To enhance the rescue efficiency of expressway emergencies and reduce the impact on network operation, this study developed an optimization model for the strategic placement of emergency rescue stations. Firstly, a node importance assessment method is designed to measure the importance of each node in the expressway network by considering both local and global impacts; secondly, an emergency rescue station selection model is constructed based on the node importance to achieve the highest coverage satisfaction, the highest rescue efficiency and the lowest construction cost. Taking the expressway network in Shaanxi Province as an example, a particle swarm algorithm based on non-dominated sorting (NSPSO) is designed to solve the problem. The results demonstrate that, with the same number of rescue stations, the model of Site Selection of Emergency Rescue Stations considering node importance achieves shorter average rescue time and higher coverage satisfaction under comparable conditions.

Chen, Jingli, Lin, Shan, Xu, Hongke, Cao, Jiabao, Yang, Fei, Luo, Mi

Research on the Operational Efficiency of Airlines Based on the Characteristics of Airport Clusters

2026-99-0581

7/10/2026

The features of airport clusters have a big impact on regional air transport. But problems within these clusters also affect airline operations. This study uses the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model. It selects 16 airlines of different sizes as samples. It also identifies relevant input and output indicators to measure operational efficiency. The results show that the efficiency of large and medium-sized airlines generally went up. Small airlines have shown a slow but steady improvement in efficiency, with significant volatility due to cost and slot constraints. So, the study analyzes pure technical efficiency, scale efficiency, and comprehensive efficiency. It finds out the changing patterns of operational efficiency among airlines of different sizes and the reasons behind them.

Hu, Kexin, Huang, Tao

A Novel Rotating Component Comprehensive Diagnostic Network Based on Stacked Auto Encoders and Sparse Filter Combined with Generative Adversarial Network

2026-99-0534

7/10/2026

Nowadays, the majority of intelligent fault diagnosis approaches are still centered on individual faulty components, while only a limited number of models are capable of performing integrated diagnosis for rotating systems that consist of shafts, bearings, and gears. Under variable-speed operating conditions, the large scale of vibration data further complicates the process of effective feature extraction. To improve these challenges, this study develops a comprehensive diagnostic framework for rotating components, termed WGAN-SAFC. The proposed architecture integrates a Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network (WGAN) with a hybrid structure of stacked autoencoders and sparse filtering (SAFC). SAFC integrates the feature-learning capability of SAE and the sparsity-driven representation of SF, while incorporating adversarial data generation to address sample imbalance and enhance fault diagnosis performance. Experimental verification on collected vibration datasets demonstrates that

Li, Shunming, Feng, Mengqi

Research on the Dynamic Simulation Method of Gearbox Based on ADAMS and MATLAB

2026-99-0519

7/10/2026

The gearbox is a key component of the mechanical transmission system, and its fault diagnosis is essential to the reliability of the equipment. However, obtaining fault samples under actual working conditions for gearbox fault diagnosis is challenging. In this paper, the rigid-flexible coupling dynamic simulation model of the gearbox is established, and the co-simulation of gear normal, crack, and breakage is carried out in the ADAMS and MATLAB environments. The comparison between the simulated and measured signals shows that the simulation method can accurately reflect the key characteristics, such as rotation frequency and meshing frequency, and verify its reliability and accuracy. The research results can provide effective data support for gearbox fault diagnosis and improve the operational safety of mechanical systems.

Li, Dongxiao, Zhang, Qianqi, Zhang, Zhongzheng, Li, Yongbo

Nonconvex Quadratic Programming Problem for Ship Magnetic Dipole Array Model

2026-99-0587

7/10/2026

The magnetic field modeling methodology for ships based on magnetic dipole arrays demonstrates heightened sensitivity to input data. When addressing overdetermined systems characterized by numerous variables and constrained measurement points, the coefficient matrix frequently develops pathological ill-conditioning, leading to solution divergence and compromised result accuracy. This research reformulates the ship magnetic field inversion challenge as a non-convex quadratic programming problem, employing the Successive Convex Approximation (SCA) algorithm as the computational solver. Rigorous comparative validation was performed against conventional stepwise regression algorithms and experimental datasets acquired from scaled ship model measurements. Results substantiate that while the modeling precision of the SCA algorithm remains comparable to that achieved by stepwise regression methods, SCA exhibits demonstrably superior solution stability. This enhanced robustness positions SCA

