Browse Topic: Design processes

Items (4,604)
Digital engineering practices in aerospace increasingly require closely connected and traceable analysis workflows rather than isolated finite element tasks. Traditional FEA methods remain effective, but they involve considerable manual effort during pre- processing and post-processing, making rapid iteration difficult. Finite Element Analysis of STructures (FEAST), an indigenous finite element analysis software developed by Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) ISRO, offers structural analysis capabilities through a command-based architecture, yet its manual operation limits its use in automated studies. This work develops a flexible scripting-driven framework that links geometry creation, load-case definition, solver execution, and result interpretation within a unified digital engineering pipeline. The framework automates repetitive tasks, incorporates Design of Experiments (DoE) for systematic parameter variation, and supports sensitivity and automation studies. Its performance is
Gupta, ShivangiT J, Raj ThilakP, Deepak
The design and analysis of the wave plate of the tank body of the low-temperature liquid nitrogen tank car are carried out. According to the design method of the empirical formula, the 0.43 MPa low-temperature mobile liquid nitrogen tank body wave plate with the working temperature of -196°C to -178°C is optimized. According to the analysis and design standards, the stress distribution law of the mobile liquid nitrogen tank body under the forward impact condition is analyzed by the method of numerical analysis. The results show that the stress value will gradually increase near the junction of the tank body and the support, and the parts such as the head, the pad, the angle steel ring, and the Z3848 glass steel pipe meet the requirements of the analysis and design standards. At the same time, the first six orders of the natural mode vibration frequency of the tank body are analyzed, which provides a reliable and effective data analysis for the optimization design of the low-temperature
Ding, XuqiangNi, YiweiGu, ChenYan, DongdongXu, ZhiquanWang, Qi
This paper presents a multi-physics modeling approach for a hybrid propulsion system designed for High-Altitude Long-Endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (HALE UAVs), integrating solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), lithium-ion batteries, and a jet engine. A dynamic model was developed to analyze the coupled characteristics of pressure, temperature, and power under steady-state conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that the internally integrated system achieves efficient fuel and waste heat recovery, delivering a net power output of 300–700 kW, sufficient to meet the operational demands of HALE UAVs. Key innovations include a heat exchanger maintaining SOFC stack inlet temperatures above 850 K for optimal performance and a compressor-fan subsystem enhancing gas compression efficiency. Experimental validation confirmed the accuracy of the SOFC model, with simulated electrical characteristics aligning closely with empirical data. The proposed hybrid system addresses limitations in specific
Zhang, LinZhang, DiZhao, LuluLi, Xi
This study focuses on the engineering application and performance evaluation of shipboard carbon capture systems. A process combining amine absorption and membrane separation was constructed, and the combined process was applied to a typical 7000 TEU container ship. After sea trials, the average carbon dioxide capture efficiency achieved by the system exceeded 87%, and the power consumption was maintained within an acceptable range. The integrated system greatly improved the EEXI and CII index levels and verified its economic feasibility in the medium and high carbon price scenario. The payback period of the investment costs was reduced to five years. After port coordination tests, the operability of ship-shore carbon dioxide transfer was verified, which promoted future scalability. The engineering layout, energy recovery design, and operation data worked together to provide a practical solution for maritime decarbonization. This study provides a valuable technical reference for the
Yang, Yongjian
The design process of mining supports is often complicated due to their intricate structure and numerous dimensional dependencies, leading to a cumbersome modeling process and low design efficiency. To address these challenges, this paper introduces a parametric design system for mining supports built on the SolidWorks platform. The system integrates modular design concepts, module-matching principles, dimension-driven techniques, and API development. By adopting a modular assembly modeling approach, the system offers an efficient solution for managing the dimensional relationships between the various components of mining supports. Additionally, the system supports adaptive processing of 2D engineering drawings, facilitating the rapid design and manufacturing of mining supports. Engineering case studies demonstrate that this system enhances the design efficiency of mining supports by over 90%, significantly shortening the product development cycle, ensuring product quality, and
Rui, LichaoSong, JiahaoYang, ZhiqingLi, HelongDing, Lijian
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Huang, DeLu, JiaweiYang, ZhiqingXv, ZiyiXing, Hui
Army researchers recently developed a 3D-printable, easy-to-assemble drone designed to enhance intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD Researchers at the U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, or DEVCOM, Army Research Laboratory (ARL) harnessed bottom-up Soldier innovation to develop an experimental 3D-printed small unmanned aerial system, or drone, that was demonstrated at the inaugural U.S. Army Best Drone Warfighter Competition in Huntsville, Alabama. Known as the Soldier Portable Autonomous Reconnaissance Transitioning Aircraft, or SPARTA, the drone was developed at DEVCOM ARL in collaboration with Soldiers. By incorporating Soldier feedback early in the design process and leveraging ARL's world-class research facilities, researchers developed a 3D-printable, easy-to-assemble drone designed to enhance intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities. ARL is actively working to partner the technology
Funding from Google and the U.S. Department of Energy helped a team of researchers develop an assortment of agentic AI-enabled tools to help optimize traditional aerospace design processes. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY A Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) engineering professor, Shaowu Pan, Ph.D. and his team of students have integrated agentic AI into computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to optimize the aerospace design process and alleviate bottlenecks. Pan's advances address priorities outlined in Winning the Race: America's AI Action Plan, which emphasizes that “high-quality data has become a national strategic asset” and calls for “the world's largest and highest quality AI-ready scientific datasets.”
