Browse Topic: Design processes

Items (4,519)
Automotive electronic components are exposed to different environmental conditions, and these conditions may impact the functioning of the components, leading to failures in vehicles globally. These failures often create inconvenience for customers across OEMs. Addressing failures requires measures that incur extra costs. One of the environmental factors is insect entry inside the components. This Quality research paper aims to address the need for revision in design standards due to failures caused by Ant entry. The increase in integration of technology in vehicles has led to an increase in the use of electronic components such as switches, control modules, and controllers. Vehicles are often parked in open areas (under trees, open grounds, basements or construction sites) and are in close vicinity to Ant nests or feeding areas. Ants may be drawn to the warmth and shelter provided by vehicle engine bays and wiring compartments. In some cases, especially in tropical regions, ants have
Marwah, RamnikDasgupta, SaikatUpadhyay, SiddharthJoshi, RohitTaneja, BhavneshBose, SushantSharma, PankajGarg, Vipin
The design of thermal components (such as automotive heat exchangers) requires balancing multiple competing objectives—thermal performance, aerodynamic efficiency, structural integrity, and manufacturability. Traditional design workflows rely on manual Computer Aided Design (CAD) modeling and iterative simulations, which are both labor-intensive and time-consuming. Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) present untapped potential for automating parametric CAD generation. However, current LLM-based approaches primarily handle simple, isolated geometric primitives rather than complex multi-component assemblies. This work introduces a progressive framework that leverages fine-tuned LLMs (Qwen2.5-3B-SFT) integrated with the CadQuery CAD kernel to automatically generate parametric geometries from natural language descriptions. As a foundational study, this work focuses on Step 1 of the framework: generating and optimizing isolated geometric primitives (cylinders, pipes, etc.) that
Chaudhari, PrathameshTovar, Andres
Modern vehicle design involves complex considerations and tradeoffs between system integration and layout which have a direct impact on performance, efficiency, and cost. The placement of equipment including control boards, motors, and fans as well as the routing of ducts and wire harnesses poses a time-consuming and intricate problem for design engineers. This paper presents an automated methodology to determine the optimal component packaging configuration, duct routing, and wire harnessing layout to maximize component packing density and minimize the total routing length. A two-stage optimization framework has been developed where the first stage packages the components within the design space with considerations for space utilization, component overlap, proximity relationships, point-to-point accessibility, and component mounting. The second stage implements a custom A* path-finding algorithm and gradient based optimization to determine the optimal route layout between port points
LeFrancois, RichardKim, Il Yong
In frontal collisions of automobiles, the bumper beam at the front of the vehicle plays a crucial role in absorbing energy and protecting the vehicle body during a collision. To enhance the collision resistance of a specific type of special vehicle with a non-load-bearing body structure, this paper focuses on this type of vehicle and conducts a study on the design and collision performance of an integrated vehicle front bumper - anti-collision beam structure based on aluminum alloy additive manufacturing technology. A novel bumper structure is proposed, which integrates the front bumper and the front anti-collision beam of the vehicle and is integrally formed using aluminum alloy additive manufacturing technology. This integrated structure is directly connected to the vehicle frame. Firstly, based on the appearance of the special vehicle body and the form of the front anti-collision beam of traditional passenger vehicles, an integrated design of the vehicle front bumper- anti-collision
王, XufanYuan, Liu-KaiZhang, TangyunWang, TaoZhang, MingWang, Liangmo
This study presents a simulation method for reproducing slush accumulation on underbody components, with a particular focus on the floor undercover, during vehicle operation on slush-covered roads. As electrified vehicles become increasingly important in the pursuit of carbon neutrality, the adoption of aerodynamic undercovers to improve driving range has accelerated. However, these components are exposed to various environmental stresses, including water, chipping, and especially snow and slush, which can lead to damage and performance degradation. While previous research has addressed water and chipping stresses through simulation, studies on slush-induced stress have been limited. To address this gap, the Moving Particle Semi-implicit (MPS) method was applied, incorporating a power-law model to represent the non-Newtonian flow characteristics of slush. Parameter identification was conducted through steel ball drop tests and tire scattering tests, ensuring both qualitative and
