Aging Effects2026-01-0753To be published on 07/01/2026
Lithium-ion batteries commonly used today may only be charged at temperatures above 0 °C. However, the heating elements currently used to warm the battery packs make the battery heavier and more complicated in design. In addition, heat is transferred from outside into the cell, causing the temperature inside the cell to rise slowly. The aim is to heat the cells without additional components by applying alternating current and without significantly accelerating aging. To this end, a series of measurements were carried out at temperatures between 0 °C and -20 °C and at frequencies between 50 Hz and 10 mHz. A square wave signal and an amplitude of 5 A were kept constant in all measurement series. The cells were heated for 30 minutes and then cooled for 60 minutes. After every 50 heating cycles, the state of health (SOH) of the cells was determined, and a total of 400 heating cycles were carried out. Aging due to heating is independent of temperature and frequency, with the SOH ending at
Raiber, Stefan, Allmendinger, Frank, Degler, David, Parschau, Anke
Harmonizing Generative AI and ISO 26262 for Safe and Intelligent ADAS Systems2026-01-0785To be published on 07/01/2026
The convergence of Generative AI (GenAI) and Functional Safety (FuSa) under ISO 26262 is reshaping Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) by merging adaptive intelligence with stringent safety assurance. GenAI significantly improves perception, object classification, pedestrian intent prediction, and risk assessment, empowering vehicles to navigate highly dynamic, real-world environments. Furthermore, GenAI-driven synthetic data generation accelerates ADAS validation by enabling exhaustive testing of rare and safety-critical scenarios not covered by conventional datasets. However, the integration of GenAI into safety-critical automotive systems introduces major challenges. Its probabilistic nature, limited transparency, and vulnerability to adversarial inputs directly conflict with ISO 26262 principles that demand determinism, traceability, and fault isolation. This paper proposes a co-engineering framework that combines GenAI’s learning-based adaptability with deterministic safety
Jain, Yesha
Application of Deterministic and AI-Based Methods to Accelerate the Component-Level Development Process in Electric Vehicles2026-01-0766To be published on 07/01/2026
The global automotive landscape is undergoing a significant paradigm shift driven by the rapid development cycles of emerging competitors, leaving traditional European OEMs with a critical time-to-market gap. To bridge this gap, automotive engineering must pivot from traditional hardware-based processes toward agile, digital data-driven methodologies. This paper presents a comprehensive feasibility study on the implementation of data-centric approaches, using both Artificial Intelligence and deterministic methodologies, with focus on accelerating component development. It provides a detailed assessment of various AI-based and deterministic methodologies at specific stages of the product development process, targeting both: 1. Product design 2. Product development process The aim is to enhance component-level performance, quality, and functionality, while simultaneously optimizing workflows, increasing process and development efficiency, and facilitating knowledge reuse throughout the
Bode, Jana Pascal, Kröll, Sarah, Vohwinkel, Nikolaus, Paetzold-Byhain, Kristin
Towards a Smarter E-Bike: Enhancing Energy Efficiency through Adaptive Speed Control2026-01-0736To be published on 07/01/2026
This paper presents the development of a speed controller for e-bikes, designed as part of an energy-adaptive assistance system. The controller provides riders with appropriate support along planned routes, based on the available battery capacity. The control concept is intended for integration into existing commercial e-bikes without requiring extensive modifications to the drive system. Therefore, the rider remains part of the control loop, adjusting the support mode according to instructions from the controller. The speed controller is implemented as a rule-based state machine, enabling comprehensible design and parameterization Since the rider must manually switch between support modes while riding, the control logic incorporates hysteresis and dead times to ensure stability, prevent oscillations and avoid frequent mode switching. The user interface is a smartphone application that issues visual and audio instructions for switching support modes. An initial, system-independent
Rauch, Yannick, Simmann, Gabriel, Schneider, Manuel, Goss, Christian, Kriesten, Reiner
Model-Based Sensitivity Study of Thermal Runaway Onset and Severity in Lithium-Ion Cells: Effects of Geometry and Thermal Boundary Conditions2026-01-0755To be published on 07/01/2026
Thermal runaway assessment in automotive battery development is still largely driven by single-point abuse tests, while design decisions often require a quantitative understanding of how cell geometry, material thresholds, and thermal boundary conditions influence TR onset and severity. This paper presents a systematic parameter study using a coupled electrochemical–thermal model (SPMe combined with a lumped thermal model) augmented by Arrhenius-type decomposition reactions to represent the key exothermic pathways leading to Thermal Runaway. Two trigger modes are considered: (i) a nail-induced internal short circuit and (ii) an external heat-trigger scenario. Four parameter groups are investigated: cell length scaling, separator decomposition temperature, external trigger power, and convective heat transfer coefficient to the environment. For the nail-triggered internal short circuit, larger cells exhibit lower peak temperatures but longer times to reach the maximum, highlighting a
Ceylan, Deniz, Kulzer, André Casal, Winterholler, Nina, Giek, Michael, Weinmann, Johannes
EVALUATION OF HELICOPTER TURBINE ENGINE LINEAR VIBRATION ENVIRONMENTAIR1289A (Current)6/29/2026
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) outlines a recommended procedure for evaluation of the vibration environment to which the gas turbine engine powerplant is subjected in the helicopter installation. This analysis of engine vibration is normally demonstrated on a one-time basis upon initial certification, or after a major modification, of an engine/helicopter configuration. This AIR deals with linear vibration as measured on the basic case structure of the engine and not, for example, torsional vibration in drive shafting or vibration of a component within the engine such as a compressor or turbine airfoil. In summary, this AIR discusses the engine manufacturer’s "Installation Test Code" aspects of engine vibration and proposes an appropriate measurement method.