In response to increasing customer demand for enhanced passenger comfort and perceived vehicle quality, OEMs in automotive and commercial vehicles are placing significant emphasis on reducing the interior cabin noise. At highway speeds, wind noise is a primary contributor to the overall noise within the vehicle cabin. Conventional approaches to predict vehicle wind noise rely on physical testing, which can only be conducted in the later stages of the design process once a physical prototype is available. Increased adoption of established computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods has enabled earlier assessment. However, such simulations require several hours to complete, posing a challenge in the context of rapid design iteration cycles. With the growing adoption of artificial intelligence in engineering, machine learning (ML) approaches have been proposed to predict a vehicle’s aerodynamics performance. Nevertheless, development of ML techniques in the context of aeroacoustics
Higgins, JohnFougere, NicolasSondak, DavidSenthooran, SivapalanMoron, PhilippeJantzen, AndreasBi, JingOancea, Victor
Automotive electronic components are exposed to different environmental conditions, and these conditions may impact the functioning of the components, leading to failures in vehicles globally. These failures often create inconvenience for customers across OEMs. Addressing failures requires measures that incur extra costs. One of the environmental factors is insect entry inside the components. This Quality research paper aims to address the need for revision in design standards due to failures caused by Ant entry. The increase in integration of technology in vehicles has led to an increase in the use of electronic components such as switches, control modules, and controllers. Vehicles are often parked in open areas (under trees, open grounds, basements or construction sites) and are in close vicinity to Ant nests or feeding areas. Ants may be drawn to the warmth and shelter provided by vehicle engine bays and wiring compartments. In some cases, especially in tropical regions, ants have
Marwah, RamnikDasgupta, SaikatUpadhyay, SiddharthJoshi, RohitTaneja, BhavneshBose, SushantSharma, PankajGarg, Vipin
The non-linear nature of crash scenarios has led to many designs being developed through extensive trial and error based on the intuitions of the design engineer. As such, effectively utilizing topology optimization for crash applications offers opportunities to provide major improvements in cost, weight, and passenger safety. Topology optimization is known for creating stiff, lightweight structures, however its application to crash scenarios must be handled carefully. Compliance minimization, the most common optimization objective, can yield misleading designs that prioritize undesirable qualities when developing structures for crash applications. In this paper, the design process of a passenger seat assembly subject to sequentially applied enforced displacement, and crash deceleration loads is discussed. Due to the conflicting nature of compliance minimization and enforced displacement, the design was split into two types of regions; sacrificial, which are regions manually designed
Orr, MathewShi, YifanLee, JakeGray, SavannahPark, TaeilWotten, ErikLeFrancois, RichardHuang, YuhaoPatel, AnujKim, HansuBurns, NicholasJalayer, ShayanGrant, RobertKok, LeoHansen, EricKim, Il Yong
Object detection and distance prediction have advanced significantly in recent years. The YOLO toolbox has released its 11th version, along with numerous variants that have been applied across various fields. Meanwhile, the Detection Transformer (DETRs) has repeatedly set new state-of-the-art (SOTA) records in the field of object detection. Depth Anything also released its second version last year, further pushing the boundaries of distance detection. Although these models achieve impressive performance, they often require substantial computational resources. However, for the algorithms intended for real-world applications and deployment on onboard devices, computational efficiency are extremely critical. Inference time per frame is a critical factor in ensuring an algorithm’s reliability and feasibility. Designing a model that operates in real time without sacrificing accuracy remains an extremely challenging problem, and extensive research is ongoing in this area. To address this
Li, TaozheWang, HanchenHajnorouzali, YasamanXu, Bin
A battery-electric vehicle (BEV) has multiple powertrain components (battery, inverter, e-motor), a thermal management system (compressor, heat exchanger, cabin heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning), and a vehicle body, among others. Vehicle testing is time-consuming, and changing powertrain components during the testing and design process is costly. Simulation models (aka virtual or simulation test rig) have been widely used for efficient vehicle design. This work presents a systematic approach to developing a virtual test rig to evaluate the thermal performance of battery-electric vehicles. A Tesla Model Y is tested in a chassis dynamometer, and the measured vehicle performance data are used as boundary conditions for the complete vehicle model. The detailed lithium-ion battery (LIB) pack model, including its cooling system, was developed and calibrated using various transient driving cycle data. The HVAC model uses a simplified controller to maintain the cabin temperature at
Sok, RatnakKusaka, Jin
