Browse Topic: Design processes

Items (4,455)
In this work, we evaluated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods for predicting the design trends in flow around a mass-production luxury sport utility vehicle (SUV) subjected to incremental design changes via spoiler and underbody combinations. We compared Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) using several turbulence models and a delayed detached eddy simulation (DDES) to experimental measurements from a 40% scale wind tunnel test model at matched full-scale Reynolds number. Regardless of turbulence model, RANS was unable to consistently reproduce the design trends in drag from wind tunnel data. This inability of RANS to reproduce the drag trends stemmed from inaccurate base pressure predictions for each vehicle configuration brought on by highly separated flow within the vehicle wake. When taking A-B design trends, many of these errors compounded together to form design trends that did not reflect those measured in experiments. On the other hand, DDES proved to be more
Aultman, MatthewDisotell, KevinDuan, LianMetka, Matthew
A novel design for a radial field switching reluctance motor with a sandwich-type C-core architecture is proposed. This approach combines elements of both traditional axial and radial field distribution techniques. This motor, similar to an in-wheel construction, is mounted on a shared shaft and is simple to operate and maintain. The rotor is positioned between the two stators in this configuration. The cores and poles of the two stators are separated from one another both magnetically and electrically. Both stators can work together or separately to produce the necessary torque. This adds novelty and improves the design’s suitability for use with electrical vehicles (EVs). A good, broad, and adaptable torque profile is provided by this setup at a modest excitation current. This work presents the entire C-core radial field switched reluctance motor (SRM) design process, including the computation of motor parameters through computer-aided design (CAD). The CAD outputs are verified via
Patel, Nikunj R.Mokariya, Kashyap L.Chavda, Jiten K.Patil, Surekha
ABSTRACT Systems integration is crucial in highly technical products, not only for the current operational need, but also for future operations in a dynamic environment. A good case example is the various product development endeavors to support military operations. In a 2012 revelation by the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), it was reported that the U.S. Air Force would spend $9.7 billion over 20 years to upgrade the capabilities of its F-22A Raptor as a result of the service’s failure to anticipate the plane’s long-term need for technology modernization. This is a product integration debacle. Applying a systems engineering technique could improve the systems efficiency and process effectiveness for new product development. This paper presents the DEJI (Design, Evaluate, Justify, and Integrate) model as an enhancement technique that can facilitate the integration needs on the future continuum of new technological developments
Badiru, Adedeji B.Maloney, Anna E.
ABSTRACT US Army and Marine Corps tactical networking and command post programs have a widely-acknowledged critical need to improve mobility, including the objective of moving to mobile, vehicle-mounted command posts that can move hourly. The current state of the art for tent-based command posts requires hours of setup, which includes thousands of feet of copper wiring that delay network availability. To enable mobility for warfighting, the National Security Agency (NSA) established a program (with a set of guidelines) called “Commercial Solutions for Classified” (CSfC). CSfC-based mobility solutions have great potential to enable command post mobility and soldier dismounted situational awareness using ground vehicles as network nodes. However, the extensive requirements and processes involved are complex and not well understood. This paper compares various CSfC network architectures, and proposes several approaches for CSfC solutions optimized for mobility use cases. The paper further
Kawasaki, Charlie
ABSTRACT The Vehicular Integration for C4ISR/EW Interoperability (VICTORY) Standard adopts many protocols that are traditionally used for developing enterprise application software deployed on general-purpose or server/workstation based computing platforms. This has led to discussions regarding the suitability of the VICTORY Standard for deployment to embedded and resource-constrained platforms. An independent software implementation of VICTORY core services was developed within the U.S Army Tank and Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) VICTORY System Integration Lab (SIL). These services were ported from a general-purpose computing platform to an embedded environment. Test procedures were developed and extensive performance tests were conducted to determine the feasibility of operating in this resource-constrained environment. This paper discusses the development procedures, implementation, test procedures, and performance results
Russell, Mark
