Browse Topic: Switches

Items (1,148)
This SAE Standard provides test procedures, performance requirements, and guidelines for semiautomatic headlamp beam switching (SHBSD) devices.
Road Illumination Devices Standards Committee
In the fast-paced world of construction, the demand for machine uptime is paramount. Various construction machines play crucial roles in applications such as digging, loading, landscaping, and demolition. One critical component that significantly enhances machine uptime for these operations is the quick coupler. This attachment facilitates rapid tool changes, enabling operators to switch between attachments seamlessly. It also boosts operator ease and reduces fatigue by eliminating frequent interaction between the operator and the attachments. Additionally, the ease of replacing attachments ensures that operators can easily use the correct attachment for specific tasks optimizing overall attachment usage. This paper aims to study the trade-off between breakout force and productivity when using quick couplers. This research assists customers in determining whether to utilize quick couplers based on their specific application requirements. The findings of this study are designed to help
Bhosale, Dhanaji HaridasPARAMESWARAN, SANKARANNarayanan, Arun
Automatic transfer switches (ATS) play an important role in the providing uninterrupted power to various applications like data Centre, hospitals etc. They can be connected between two utility sources, two gensets or a combination of them. It operates when one of the sources to which the load is connected is not available or the preferred source is up. While they do their job smoothly, they internally see harsh conditions. When an active source disconnects, an arc is generated between the contacts. The arc forms when the current jumps through the small air gap breaking it into ions and electrons at very high temperatures, typically above 10000K. This arc needs to be quenched quickly to avoid damage to the contacts and current carrying conductors. This paper throws light on an in-house methodology that is developed using the commercial tool Ansys Fluent. The physics of arc consisting of flow, thermal and electromagnetic fields are modelled. This paper includes the simulation of arc
Gaikwad, Nikhil RavindraBadhe, Vivek
Trains traditionally transmit braking and mitigation commands through the air tube filling and exhausting method, which is easy to cause local large longitudinal impact. In order to meet the high-precision requirements of synchronous transmission of commands for heavy-duty trains with large groupings, this paper proposes a laser+industrial Ethernet network control system, which can meet the requirements of flexible train grouping and virtual connecting under the premise of ensuring synchronous transmission of commands for trains with large groupings. The system consists of central control unit, locomotive laser communication module, locomotive switch, mobile wireless communication terminal, security gateway, vehicle control unit, vehicle laser communication module, vehicle switch, etc. It is designed according to the three-layer architecture of vehicle-level network, train-level network and line-level network, which can realise the issuance of internal control commands and status
Meng, XiangzhenLi, ChuanhuZhu, Youlong
Smarter control architectures including CAN- and LIN-based multiplexing can elevate operational efficiency, customization and end-user experience. From long-haul Class 8 trucks navigating cross-country routes to articulated dump trucks operating deep in a mining pit, the need for smarter, more reliable and more efficient control systems has never been more critical. Across both on- and off-highway commercial vehicle segments, OEMs are re-evaluating how operators interact with machines - and how those systems can be made more robust, flexible and digitally connected. Suppliers have responded to this industry-wide shift with new solutions that reduce complexity, improve durability and help customers future-proof their vehicle architectures. For example, Eaton's latest advancement is the E33 Sealed Multiplexed (MUX) Rocker Switch Module (eSM) - a sealed, modular switch solution that replaces traditional electromechanical designs with a multiplexed digital interface. Combined with Eaton's
Ortega, Carlos
Magneto-Rheological Fluid (MRF) is a smart material used in several applications for its ability to switch from fluid behaviour to solid-like conditions if a magnetic field is present. The dependency of viscosity on magnetic field makes this fluid suitable for braking system of electric vehicles, thanks to its high controllability and response time in the whole operative range. The main parameters that influence the behaviour of the fluid, and so the braking action of the system, are magnetic field and rotational velocity. In general, the variable physical properties make it complicated to simulate the system and its behaviour in different operating conditions. Therefore, it is usually necessary to build a physical prototype to experimentally verify the response of the braking system at different driving conditions. This paper presents the development of a virtual model of Magneto-Rheological Brakes (MRB) whose validity is extended to different driving conditions. This can be
De Luca, ElenaImberti, Giovannide Carvalho Pinheiro, HenriqueCarello, Massimiliana