As Camera Monitoring Systems (CMS) become an integrated part of the driving experience for current automotive and heavy vehicles, keeping the CMS clean from water, dirt, sand, snow and ice is a main focus of the design process in order to avoid safety issues due to obscured visibility. On-road soiling prevention becomes an important feature when designing the camera and sensor systems. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis can be used to facilitate the design process, to provide important information of the cause of the problems and design mitigation mechanism to prevent the visibility issues. Most of existing work focusses on automotive applications. This paper is targeted for heavy vehicle application. Road tests were performed in Alaska by the testing department. Results from the road test were compared to CFD simulation. This comparison showed a good agreement between CFD and road testing, based on the qualitative soiling deposition patterns, rivulet formation and dispersed
He, WeiDasarathan, DevarajLinden, TomPark, Jeongbin
The increasing concentration of atmospheric pollutants in urban environments necessitates innovative solutions to mitigate their impact on public health and the environment. This work presents the AirCARE project, which investigates the integration of a catalytic converter and a particulate filter with a vehicle's radiator to create an active air purification system. The primary objective is to evaluate the feasibility and performance implications of this integrated system on the vehicle's thermal management. A comprehensive methodology combining computational modeling and experimental testing was employed. A 1D longitudinal vehicle model was developed to simulate the powertrain's heat generation and the cooling system's performance under various representative driving conditions. This model allows for a parametric study of the radiator, assessing the impact of the additional components on its heat exchange efficiency. Concurrently, experimental tests were conducted on a radiator to
de Carvalho Pinheiro, HenriqueSartoretti, Enrico
The automotive industry is undergoing a fundamental transformation in Electrical/Electronic (E/E) architecture, evolving from traditional distributed and domain-based designs toward zonal configurations. The rapid growth of software-defined functionality, cross-domain integration, and centralized computing has exposed inherent limitations of legacy architectures in scalability, wiring complexity, and system integration. Zonal E/E architecture addresses these challenges by consolidating computing and Input/Output (I/O) resources into high-performance controllers distributed across physical zones of a vehicle. This transformation, however, cannot occur instantaneously, as contemporary vehicle designs and E/E system solutions are the result of decades of incremental development based on distributed and domain-based paradigms. Moreover, key enabling technologies for zonal E/E architecture—such as high-performance Central Compute Platform (CCP) and zonal controllers, high-speed automotive
Jiang, Shugang
In frontal collisions of automobiles, the bumper beam at the front of the vehicle plays a crucial role in absorbing energy and protecting the vehicle body during a collision. To enhance the collision resistance of a specific type of special vehicle with a non-load-bearing body structure, this paper focuses on this type of vehicle and conducts a study on the design and collision performance of an integrated vehicle front bumper - anti-collision beam structure based on aluminum alloy additive manufacturing technology. A novel bumper structure is proposed, which integrates the front bumper and the front anti-collision beam of the vehicle and is integrally formed using aluminum alloy additive manufacturing technology. This integrated structure is directly connected to the vehicle frame. Firstly, based on the appearance of the special vehicle body and the form of the front anti-collision beam of traditional passenger vehicles, an integrated design of the vehicle front bumper- anti-collision
王, XufanYuan, Liu-KaiZhang, TangyunWang, TaoZhang, MingWang, Liangmo
The design of thermal components (such as automotive heat exchangers) requires balancing multiple competing objectives—thermal performance, aerodynamic efficiency, structural integrity, and manufacturability. Traditional design workflows rely on manual Computer Aided Design (CAD) modeling and iterative simulations, which are both labor-intensive and time-consuming. Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) present untapped potential for automating parametric CAD generation. However, current LLM-based approaches primarily handle simple, isolated geometric primitives rather than complex multi-component assemblies. This work introduces a progressive framework that leverages fine-tuned LLMs (Qwen2.5-3B-SFT) integrated with the CadQuery CAD kernel to automatically generate parametric geometries from natural language descriptions. As a foundational study, this work focuses on Step 1 of the framework: generating and optimizing isolated geometric primitives (cylinders, pipes, etc.) that
Chaudhari, PrathameshTovar, Andres
This paper presents a methodology for designing and evaluating lightweight, crashworthy aircraft seats that meet 21g crash safety standards and injury criteria. Four seat classes—double economy, single economy, premium economy, and business—were developed using a modular design strategy focused on part commonality (family of parts) and manufacturability. A shared family of structural components was implemented across all seat types, with dimensional modifications applied only, when necessary, due to differences in seat width or height. In such cases, the same material systems and design principles were used to ensure consistency and reduce manufacturing complexity. The designs were evaluated using finite element simulations to verify performance under aerospace crash conditions. Each seat configuration was validated against regulatory crashworthiness criteria and injury thresholds, including pelvic, lumbar, and femur compressive forces, as well as head injury criteria (HIC) values. The