ABSTRACT The Vehicular Integration for Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, and Surveillance/Electronic Warfare (C4ISR/EW) Interoperability (VICTORY) Standard provides an open architecture and technical specifications to promote sharing and reuse of resources within the military ground vehicle (MGV). The VICTORY Access Control Framework (VACF) provides services and mechanisms for protecting many of these shared-resources through the adoption of standards such as Security Attribute Markup Language (SAML) and eXtensible Access Control Markup Language (XACML). These technologies are typically used for securing an Enterprise Architecture and no fundamental issues appear to preclude their successful use within a MGV. However, despite consistent demand and pressure from Program Managers, and the successful deployment of many other VICTORY components, there has been no successful demonstration of these security components in an integrated vehicular environment. This
Elliott, LeonardWoodward, KimLaBerge, Alex
ABSTRACT This paper will incorporate product development methodology from the FED program where AVL is responsible in collaboration with World Technical Services Inc., for delivering a fully developed hybrid propulsion system integrated into the demonstrator vehicle. Specifically, the paper will discuss via case study the unique methodology employed by AVL Powertrain to develop, validate, and integrate our hybrid propulsion system into the FED vehicle. Content will include traditional and virtual powertrain development methodologies that maximize product development efficiency, ensure a robust final design, and minimize development costs. Hybrid controls development, calibration techniques and vehicle design issues will also be discussed
Holtz, Jeffrey B.Uppal, Faisal J.Naick, Pratap
ABSTRACT In development of next generation products, 80% or more of the downstream costs associated are committed during design phase. If we could predict, with reasonable confidence, the long-term impact of design decisions, it would open opportunities to develop better designs that result in tremendous future cost savings, often with no compromise in key performance objectives. Systems engineering is, by its nature, multi-disciplinary. The aim of Integrated Product and Process Development is to bring these disciplines together in order to assess various downstream implications of early design decisions, creating better designs, avoiding dead-end designs that are costly in terms of design cycle-time, and realizing designs that are manufacturable while achieving the performance objectives. The goal is to build a downstream value analysis tool that links all the conceptual design activities. This capability allows a designer to realize the long-range impacts of key up-front design
Sarkar, SohiniSoltisz, Jim
Many of the “ilities” (Reliability, Maintainability, etc) are afterthoughts in the creation of a specification, and are often relegated to a set of templated boilerplate requirements, that are largely ignored. The Reliability / Robust Design professionals often use a P-Diagram (Parameter Diagram) as a key part of understanding the system under design. A way of integrating the Reliability effort more into the mainstream of the design activity, and give them a stronger voice, is to put their P-Diagram right into the specification, before it gets released to industry. This paper describes the rationale and the manner in which to do this
Dutcher, Kevin J.
ABSTRACT An efficient and collaborative process for the realization and implementation of an electrical power management strategy for a modern military vehicle is demonstrated. Power, software and hardware engineers working together and using simulation and emulation tools are able to develop, simulate and validate a power strategy before prototype vehicle integration, reducing integration cost and time. For demonstration, an intelligent electrical power management strategy is developed for a generic military vehicle with conventional engine/transmission propulsion and an inline generator. The challenge of this architecture is maintaining electrical bus stability/regulation at low engine speed given that electrical power demands may exceed power supplied. The intelligent electrical power management strategy presented limits the total power demand to power available by overriding the demands of the individual loads. Based on load prioritization and vehicle system dynamics, power limits
Kelly, John W.Sadler, RyanHaynes, AricRose, Gary
ABSTRACT As the United States’ (US) Department of Defense (DoD) works to maintain our battlefield superiority in the ground domain, we rapidly integrate new electronic capabilities into vehicles that communicate and cooperate over vehicle-to-infrastructure networks. These new capabilities contribute to increasing the potential attack surface, as described in the 2018 Government Accountability Office (GAO) report on Weapon System Cyber Security [1]. To understand the increasingly complex attack surface and to reduce ground platform exposures through cyberspace, we need new engineering analysis and design techniques. Today, most engineering methodologies treat cybersecurity as an add-on to traditional process flows. For example, until recently, the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) gave little attention to cybersecurity in their industry definition of the Vee-Model used widely in defense contracting. We argue that until we give cybersecurity first-class status and