Chen, Hao, Pan, Xun

Missile Pose Measurement Based on ArUco Markers

2026-99-0576

7/10/2026

This paper presents a monocular vision-based system for high-precision missile pose measurement using ArUco markers and Perspective-n-Point (PnP) algorithms. By deploying 6 × 6 ArUco markers on a cylindrical missile mock-up, the system establishes 3D-2D correspondences between structured-light-scanned models and camera images to solve the PnP problem. The proposed approach integrates optimized ArUco marker recognition — leveraging adaptive thresholding, contour simplification, and grid-based validation — with the Efficient PnP (EPnP) algorithm to achieve real-time pose estimation. Experimental validation demonstrates angular accuracy of ± 0.3° in roll/pitch/yaw and positional accuracy of ± 2 mm within a 2 m range under controlled conditions. The system exhibits robustness against partial occlusions and motion blur, with degraded performance (± 1.2°, ± 5 mm) in extreme scenarios. Key innovations include a streamlined marker detection pipeline and adaptive pose refinement using Levenberg

Wang, Ruiyang, Zhang, Chaofan

Design and Analysis of Orthogonal Excitation Eddy Current Brake for High-Speed Trains

2026-99-0513

7/10/2026

As high-speed train technology advances, the demands on braking system performance have intensified. Known for their efficiency, reliability, and eco-friendliness, Linear Eddy Current Brakes (LECB) have become a focal point in the research and development of high-speed train braking systems. This paper presents an innovative Orthogonal Excitation Eddy Current Brake (OEECB), which enhances the braking force without modifying the overall dimensions of the conventional LECB. By adding a set of longitudinal excitation coils parallel to the rail surface, the OEECB creates an orthogonal excitation structure that augments the braking force. Initially, this paper outlines the design concept of the OEECB and then analyzes its working principle based on electromagnetic field theory. Subsequently, a finite element solver is employed to numerically model the electromagnetic characteristics of the OEECB. Finally, by comparing the performance differences between the conventional LECB and OEECB, the

Huang, Liuwen, Zuo, Jianyong, Zhang, Yu

Towards a Smarter E-Bike: Enhancing Energy Efficiency through Adaptive Speed Control

2026-01-0736

7/1/2026

This paper presents the development of a speed controller for e-bikes, designed as part of an energy-adaptive assistance system. The controller provides riders with appropriate support along planned routes, based on the available battery capacity. The control concept is intended for integration into existing commercial e-bikes without requiring extensive modifications to the drive system. Therefore, the rider remains part of the control loop, adjusting the support mode according to instructions from the controller. The speed controller is implemented as a rule-based state machine, enabling comprehensible design and parameterization. Since the rider must manually switch between support modes while riding, the control logic incorporates hysteresis and dead times to ensure stability, prevent oscillations, and avoid frequent mode switching. The user interface is a smartphone application that issues visual and audio instructions for switching support modes. An initial, system-independent

Rauch, Yannick, Simmann, Gabriel, Schneider, Manuel, Goss, Christian, Kriesten, Reiner

Development of a Digital Twin of an Electrical Powertrain in a Testbench Environment for Efficiency Estimations

2026-01-0744

7/1/2026

The aim of this work is to develop a modular, real-time-capable digital twin of an electric powertrain based on machine learning (ML)-based model structures and a systematic, component-oriented architecture with a focus on efficiency estimation in test bench environments. The further goal here is to enable virtual testing, which can be used for frontloading and thus both prevent errors and increase the speed of product development. Based on a comprehensive set of measured and derived test bench data, a multi-stage procedure is implemented that integrates data acquisition, physically informed feature selection, modeling at the component and subsystem level, and hybrid coupling strategies. The digital twin captures inverter, electric machine, and mechanical transmission stages and generates consistent predictions of key variables such as torque, speed, power factors, and subsystem as well as overall drivetrain efficiency. The methodology enables a systematic comparison of black box, dark

Kopp, Lennart, Proksch, Daniel, Ockert, Niels, Karthaus, Carsten, Kley, Markus

Low-Temperature Internal Heating of Lithium-Ion Cells by Zero-Mean Square-Wave Current Excitation: Thermal Response and Aging Effects