The possibility of reducing CO2 emissions through sustainable paraffinic fuels opens opportunities for the continued use of existing infrastructure and combustion systems. At the same time, fuel switching also presents challenges in terms of the materials used. The changing composition of paraffinic fuels and their impact on plastic materials is a frequent topic of discussion. Compared to distillate diesel, neat paraffinic fuels contain almost no aromatics, which are known to cause swelling in plastics, especially elastomers. This literature review aims to examine and summarize studies on the influence of paraffinic fuels compared to distillate diesel on elastomers. On the fuel side, attention will be given to fuels with different total aromatics content and neat paraffinic fuels. In the field of elastomers, materials used for sealing applications and hoses are analyzed in detail. Special attention will be paid to NBR, FKM, and EPDM. The review aims to answer three questions. The first
Conen, TobiasHäfele, BenjaminDahlmann, Rainer
In the rapidly advancing field of EV applications, the design of high-efficient inverters is one of the key factors in improving overall vehicle performance. This paper presents the design of a three-level (3-L) automotive inverter based on GaN technology, aimed at enhancing the performance and efficiency of electric vehicles (EVs). GaN components, sourced from Cambridge GaN Devices (CGD), are utilized to leverage their superior switching characteristics and efficiency. The work is supported by both simulation and experimental results, which confirm the advantages of integrating GaN components and the 3-L inverter topology. The findings demonstrate improved performance, lower losses, and enhanced overall efficiency, making this design a promising solution for the future of EV power electronics.
Battiston, AlexandreAghaei Hashjin, SaeidFindlay, JohnHaje Obeid, NajlaSiad, Ines
A design is presented for an electro-mechanical switchgear, intended for reconfiguring the windings of an electric machine whilst in operation. Specifically, the design is developed for integration onto an in-wheel automotive motor. The motor features 6 phase fractions, which can be reconfigured by the switchgear between series-star or parallel-star arrangements, thereby doubling the torque or speed range of the electric machine. The switchgear has a mass of only 1.8kg – around one tenth of the equivalent 2-speed transmission which might otherwise be employed to achieve a similar effect. As well as the extended operating envelope, the reconfigurable winding motor offers benefits in efficiency and power density. The mechanical solution presented is expected to achieve efficiency and cost advantages over equivalent semiconductor-based solutions, which are practical barriers to adoption in automotive applications. The design uses only mechanical contacts and a single actuator, thereby
Vagg, ChristopherThomas, LukePickering, SimonHerzog, MaticTrinchuk, DanyloRomih, Jaka
Free-piston engines are new and efficient energy conversion devices that eliminate mechanical crankshafts. A wide-input power converter was needed as an electronic crankshaft for a free-piston engine to achieve efficient power generation control. A 20 kW single-phase full-bridge power converter that can operate over a wide-input voltage range was proposed in this paper to solve this problem. A current controller was designed by discussing the current flow of the power converters in four working modes, including forward electric, reverse electric, forward generation, and reverse generation. A model that considers the parasitic inductance on the wires in the circuit and the parasitic inductance and capacitance of each pole of the insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) switch was established in this paper, and the accuracy of the model was verified through simulation in MATLAB/Simulink. The main parameters of the power converter, such as the absorption resistance and capacitance of the
Li, MengfeiXu, ZhaopingLiu, Liang
Heavy-duty trucks idling during the hotel period consume millions of gallons of diesel/fuel a year, negatively impacting the economy and environment. To avoid engine idling during the hotel period, the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) and auxiliary loads are supplied by a 48 V onboard battery pack. The onboard battery pack is charged during the drive phase of a composite drive cycle, which comprises both drive and hotel phases, using the transmission-mounted electric machine (EM) and battery system. This is accomplished by recapturing energy from the wheels and supplementing it with energy from the engine when wheel energy alone is insufficient to achieve the desired battery state of charge (SOC). This onboard battery pack is charged using the transmission-mounted EM and battery system during the drive phase of a composite drive cycle (i.e., drive phase and hotel phase). This is achieved by recapturing wheel energy and energy from the engine when the wheel energy is
Huang, YingHanif, AtharAhmed, Qadeer
Today, our mobile phones, computers, and GPS systems can give us very accurate time indications and positioning thanks to the over 400 atomic clocks worldwide. All sorts of clocks - be it mechanical, atomic or a smartwatch - are made of two parts: an oscillator and a counter. The oscillator provides a periodic variation of some known frequency over time while the counter counts the number of cycles of the oscillator. Atomic clocks count the oscillations of vibrating atoms that switch between two energy states with very precise frequency.