Lofy, CheriVriesenga, Mark
ABSTRACT Global Positioning System (GPS) technology has seen increased use in many different military applications worldwide, beyond navigation. The Warfighter uses GPS to enhance Situational Awareness on the battle field with systems such as Land Warrior, Blue Force Tracker, TIGR, and various electronic mission planning tools in locations where the GPS signals are normally not available. For example, this includes the inside of a HMMWV, Stryker, or MRAP. GPS retransmission, or the art of repeating a live GPS signal, has evolved into a technically advanced solution to provide GPS signals to the Warfighter mounted inside ground vehicles, protecting themselves from sniper and IED threats, while providing mobility and Situational Awareness from vehicle mounted communication & navigation systems. The objective of this technical paper is to communicate a relevant understanding of how this technology is being embraced by the Warfighter to accomplish their mission safer and more efficiently
Paul, Mr. Brian
ABSTRACT The Center for Ground Vehicle Development and Integration (CGVDI) is a U.S. Army Tank Automotive Research, Development, and Engineering Center (TARDEC) capability responsible for design, fabrication, integration, and support of additional capabilities for fielded systems as well as overall project management. CGVDI provides customers a single office that coordinates activities across the U.S. Army Research Development and Engineering Command (RDECOM) to conduct the complete spectrum of activities required to support Project Management Offices with design, development, integration, and testing of ground systems to meet the needs of the Warfighter. To better serve the organizations and programs supported by CGVDI, the TARDEC Systems Engineering Group worked to infuse Systems Engineering (SE) processes into CGVDI standard operating procedures as a way to effectively meet project cost, schedule, risk, and performance goals
Yee, AndrewBrendle, Bruce
ABSTRACT Determining the required power for the tractive elements of off-road vehicles has always been a critical aspect of the design process for military vehicles. In recent years, military vehicles have been equipped with hybrid, diesel-electric drives to improve stealth capabilities. The electric motors that power the wheel or tracks require an accurate estimation of the power and duty cycle for a vehicle during certain operating conditions. To meet this demand, a GPS-based mobility power model was developed to predict the duty cycle and energy requirements of off-road vehicles. The dynamic vehicle parameters needed to estimate the forces developed during locomotion are determined from the GPS data, and these forces include the following: the gravitational, acceleration, motion resistance, aerodynamic drag, and drawbar forces. Initial application of the mobility power concept began when three U.S. military’s Stryker vehicles were equipped with GPS receivers while conducting a
Ayers, PaulBozdech, George
ABSTRACT BAE Systems Combat Simulation and Integration Labs (CSIL) are a culmination of more than 14 years of operational experience at our SIL facility in Santa Clara. The SIL provides primary integration and test functions over the entire life cycle of a combat vehicle’s development. The backbone of the SIL operation is the Simulation-Emulation-Stimulation (SES) process. The SES process has successfully supported BAE Systems US Combat Systems (USCS) SIL activities for many government vehicle development programs. The process enables SIL activities in vehicle design review, 3D virtual prototyping, human factor engineering, and system & subsystem integration and test. This paper describes how CSIL applies the models, software, and hardware components in a hardware-in-the-loop environment to support USCS combat vehicle development in the system integration lab
Lin, TCChang, KevinJohnson, ChristopherNaghshineh, KasraKwon, SungLi, Hsi Shang
ABSTRACT Over the last several years all branches of the United States military have experienced an increased number of orthopedic and internal injuries to knees lower back, neck, and digestive system. Additionally the level of severity has also been increasing. Primary cause factors contributing to the overall increase in injuries to US military personnel include the increase in overall individual loads being carried by the individual soldier which at times can approach 150 pounds, higher operations tempo which results in greater exposure to higher levels of impact forces and for a greater duration. The greater impact forces are a result of the poor design of the current bench deployed on United States tactical vehicles, and the brutal nature of the third world transportation networks in Afghanistan and Iraq. This paper documents the engineering approach utilized by AOM Engineering Solutions to achieve the following primary design objectives; improved ergonomic design for injury
Micheli, JohnDonovan, LTC Ken
ABSTRACT Designing robots for military applications requires a greater understanding between the engineer and the Soldier. Soldier considerations result from experiences not common to the engineer in the lab and, when understood, can minimize the design time and provide a more capable product that is more readily deployed into the unit
Stehle, Brian C.