Gray, SavannahOrr, MathewShi, YifanPark, TaeilLee, JakeWotten, ErikLeFrancois, RichardHuang, YuhaoPatel, AnujKim, HansuBurns, NicholasJalayer, ShayanGrant, RobertKok, LeoHansen, EricKim, Il Yong
Historically, EPP has required larger dimensional tolerances and much thicker cross-sections than solid plastics produced by injection molding, vacuum forming, and blow molding. This has proved challenging when attempting to incorporate EPP into a wider variety of automotive applications. JSP has developed multiple grades of EPP that achieve tolerances at thinner cross-sections, once considered difficult to attain. These grades expand the potential for automotive applications by combining the established benefits of EPP with improved dimensional precision. This tighter control enables advances in part design and performance, including reduced wall thicknesses, improved surface appearance, reduced weight, lower cost, part consolidation, and more efficient molding with an improved processing window, resulting in faster cycle times and reduced utility consumption. At the vehicle level, these improvements contribute to lighter overall weight for reduced carbon footprint, as well as
Sopher, StevenParker, Joshua
The lifetime and aging of the high voltage battery is one of the major discussion points for the end-customer to decide between buying a car with an electric powertrain or still using a conventional powertrain. Therefore, the provision of adequate vehicles to the end-customer, the aging of the high voltage battery become an important topic for the complete vehicle development. In addition, also legal regulations (e.g. EU7) will preset minimum requirements for the warranty of the high voltage battery. These circumstances define the lifetime / aging of the HV battery to be a complete vehicle development target, which needs to be developed. The paper will present a method for the development process of a lifetime target from complete vehicle perspective. The method is based on the generation of a representative monthly power profile and temperature profile. Depending on a monthly user routine, ambient temperature profile and charging behavior, the vehicle specific battery power profile
Martin, Michael
Modern vehicle design involves complex considerations and tradeoffs between system integration and layout which have a direct impact on performance, efficiency, and cost. The placement of equipment including control boards, motors, and fans as well as the routing of ducts and wire harnesses poses a time-consuming and intricate problem for design engineers. This paper presents an automated methodology to determine the optimal component packaging configuration, duct routing, and wire harnessing layout to maximize component packing density and minimize the total routing length. A two-stage optimization framework has been developed where the first stage packages the components within the design space with considerations for space utilization, component overlap, proximity relationships, point-to-point accessibility, and component mounting. The second stage implements a custom A* path-finding algorithm and gradient based optimization to determine the optimal route layout between port points
LeFrancois, RichardKim, Il Yong
In recent years, computer-aided engineering (CAE) has become an essential practice in design and durability analysis of industrial components such as weldments. The current analytical trend for CAE-based fatigue life prediction of weldments includes procedures based on design guidelines, mesh-sensitive methods (e.g., local strain-life approach) and mesh insensitive methods (e.g., Volvo and Verity methods). As an inherent characteristic of weldments, the geometry of the weld is often simplified in failure analysis and important hotspots such as start/stop of the weld beads are not considered in the design process. However, such critical locations cannot be avoided in complex welded structures. Therefore, incorporating main geometrical details of the weld can improve the accuracy of critical regions identification and damage calculation using mesh-sensitive CAE-based methodologies. Herein, a framework for life prediction of welded components including the weld geometry is discussed and
Razi, AhmadKim, DooyoungPark, JaehongYouk, WansooFatemi, Ali
This study presents a simulation method for reproducing slush accumulation on underbody components, with a particular focus on the floor undercover, during vehicle operation on slush-covered roads. As electrified vehicles become increasingly important in the pursuit of carbon neutrality, the adoption of aerodynamic undercovers to improve driving range has accelerated. However, these components are exposed to various environmental stresses, including water, chipping, and especially snow and slush, which can lead to damage and performance degradation. While previous research has addressed water and chipping stresses through simulation, studies on slush-induced stress have been limited. To address this gap, the Moving Particle Semi-implicit (MPS) method was applied, incorporating a power-law model to represent the non-Newtonian flow characteristics of slush. Parameter identification was conducted through steel ball drop tests and tire scattering tests, ensuring both qualitative and
Matsuura, TadashiAnnen, TeruyukiHarada, TakeyukiUeno, ShigekiAsai, MikioWatanabe, Haruyuki