S-12 Powered Lift Propulsion Committee
Standards for Battery Secondary UseJ2997_202606 (Current)6/24/2026
This document provides recommendations involving BEV battery data retention and battery design that enhance the potential for BEV battery reuse and serviceability and that can improve recyclability. These recommendations have been developed by a group of professionals skilled in the secondary-use of batteries and in the research, development, and manufacture of BEV batteries and battery systems.
Secondary Battery Use Committee
Dimensional and Performance Testing Specifications for Secondary Pouch Cells for Group 1 Small Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle(s) (sUAV)JA1016_202606 (Current)6/23/2026
This document establishes standardized dimensional cell geometry, performance-test procedures, and reporting requirements for secondary (i.e., rechargeable) pouch cells used in Group 1 sUAV. It defines reference geometries, test conditions, and uniform data formats to allow direct comparison of pouch-cell performance across manufacturers and to improve interoperability within the sUAV ecosystem.
Battery Cell Size Standardization Committee
Dynamic Characterisation and Modelling of Electrical Cables under Representative Load Conditions2026-01-06766/20/2026
Electric high voltage (HV) cables are commonly used in automotive applications and very prominently in electrified vehicles. These cables are potential flanking transmission paths for structure-borne sound in a broad frequency range and must therefore be included in the NVH design process. Electrical high voltage cables exhibit non-linear mechanical characteristics, when exposed to significant bending the internal geometry of the cable will change and a curvature dependent bending stiffness will result. The electrical cables envisaged in the current publication feature a helically wound stranded aluminium wire core. This conductive core is covered by, in sequence, a silicone rubber insulation, a braided aluminium wire shield with aluminium foil to minimize electromagnetic interference and a silicone rubber outer sheath. An extensive measurement campaign was carried out to dynamically characterize cable specimen of different lengths and cross sections in terms of multi-degree of freedom
Nijman, Eugene, Buchegger, Blasius, Böhler, Elmar, Zeller, Bernhard, Rejlek, Jan, Faksa, Lukáš, Lukavsky, David
Unsupervised Feature Frequency Map Extraction for Simple C-EPS Defect Detection2026-01-07176/20/2026
In recent years, the automotive industry has actively explored the application of various AI-based models such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, Autoencoders, and Transformers to improve defect detection rates at the End-of-Line (EOL) stage. However, implementing these approaches in the Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) area face several practical challenges: ① extended evaluation times compared to other data types, which limit the quantity of training data and lead to overfitting; ② label imbalance caused by the relatively small amount of defect data; ③ reduced labeling accuracy due to human error; ④ decreased robustness under domain shifts such as changes in jig fixtures, test environments, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR); ⑤ diminished model reliability when new defect arise during development; and ⑥ constraints imposed by compatibility requirements with existing test equipment. This study proposes a Convolutional Autoencoder (CAE
Park, Jun-Seo, Jo, Hyeon-Choel, Cho, In-Je, Seo, Jae-Yong, Yoo, Seong-Sik
Regularized Inverse Methods for Tire Noise Source Identification and Pass-by Noise Estimation in Electric Vehicles2026-01-07096/20/2026
Tire exterior noise has become increasingly critical in vehicle acoustics due to two key developments: updated pass-by noise regulations, which amplify the relative contribution of tire noise, and the rise of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), which lack traditional powertrain noise. Design trends in BEVs—such as increased vehicle mass from battery packs and the widespread use of large-diameter, wide, low-profile tires—further intensify tire noise due to stiffer constructions and altered contact dynamics. A common method for predicting tire noise is the source-transfer-receiver model, where the tire is represented by a set of monopoles with volume velocity Q derived from near-field measurements. Acoustic propagation is modeled via p/Q transfer functions. Despite its simplifications, this approach is practical for vehicle development, enabling clear separation between source and transfer mechanisms and facilitating targeted noise control strategies. In previous work, we proposed a
Morin, Benjamin, Di Marco, Federico, Horak, Jan, Lafont, Thibault, Kim, Minkyu, Kang, Min Kyoo, Yoo, Ji Woo
Recommended Testing Methods for Physical Protection of Wiring HarnessesJ2192_202606 (Current)6/18/2026
This SAE Recommended Practice describes the recommended methods for testing flexible harness coverings for use on ground vehicle electrical distribution systems. It shall apply to all tapes, extruded tube, and textile tube.