ABSTRACT Often during Product Development, externalities or requirements change, forcing design change. This uncertainty adversely affects program outcome, adding to development time and cost, production cost, and can compromise system performance. We present a development approach that minimizes impacts, by proactively considering the possibility of changes in the externalities and mid-course design changes. The approach considers the set of alternative designs and the burdens of a mid-course change from one design to another in determining the relative value of a specific design through the set-based design methodology. The approach considers and plans parallel (redundant) development of alternative designs with progressive selection of options, including time-versus-cost tradeoffs and the impact change-costs. The approach includes a framework of the development process addressing design and integration lead-times, their relationship to the time-order of design decisions, and the
Rapp, StephenDoerry, NorbertChinnam, RatnaMonplaisir, LeslieMurat, AlperWitus, Gary
ABSTRACT This paper highlights a range of available Integrated Starter Generator (ISG) and power-electronic controller designs for power generation and hybrid vehicle applications ranging from 35 – 160kW. It addresses the potential for improved integrated system efficiency over traditional alternator-based system solutions. Robustness of ISG-based systems is evaluated in the paper, particularly when integrated into military vehicles and placed in demanding environments. A range of product realizations is presented, from low-cost solutions intended for higher volume production, to high performance solutions employing state of the art technology. Experience in transitioning from high performance to production-ready realizations is included in support of this evaluation. ISG generators range up to 160 kW also providing considerable power at idling speed, and crank start capability at low voltage and low temperatures. Their slim design allows for flexible mounting conditions. A family of
Johnson, S. ArnieLarson, JodyEhrhart, PeterSteffen, Jens
ABSTRACT Ultra-wideband (UWB) radio ranging technology was integrated into a local positioning system (LPS) for tracking mobile robots. A practical issue was the occasional large sporadic errors in the radio range data due to multipath due to reflections and attenuation effect caused by radio penetration through mediums. In this paper, we present a filtering and system integration of the radios with vehicle sensors to produce location and orientation of a moving object being tracked. We introduced a fuzzy neighborhood filter to remove outliers from range data, a progressive trilateration filter to improve update rate and produce a fused estimate of vehicle location with a compass and wheel speed sensors. Experiments were recorded and estimated position and orientation were validated against the video recording of vehicle ground truth. The UWB LPS can be used for navigation and guidance of multiple mobile robots around a command vehicle, and employed for tracking of assets of interest
Cheok, Ka CRadovnikovich, Micho TVempaty, Pavan KHudas, Gregory ROverholt, James LFleck, Paul W
ABSTRACT The classic trinity of armored fighting vehicle design is the tradeoff between Armament, Armor, and Mobility. In a practical design, all three cannot be simultaneously maximized, so engineers must determine the proper balance between these capabilities, which would offer optimal combat performance, taking into account the limitations of industrial mass production. This study explores trends in the historical evolution of combat vehicles, from their initial appearance on the battlefields of World War 1 to the modern era. Additionally, this study also examines the basic physical limitations of combat vehicle design as a whole, by presenting fundamental performance limits that are universal to all classes of combat vehicles. This analysis is used to identify key areas of research that would be of significant benefit to the development of future combat vehicles. Citation: O. Sapunkov, “Historical Trends and Parameter Relationships in the Design of Armored Fighting Vehicles”, in
Sapunkov, Oleg B.
ABSTRACT The Bradley Combat Vehicle Motor Chatter case study focuses on one aspect of a combat vehicle program, specifically, responding to a vehicle production situation where combat vehicles produced with in-spec components and subsystems exhibit out-of-spec and failing system behavior. This typically results in an extended production line-down or line-degraded situation lasting for several quarters until the problem can be diagnosed, fixed, validated and verified. Subsequently, adequate quantities of the modified or replaced sub-systems must be put back into the production flow. The direct and indirect costs of an occurrence like this in peace-time are measured in the 10’s to 100’s of Millions of dollars. The schedule, program and perception impact to the vehicle platform can be potentially devastating. In war-time all of these impacts are magnified greatly by the added risk to soldiers’ lives. This paper describes the Bradley Combat Vehicle Motor Chatter case study and the
Scheitrum, MarkWillhoft, MarkSmith, AlanDavis, Annette