Calibration is a major resource bottleneck and source of risk in powertrain technology development. A promising alternative to the typical design-of-experiments (DoE) approach is the use of a ‘Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm’ (NSGA) calibration method, where an iterative process is used to directly identify the Pareto Fronts between performance metrics, for example, net mean effective pressure (NMEP) and NOx emission. The goal of the present work was to develop and demonstrate a fully ‘online’ combustion system calibration method based on an NSGA, where the algorithm operates directly on experimental data rather than empirical models as is typical in the literature. This was completed by first designing an optimal NSGA for combustion system calibration and then demonstrating its use for an experimental combustion system calibration on a single cylinder gasoline engine at one operating condition. Results from the design process here indicate that ‘online’ NSGAs have a strong
Mansfield, Andrew
Negotiating Keys for applications such as message authentication within a vehicle presents many problems as, in designing the algorithm; the algorithm must be able to be utilized by small, fixed-point processors. In addition, if there is a desire to do this algorithm in the manufacturing environment, there are severe time constraints placed on how long this algorithm can take, as there are strict station time requirements, which are expensive to change, and any time utilized in the plant can negatively affect vehicle throughput. Additionally, negotiating these keys between many ECUs can greatly increase the time required to negotiate a common key using standard multi-party Diffie-Hellman. Timing would also be an issue in the case of using pair-wise Diffie-Hellman for encryption and distribution of keys utilizing a key master. To solve these problems in multi-party key negotiation, we have utilized the Elliptic Curve variation of the Burmester-Desmedt (ECBD) algorithm. ECBD is
Van Dam, TheoMazzara, Bill
The demand for sustainable mobility and transportation is accelerating the adoption of alternative fuels, particularly hydrogen, in internal combustion engines. However, these engines present specific risks, such as flammable crankcase gas accumulation from blow-by and irregular combustion resulting from oil transport into the combustion chamber. Addressing these challenges requires advanced simulation tools to optimize power-cylinder-unit performance, specifically piston ring and gas dynamics. This study demonstrates the success of physics-based 2D simulation for hydrogen PCU design optimization, focusing on blow-by reduction and control of gas-flow-driven oil transport. Unlike commercial codes with adjustment and fitting parameters, the 2D simulation code – developed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology and successfully applied by MAHLE over decades – is fundamentally physics-based, enabling direct predictive capability without empirical calibration. Leveraging the validated
Köser, PhilippMoreira, RuiDeuß, ThomasMorgado, Leonardo
Performing transportation and exploration tasks on rugged terrain requires both high load-bearing capacity and large suspension stroke. However, the corner module configurations applied to challenging terrain have rarely been explored. This article proposes an integrated framework that combines bionic principles with topology graph–based type synthesis. This framework leads to the creation of a reconfigurable wheel-legged mechanism capable of switching between wheeled locomotion and legged gait modes, which is then implemented as a corner module system. First, inspired by the skeletal–muscular system of the equine leg, a structure–function mapping relationship between the biological system and the mechanical system is established. Second, a multi-loop closed-chain mechanism with biomimetic morphology is represented in the form of graph theory. A configuration atlas of the wheel-legged hybrid mechanism is generated based on the contracted graph and open-loop kinematic chains, and
Gao, ZhenhaiZhang, HanyingChen, GuoyingZhang, SuminHan, Zongzhi
The spring link or the lower control arm (LCA) is a critical structural component in a multi-link rear suspension system especially in a sports utility vehicle (SUV). The design of the rear LCA is thus challenging due to higher loads owing to higher suspension articulation typical of a SUV and further complicated in a born electric vehicle (BEV) due to increased vehicle weight contributed by a large battery. In the present work, a novel LCA was designed for the rear suspension system of one such born electric SUV application. The unique link was designed to withstand 20% higher rear axle weight compared to the conventional LCA used in a typical SUV. The LCA housed the spring with increased stiffness and a semi-active damper with varying and higher damping forces which complicated the design. The link design was further complicated with stab link mounting provision and mass damper mounting for improved NVH performance. Furthermore, the link was designed to withstand significantly higher
Selvaraj, SaravananNayak, BhargavJ, RamkumarM, SudhanChaudhari, Varun
Conventional tractor transmission systems feature separate Brake and Bull Cage housings, with brakes often being proprietary components and Bull Cage designed by the Original Equipment manufacturer (OE). To optimize design and performance, an innovative integrated system was developed, combining an in-house braking system with a unitized Bull Cage assembly. This robust design reduces part count, eliminates proprietary dependency (except for friction liners), and enhances performance. Virtual simulations performed under RWUP conditions demonstrated enhanced strength and stiffness in the integrated design. In this Integrated Brake & Bull Cage assembly (IBCA), the braking layout was reconfigured from a 4+1 friction design to a 3+2 configuration which improved balancing, enhancing customer braking experience and increasing contact area by 11%. This adjustment extends friction liner life and boosts mechanical advantage by 7.9%, significantly improving tractor stability and performance