Off-road vehicle demand is on the rise, particularly in North America. In connection with this trend, there is a demand for dynamic modeling to describe the behavior of off-road vehicles when driving terrains surfaces with successive bumps. However, conventional dynamic models has been insufficient in representing the situation where the tire-ground contact and detachment states switch successively during whoops behavior. Therefore, in this study, rigid-body multibody dynamics methodology was employed to model the vehicle and conduct numerical simulations. Numerical simulations were conducted using the constructed vehicle model, demonstrating that the behavior of off-road vehicles in whoops closely resembles the actual phenomenon.
Inoue, TsuyoshiEjiri, HarutoHeya, AkiraYoshida, Masahiro
The driving capability and charging performance of electric vehicles (EVs) are continuously improving, with high-performance EVs increasing the voltage platform from below 500V to 800V or even 900V. To accommodate existing low-voltage public charging stations, vehicles with high-voltage platforms typically incorporate boost chargers. However, these boost chargers incur additional costs, weight, and spatial requirements. Most mature solutions add a DC-DC boost converter, which results in lower charging power and higher costs. Some new methods leverage the power switching devices and motor inductance within the electric drive motor to form a boost circuit using a three-phase current in-phase control strategy for charging. This approach requires an external inductor to reduce charging current ripple. Another method avoids the use of an external inductor by employing a two-parallel-one-series topology to minimize current ripple; however, this reduces charging power and increases the risk
Yuan, BaochengMa, YongXie, XiLiu, ShaoweiGuan, TianyuGe, KaiZheng, LifuXu, Xu
In response to the complex shore slope road conditions and the switching of water–land environments during the amphibious vehicle’s landing process, a landing drive force control strategy for amphibious vehicles is proposed. First, based on the shore slope gradient, buoyancy effect, and amphibious vehicle acceleration, the drive force of the front and rear wheels of the amphibious vehicle is pre-allocated. Then, referring to the road parameters of common road types, the road adhesion coefficient and optimal slip ratio of the current road surface where the amphibious vehicle is located are identified based on the principle of fuzzy control. Subsequently, with the slip ratio difference as the control target, the drive motor is controlled based on the sliding mode control algorithm to achieve tracking of the optimal slip ratio. A joint simulation is carried out using CarSim and Simulink, and the results are compared with those without control. The simulation results show that the drive
Huang, BinYuan, ZinengYu, Wenbin
The popular methods to generate PWM (Pulse width modulation) are triangle comparison method and space vector method. The work evaluates the performance of continuous and discontinuous space vector pulse width modulation techniques based on the switching losses and harmonic distortion. The flexibility in the placement of null vectors and active vectors gives generality in SVPWM (Space Vector PWM) techniques. Continuous SVPWM employs the conventional switching sequences which are equally divided the null vectors and active vectors. Discontinuous PWM are derived based on the different combinations of null and active switching vectors. The discontinuous PWM techniques clamps each phase for either 300 or 600 in each half cycle. Majority of the discontinuous SVPWM uses any one of the null vectors and effectively to reduce the average switching loss in a cycle and the total harmonic distortion.The study brings out the optimum SVPWM sequences for the control of PMSM(PERMENANT MAGNET
Nair, Meenu DivakaranDurai, Saranya
The impact and vibration problem during gear shifting and mode switching of the P2 hybrid 8AT system of new energy vehicles seriously affects driving comfort. This paper proposed a collaborative clutch slip and friction control strategy for a P2 hybrid power system with power downshifting and engine starting to reduce transient shock vibration during the power system operation. A dynamic model of the P2 hybrid system was established, including a physical model of the engine, motor, clutch, 8AT transmission mechanism, and driving resistance. The transient dynamic behavior of the P2 hybrid system with power downshifting and engine starting was systematically studied. On this basis, with the goal of consistent power response and smooth gear shifting, a multi-stage collaborative control strategy including the motor, engine, and clutch under the power downshifting condition was formulated. Model-in-loop simulation verification was carried out based on MATLAB/Simulink platform. The
Song, TingbinWang, ShuhanXu, XiangyangQiu, Longhui
With the popularity of electric vehicles, the application development of heat pump type automobile air conditioning system has been focused. Meanwhile, the traditional R134a needs to be replaced by more environmentally-friendly refrigerants under the Kigali Amendment. In this paper, a novel direct expansion heat pump air conditioning system with three circuit switching (DXACS) was proposed, and three low GWP refrigerants R1234yf, R1234ze(E) and R290 were carried out to evaluate the system performance. The results show that the winter range attenuation ratio of DXACS is 26.9%, significantly lower than the prototype EV360 (57.5%); the DXACS with R290 shows the best heating performance, COPh and qcv are 2.3% and 57.3% higher than R134a in extremely cold conditions, respectively. This study provides valuable insights for the development of efficient and green thermal management technology of new energy vehicles.