ABSTRACT The IGVC offers a design experience that is at the very cutting edge of engineering education, with a particular focus in developing engineering control/sensor integration experience for the college student participants. A main challenge area for teams is the proper processing of all the vehicle sensor feeds, optimal integration of the sensor feeds into a world map and the vehicle leveraging that world map to plot a safe course using robust control algorithms. This has been an ongoing challenge throughout the 27 year history of the competition and is a challenge shared with the growing autonomous vehicle industry. High consistency, reliability and redundancy of sensor feeds, accurate sensor fusion and fault-tolerant vehicle controls are critical, as even small misinterpretations can cause catastrophic results, as evidenced by the recent serious vehicle crashes experienced by self-driving companies including Tesla and Uber Optimal control techniques & sensor selection
Kosinski, AndrewIyengar, KiranTarakhovsky, JaneLane, JerryCheok, KaCTheisen, BernieOweis, Sami
ABSTRACT This presentation shows the process a team should use to initiate a design project based on the needs of the customer. The VRS project supports the future integration and development needs of four combat platforms (Abrams, AMPV, Bradley, and Stryker) and TARDEC’s PM CVP. For this presentation, and to simplify the explanation, the TRADOC developed capability for Silent Watch is used to demonstrate the processes of analyzing Capability Description Documents (CDD), creating and deriving good requirements, allocating them to specific functions and activities, describing those activities to the lowest level, designing, building, and eventually testing
Ratajczak, Gregor A.MacFadyen, Keith
ABSTRACT The VICTORY Service Toolkit (VSTK) and libVictory are software products developed to simplify the implementation and deployment of Vehicular Integration for Command, Control, Communications, and Computers (C4), Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) Electronic Warfare (EW) Interoperability (VICTORY) Standard compliant components. The libVictory software library provides a well-defined application programming interface (API) that can reduce time and costs for developing VICTORY enabled software and hardware products. The VSTK wraps libVictory with a plugin architecture and streamlines deployment by providing a VICTORY service management application. Together these government-owned tools enable deployment of configurable VICTORY applications on platforms without the need for new software development
Klein, JoshuaThornton, AdamElliott, Leonard
ABSTRACT Combat vehicle design necessarily involves trade studies that attempt to balance varying performance criteria against associated burdens, such as weight, cost, and risk. Typically, trade studies quantify the value of different options by evaluating each on the individual criteria and then generating a weighted sum score. In the method described here the score is generated multiplicatively rather than additively. In addition, the importance of each evaluation criterion is used to generate the utility scores for that criterion. This improves the trade study process in two significant ways. First, making the overall score multiplicative greatly reduces the “compensation” problem, where good performance in some criteria can outweigh exceedingly poor performance in others. With a multiplicative method, only balanced solutions can score well. Second, using importance weights to establish utility scores for individual criteria simplifies the process, making it easier to conduct
Eridon, James
ABSTRACT As contracts move from cost plus to fixed deliverables, total project cost and reducing schedules become more important. This paper will show how Model Driven Development can address common challenges in the system design, verification & testing of complex systems and systems of systems. Project success requires that hardware, software, and test teams fluently integrate application software, controlling firmware, analog and digital hardware, and mechanical components, which often proves to be costly in terms of time, money, and engineering resources. Model Driven Development and virtual prototyping using a tools flow emphasizing requirements tracing, UML / SysML system modeling, and linking to functional FPGA, IC, PCB and cabling domains supports system engineering teams along with software, digital hardware, analog hardware, system interconnect algorithm development, hardware / software co-simulation, and virtual system integration. This paper covers such solutions that
Vargas, John
ABSTRACT The roll-up roll-away Tactical Vehicle-to-Grid / Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2G/V2V) system provides a plug-and-play, very fast forming, smart, aggregated, and efficient power system for an emerging (including austere) contingency base. The V2G/V2V system gives the Soldier a capability they currently lack: The ability to generate up to 240kW of 120/208 VAC 3-phase power anywhere, anytime using Transmission-Integrated Generators (TIGs) to produce 600VDC for use by vehicle hotel loads (electrification), transfer of power from V2V, and export power off-vehicle in a Forward Operating Base (FOB) environment, V2G. The system is designed to provide grid services (peak shaving, Volt/VAR control, power regulation, and current source mode) beneficial to emerging and mature grids (CONUS or OCONUS). Data collected during the FY 14 Tactical Enabled Contingency Basing Demonstration (TECD 4a) of a single vehicle with V2G capability showed that variable speed engine power management can provide up
Hancock, JanieMcGrew, DeanKolhoff, StevenSkowronska, Annette G.