2026-01-0753

7/1/2026

Current lithium-ion batteries should generally only be charged above 0 °C, as charging below this temperature can promote lithium plating and irreversible degradation. However, conventional pack-level heating elements increase system mass and design complexity. In addition, heat is transferred from outside into the cell, causing the temperature inside the cell to rise slowly. This study evaluates internal Joule heating of cylindrical Li-ion cells using a zero-mean square-wave current excitation and quantifies the associated aging impact. LG INR21700-M50L cells were tested at 0 °C, −10 °C, and −20 °C with three excitation frequencies (50 Hz, 1 Hz, 10 mHz) at 5 A amplitude. Each cycle consisted of 30 min heating followed by 60 min cooling; reference capacity-based state of health (SOH) was assessed every 50 cycles up to 400 cycles. A maximum surface temperature rise of 14.3 K was achieved, with larger temperature rise at lower ambient temperature and lower excitation frequency. Capacity

Raiber, Stefan, Allmendinger, Frank, Degler, David, Parschau, Anke

Representative Driving Cycles for Light Commercial Vehicles Based on Their Usage Profiles

2026-01-0751

7/1/2026

This study describes a methodology for synthesizing representative driving cycles for light commercial vehicles. The focus is on taking the usage profiles of these vehicles into account in the driving cycle synthesis. In this methodology, representative routes are simulated using the example of light commercial vehicles in the craft sector. The results of these simulations are representative speed distributions and representative altitude variations. These results are then used as target values for the actual driving cycle synthesis. Furthermore, measurement runs are carried out with a light commercial vehicle to create a database of real-world driving data. The measurement runs include different urban, rural, and motorway sections and cover a total distance of approximately 510 km. Routes with flatter and more challenging altitude profiles are driven. During the measurement runs, the speed signal and the altitude signal are measured. These signals are then processed and cut into short

Heilmann, Oliver, Grabow, Andreas, Cortès, Sven, Schlick, Michael, Stoll, Tobias, Kulzer, André Casal

A Comprehensive CFD-Driven Approach to Battery Thermal Modeling and Cooling System Optimization

2026-01-0752

7/1/2026

With the continued expansion of electric mobility, liquid-cooled thermal management systems have become indispensable for ensuring the performance, durability, and safety of automotive battery packs. This work presents a novel cooling-plate design that integrates offset strip-fin turbulators to enhance convective heat transfer between lithium-ion cells and the circulating coolant. A comprehensive multi-region CFD model of the full battery pack is developed, incorporating an implicit lumped-parameter representation of cell heat generation. The numerical predictions are validated against dedicated experimental measurements available in the literature. Subsequently, a parametric study is conducted in which the number of hydraulic sub-modules and the inlet/outlet configurations are systematically varied to generate all feasible design permutations. The resulting configurations are compared to assess thermal performance and to quantify the benefits—as well as the potential penalties

Montenegro, Gianluca, Onorati, Angelo, Della Torre, Augusto, Tariq, Muhammad Hasnain, Bonetti, Elisa

Interpretable Tire Force Modeling for Formula Student Vehicle Dynamics and Lap Time Applications

2026-01-0762

7/1/2026

Accurate tire models are a key enabler for vehicle dynamics simulation, control design, and lap time optimization, particularly in the context of Formula Student race cars, where vehicle setups and tire characteristics differ significantly from production vehicles. State-of-the-art tire models, such as Pacejka’s Magic Formula, generally provide high prediction accuracy. However, their predefined functional structure and large number of coupled parameters are designed for broad applicability across many tire types rather than for specific racing tires. This often results in limited interpretability, nontrivial parameter identification, and unnecessary model complexity for specialized applications such as Formula Student. This paper presents a data-driven approach for deriving compact and physically interpretable tire force models using symbolic regression. The proposed method employs an intelligent tree search to systematically explore the space of mathematical expressions and identify

Anselment, Marcel, Borowski, Julian, Rudolph, Stephan

Joint Estimation of Inputs and States for Multi-Axis Vibration Environment Testing

2026-01-0683

6/20/2026

Monitoring inputs and states of a structural dynamic system is often challenging, as direct measurements are costly or even infeasible. A virtual sensing methodology is presented for jointly estimating the input and state of a structure when subjected to multi-directional base excitations. The approach uses a tuned Kalman Filter combined with a model-order reduction of the system model to ensure a low computational cost whilst allowing accurate estimation from a limited number of acceleration measurements. This enables real-time virtual health monitoring strategies and reduction in instrumentation during data acquisition without additional information such as location and direction of application about the inputs. The proposed methodology is validated numerically and experimentally using a notched aluminum beam excited on a multi-directional shaker table, driven simultaneously in two in-plane directions. The study demonstrates accurate full-field estimation of multiple responses along