Dumpa, Mahendra ReddyDhanale, SwapnilPerumal, SolairajGomes, MaxsonRedkar, DineshSavant, KedarnathV, Saravanan
The Dual Throat Nozzle (DTN) is a unique nozzle configuration that enables fluidic thrust vectoring (FTV), improving aircraft maneuverability while reducing the mechanical complexity of traditional vectoring systems. In this study, a two-dimensional DTN was developed based on a validated NASA Langley model, incorporating a newly designed plenum geometry guided by area expansion ratio principles. Numerical simulations were carried out in ANSYS Fluent using a density-based, steady-state solver with the SST k–ω turbulence model to capture key compressible flow features such as shock waves, flow separation, and jet deflection. Secondary injection rates were determined using choked-flow relations, and a 12-case parametric study was conducted to analyze the effects of Nozzle Pressure Ratio (NPR), injection rate, and injection angle on thrust deflection and efficiency. The simulation results at NPR = 4 with 3% injection showed strong agreement with NASA experimental data, validating the
Suresh, VigneshM, AkashSenthilkumar, NikilSundararaj, SenthilkumarA, Garry KiristenSingh, Swaraj
The vibrating half-car model is used to represent the dynamic behavior of a truck’s dependent suspension system, capturing four degrees of freedom. This research investigates time and frequency responses of vibration behavior of half-car model with possible tire–road separation. This investigation is significant because all previously reported analyses based on the tire-road attachment were incorrect, particularly regarding the tire-road separation phenomenon. The differential equations are extended to enhance the accuracy of the model, incorporating tire–road separation conditions for both wheels. A numerical approach is applied to simulate the vertical and roll dynamics of the system under the separation assumption. The simulation results are validated through experiments conducted using ADAMS View software. Integrating the tire–road separation into the model results in dynamic responses that closely reflect real-world behavior. These findings provide valuable guidance for designing
Nguyen, Quy DangJazar, Reza
The intent of this report is to encourage that the thermal management system architecture be designed from a global platform perspective. Separate procurements for air vehicle, propulsion system, and avionics have contributed to the development of aircraft that are sub-optimized from a thermal management viewpoint. In order to maximize the capabilities of the aircraft for mission performance and desired growth capability, overall system efficiency and effectiveness should be considered. This document provides general information about aircraft Thermal Management System Engineering (TMSE). The document also discusses approaches to processes and methodologies for validation and verification of thermal management system engineering. Thermal integration between the air vehicle, propulsion system, and avionics can be particularly important from a thermal management standpoint. Due to these factors, this report is written to encourage the development of a more comprehensive system
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
The integration of Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Machine Learning (ML) has transformed various industries, offering substantial benefits. The application of these technologies in engine reliability testing has immense potential as they offer real-time monitoring and analysis of engine performance parameters. Engine reliability testing is vital for ensuring the safety, efficiency, and longevity of engines. Traditional methods are time consuming, expensive, and rely heavily on manual inspection and data analysis. This paper shows how IoT and ML technologies can enhance the efficiency of engine reliability testing. The paper includes the following case studies:
Yadav, Sanjay KumarKumar, PrabhakarR, DineshJoon, SushantRai, AyushTripathi, Vinay Mani
The global push for clean energy has made hydrogen a central element in decarbonizing transport, industrial processes, and energy systems. Effective hydrogen storage and distribution are critical to supporting this transition, and type IV Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels (COPVs) have emerged as the preferred solution due to their lightweight, high pressure capacity, hydrogen embrittlement and corrosion resistance. However, the cascade infrastructure used to house and transport these vessels has lagged behind in innovation. Steel-based cascades, while strong, are heavy prone to corrosion, and unsuitable for mobile deployment. This paper introduces a custom designed aluminium cascade system offering a 65% weight reduction while maintaining structural integrity and safety. Designed for mobile use, the system features modularity, better damping, and enhanced corrosion protection. The paper outlines design methodology, material selection, fabrication process, and comparative
Parasumanna, Ajeet BabuMuthusamy, HariprasadAmmu, Vnsu ViswanathKola, Immanuel Raju