Harness Covering Standards Committee
Life Test for Heavy-Duty Storage Batteries (Lead-Acid Type Only)J2185_202606 (Current)6/18/2026
This SAE Standard applies to lead-acid 12 V heavy-duty storage batteries as described in SAE J537 and SAE J930 for uses in starting, lighting, and ignition (SLI) applications on motor vehicles and/or off-road machines. These applications have some of the following characteristics: High levels of power are required to start the vehicle’s internal combustion engine. The need to supply this power limits the maximum depth of discharge to a fraction of the total capacity of the battery. The battery must be maintained at a charge level sufficient to perform this primary function by the vehicle’s voltage-regulated charging system. The vehicle’s engine powers a voltage-regulated charging system that limits the charging voltage when spinning at sufficient speed and when total loads do not exceed its output limits. The battery is subject to deeper discharging than a typical automotive application as a result of the following conditions: High daily hours of use High numbers of starts per day
Starter Battery Standards Committee
A Simplified Layered Model for Large-Scale Impact Simulations of Li-Ion Prismatic Cells14-15-02-00126/16/2026
This article presents a novel finite element modeling approach to predict the mechanical response of jellyrolls in large-scale explicit crash simulations up to the experimental occurrence of internal short-circuit. The proposed simplified layered model embeds membrane elements within a solid element mesh to improve the prediction in load cases dominated by the buckling and sliding of the jellyroll’s layered structure. The model was validated against experimental results from in-plane, out-of-plane, and bending tests on jellyroll samples extracted from prismatic lithium-ion cells. The experimental results confirmed the jellyroll’s high compressibility under out-of-plane loads and its behavior as a collection of unconnected layers under in-plane and bending loading. Compared to the widely used crushable foam model, the simplified layered model offered additional flexibility, especially for in-plane and bending load cases. Additionally, it meets critical time increment requirements for
Cioni, Daniele, Morin, David, Strating, Arjan, Kizio, Stephan, Costas, Miguel
Side Channel and Fault Injection Attack ResistanceJ3101-4_202606 (Current)6/15/2026
This report provides a survey of side channel and fault injection attacks that have an impact on automotive embedded systems. The focus is on side channel attacks that target cryptographic algorithms and hardware security engines, as well as sensitive data leakage. The report also considers fault injection attacks against typical vehicle components that allow bypassing of security controls to compromise the target system security and outlines some countermeasures to detect and/or prevent them. The report provides a list of security countermeasures that can be considered by manufacturers based on their risk tolerance to such attacks. Additionally, it offers the automotive industry supply chain a common language to facilitate the communication of side channel and fault injection mitigation requirements among the various stakeholders.