Salazar Colunga, Rodrigo, Pandiya, Nimish, Dindorf, Christian, Naets, Frank

Impact of Door Dynamics on Vehicle Interior Low-Frequency Vibro-Acoustics

2026-01-0679

6/20/2026

Interior acoustics represent an essential component of driving comfort in electric vehicles. Numerical simulation is an effective approach for assessing design concepts and enhancing acoustic performance. However, a fully coupled vibro-acoustic model for an entire vehicle remains computationally infeasible. Our approach couples mechanical and acoustic modal models on non-conforming interfaces in the low-frequency range, allowing independent mode combinations. Modal coupling reduces the computational effort significantly from full-order systems with millions of degrees of freedom to a selection of modes of the acoustic and mechanical systems. Modal models of the vehicle structure are derived from measurements with a laser-vibrometer and accelerometers while the interior acoustics are simulated numerically. Since laser-vibrometer measurements are restricted to the vehicle’s exterior surfaces and vibro-acoustic coupling occurs between the inner structural surface and the interior fluid

Gutbrod, Manuel, Gabriel, Christoph, Müller, Gregor Johannes, Toth, Florian

Experimental Validation of Frame-Dependent Gyroscopic Frequency Splitting in a Freely Rotating Tire Using Wireless MEMS Accelerometers and Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometer

2026-01-0700

6/20/2026

Gyroscopic effects split circumferential traveling-wave resonances of rotating structures into forward and backward branches. This work first analyzes the splitting in the co-rotating (Lagrangian) frame to provide physical intuition for the evolution of the two branches with spin speed. A transformation to the inertial (Eulerian) frame is then derived, showing that the observed frequencies are shifted by a kinematic Doppler-like term that acts with opposite sign on the forward and backward waves, leading to different Campbell-diagram slopes depending on the observation frame. The resulting framework is validated experimentally on a freely rotating, unloaded tire using two complementary sensing modalities: wireless on-tire accelerometers (co-rotating view) and a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (inertial view). A frequency-domain SVD-based identification (FDD/ODS-SVD) is used to extract poles and deformation patterns over a range of spin speeds, enabling Campbell diagrams in both

del Fresno Zarza, Javier, Naets, Frank

Single Microphone Sound Source Localisation in Partially Known Environments Using Sequential Spatial Sampling

2026-01-0681

6/20/2026

Sound source localization is a fundamental capability for environmental awareness in a wide range of applications, including automotive or automated vehicles. Microphone-array-based signal processing techniques are widely used for this task. However, achieving sufficient localization accuracy often requires a large number of microphones and wide array apertures, which can be incompatible with limited installation space and cost constraints. Moreover, standard array-processing methods often rely on free-field transfer functions. In environments with reflections, diffraction, and scattering, particularly under non-line-of-sight conditions, this mismatch can degrade both accuracy and interpretability. This paper presents a methodology for sound source localization in partially known environments that addresses these challenges by combining two ideas. First, the method reduces sensor requirements by exploiting sequential pressure measurements acquired at different spatial locations along a

Pirro, Giovanni Battista, Nijman, Eugene, Deckers, Elke, Denayer, Hervé

Methodology Development for Electric Drive Module Vibro-Acoustic Assessment Using Simulation Measurement Comparison and Root Cause Analysis

2026-01-0691

6/20/2026

The virtual development of Electric Drive Modules (EDMs) for Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) requires proven and predictive methodologies. One part of the development investigates the vibro-acoustic assessment for the low- and high-frequency ranges within the targeted operating range. The efficient use of such a methodology requires an understanding of the accuracy and validity of the achievable results, as well as the derivation of suitable improvement measures for goals that have not been achieved. The use of reference data from experimental investigations and a detailed root cause analysis (RCA), to directly link a specific response and behavior to the excitations, modal content, and transfer functions, is an essential and non-trivial part of the methodology development. This paper describes the development of such a methodology using the example of a new EDM virtual model for Noise, Vibration and Harshness (NVH) analysis, including the simulation approach, validation, and

Klarin, Borislav, Pevec, Denis, Resch, Thomas, Esposito, Sara, D'Alessandro, Vincenzo, Spanu, Giorgio

A New Correlation Approach for Body Distortion of a Complete Vehicle Using MBD and Test Results