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) represent a significant trajectory in vehicular decarbonization, harnessing the inherently high energy density of diatomic hydrogen within electrochemical conversion systems. When sourced via renewable pathways, such hydrogen facilitates propulsion architectures characterized by zero tailpipe emissions, enhanced energy efficiency, and extended operational range profiles. Realizing peak systemic efficacy necessitates the synergistic orchestration of high-fidelity fuel cell stack design, resilient compressed gas storage modalities, and nuanced energy governance protocols. To reduce transient stressors and guarantee long-term electrochemical stability, employing multi-scale modeling and predictive simulation, combined with constraint-aware architectural synthesis, is crucial in handling stochastic driving conditions spectra. This study develops a high-fidelity mathematical plant model of a hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell
Mulik, Rakesh VilasraoE, PorpathamSenthilkumar, Arumugam
The advent of wide-bandgap (WBG) switching MOSFET devices enables high-frequency operation, allowing for significant reductions in the size of passive components such as inductors and capacitors, and improving the overall efficiency of inverter systems. However, these benefits come with the trade-off of increased electromagnetic interference (EMI), which imposes stringent requirements on filter design. The complexity of designing EMI filters, which depends heavily on switching frequency and applicable EMI standards, presents a significant challenge and can impact development timelines. Carrier wave modulation technique is considered as an effective method for minimizing conducted EMI in traction inverters. This article presents various carrier wave modulation schemes that successfully reduce conducted EMI. The evaluated strategies aim to eliminate noise fluctuations and simplify the design of demanding EMI filters. Additionally, the impact on output voltage, output current, total
R, KodeeswaranKuncham, Sateesh KumarKolhatkar, Yashomani
The design and improvement of electric motor and inverter systems is crucial for numerous industrial applications in electrical engineering. Accurately quantifying the amount of power lost during operation is a substantial challenge, despite the flexibility and widespread usage of these systems. Although it is typically used to assess the system’s efficiency, this does not adequately explain how or why power outages occur within these systems. This paper presents a new way to study power losses without focusing on efficiency. The goal is to explore and analyze the complex reasons behind power losses in both inverters and electric motors. The goal of this methodology is to systematically analyze the effect of the switching frequency on current ripple under varying operating conditions (i.e., different combinations of current and speed) and subsequently identify the optimum switching frequency for each case. In the end, the paper creates a complete model for understanding power losses
Banda, GururajSengar, Bhan
This paper delivers a forward-looking data-driven assessment of the transformative innovation in electric vehicle motor systems with targeting breakthroughs in the power density, energy efficiency, thermal robustness, manufacturability & better intelligent control. A rigorous Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) framework is done to systematically evaluate and defining the rank of emerging motor technologies across eight weighted performance indicators. The findings reveal that which design strategies & material advancements offering the greatest potential for redefine propulsion performance that enabling lighter more compact & more efficient drivetrain capable of sustained high power operation. High ranking solution exhibit strong alignment with the industry's push toward scalable, low cost & rare earth-independent systems while other are identified as high risk/high reward pathway requiring targeted research to overcome critical problems. By integrating engineering performance
Jain, GauravPremlal, PPathak, RahulGore, Pandurang
With the rising adoption of electric vehicles, the need for robust and efficient power distribution systems has become increasingly important. As the battery pack is the primary energy source for an electric vehicle (EV), the strategy of selection of switchgears and busbars is paramount. Currently, the design and selection of battery protection and conducting components, such as switchgears and busbars are carried out primarily focusing on the continuous current and the peak current capabilities of the battery pack. Despite this approach ensuring that the components can withstand extreme conditions, it often results in over-engineering. The sizing should be such that it does not overdesign, which would result in unnecessary cost and material weight addition to the pack, ultimately leading to performance deterioration. As the current discharge from a battery pack is dynamic in nature and fluctuates based on driving conditions and usage a real-time heat generation studies have to be
Soman, Anusatheesh, GouthamK, Mathankumar
Nowadays, digital instrument clusters and modern infotainment systems are crucial parts of cars that improve the user experience and offer vital information. It is essential to guarantee the quality and dependability of these systems, particularly in light of safety regulations such as ISO 26262. Nevertheless, current testing approaches frequently depend on manual labor, which is laborious, prone to mistakes, and challenging to scale, particularly in agile development settings. This study presents a two-phase framework that uses machine learning (ML), computer vision (CV), and image processing techniques to automate the testing of infotainment and digital cluster systems. The NVIDIA Jetson Orin Nano Developer Kit and high-resolution cameras are used in Phase 1's open loop testing setup to record visual data from infotainment and instrument cluster displays. Without requiring input from the system being tested, this phase concentrates on both static and dynamic user interface analysis