Vehicle Electrical System Security Committee
748 Airborne Weather Radar with Advanced Antenna TechnologyARINC748 (Current)6/15/2026
This ARINC Standard was prepared to take advantage of technical advances in airborne weather radar and its associated components. Emphasis is placed upon windshear and weather detection/analysis capability and performance, reliability, installation ease, and reduced cost of ownership.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Engine Thermal Management Strategies for Emissions Reduction during Real Driving Tests2026-37-00366/9/2026
Thermal management in internal combustion engines (ICEs) strongly affects fuel consumption and pollutant emissions, especially during engine warm-up. Particularly, the oil temperature is strictly related to the organic efficiency of the vehicle: in the early phase of a driving cycle, the low temperature produces a high-viscous oil, which increases friction losses and increases fuel consumption, with respect to full thermal regimated oil. Usually, the oil and coolant thermal behaviours are interconnected, thanks to a coolant/oil heat exchanger in the engine. In this study, a prototyped electrical coolant pump has been applied and integrated in a small SUV vehicle, replacing the original mechanical unit. An off-board experimental campaign allowed a complete hydraulic characterization of the cooling system, including thermostat operation, and led to a physically based correlation between flow rates and pressure drops in each branch. Based on these results, the pump was designed and
Di Battista, Davide, Di Bartolomeo, Marco, Cipollone, Roberto
Low-Voltage Electric Vehicle with a Reconfigurable Powertrain Architecture for Urban and Extra-Urban Mobility2026-37-00256/9/2026
This paper presents a novel concept for battery electric vehicles (BEVs), referred to as the low-voltage reconfigurable electric vehicle (LVREV). The LVREV is designed to bridge the gap between L- and M-class vehicles by adopting a <60 V multi-phase powertrain combined with a swappable battery system, maintaining the overall vehicle mass below one ton. This configuration enables adaptable driving range, optimized energy consumption in urban environments, and enhanced safety. The LVREV features two distinct operating modes. Frugal mode is intended for urban use and employs a smaller battery pack to maximize efficiency and reduce vehicle mass, while Dual mode is tailored for longer extra-urban trips through the use of a dual-battery configuration. The key innovations of the LVREV concept include a reconfigurable vehicle architecture capable of meeting both urban and extra-urban mobility requirements, thus providing a highly versatile transportation solution. In addition, the low-voltage
Tramacere, Eugenio, Favelli, Stefano, Galluzzi, Renato, Tonoli, Andrea
Experimental Investigation on Cold Start and Warm-Up Phases for an Ethanol Fueled SI Engine2026-37-00316/9/2026
The reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions represents a key challenge for the transportation sector, requiring the adoption of renewable fuels capable of ensuring both environmental benefits and compatibility with existing internal combustion engine technologies. In this context, bioethanol emerges as a viable solution for Spark Ignition (SI) engines, offering a low life-cycle CO₂ footprint and favorable combustion characteristics. Nevertheless, despite its well-known advantages under steady-state operation, the widespread use of high-ethanol-content fuels is still limited by critical issues during engine cold start. The aim of this work is to experimentally investigate the influence of ethanol content on cold-start behavior and idle warm-up transient operation of a Naturally Aspirated (NA), Port Fuel Injected (PFI) SI engine. The experimental campaign was carried out under idle conditions using four fuels with increasing ethanol content, namely commercial gasoline (E5), E30, E60
Falbo, Luigi, Falbo, Biagio, Perrone, Diego, Castiglione, Teresa
Passenger Car Powertrain for Voltages above 800V2026-37-00206/9/2026
The EU funded innovation project High-Voltage fast-charging Efficient electric vehicle Powertrains (HiVEP) develops innovative technologies for mass-market electric vehicles (EVs) by advancing architectures operating above 800 V. These architectures integrate silicon carbide (SiC)-based power electronics, rare-earth-free electric machines with active winding reconfiguration, high C-rate batteries, and optimized thermal management systems. HiVEP aims to enable fast charging in less than ten minutes, reduce energy consumption by at least 25%, extend the driving range by 20%, and cut system costs by up to 20% in volume production. This article deals in detail with the project objectives, the methodological approach, and the expected key innovations, as well as the technical, environmental, and social impacts. The discussion situates HiVEP within the European research and innovation landscape, emphasizing its role in accelerating adoption of sustainable mobility solutions.