2026-01-0680

6/20/2026

By using a fully trimmed vehicle body as flexible body, imported through a Modal Neutral File (MNF), in a complete vehicle Multibody Dynamics (MBD) analysis, the simulation setup gets considerably closer to the test conditions compared to only using a linear Finite Element Method (FEM) approach. Since the MBD analysis includes gravity, rigid body modes of the vehicle and the nonlinear behavior of the wheel suspension, it brings the correlation between simulation and test to a new and more comprehensive level. As correlation criteria, the results of the so-called Multi Stethoscope (MSS) are used. The MSS captures the time history of distortion in all body openings and cross sections and enables a detailed stiffness evaluation of the body using the so-called Opening Distortion Fingerprint (ODF). The ODF gives the quasi-static response while the Operational Deflection Shape (ODS), which is another result of the MSS measurements, reflects the dynamic response. Apart from the different

Lindkvist, Lisa, Olger, Emma, Piiroinen, Petri, Karypidis, John, Pena, Milton, Bäcklund, Jesper, Appelgren, Peter, Marberg, Henrik, Ugale, Pravin, Weber, Jens

Standardized Equivalent Tire Load Measurements Delivered by Suppliers to an OEM Enabling Consistent and Comparable Simulation Input

2026-01-0699

6/20/2026

Part- or component-level tests are commonly performed by Tiers and OEMs to investigate the NVH behavior and loading mechanisms. However, because test bench dynamics differ from those of the actual vehicle environment, correlating measured sound, acceleration and forces between bench and vehicle often proves challenging. Blocked forces offer a way to address this issue, as they provide test bench and vehicle independent load representations. This effectively enables different Tiers to deliver consistent load data, which OEMs can then use to better tune excitation and noise transmission on their vehicles. This paper focuses on 2 test bench compensation techniques, involving pure test and a simulation models of the tire to obtain accurate blocked-forces. The compensation techniques are validated on four testbenches of different companies.

Reichart, Ron, de Klerk, Dennis

A New Approach to Identify Rigid Body Rotations When Measuring the Body Distortion of a Full Vehicle

2026-01-0682

6/20/2026

When developing a vehicle, the overall body stiffness is an important parameter to be estimated for several automotive attributes. As a complement to the traditional experimental and computational static torsional stiffness assessment, an improved method has been developed to evaluate the body stiffness when driving the vehicle on a test track. This method, valid for both test and simulation, is called Opening Distortion Fingerprint (ODF) and uses the so-called Multi Stethoscope (MSS) to measure the dynamic distortion in each body closure opening and cross section. For evaluating the distortion, from both test and Multi Body Dynamics (MBD) simulation data, the Evaluation-line (E-line) method is used. The E-line method is a linear approach. Consequently, it is only valid in the absence of large rigid body rotations of the vehicle body. Therefore, to assess the validity of the ODF method, it is crucial to identify the frequency at which the distortion results become invalid due to rigid

Olger, Emma, Lindkvist, Lisa, Piiroinen, Petri, Karypidis, John, Pena, Milton, Bäcklund, Jesper, Appelgren, Peter, Marberg, Henrik, Ugale, Pravin, Weber, Jens

Spatial Optimisation of Inner Dash Acoustic Performance Using Reciprocal Holography

2026-01-0712

6/20/2026

As acoustic requirements for NVH trim components become increasingly constrained by mass, cost, and sustainability targets, traditional approaches to inner dash design based on spatially averaged Transmission Loss (TL) metrics are reaching their practical limits. In fully built vehicles, the acoustic performance of the inner dash is governed by its global insulation capability but also by strong spatial heterogeneity and its interaction with spatially distributed noise sources such as the power unit, gearbox, and tyre-road excitation. This paper presents a test-based methodology for the spatial optimisation of inner dash acoustic performance using reciprocal holography. By applying a calibrated sound power source within the vehicle cabin and measuring the reciprocal response in the engine bay and wheel-arch regions, a high-resolution spatial Transmission Loss “hologram” of the inner dash is obtained under in-situ conditions. The resulting spatial data enables the identification of

Harry, Evan, Eandi, Giacomo

Simulation and Analysis of Flow and Acoustic Induced Structural Vibration

2026-01-0696

6/20/2026

For analysing flow and acoustic induced structural vibration, a fully run time coupled framework combining a hybrid CFD-CAA approach with a modal response simulation was validated and presented at the ISVNH 2022 (SAE Technical Paper 2022-01-0938). In this paper i We apply this CFD–CAA–modal coupling method to a series-representative bonnet geometry and demonstrate its capability to capture flow and aeroacoustically driven vibration with two-way coupling. ii We analyse the modal properties of the bonnet and show that confined air volumes beneath the bonnet can introduce significant fluid loading effects, which are already embedded in experimentally validated FE modal models and must therefore be treated carefully in two-way coupled simulations. iii We validate the fully coupled aeroelastic simulation against wind-tunnel measurements with undisturbed inflow, show close agreement with the measured vibration response and analyse that the dominant excitation is in this case from below the