Matsuura, TadashiAnnen, TeruyukiHarada, TakeyukiUeno, ShigekiAsai, MikioWatanabe, Haruyuki
In response to increasing customer demand for enhanced passenger comfort and perceived vehicle quality, OEMs in automotive and commercial vehicles are placing significant emphasis on reducing the interior cabin noise. At highway speeds, wind noise is a primary contributor to the overall noise within the vehicle cabin. Conventional approaches to predict vehicle wind noise rely on physical testing, which can only be conducted in the later stages of the design process once a physical prototype is available. Increased adoption of established computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods has enabled earlier assessment. However, such simulations require several hours to complete, posing a challenge in the context of rapid design iteration cycles. With the growing adoption of artificial intelligence in engineering, machine learning (ML) approaches have been proposed to predict a vehicle’s aerodynamics performance. Nevertheless, development of ML techniques in the context of aeroacoustics
Higgins, JohnFougere, NicolasSondak, DavidSenthooran, SivapalanMoron, PhilippeJantzen, AndreasBi, JingOancea, Victor
The non-linear nature of crash scenarios has led to many designs being developed through extensive trial and error based on the intuitions of the design engineer. As such, effectively utilizing topology optimization for crash applications offers opportunities to provide major improvements in cost, weight, and passenger safety. Topology optimization is known for creating stiff, lightweight structures, however its application to crash scenarios must be handled carefully. Compliance minimization, the most common optimization objective, can yield misleading designs that prioritize undesirable qualities when developing structures for crash applications. In this paper, the design process of a passenger seat assembly subject to sequentially applied enforced displacement, and crash deceleration loads is discussed. Due to the conflicting nature of compliance minimization and enforced displacement, the design was split into two types of regions; sacrificial, which are regions manually designed
Orr, MathewShi, YifanLee, JakeGray, SavannahPark, TaeilWotten, ErikLeFrancois, RichardHuang, YuhaoPatel, AnujKim, HansuBurns, NicholasJalayer, ShayanGrant, RobertKok, LeoHansen, EricKim, Il Yong
Negotiating Keys for applications such as message authentication within a vehicle presents many problems as, in designing the algorithm; the algorithm must be able to be utilized by small, fixed-point processors. In addition, if there is a desire to do this algorithm in the manufacturing environment, there are severe time constraints placed on how long this algorithm can take, as there are strict station time requirements, which are expensive to change, and any time utilized in the plant can negatively affect vehicle throughput. Additionally, negotiating these keys between many ECUs can greatly increase the time required to negotiate a common key using standard multi-party Diffie-Hellman. Timing would also be an issue in the case of using pair-wise Diffie-Hellman for encryption and distribution of keys utilizing a key master. To solve these problems in multi-party key negotiation, we have utilized the Elliptic Curve variation of the Burmester-Desmedt (ECBD) algorithm. ECBD is
Van Dam, TheoMazzara, Bill
The demand for sustainable mobility and transportation is accelerating the adoption of alternative fuels, particularly hydrogen, in internal combustion engines. However, these engines present specific risks, such as flammable crankcase gas accumulation from blow-by and irregular combustion resulting from oil transport into the combustion chamber. Addressing these challenges requires advanced simulation tools to optimize power-cylinder-unit performance, specifically piston ring and gas dynamics. This study demonstrates the success of physics-based 2D simulation for hydrogen PCU design optimization, focusing on blow-by reduction and control of gas-flow-driven oil transport. Unlike commercial codes with adjustment and fitting parameters, the 2D simulation code – developed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology and successfully applied by MAHLE over decades – is fundamentally physics-based, enabling direct predictive capability without empirical calibration. Leveraging the validated
Köser, PhilippMoreira, RuiDeuß, ThomasMorgado, Leonardo
The automotive industry is undergoing a fundamental transformation in Electrical/Electronic (E/E) architecture, evolving from traditional distributed and domain-based designs toward zonal configurations. The rapid growth of software-defined functionality, cross-domain integration, and centralized computing has exposed inherent limitations of legacy architectures in scalability, wiring complexity, and system integration. Zonal E/E architecture addresses these challenges by consolidating computing and Input/Output (I/O) resources into high-performance controllers distributed across physical zones of a vehicle. This transformation, however, cannot occur instantaneously, as contemporary vehicle designs and E/E system solutions are the result of decades of incremental development based on distributed and domain-based paradigms. Moreover, key enabling technologies for zonal E/E architecture—such as high-performance Central Compute Platform (CCP) and zonal controllers, high-speed automotive