Zhu, TengfeiLiu, YeChen, Qinghua
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes for trucks, buses, and multipurpose passenger vehicles with GVW of 4500 kg (10 000 lb) or greater: a Minimum performance requirements for the switch for activating electric or electro-pneumatic windshield washer systems. b Uniform test procedures that include those tests that can be conducted on uniform test equipment by commercially available laboratory facilities. The test procedures and minimum performance requirements, outlined in this document, are based on currently available engineering data. It is the intent that all portions of the document will be periodically reviewed and revised as additional data regarding windshield washing system performance is developed.
Truck and Bus Windshield Wipers and Climate Control Comm
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes for trucks, buses, and multipurpose vehicles with GVW of 4500 kg (10 000 lb) or greater: a Minimum performance requirements for the switch for electrically or electro-pneumatically powered windshield wiping systems. b Uniform test procedures that include those tests that can be conducted on uniform test equipment by commercially available laboratory facilities. The test procedures and minimum performance requirements, outlined in this document are based on currently available engineering data. It is the intent that all portions of the document will be periodically reviewed and revised as additional data regarding windshield wiping system performance are developed.
Truck and Bus Windshield Wipers and Climate Control Comm
A novel design for a radial field switching reluctance motor with a sandwich-type C-core architecture is proposed. This approach combines elements of both traditional axial and radial field distribution techniques. This motor, similar to an in-wheel construction, is mounted on a shared shaft and is simple to operate and maintain. The rotor is positioned between the two stators in this configuration. The cores and poles of the two stators are separated from one another both magnetically and electrically. Both stators can work together or separately to produce the necessary torque. This adds novelty and improves the design’s suitability for use with electrical vehicles (EVs). A good, broad, and adaptable torque profile is provided by this setup at a modest excitation current. This work presents the entire C-core radial field switched reluctance motor (SRM) design process, including the computation of motor parameters through computer-aided design (CAD). The CAD outputs are verified via
Patel, Nikunj R.Mokariya, Kashyap L.Chavda, Jiten K.Patil, Surekha
This study proposes a multi-mode switching control strategy based on electromagnetic damper suspension (EMDS) to address the different performance requirements of suspension systems on variable road surfaces. The working modes of EMDS are divided into semi-active damping mode and energy harvest mode, and the proposed mode switching threshold is the weighted root mean square value of acceleration. For the semi-active damping mode, a controller based on LQR(Linear Quadratic Regulator) was designed, and a variable resistance circuit was also designed to meet the requirements of the semi-active mode, which optimized the damping effect relative to passive suspension. For the energy harvest mode, an energy harvest circuit was designed to recover vibration energy. In order to reduce the deterioration of suspension performance caused by frequent mode switching in the mode switching strategy, as frequent system switching can lead to system disorder, deterioration of damping effect, and
Zeng, ShengZhang, BangjiTan, BohuanQin, AnLai, JiewenWang, Shichen
In the rapidly evolving landscape of electronic engineering, the reliability of electronic components under varying thermal conditions has emerged as a paramount concern. This paper presents an integrated approach for the reliability analysis of electronic components, emphasizing thermal impacts. Our methodology synergizes computational thermal analysis, experimental stress testing, and Failure Modes, Effects, and Diagnostic Analysis (FMEDA) to offer a comprehensive framework for assessing and enhancing component reliability, specifically focusing on a case study of motorcycle hand control switches. The approach begins with a detailed thermal simulation to identify potential hot spots and thermal gradients across electronic components under different operational scenarios. For the case study, motorcycle hand control switches a critical interface between the rider and the motorcycle's electrical system were subjected to this analysis to predict thermal behavior under varied
Mote, ShwetaJadhav, ShantaramChaudhari, VijayMhaske, Aashay