Schernus, Christof, Nada, Shady, Neuhaus, Christoph, Ewald, Jens, Swierc, Daniel, Kallur-Krishnamoorthy, Rajesh, Vasiliadis, Harilaos
Impact of Compression Ratio and Stroke on Hydrogen Requirement for Emission-Optimized Operation of an Ammonia-Fuelled Spark-Ignition Engine2026-37-00306/9/2026
Ammonia (NH3) fuelled engines have emerged as a promising route toward net-zero emission targets due to NH3’s carbon-free nature, ease of storage, and established handling infrastructure. However, the low laminar burning speed and narrow flammability limits of NH3 pose a significant combustion challenge, which can be addressed through hydrogen (H2) co-fuelling. For practical implementation, on-board H2 production via thermal catalytic cracking of NH3 is an attractive solution, as it eliminates the need for external H2 storage and associated handling and capital costs. Previous studies by the present authors identified a lean operating strategy that achieves an equimolar ratio of NOx and unburned NH3 (α NH3NOx ≈ 1), enabling complete conversion to nitrogen and water vapour when coupled with a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system. This strategy was further validated using cracked NH3 derived H2 in place of bottled H2 through an on-board cracker, thereby representing a practical
Yadav, Neeraj Kumar, Ambalakatte, Ajith, Geng, Sikai, Gopakumar Suja, Gagan, Birch, Alexander, Cairns, Alasdair, Harrington, Anthony, Hall, Jonathan
Forecasting Electric Vehicle Fleet Growth and Energy Requirements in the UK2026-37-00436/9/2026
With the United Kingdom’s goal to achieve a fully decarbonised energy sector by 2035 and achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, the transition of the UK’s passenger car fleet to battery electric vehicles (BEVs) plays a crucial role in reaching this goal. This study evaluates the environmental and energy impact of large-scale BEV adoption by modelling future uptake scenarios using historical fleet data combined with assumed impact of future policy such as the 2030 ban on the sale of new petrol and diesel vehicles. Three predictive models have been developed: fast uptake, in which approximately 100% of the passenger car fleet is replaced by BEVs; moderate uptake, where a large majority of passenger cars are BEVs; and slow uptake, in which BEV adoption does not reach a majority. The results have shown that, if a medium- or large-scale adoption is possible by 2040 predicting nearly 37 million BEVs on the road, the associated electricity demand is predicted to rise close to 110
Burke, Bradley, Kateregga, Sunny, Sodre, Jose Ricardo
Thermal and Emission Characterization of Cylindrical Lithium-Ion Batteries under Thermal Abuse Using a Climate Chamber2026-37-00236/9/2026
Thermal safety in lithium-ion batteries is a critical aspect due to their increasing use in energy storage systems and electric vehicles. To investigate thermal abuse conditions, numerous studies employ specialized equipment to accurately measure physical variables during thermal runaway events. However, such tests typically require robust equipment which limit their availability in conventional laboratory environments. In this context, the present study proposes and evaluates an experimental methodology based on the use of a climate chamber combined with an instrumented reduced-volume container, to reproduce severe external heating conditions. The thermal behavior and gas emissions associated with thermal runaway events were characterized in six cylindrical lithium-ion batteries of two different chemistries. Six cylindrical cells with NMC and NCA cathode chemistries were subjected to thermal abuse tests. In addition, gaseous emissions and mass loss were quantified after the event
Penagos Vásquez, Diego Alejandro, Marco-Gimeno, Javier, Monsalve-Serrano, Javier, Garcia, Antonio, Perez Balastegui, Jose
Analysis of a Sorption Energy Storage System for Cabin Air Heating and Dehumidification in Electric Vehicles2026-37-00346/9/2026
This work investigates the integration of a Sorption Thermal Energy Storage (TES) into the Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system of electric vehicles. The proposed device reduces the energy demand for cabin heating under winter conditions, leading to a driving range increase. The TES dehumidifies the cabin air through a desiccant bed (zeolite 4A), preventing window fogging, enabling higher air recirculation rates, and consequently reducing the required heating power. An experimentally validated numerical model was used to analyze the adsorption and regeneration processes and to identify suitable operating conditions. Regeneration was found to be effective at moderate temperatures (from 120°C), with a counter-current airflow configuration providing faster and more efficient desorption compared to parallel-flow one. A simplified model integrating TES, HVAC unit and cabin was developed and used to compare different configurations. Heating energy consumption with and
Verlingieri, Rebecca, Calabrese, Luigi, Freni, Angelo, Marocco, Luca, Scudeler, Gabriele, De Antonellis, Stefano
Optimal Charging Planning with Energy Consumption Simulation for Battery Electric Long-Haul Trucks2026-37-00196/9/2026
Vehicle fleet decarbonization is a key objective for the coming years, with electrification representing the primary pathway to achieving the targets set by the European Union. The share of battery electric trucks in new registrations has been gradually increasing especially in light and medium size trucks. The replacement rate of diesel long-haul trucks with zero emission trucks is still low due to challenges posed by added complexity and limitations of battery charging. Depot overnight charging is not sufficient to cover the energy needs of a truck covering large distances and careful planning of the route using public charging infrastructure is crucial for an optimized route minimizing extra costs and range anxiety. The current work aims to develop a methodology to propose the optimal charging locations for a given route of a battery electric truck based on nearby stations along the route. Our study uses an open-source optimization algorithm for the fixed route vehicle charging
Perdikopoulos, Michail, Doulgeris, Stylianos, Livitsanos, Georgios, Kazakis, Thomas, Mellios, Giorgos, Ntziachristos, Leonidas
Requirements Extract for AS50881H Wiring Aerospace Vehicle SA-DIG-000036/9/2026
This digital standard is a requirements extract of AS50881H Wiring Aerospace Vehicle. This file contains a general requirements extraction as well as files that are optimized for use with Doors Classic, Siemens Polarian, and PTC.