Lad, Rakesh PramodMehrotra, SoumyaMishra, Arvind
This paper presents a novel Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) testing framework for validating panoramic Sunroof systems independent of infotainment module availability. The increasing complexity of modern automotive features—such as rain-sensing auto-close, global closure, and voice-command operation—has rendered traditional vehicle-based validation methods inefficient, resource-intensive, and late in the development cycle. To overcome these challenges, a real-time HiL system was developed using the Real time simulation, integrated with Simulink-based models for simulation, control, and fault injection. Unlike prior approaches that depend on complete vehicle integration, this methodology enables early-stage testing of Sunroof ECU behavior across open, close, tilt, and shade operations, even under multi-source input conflicts and fault conditions. Key innovations include the emulation of real-world conditions such as simultaneous voice and manual commands, sensor faults, and environmental
Ghanwat, HemantLad, Aniket SuryakantJoshi, VivekMore, Shweta
Designing and manufacturing a support ring (POM ring -Polyoxymethylene ring) for a MacPherson strut suspension system brings unique set of challenges due to the high-performance and durability demands for Indian road application. Support ring along with the jounce bumper used in the shock absorber is designed to absorb the strong shock coming from the road inputs when suspension travel reached to the maximum limit. thereby absorbing the impact energy and preventing it from transferring it to the body. A bump stopper for a suspension of a vehicle is made of poly urethane (PU) material and is surrounded by a support ring or POM ring made up of Polyoxymethylene material. The bump stopper deflects into bellow shape during the absorption of impact energy. In the present paper, the authors have demonstrated the key challenges experienced in successfully designing the support ring post initial failure experienced in the validation phase which was unprecedented. The authors detail the failure
Koritala, Ashok KumarMalekar, AmitKulkarni, PurushottamS, SivashankarMishra, HarshitGanesh, Mohan SelvakumarPatnala, AvinashJ, RamkumarNayak, BhargavM, Sudhan
Accurately determining the loads acting on a structure is critical for simulation tasks, especially in fatigue analysis. However, current methods for determining component loads using load cascade techniques and multi-body dynamics (MBD) simulation models have intrinsic accuracy constraints because of approximations and measurement uncertainties. Moreover, constructing precise MBD models is a time-consuming process, resulting in long turnaround times. Consequently, there is a pressing need for a more direct and precise approach to component load estimation that reduces efforts and time while enhancing accuracy. A novel solution has emerged to tackle these requirements by leveraging the structure itself as a load transducer [1]. Previous efforts in this direction faced challenges associated with cross-talk issues, but those obstacles have been overcome with the introduction of the "pseudo-inverse" concept. By combining the pseudo-inverse technique with the D-optimal algorithm
Pratap, RajatApte, Sr., AmolBabar, Ranjit
The Mahindra XUV 3XO is a compact SUV, the first-generation of which was introduced in 2018. This paper explores some of the challenges entailed in developing the subsequent generation of this successful product, maintaining exterior design cues while at the same time improving its aerodynamic efficiency. A development approach is outlined that made use of both CFD simulation and Coastdown testing at MSPT (Mahindra SUV proving track). Drag coefficient improvement of 40 counts (1 count = 0.001 Cd) can be obtained for the best vehicle exterior configuration by paying particular attention to: AGS development to limit the drag due to cooling airflow into the engine compartment Front wheel deflector optimization Mid underbody cover development (beside the LH & RH side skirting) Wheel Rim optimization In this paper we have analyzed the impact of these design changes on the aerodynamic flow field, Pressure plots and consequently drag development over the vehicle length is highlighted. An
Vihan, Nikhil
Overloading in vehicles, particularly trucks and city buses, poses a critical challenge in India, contributing to increased traffic accidents, economic losses, and infrastructural damage. This issue stems from excessive loads that compromise vehicle stability, reduce braking efficiency, accelerate tire wear, and heighten the risk of catastrophic failures. To address this, we propose an intelligent overloading control and warning system that integrates load-sensing technology with real-time corrective measures. The system employs precision load sensors (e.g., air below deflection monitoring via pressure sensors) to measure vehicle weight dynamically. When the load exceeds predefined thresholds, the system triggers a multi-stage response: 1 Visual/Audio Warning – Alerts the driver to take corrective action. 2 Braking Intervention – If ignored, the braking applied, immobilizing the vehicle until the load is reduced. Experimental validation involved ten iterative tests to map deflection-to
Raj, AmriteshPujari, SachinLondhe, MaheshShirke, SumeetShinde, Akshay
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