Lasers developed at the University of Rochester offer a new path for on-chip frequency comb generators. University of Rochester, Rochester, NY Light measurement devices called optical frequency combs have revolutionized metrology, spectroscopy, atomic clocks, and other applications. Yet challenges with developing frequency comb generators at a microchip scale have limited their use in everyday technologies such as handheld electronics. In a study published in Nature Communications, researchers at the University of Rochester describe new microcomb lasers they have developed that overcome previous limitations and feature a simple design that could open the door to a broad range of uses.
Electrification isn't just a matter of switching out the diesel engine for an electric motor. It requires a thorough review of connected systems - particularly the hydraulic system. Using the same components in electric machines as those used in conventional machines often requires more battery power or a larger electric motor. For this reason, OEMs have discovered the need to rethink efficiency and productivity when electrifying machines. MPG Makine Prodüksiyon Grubu learned this firsthand when designing a truck-mounted electric crane for one of its Netherlands-based customers. The Konya, Turkey-based OEM produces truck-mounted hydraulic cranes with folding and telescopic booms as well as aerial work platforms and tree trans-planter machines.
Avci, Gökhan
The bi-stable phenomena of the Ahmed model were experimentally studied at different rear slant angles (31.8 °, 42 °, 50 °, 60 °, 75 °, 90°) and different Reynolds numbers (9.2 × 104, 1.84 × 105, 2.76 × 105). The analysis of pressure gradients both on the base and slant indicate that no bi-stable phenomena were observed at different Reynolds numbers when the slant angle was less than or equal to 50°. However, for the rear slant angles greater than or equal to 60°, the pressure gradients consistently shift between two preferred values at various Reynolds numbers, indicating the presence of bi-stable behavior in the spanwise direction. Therefore, the critical angle for the appearance of bi-stability in the Ahmed model lies within the range of 50° to 60°, and the existence of bistable behavior remains unaffected by the Reynolds number. As the slant angle increases, the switching rate decreases significantly until the angle is greater than 60°. Furthermore, with an increase in Reynolds
Bai, HuanchengXia, ChaoYu, LeiFan, YajunJia, QingYang, Zhigang
To realize the accurate tracking of the vehicle speed in the process of vehicle speed tracking, a neural network adaptive robust output feedback control (NAROFC) method for the driving robot is proposed. Firstly, considering the dynamic modeling error of the mechanical leg and the time-varying disturbance force, the dynamic model of the driving robot is established. Besides, an Extended State Observer (ESO) is designed to estimate the uncertainty and constant disturbance of modeling parameters in the system. In addition, the recurrent neural network (RNN) is used to estimate the time-varying disturbances existing in the system. Finally, the system control rate is redesigned with an ESO-designed adaptive robust controller, and the switching controller is combined to realize output feedback control. The stability of the designed controller is proved by Lyapunov theorem. The experiment results show that the designed mechanical leg controller has higher tracking accuracy of mechanical legs
Shao, LinChen, Gang
In order to realize the series-parallel switching control of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) with dual-motor hybrid configuration, a method of unpowered interrupt switching based on the coordinated control of three power sources was proposed by analyzing the series-parallel driving mode of the dual-motor hybrid configuration. The series to parallel switching process is divided into three stages: speed regulation stage, clutch combination and power source switching. The distribution control of speed regulating torque is carried out in the speed regulating stage. The speed adjustment torque is preferentially allocated to the power source of the input shaft (engine and P1) to carry out the lifting torque. Due to the high speed adjustment accuracy and fast response of the P1 motor, the input shaft is preferentially allocated to P1 for speed adjustment, that is, the torque intervention of P1. If the speed control torque exceeds the intervention capacity of P1, then it is allocated to the
Jing, JunchaoZhang, JunzhiLiu, YiqiangHuang, WeishanDai, Zhengxing