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - The Battery Isn't the Problem--Execution Is135716/8/2026
Batteries don't fail because of chemistry. They fail because of execution. Qnovo provides advanced software to optimize lithium-ion battery health and safety, proving that competitive advantage isn't just about the battery itself, but how intelligently you manage it. By leveraging sophisticated battery models enhanced with AI and machine learning, the company delivers real-time insights into battery performance and operation. Listen in as we sit down with Nadim Maluf, Co-founder and CEO, to discuss how software has become the soul of modern batteries. From extending smartphone battery warranties to enabling faster, safer EV charging, you'll discover why the future of electrification isn't about new materials ... it's about intelligence, scale, and trust. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends
Patterson, Lori
TERMINAL JUNCTION SYSTEM, TERMINAL JUNCTION BLOCKS, SECTIONAL, BUSSING MODULES, FEEDBACK TYPE, SIZE 22D, SERIES IAS81714/17D (Current)6/8/2026
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
Electrical and Copper Compatibility Studies of Transmission Lubricants for Advanced Electric Vehicles2026-01-50366/3/2026
Improved energy efficiency and lower CO2 emissions are the two major drivers for the emergence of E-mobility. Growth of electric vehicles (EVs) has sustained ever since their introduction till 2020 and has substantially increased thereafter. EVs require specialized lubricants, which are different from conventional lubricants mainly due to the addition of new hardware technology including e-motor, inverter, battery, and new materials (copper windings, elastomers, plastic, and other materials). Lubricant when used in an advanced powertrain electric vehicle specifically in E-powertrains may encounter the e-motor and must deliver unique performance attributes such as optimal electrical properties, thermal management, and material compatibility apart from the traditional features including extreme pressure, friction performance, oxidation, and wear control. In the current study, we have investigated conventional GL5, manual transmission fluid (MTF), automatic transmission fluid (ATF), and
Katta, Lakshmi, Seth, Sarita, Singh, Sandeep, Bhardwaj, Anil, Arora, Ajay Kumar
Harbinger extends its range of medium-duty EVs26TOFHP06_126/1/2026
Harbinger revealed its HC Series Cab during Work Truck Week 2026 in Indianapolis, Indiana. The HC Series is a new line of medium-duty, low cab forward vehicles available as both an electric and plug-in hybrid model. Harbinger states that the HC Series' hybrid powertrain uses a range-extended hybrid platform with a gasoline engine to recharge the truck's batteries, extending range up to 500 miles (805 km), depending on upfit configuration and drive cycle.
Wolfe, Matt
Electric Health-Monitoring Wiring (E-Wiring) for Aircraft2026-26-07856/1/2026
Modern aircraft depend on extensive electrical wiring networks for power distribution, avionics, and control systems; however, these wiring systems are vulnerable to wear, insulation degradation, and arcing over time, leading to safety risks and costly unscheduled maintenance. This paper introduces an advanced Electric Health-Monitoring Wiring (E-Wiring) system that integrates temperature, current, insulation, vibration, and environmental sensors directly into aircraft wiring harnesses to enable continuous monitoring and intelligent fault detection. Data from these embedded sensors are processed through a distributed edge AI network, forming an Electrical Health Monitoring System (EHMS) capable of real-time diagnostics, predictive maintenance, and fault localization. The architecture comprises smart cable segments with sensor nodes, local harness gateways for edge processing, aircraft-level EHMS integration via AFDX/Ethernet, and cockpit or maintenance displays linked to ground-based
Tammana, Bala Sai Sri Rohit, Murthy, Harsha, Mendu, HarikaSivaniSunandha
Impact Study of Terrestrial Jamming on GNSS Receiver On-Board Launch Vehicles and Mitigation Technique Using RF Switch2026-26-07666/1/2026
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers are widely being used in aerospace as well as automotive applications primarily for navigation applications. ISRO uses indigenously developed GNSS receivers in its Launch vehicles (LV) mainly for POD (Preliminary Orbit Determination) and for INS aiding in long duration missions. Advanced GNSS receivers are being developed and used in ISRO’s new generation launch vehicles for closed loop guidance (CLG) applications. Being used in CLG, continuous solution availability and robustness of GNSS solutions are of paramount importance. From April 2023 onwards, GNSS receivers on-board ISRO’s LV missions have shown degraded performance in terms of reduction in no. of satellites tracked and in some cases loss of GNSS solution as well. This was seen in multiple missions and was analyzed in detail. It was observed that there is nearly 3-4dB reduction in carrier to noise density (C/No) ratio and corresponding change in RF AGC gain is also observed