Schwertfirm, Florian, Ocker, Joerg, Hartmann, Michael

Vibro-Acoustic Simulation for Vehicle Audio Design

2026-01-0670

6/20/2026

Acoustic user interfaces and audio experiences are among the leading comfort factors in new vehicle interior designs. OEMs are more and more focusing on loudspeaker design and positioning, to provide the most immersive experience to the customers. The industrial target is to be able to predict the performance of an audio system in early design phases. This paper presents an integrated vibro-acoustic methodology enabling early-stage prediction of loudspeaker performance in real vehicle conditions. The approach combines electromechanical characterization, a hybrid loudspeaker calibrated model valid across the audible range and coupled FEM/BEM/SEA simulations to capture the loudspeaker response in the vehicle’s cabin considering door-installation effects and cabin acoustics. The method is validated experimentally on a rear-door loudspeaker installed in a production vehicle, showing strong correlation with measured SPL. A final application case demonstrates its capability to assess the

Zerrad, Mehdi, Errico, Fabrizio, Mordillat, Philippe

Development and Validation of a One-Dimensional Model for an Opposed-Piston Free-Piston Engine Generator with Parametric Analysis

2026-37-0021

6/9/2026

Opposed-piston free-piston engine generators (OFPEGs) are emerging as a promising technology for next-generation hybrid and electrified transportation systems due to their high efficiency, reduced mechanical complexity, and improved noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) characteristics. However, due to eliminating the conventional crankshaft mechanism and directly coupling a free-piston engine with linear generators, performance of OFPEG systems is governed by a strong coupling between piston dynamics, in-cylinder combustion processes, and electrical loading conditions. This coupling presents substantial challenges for system design, control, and optimization, limiting the further development and application of OFPEGs. Existing researches lack a comprehensive numerical model that integrates detailed in-cylinder thermodynamic process with control system of linear generator, and quantitative analysis of the effect of piston motion trajectory on system performance remains insufficiently

Wang, Jiayu, Morandi, Nicola, Lucchini, Tommaso, FENG, HUIHUA, Jia, Boru, Ren, Peirong

Measurement Framework for Automated Vehicle Systems Interaction

12-09-04-0027

6/9/2026

1Systems level and integration testing are an integral part of the design and development of Automated Vehicles (AVs). Measurement science plays a pivotal role in testing to ensure the safe and efficient operation of AVs. This science establishes a common understanding of the units of measurement, crucial in linking human activities. This article describes the significance of measurement in studying interactions between key system technologies in AVs, including AI for perception, sensing, communications, and cybersecurity. To address the complexities of these interactions, a novel, adaptable, and interactive framework called the System Technology Interaction Model (STIM) is introduced. STIM considers both designed and emergent interactions between these system technologies, allowing AV developers to explore tailored experiments with the flexibility of filtering for focused testing. The framework currently models system interactions statically, not in real-time, to define potential

Griffor, Edward R., Arora, Mahima, Kootbally, Zeid, Nguyen, Vinh

IN FUEL CONTROL

26TOFHP06_02

6/1/2026

How to ensure off-highway combustion systems operate with sufficient control to meet tightening emissions standards and evolving fuel landscapes without sacrificing reliability. Off-highway equipment is being asked to do more with less. Less margin for emissions, less tolerance for downtime and less room for inefficiency, while operating under some of the most demanding duty cycles in the transport sector. Tier 4 and Tier 5 emissions standards have reshaped engine calibration strategies. Renewable diesel and biodiesel blends are entering worksites and farms at scale. At the same time, construction, mining and agricultural machines are expected to run for 20-25 years, often at sustained high load and far from service infrastructure. In this environment, combustion systems are far from being phased out.

Anderson, Todd

Evaluating Volume and Hardness change in Fluorocarbon and Ethylene Propylene Rubber Elastomers: Effects of Fluid Aging

2026-26-0758

6/1/2026

Abstract: This research paper investigates the performance of FKM (Fluorocarbon) seal material when exposed to a 50:50 ethylene glycol-water mixture. The study aims to determine the volume change percentage and Hardness change of FKM elastomers under standardized testing conditions. The experimental approach follows ASTM D471 and ASTM 2240 guidelines, focusing on weight and hardness measurements of the test samples to establish a success criterion. The results provide critical insights into the chemical compatibility and durability of FKM elastomers in Aerospace and industrial applications where ethylene glycol-water mixtures are commonly used. The findings contribute to enhanced material selection and design considerations for sealing applications subjected to glycol-based fluids. Samples of FKM material were immersed in the fluid at controlled temperatures and durations, simulating real-world operational conditions. The primary metric of interest, volume change percentage and