Jiang, Shugang
As Camera Monitoring Systems (CMS) become an integrated part of the driving experience for current automotive and heavy vehicles, keeping the CMS clean from water, dirt, sand, snow and ice is a main focus of the design process in order to avoid safety issues due to obscured visibility. On-road soiling prevention becomes an important feature when designing the camera and sensor systems. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis can be used to facilitate the design process, to provide important information of the cause of the problems and design mitigation mechanism to prevent the visibility issues. Most of existing work focusses on automotive applications. This paper is targeted for heavy vehicle application. Road tests were performed in Alaska by the testing department. Results from the road test were compared to CFD simulation. This comparison showed a good agreement between CFD and road testing, based on the qualitative soiling deposition patterns, rivulet formation and dispersed
He, WeiDasarathan, DevarajLinden, TomPark, Jeongbin
Calibration is a major resource bottleneck and source of risk in powertrain technology development. A promising alternative to the typical design-of-experiments (DoE) approach is the use of a ‘Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm’ (NSGA) calibration method, where an iterative process is used to directly identify the Pareto Fronts between performance metrics, for example, net mean effective pressure (NMEP) and NOx emission. The goal of the present work was to develop and demonstrate a fully ‘online’ combustion system calibration method based on an NSGA, where the algorithm operates directly on experimental data rather than empirical models as is typical in the literature. This was completed by first designing an optimal NSGA for combustion system calibration and then demonstrating its use for an experimental combustion system calibration on a single cylinder gasoline engine at one operating condition. Results from the design process here indicate that ‘online’ NSGAs have a strong
Mansfield, Andrew
A battery-electric vehicle (BEV) has multiple powertrain components (battery, inverter, e-motor), a thermal management system (compressor, heat exchanger, cabin heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning), and a vehicle body, among others. Vehicle testing is time-consuming, and changing powertrain components during the testing and design process is costly. Simulation models (aka virtual or simulation test rig) have been widely used for efficient vehicle design. This work presents a systematic approach to developing a virtual test rig to evaluate the thermal performance of battery-electric vehicles. A Tesla Model Y is tested in a chassis dynamometer, and the measured vehicle performance data are used as boundary conditions for the complete vehicle model. The detailed lithium-ion battery (LIB) pack model, including its cooling system, was developed and calibrated using various transient driving cycle data. The HVAC model uses a simplified controller to maintain the cabin temperature at
Sok, RatnakKusaka, Jin
Object detection and distance prediction have advanced significantly in recent years. The YOLO toolbox has released its 11th version, along with numerous variants that have been applied across various fields. Meanwhile, the Detection Transformer (DETRs) has repeatedly set new state-of-the-art (SOTA) records in the field of object detection. Depth Anything also released its second version last year, further pushing the boundaries of distance detection. Although these models achieve impressive performance, they often require substantial computational resources. However, for the algorithms intended for real-world applications and deployment on onboard devices, computational efficiency are extremely critical. Inference time per frame is a critical factor in ensuring an algorithm’s reliability and feasibility. Designing a model that operates in real time without sacrificing accuracy remains an extremely challenging problem, and extensive research is ongoing in this area. To address this
Li, TaozheWang, HanchenHajnorouzali, YasamanXu, Bin