In order to achieve seamless mode switching control for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) in the event of battery failure, we propose a motor voltage-controlled mode switching method that eliminates power interruptions. This approach is based on an analysis of the dual-motor hybrid configuration's mode switching. We analyze the overall vehicle operation when the high-voltage battery occurs in different hybrid modes. To ensure that the vehicle can still function like a conventional car under such circumstances, we introduce a novel "voltage control" mode. In this mode, instead of operating in its traditional torque control manner, the P1 motor adopts a voltage control strategy. The P1 controller's variable becomes "voltage," and VCU sends the motor's working mode switching request and PCM finishes the mode transition. During system operation, the P1 motor promptly responds to these target voltages to maintain bus voltage within a normal range. The P1 motor voltage is monitored and managed
Jing, JunchaoZhang, JunzhiHuang, WeishanLiu, YiqiangDai, Zhengxing
Model-based developments have been introduced to reduce the development time for vehicle systems. Various model-based tools, including MATLAB and Simulink, have been introduced, and each vehicle component uses different tools to model assets. This makes the system complex and reduces the simulation efficiency because of the need for interfaces or converters when reusing model assets and combining parts. However, machine learning, in which neural nets are pretrained to make inferences in real time, is being applied to automatic driving and applications such as object recognition. This study developed a system in which the inputs and outputs assigned to a model were trained using neural nets, and the trained neural nets were combined with UML: Unified Modeling Language. A previous UML integration proposal integrated C/C++ code automatically generated from the models. Therefore, the previous proposal made limited use of modeling tools with automatic code generation capabilities. The
Arai, Masatoshi
Wound rotor synchronous machines (WRSM) without rare-earth magnets are becoming more popular for traction applications, but their potential in drive performance has not yet been fully explored. This paper presents a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) scheme optimization procedure to minimize motor and inverter losses. It leverages different PWM schemes with different PWM switching strategies and switching frequencies. First, a generic PWM-induced motor loss calculation tool developed by BorgWarner is introduced. This tool iteratively calculates motor losses with PWM inputs across the entire operating map, significantly improving motor loss prediction accuracy. The inverter losses are then calculated analytically using motor and wide-bandgap (WBG) switching device characteristics. By quantifying these various scenarios, the optimal PWM scheme for achieving the best system efficiency across the entire operating map is obtained. The PWM-induced motor loss characteristics, the system loss
Ma, CongTyckowski, Joseph
The paper introduces two methods for controlling motor voltage. One method requires the implementation of boost hardware, while the other allows for voltage control in battery failure mode without any additional hardware requirements. The boost voltage strategy for the hybrid system is based on managing boost modes, determining target voltages, and implementing PI control. The boost mode control includes different modes such as initial mode, normal mode, shutdown mode, and fault mode. Determining the boost target voltage involves regulating the boost converter with variable voltages depending on the operating states of the motor and generator. The second voltage control method without boost hardware is proposed in order to ensure that the vehicle can still function like a traditional car even under abnormal conditions of high-voltage battery failure in micro-mixing systems. In this mode, instead of conventional torque control, the generator operates in a voltage control mode where
Jing, JunchaoSun, XudongLiu, YiqiangHuang, Weishan
This paper analyzes the current control, mode control and boost strategy of permanent magnet synchronous motor in dual hybrid system, which has good stability and robustness. Current control includes current vector control, MTPA control, flux weakening control, PI current control and SVPWM control. Motor mode includes initialization mode, normal mode, fault mode, active discharge mode, power off mode, battery heating mode and boost mode. The boost strategy of the hybrid system is based on boost mode management, boost target voltage determination and boost PI control. The specific content is as follows: Boost mode control. Boost mode includes initial mode, normal mode, off mode and fault mode. Boost target voltage is determined. Boost converter is controlled by variable voltage, which depends on the operation status of the motor and generator.. In order to improve the overall performance of the voltage control strategy, the voltage control strategy of the boost converter is dynamically
Jing, JunchaoHuang, WeishanLiu, YiqiangDai, ZhengxingZhang, Junzhi