ABSTRACT Advanced Survivability Systems will be fully utilized by the Soldiers in the battlefield when the spatial, power and data integration issues are effectively managed during the vehicle integration process. Challenges faced during the integration process range from the packaging of oversized legacy equipment to the environmental requirements of advanced sensory systems. This paper discusses such integration efforts and the lessons accumulated during this resource intensive process. The utility of this complex integrated system was tested and validated by the Soldiers recently returning from the theater. Some surprising aspects of the testing resulted in questioning our traditional view of information presentation to the Soldier
Siddapureddy, VenuFountain, NathanSanders, DavidBudzik, Stacy
ABSTRACT This paper reviews the UK Defence Standard 23-009 for Generic Vehicle Architecture (GVA), describes how the standard is being applied to the UK vehicle procurement programme, and the benefits expected from adopting the approach and standard. The expansion of the use of GVA to other countries will be discussed including the adoption of the fundamental approach by NATO/ 5 eyes countries
White, TonySmith, KeithRaistrick, Chris
ABSTRACT Model Based System Engineering (MBSE) offers the ability to connect an ever expanding set of disciplines through the system model into specialty areas, having a dramatic impact early and lasting throughout the system lifecycle. System safety and cybersecurity are two such areas that are far too often “patched” into a system design versus properly integrated. MBSE and the use of a system model provides a methodology to integrate these areas early in the design process. Addressing system safety and cybersecurity concerns from the beginning stages of development will enforce adoption of principals and best practices throughout the life of the system
Holmes, JustinTecos, WilliamGraham, StephenBeeson, BradleySpeers, Micah
ABSTRACT A key objective of the Vehicular Integration for C4ISR/EW Interoperability (VICTORY) Architecture is to use open standards to increase the portability of C4ISR/EW systems and enhance interoperability within military ground vehicles. When possible these technologies are adopted by VICTORY and when existing specifications are inadequate, best-practices are used to develop the necessary adaptations. Many Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) publish/subscribe messaging solutions are available and the Open Management Group (OMG) Data-Distribution Service (DDS) is one such technology that provides open interfaces, open data formats, and open protocols. This paper will discuss the current VICTORY messaging approach and the benefits and disadvantages of using OMG-DDS as a data transport for VICTORY services
Elliott, LeonardWilliams, NikiaSiddapureddy, Venu
ABSTRACT The Modular Open RF Architecture’s (MORA) core objective is to logically decompose radio frequency (RF) systems for efficiency, flexibility, reusability, and scalability while enabling management, health monitoring, and sharing of raw and/or processed data. MORA extends the Army’s Vehicular Integration for C4ISR/EW Interoperability (VICTORY) architecture. MORA was introduced to the GVSETS community in 2015 at version 1.0 of the specification, and has matured with the help of community, industry, and academia partners to its current version 2.3. This paper discusses the current state of the MORA specification and how it has evolved beyond its initial topology to encompass the entirety of the RF chain in an open and modular fashion. In addition, this paper will describe the purpose of MORA, the objectives of its development, its foundation, and the basic concepts and core features. Citation: J. Broczkowski, D. Bailey, T. Ryder, J. Dirner, “Modular Open RF Architecture (MORA
Broczkowski, JasonBailey, DerekRyder, TroyDirner, Jason
ABSTRACT In the current acquisition landscape, the typical program office is proliferating and drowning in a plethora of documents to manage their increasingly complex efforts. Model-based approaches allow System Acquirers (SA) (i.e., Program offices) to articulate system and contractual needs more effectively and precisely. Model-based approaches allow System Developers (SD) to focus their energy on designing complex solutions, instead of spending time and effort preparing documentation to check-the-box; or worse, to create inconsistencies and confuse the SA. There is an immense opportunity to utilize state-of-the-art Digital Engineering (DE) technology and Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) methods to its full potential to streamline the acquisition and system development lifecycle. One of the opportunities is to address the current understanding of a “deliverable”. This paper outlines the current beliefs concerning deliverables and presents a desired future state with
Alexander, EricKolligs, JasonKovalovsky, Kate
ABSTRACT The goal of the human factors engineer is to work within the systems engineering process to ensure that a Crew Centric Design approach is utilized throughout system design, development, fielding, sustainment, and retirement. To evaluate the human interface, human factors engineers must often start with a low fidelity mockup, or virtual model, of the intended design until a higher fidelity physical representation or the working hardware is available. Testing the Warrior-Machine Interface needs to begin early and continue throughout the Crew Centric Design process to ensure optimal soldier performance. This paper describes a Four Step Process to achieve this goal and how it has been applied to the ground combat vehicle programs. Using these four steps in the ground combat vehicle design process improved design decisions by including the user throughout the process either in virtual or real form, and applying the user’s operational requirements to drive the design
Vala, MarilynNavarre, RussellKempf, PeterSmist, Thomas