The increasing concentration of atmospheric pollutants in urban environments necessitates innovative solutions to mitigate their impact on public health and the environment. This work presents the AirCARE project, which investigates the integration of a catalytic converter and a particulate filter with a vehicle's radiator to create an active air purification system. The primary objective is to evaluate the feasibility and performance implications of this integrated system on the vehicle's thermal management. A comprehensive methodology combining computational modeling and experimental testing was employed. A 1D longitudinal vehicle model was developed to simulate the powertrain's heat generation and the cooling system's performance under various representative driving conditions. This model allows for a parametric study of the radiator, assessing the impact of the additional components on its heat exchange efficiency. Concurrently, experimental tests were conducted on a radiator to
de Carvalho Pinheiro, HenriqueSartoretti, Enrico
In recent years, computer-aided engineering (CAE) has become an essential practice in design and durability analysis of industrial components such as weldments. The current analytical trend for CAE-based fatigue life prediction of weldments includes procedures based on design guidelines, mesh-sensitive methods (e.g., local strain-life approach) and mesh insensitive methods (e.g., Volvo and Verity methods). As an inherent characteristic of weldments, the geometry of the weld is often simplified in failure analysis and important hotspots such as start/stop of the weld beads are not considered in the design process. However, such critical locations cannot be avoided in complex welded structures. Therefore, incorporating main geometrical details of the weld can improve the accuracy of critical regions identification and damage calculation using mesh-sensitive CAE-based methodologies. Herein, a framework for life prediction of welded components including the weld geometry is discussed and
Razi, AhmadKim, DooyoungPark, JaehongYouk, WansooFatemi, Ali
The lifetime and aging of the high voltage battery is one of the major discussion points for the end-customer to decide between buying a car with an electric powertrain or still using a conventional powertrain. Therefore, the provision of adequate vehicles to the end-customer, the aging of the high voltage battery become an important topic for the complete vehicle development. In addition, also legal regulations (e.g. EU7) will preset minimum requirements for the warranty of the high voltage battery. These circumstances define the lifetime / aging of the HV battery to be a complete vehicle development target, which needs to be developed. The paper will present a method for the development process of a lifetime target from complete vehicle perspective. The method is based on the generation of a representative monthly power profile and temperature profile. Depending on a monthly user routine, ambient temperature profile and charging behavior, the vehicle specific battery power profile
Martin, Michael
Historically, EPP has required larger dimensional tolerances and much thicker cross-sections than solid plastics produced by injection molding, vacuum forming, and blow molding. This has proved challenging when attempting to incorporate EPP into a wider variety of automotive applications. JSP has developed multiple grades of EPP that achieve tolerances at thinner cross-sections, once considered difficult to attain. These grades expand the potential for automotive applications by combining the established benefits of EPP with improved dimensional precision. This tighter control enables advances in part design and performance, including reduced wall thicknesses, improved surface appearance, reduced weight, lower cost, part consolidation, and more efficient molding with an improved processing window, resulting in faster cycle times and reduced utility consumption. At the vehicle level, these improvements contribute to lighter overall weight for reduced carbon footprint, as well as
Sopher, StevenParker, Joshua
This paper presents a methodology for designing and evaluating lightweight, crashworthy aircraft seats that meet 21g crash safety standards and injury criteria. Four seat classes—double economy, single economy, premium economy, and business—were developed using a modular design strategy focused on part commonality (family of parts) and manufacturability. A shared family of structural components was implemented across all seat types, with dimensional modifications applied only, when necessary, due to differences in seat width or height. In such cases, the same material systems and design principles were used to ensure consistency and reduce manufacturing complexity. The designs were evaluated using finite element simulations to verify performance under aerospace crash conditions. Each seat configuration was validated against regulatory crashworthiness criteria and injury thresholds, including pelvic, lumbar, and femur compressive forces, as well as head injury criteria (HIC) values. The
Gray, SavannahOrr, MathewShi, YifanPark, TaeilLee, JakeWotten, ErikLeFrancois, RichardHuang, YuhaoPatel, AnujKim, HansuBurns, NicholasJalayer, ShayanGrant, RobertKok, LeoHansen, EricKim, Il Yong