A, Mohammed Basim, O T, Anand Shankara, V S, Biju, V Gopal, Biju, V S, Vinoj, K, Balan, C, Radhakrishna Pillai
A Study on the Future of Battery Based Electric Aircraft Propulsion2026-26-07826/1/2026
Today the aviation industry is witnessing a paradigm shift in the propulsion technology which has been unseen since the 1930s, when the gas turbine took over from the more established piston engines. For the emerging electric propulsion to survive and flourish, it must demonstrate clear superiority over the mature baseline technology of the gas turbine. It is a fact that the current battery technology is a limiting factor as it is not competitive compared to a gas turbine that is 30-50 times more energy dense. Naturally, the present electric propulsion developments concentrate on smaller aircraft applications and use on a large aircraft is possibly decades away. Apart from the energy density, from a thermal perspective the architectures are vastly different from each other. A conventional aircraft fitted with a gas turbine has readily available heat sinks in fuel and air that aids in heat transfer. Compressed air bleeds from the engine manage the thermal demands of the engine itself
Arun, K P, Srinivas, Varsha, Joshi, Jayanth, Suresh, Chandini, Naskar, Proloy Jyoti
Electrical Harnessing in Satellite Launch Vehicles of ISRO – Methods for Sustainable, Safe and Reliable Systems2026-26-07796/1/2026
The electrical harness system of satellite launch vehicles functions as the backbone of spacecraft avionics; inter connecting subsystems through complex networks of wires and connectors. An electrical harness is a group of wires bunched together and terminated in connectors. The common insulations used for launch vehicle applications include PTFE, Polyimide, ETFE and TKT. The connectors used are of aerospace grade and connectors tailored for space applications. With over 5000 connectors and 200 km of cables constituting nearly 20% of vehicle mass, the design, fabrication, and sustainability of these systems are critical. The insulations of connectors inserts or the wires are critical for the durability of harness elements. Nevertheless, these insulations are non-expendable and pose disposal challenges and some releases toxic gases when burned or due to vacuum outgassing phenomenon. Also, the cadmium plating which is often used for the environmental resistance of connector shells
K S, Nithish, TR, Binny, D S, Praveen Kumar
Design Optimization of Aircraft Light Optics: Eliminating Fasteners by Flexure-Based Clamp to Mitigate the Crack Formation and Validation through HALT2026-26-07506/1/2026
Aircraft lighting systems play a vital role in ensuring operational safety, visibility, and regulatory compliance. Exterior lighting systems are essential for aircraft identification, navigation, collision avoidance, and ground operations under varying environmental conditions. These systems typically include navigation lights, anti-collision lights, landing and taxi lights. An aircraft lighting system comprises light sources, optical elements, electronic control units, power interfaces, wiring harnesses, and mechanical mounting structures. Among these components, optics are critical as they control light distribution, intensity, color accuracy, and efficiency while withstanding harsh aerospace environments such as vibration, thermal cycling, and aerodynamic loads. Aircraft exterior lights are subjected to severe thermo-mechanical stresses due to aerodynamic loading, vibration, and thermal cycling. The use of high-performance optical polymers such as Cyclo Olefin Polymers (COP
Vialta, Frederico, S, Nikhil, Katageri, Praveen, SP, Pradeep, Singh, Abhimanyu Kumar
Continuous Active Balancing for Sodium-Ion Batteries: HiNA 50kW/100kWh Case Study2026-99-17235/22/2026
This paper presents an intelligent continuous active Battery Management System (BMS) implementation in sodium-ion battery (SIB) energy storage systems (ESS). The 50kWh/100kWh SIB-ESS demonstration project by HiNa Battery Technology Co., Ltd. (HiNa), demonstrates better discharge voltage differential consistency 102mV (vs. 240mV without continuous active BMS) and achieving 97.6% capacity retention after 1,500 cycles. The average round-trip efficiency of the 50 kW/100 kWh energy storage station is 93.9%. The demonstration application of full-time active balancing in sodium-ion battery energy storage power stations provides valuable support for the further promotion of large-scale energy storage.