Yarolkar, Makrand, Patil, Sandip, Singh, Tanul

Effect of Fluid Flow/Time Duration on Static Voltage Generation for Aerospace Hose Assembly

2026-26-0757

6/1/2026

Static electricity is an electrical imbalance on the surface of a material which can interact with other components having same or different materials. Fluid flow within the hose assembly generates static voltage due to friction caused by fluid flow in pipes, that needs to be appropriately quantified and dissipated. Accumulation of such static charge may lead to sudden discharge leading to spark generation. Spark generation around fuel flow might lead to system failure and failure in aircraft engines. Test experiments were conducted to analyze static voltage generated in hose assembly due to fuel flow with the objective that voltage achieved is within the acceptable range to avoid ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) failure. Procedure includes flow rate monitoring and voltage measurement using fuel as test fluid. The testing revealed that the curvature of the hose affects the readings, highlighting the importance of consistent meter alignment. Using a grounding strap is essential to prevent

Waghmare, Shashank

Leveraging True Altitude Data to Improve Static Pressure Calibration from Dynamic Manoeuvres

2026-26-0729

6/1/2026

The paper presents a method for enhancing the static pressure calibration of a high-performance aircraft. Despite the pre-flight calibration using CFD and Wind Tunnel techniques, position errors are generally observed in the free stream parameters, which necessitate further calibration of air data sensors using flight test data. In the present research, the pressure coefficient is estimated as a time-varying parameter in the flight path reconstruction environment implemented using the Extended Kalman Filtering technique. Aircraft kinematic equations were used for the implementation of the state and measurement models, and flight test data from full flight sorties were used in the estimation process. An extensive validation of the on-board air data calibration tables was conducted. Mean values of the static pressure coefficient were updated using data from multiple sorties, each including computed mean errors from three independent sensors. A comparative analysis between the pre

TK, Khadeeja Nusrath, Patel, Dr. Ambalal V, J, Prabhavathi Bhai

Sensitivity Analysis of Geometrical Imperfections in Aerospace Structures

2026-26-0738

6/1/2026

Launch vehicle structures are designed to withstand flight loads while fulfilling their intended functional requirements. Most of these structures use cylindrical geometries and employ stiffened configurations—such as isogrid, orthogrid, or skin-stiffened designs—comprising multiple long panels to efficiently carry dominant compressive loads. Traditional FE analyses generally use simplified or idealized imperfection models, which often do not represent the imperfections present in actual hardware and therefore tend to over/under-predict load-carrying capacity based on the initial assumed imperfection level. In reality, long stiffened panels are highly sensitive to geometric imperfections introduced during manufacturing. These include spring-back effects from roll bending as well as deviations accumulated during assembly. Such manufacturing-induced variations can significantly diminish the effective load-bearing capability of the structure. The subject hardware—an isogrid cylindrical

Sharma, Amit, Singh, Nishant, Xavier, Shijo, R, Suresh

Vibration-Based Methods for Non-Destructive Prediction of Buckling Loads

2026-26-0737

6/1/2026

Using vibration data to estimate buckling loads is proven effective for a wide range of structures, including rods, plates, and shells. The Arbelo formulation of the vibration correlation technique improves prediction reliability for cylindrical and spherical shells. In this study, we introduce a simplified variant of the Arbelo approach that provides higher prediction accuracy while requiring significantly lower pre-load levels. We define a new parameter, the Stiffness Decay Index (SDI), to characterize stiffness degradation by normalizing the loaded natural frequency with respect to the unloaded state. This metric enables accurate buckling prediction without causing structural damage or permanent deformation. We evaluate SDI numerically and experimentally for multiple isotropic geometries and demonstrate its advantages over the Arbelo method, particularly for ellipsoidal domes subjected to external pressure. We conduct experiments on rods, plates, oblate shells, and beverage cans to

Rangarajan, Gopikrishna, V, Vishwajith, Raju, Gangadharan, Dinavahi, Ramkrishna

Zero Waste Manufacturing in Aerospace: Circular Design Approaches from Concept to End-of-Life