DHT hybrid transmission assembly control system discussed in this paper includes hydraulic control, hybrid mode switching control, shift control, dual motor control, clutch and motor thermal management. The hybrid mode is divided into four modes: the EV mode, the serial mode, the parallel mode and the launch mode. Hydraulic control includes torque-pressure conversion, clutch pressure kiss point adaption, clutch oil filling time adaption. Shift control includes shift type decision, shift sequence control, shift inertia process based on motor intervention. Thermal management includes clutch flow and motor flow distribution. Motor control include the current control, mode control and boost strategy of permanent magnet synchronous motor in dual hybrid system, which has good stability and robustness. Motor mode includes initialization mode, normal mode, fault mode, active discharge mode, power off mode. The boost strategy of the hybrid system is based on boost mode management, boost target
Jing, JunchaoZhang, JunzhiLiu, YiqiangWang, ZhentaoXue, Tianjian
Reliable and safe Redundant Steering System (RSS) equipped with Dual-Winding Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (DW-PMSM) is considered an ideal actuator for future autonomous vehicle chassis. The built-in DW-PMSM of the RSS is required to identify various winding’s faults such as disconnection, open circuit, and grounding. When achieving redundant control through winding switching, it is necessary to suppress speed fluctuations during the process of winding switching to ensure angle control precision. In this paper, a steering angle safety control for RSS considering motor winding’s faults is proposed. First, we analyze working principle of RSS. Corresponding steering system model and fault model of DW-PMSM have been established. Next, we design the fault diagnosis and fault tolerance strategy of RSS. Considering the difference in amplitude frequency characteristics of phase current during DW-PMSM winding faults, the Hanning window and Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) is
Zhao, JianDang, RuijieWu, HangzheZhu, BingChen, Zhicheng
A multiple output dynamically adjustable capacity system (MODACS) is developed to provide multiple voltage output levels while supporting varying power loads by switching multiple battery strings between serial and parallel connections. Each module of the system can service either a low voltage bus by placing its strings in parallel or a high voltage bus with its strings in series. Since MODACS contains several such modules, it can produce multiple voltages simultaneously. By switching which strings and modules service the different output rails and by varying the connection strategy over time, the system can balance the states of charge (SOC) of the strings and modules. A model predictive control (MPC) algorithm is formulated to accomplish this balancing. MODACS operates in various power modes, each of which imposes unique constraints on switching between configurations. Those constraints are mathematically formalized so that MPC can be applied to minimize predicted SOC differences
Kang, Jun-MoRich, Dave
Researchers have developed a fluid switch using ionic polymer artificial muscles that operates at ultra-low power and produces a force 34 times greater than its weight. Fluid switches control fluid flow, causing the fluid to flow in a specific direction to invoke various movements.
Photoelectric (PE) sensors represent a discrete sensor technology widely used throughout industry. Also called photoelectric switches or photoeyes, they use the presence or absence of light to provide an on/off output to supervisory automation and monitoring systems (Figure 1). Although the technology has been in use for many years, there are many device configurations and some recent advancements worthy of note.
The switching and coupling of the power source during mode switching of hybrid continuously variable transmission (CVT) vehicles lead to interruptions and sudden changes in power system output torque, which is a key factor affecting driving comfort. To address this issue, the following steps were taken: Firstly, based on the logical threshold energy management strategy, the conditions for mode switching in hybrid CVT vehicles were analyzed. Next, a dynamic model of the clutch engagement process was established, and a double fuzzy PID control strategy for engine speed and clutch pressure was formulated. Then, a dynamic coordination control strategy, combining “engine speed and clutch pressure double fuzzy PID control” with coordinated control of motor torque, was proposed. Finally, the proposed control strategy was simulated and verified. The aim of this approach is to mitigate interruptions and sudden changes in power system output torque during mode switching, thereby improving
Liu, WenChangFu, BingLiu, JingangZhao, YouhongXiong, Jipeng
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