ABSTRACT The analysis and design of a novel active suspension system incorporating a negative stiffness spring are investigated in this paper. The suspension structure consists of the mechanism that employs a combination of ordinary and negative stiffness springs and damping element. The resulting system yields superior performance in terms of mobility, maneuverability, and stability, particularly in harsh terrains and/or off-road environment. However, its dynamics are highly nonlinear and cannot be handled directly by conventional design techniques and methodologies. In this paper, the formulation of the proposed active suspension system consists of two phases: analysis and synthesis. In the analysis phase, nonlinear controls based on the advanced feedback linearization methodologies of the differential geometric theory is considered. The approach renders the difficult task of developing nonlinear controls rather simple. In the synthesis phase, which is required for real-world
Loh, Robert N. K.Thanom, WittBrock, Derrick
ABSTRACT Army vehicles are complex due to various on-board mission critical communication devices. The Army cannot afford unreliable software to interact between the devices. The Army vehicle software’s reliability is influenced by multiple factors during or prior to its development. Using complex statistical and mathematical models, software’s reliability can be predicted, but it is dependent on the accuracy and context of the historical software failure data. The cost of developing such complex models does not yield a good return on investment. The data collection process to use these models is very difficult and time consuming. In this paper, we propose reliability metrics based on the current software development and design process factors. We also propose a fuzzy logic based software reliability prediction algorithm using the proposed reliability metrics
Dattathreya, Macam S.Singh, Harpreet
ABSTRACT The IGVC offers a design experience that is at the very cutting edge of engineering education. It is multidisciplinary, theory-based, hands-on, team implemented, outcome assessed, and based on product realization. It encompasses the very latest technologies impacting industrial development and taps subjects of high interest to students. Design and construction of an Intelligent Vehicle fits well in a two semester senior year design capstone course, or an extracurricular activity earning design credit. The deadline of an end-of-term competition is a real-world constraint that includes the excitement of potential winning recognition and financial gain. Students at all levels of undergraduate and graduate education can contribute to the team effort, and those at the lower levels benefit greatly from the experience and mentoring of those at higher levels. Team organization and leadership are practiced, and there are even roles for team members from business and engineering
Kosinski, AndrewTarakhovsky, JaneIyengar, KiranLane, JerryCheok, KaCTheisen, Bernie
ABSTRACT Design for structural topology optimization is a method of distributing material within a design domain of prescribed dimensions. This domain is discretized into a large number of elements in which the optimization algorithm removes, adds, or maintains the amount of material. The resulting structure maximizes a prescribed mechanical performance while satisfying functional and geometric constraints. Among different topology optimization algorithms, the hybrid cellular automaton (HCA) method has proven to be efficient and robust in problems involving large, plastic deformations. The HCA method has been used to design energy absorbing structures subject to crash impact. The goal of this investigation is to extend the use of the HCA algorithm to the design of an advanced composite armor (ACA) system subject to a blast load. The ACA model utilized consists of two phases: ceramic and metallic. In this work, the proposed algorithm drives the optimal distribution of a metallic phase
Goetz, John C.Tan, HuadeRenaud, John E.Tovar, Andrés
ABSTRACT Current written system specifications have a high degree of uncertainty which causes specifications to be changed because they are incorrect, incomplete or do not possess the degree of rigor to make them precise. Even when generated by modeling methods such as UML/SySML or standards such as DoDAF, these functional specifications still lack any validation with respect to architecture, mission, and scenario impacts. The lack of consideration of these aspects creates design errors are usually exposed during the test and integration phases where the expense is greater to correct than in the early conceptual design phase. This paper will introduce the concept of Validated Executable Specifications (VES) that will enable Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) to validate early in the design process to reduce risk and save costs in a System of System (SoS) model
Fortney, George
ABSTRACT Multiple Soldier Virtual and Operational Experiments have shown that Ground Vehicle Paired Unmanned Aircraft Systems are transformative for future Army Operations. Previous prototyping exercises have demonstrated that existing Department of Defense and industry standards are insufficient in supporting the Army’s desired interoperability and capability needs. The U.S. Army chartered an effort to develop a Modular Open System Approach for Ground Vehicle Paired UAS which is still being developed. The history of the task and an outline of the architecture is presented along with lessons learned regarding MOSA initiatives and design processes which may help future MOSA efforts. Citation: S. Watza, N. Cooper, “Design of a Ground Vehicle Paired Unmanned Aircraft System Modular Open System Approach for the U.S. Army Robotic and Autonomous System’s Ground Interoperability Profile,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi
Watza, SpencerCooper, Neil
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