2026-26-0775

6/1/2026

Achieving zero-waste manufacturing in aerospace requires a shift from end-of-pipe waste mitigation toward circular design principles embedded early in product development. This paper presents a practical framework for integrating circularity into aerospace systems through five design pillars: design for modularity and disassembly, material substitution to enhance recyclability, waste segregation and characterization, component-level circularity readiness scoring, and collaborative supplier engagement. To operationalize this approach, a Circularity Readiness Assessment Tool (CRAT) is developed to evaluate design alternatives against criteria such as disassembly ease, material recyclability, manufacturing waste potential, end-of-life recovery pathways, and supplier take-back mechanisms. The framework supports multi-criteria decision-making by complementing traditional aerospace design drivers including weight, performance, cost, and safety. The methodology is demonstrated through a case

S, Chaitra

Research on the Construction Scheme of Offshore Approach Embankment Based on Marine Environmental Elements

2026-99-1707

5/22/2026

Based on the measured hydrological and meteorological data of Pikou Port Area, this paper adopts the numerical simulation method to analyze the impacts of different construction schemes of the approach embankment on the hydrological dynamics and scouring and silting environment in the project area. The results show that the flow velocity increases and the sedimentation rate decreases at the head of the approach embankment and in the permeable area, while the flow velocity decreases and the sedimentation rate increases on both sides. Through comparison, it is found that during the flood tide peak, the variation range of the flow velocity in Scheme One is 4.45 km2, slightly larger than that in Scheme Two; during the ebb tide peak, the variation range of the flow velocity in Scheme One is 13.87 km2, smaller than that in Scheme Two; and the variation range of scouring and silting in Scheme One is 2.55 km2, smaller than that in Scheme Two. From the perspectives of berthing stability and

Fei, Chengpeng, Chen, Mingbo, Zhou, Fang, Wang, Shiyue, Zhou, Siyang, Zhang, Fang

Risk Assessment of Bunkering Process for LNG River Powered Ship

2026-99-1722

5/22/2026

At present, with the rapid development of LNG powered ships, China’s LNG powered ships have formed a certain scale, but the speed of infrastructure construction such as bunkering stations restricts the development of LNG powered ships. In this process, “tank truck-to-ship bunkering”(TTS) has become one of the most widely used bunkering methods in China because of its flexible, fast and convenient characteristics, but there are many hidden dangers in the bunkering process. According to the characteristics of TTS, fault tree method is used to identify the risk of bunkering process, and the leakage of pipeline system is listed as the basic risk factor. The leakage probability of different aperture is analyzed by industry statistics. Three different leakage scenarios are selected and the consequences are simulated by PHAST software. The study shows that the failure of the valve and flange can easily lead to the leakage of LNG in the TTS process, and the leakage of the medium aperture and

Dong, Yuanchao

Research on Optimization Method for Composite Material Layup of 14MW-Class Wind Turbine Blade Structure

2026-99-1726

5/22/2026

As the trend toward larger wind turbines continues, the increasing length of blades imposes higher demands on their structural properties. And in actual engineering, wind turbine blade accidents occur frequently. Consequently, ultra-long flexible blades at the hundred-meter scale typically employ composite materials. However, due to the high cost of composites, it is necessary to minimize blade weight to control costs. This study utilizes the MATLAB simulation platform combined with pattern search algorithms to optimize the composite layup of large wind turbine blade structures. The structural properties of the optimized design are then compared and analyzed against those of the reference structure. Simultaneously investigate the impact of different loads on the optimization results. The results demonstrate that the pattern search algorithm can optimize blade layup thickness, spar chordwise position, and spar width, yielding a new blade structure with improved performance. During

Cao, Guangchuan, Guo, Xia, Meng, Hang

Research on Temperature Measurement Requirements for Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage Water Pits

2026-99-1705

5/22/2026

Solar seasonal thermal energy storage technology is an important means to solve the problem of seasonal uneven distribution of solar resources, and as the core component, the thermal storage capacity of the water pit directly affects the performance of the whole system. Accurately mastering the water pit temperature is essential for scientifically evaluating its thermal storage capacity. Based on the thermal storage water pit simulation software developed in the laboratory, this study focuses on determining the optimal number of temperature measurement points required for seasonal thermal energy storage water pits under an accuracy requirement of ±0.1°C, and establishes the mathematical relationship between the number of measurement points and the height-diameter ratio (H/D) as well as the inlet position. The proposed method can cover the temperature measurement point design for cylindrical and frustum-shaped water pits, and can also be referenced for prism-shaped configurations

Niu, Pengbin, Ma, Jianfu, Wang, Fangxing, Qi, Shiyu

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