Zhou, Yuanchao, Mao, Xuefei, Chen, Kai, Liu, Guangyu, Kang, Libin, Shi, Dongliang, Fang, Donglin, Zhu, Huayang, Xu, Fei, Wang, Yinglai
Multi-Physics Modeling of Aircraft Hybrid Propulsion Systems Integrating Batteries, SOFC, and Jet Engine2026-99-17035/22/2026
This paper presents a multi-physics modeling approach for a hybrid propulsion system designed for High-Altitude Long-Endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (HALE UAVs), integrating solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), lithium-ion batteries, and a jet engine. A dynamic model was developed to analyze the coupled characteristics of pressure, temperature, and power under steady-state conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that the internally integrated system achieves efficient fuel and waste heat recovery, delivering a net power output of 300–700 kW, sufficient to meet the operational demands of HALE UAVs. Key innovations include a heat exchanger maintaining SOFC stack inlet temperatures above 850 K for optimal performance and a compressor-fan subsystem enhancing gas compression efficiency. Experimental validation confirmed the accuracy of the SOFC model, with simulated electrical characteristics aligning closely with empirical data. The proposed hybrid system addresses limitations in specific
Zhang, Lin, Zhang, Di, Zhao, Lulu, Li, Xi
Research on Automatic Installation of Flash-Type Bird Collision Warning Device on Drones2026-99-17195/22/2026
Bird accidental collision with overhead transmission lines poses a threat to the ecology of rare bird populations. This article analyzes the warning measures to prevent birds from accidental collisions at home and abroad. In response to the low efficiency of manual installation and the poor static warning effect in preventing birds from accidental collisions with overhead transmission lines, the visual characteristics of birds are analyzed. A drone-based automatic installation flash-type bird accidental collision warning device is proposed, which includes a fixture, a disc, and a luminous circuit. The fixture can be carried and installed on the overhead line by a drone and can be easily disassembled. The disc adopts eye-catching colors and has a hollow structure to reduce wind resistance load. The luminous circuit includes solar panels, charge and discharge control circuits, flicker control circuits, batteries, and luminous components. The drone suspension warning device test was
Wang, Jian, Wang, Xiulong, Liu, Bin, Li, Danyu, Xu, Xunjian
Study on Impact Resistance of Sandwich-Structured Battery Protection Panels2026-99-17285/22/2026
With new energy vehicles developing rapidly, battery safety, as an important part of the impact on the range of new energy vehicles and vehicle safety, has become the focus of attention. The battery pack protection plate is a core component to protect the battery, its performance needs not only impact resistance, but also lightweight, honeycomb sandwich structure with its excellent energy absorption characteristics and weight reduction performance by the battery pack protection plate performance research. At present, the core-to-face sheet interaction in conventional sandwich structures subjected to impact loads has not been fully elucidated, and the quantitative characterization of damage is insufficient, so this paper aims to optimize the lightweight impact-resistant structure by exploring the synergistic energy dissipation mechanism between the high-strength core material and the steel plate. The study combines theory and simulation, adopting ideal rigid-plastic film theory to
Zhang, Guanghao, Zhang, Mingming, Luo, Changjie, Zhou, Jun, Zhang, Fengqiang, Yu, Wenze, Li, Jiongfeng, Guo, Qingrong
Assessment of Flexibility Adequacy in Power Systems and Flexibility Resource Allocation2026-99-17175/22/2026
With the introduction of China’s dual-carbon goals (carbon peak and carbon neutrality), renewable energy has experienced rapid development in the country, particularly wind energy, which has established a pivotal role within the new energy sector. However, the inherent fluctuations in wind power generation pose significant challenges to maintaining grid stability and operational reliability. In power systems where the proportion of installed wind power capacity has significantly increased, the allocation of flexible resources becomes crucial. These resources help the system adapt to fluctuations in wind power generation and load demand, avoid wind power curtailment, and reduce costs. In addition, energy storage enhances grid flexibility and stabilizes renewable energy, but is constrained by high costs. Therefore, optimizing energy storage allocation and improving its economic efficiency have become urgent issues. This study focuses on flexibility adequacy assessment and resource
Peng, Jian, Wei, Jinpeng, Zhu, Zhengyin, Hu, Jianmin, Li, Yuxiang, Miao, Gang, Zhang, Huaide
Research on Temperature Measurement Requirements for Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage Water Pits2026-99-17055/22/2026
Solar seasonal thermal energy storage technology is an important means to solve the problem of seasonal uneven distribution of solar resources, and as the core component, the thermal storage capacity of the water pit directly affects the performance of the whole system. Accurately mastering the water pit temperature is essential for scientifically evaluating its thermal storage capacity. Based on the thermal storage water pit simulation software developed in the laboratory, this study focuses on determining the optimal number of temperature measurement points required for seasonal thermal energy storage water pits under an accuracy requirement of ±0.1°C, and establishes the mathematical relationship between the number of measurement points and the height-diameter ratio (H/D) as well as the inlet position. The proposed method can cover the temperature measurement point design for cylindrical and frustum-shaped water pits, and can also be referenced for prism-shaped configurations
Niu, Pengbin, Ma, Jianfu, Wang, Fangxing, Qi, Shiyu
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