Performing transportation and exploration tasks on rugged terrain requires both high load-bearing capacity and large suspension stroke. However, the corner module configurations applied to challenging terrain have rarely been explored. This article proposes an integrated framework that combines bionic principles with topology graph–based type synthesis. This framework leads to the creation of a reconfigurable wheel-legged mechanism capable of switching between wheeled locomotion and legged gait modes, which is then implemented as a corner module system. First, inspired by the skeletal–muscular system of the equine leg, a structure–function mapping relationship between the biological system and the mechanical system is established. Second, a multi-loop closed-chain mechanism with biomimetic morphology is represented in the form of graph theory. A configuration atlas of the wheel-legged hybrid mechanism is generated based on the contracted graph and open-loop kinematic chains, and
Gao, ZhenhaiZhang, HanyingChen, GuoyingZhang, SuminHan, Zongzhi
The spring link or the lower control arm (LCA) is a critical structural component in a multi-link rear suspension system especially in a sports utility vehicle (SUV). The design of the rear LCA is thus challenging due to higher loads owing to higher suspension articulation typical of a SUV and further complicated in a born electric vehicle (BEV) due to increased vehicle weight contributed by a large battery. In the present work, a novel LCA was designed for the rear suspension system of one such born electric SUV application. The unique link was designed to withstand 20% higher rear axle weight compared to the conventional LCA used in a typical SUV. The LCA housed the spring with increased stiffness and a semi-active damper with varying and higher damping forces which complicated the design. The link design was further complicated with stab link mounting provision and mass damper mounting for improved NVH performance. Furthermore, the link was designed to withstand significantly higher
Selvaraj, SaravananNayak, BhargavJ, RamkumarM, SudhanChaudhari, Varun
Conventional tractor transmission systems feature separate Brake and Bull Cage housings, with brakes often being proprietary components and Bull Cage designed by the Original Equipment manufacturer (OE). To optimize design and performance, an innovative integrated system was developed, combining an in-house braking system with a unitized Bull Cage assembly. This robust design reduces part count, eliminates proprietary dependency (except for friction liners), and enhances performance. Virtual simulations performed under RWUP conditions demonstrated enhanced strength and stiffness in the integrated design. In this Integrated Brake & Bull Cage assembly (IBCA), the braking layout was reconfigured from a 4+1 friction design to a 3+2 configuration which improved balancing, enhancing customer braking experience and increasing contact area by 11%. This adjustment extends friction liner life and boosts mechanical advantage by 7.9%, significantly improving tractor stability and performance
Dumpa, Mahendra ReddyDhanale, SwapnilPerumal, SolairajGomes, MaxsonRedkar, DineshSavant, KedarnathV, Saravanan
The Dual Throat Nozzle (DTN) is a unique nozzle configuration that enables fluidic thrust vectoring (FTV), improving aircraft maneuverability while reducing the mechanical complexity of traditional vectoring systems. In this study, a two-dimensional DTN was developed based on a validated NASA Langley model, incorporating a newly designed plenum geometry guided by area expansion ratio principles. Numerical simulations were carried out in ANSYS Fluent using a density-based, steady-state solver with the SST k–ω turbulence model to capture key compressible flow features such as shock waves, flow separation, and jet deflection. Secondary injection rates were determined using choked-flow relations, and a 12-case parametric study was conducted to analyze the effects of Nozzle Pressure Ratio (NPR), injection rate, and injection angle on thrust deflection and efficiency. The simulation results at NPR = 4 with 3% injection showed strong agreement with NASA experimental data, validating the
Suresh, VigneshM, AkashSenthilkumar, NikilSundararaj, SenthilkumarA, Garry KiristenSingh, Swaraj
The vibrating half-car model is used to represent the dynamic behavior of a truck’s dependent suspension system, capturing four degrees of freedom. This research investigates time and frequency responses of vibration behavior of half-car model with possible tire–road separation. This investigation is significant because all previously reported analyses based on the tire-road attachment were incorrect, particularly regarding the tire-road separation phenomenon. The differential equations are extended to enhance the accuracy of the model, incorporating tire–road separation conditions for both wheels. A numerical approach is applied to simulate the vertical and roll dynamics of the system under the separation assumption. The simulation results are validated through experiments conducted using ADAMS View software. Integrating the tire–road separation into the model results in dynamic responses that closely reflect real-world behavior. These findings provide valuable guidance for designing
Nguyen, Quy DangJazar, Reza
The intent of this report is to encourage that the thermal management system architecture be designed from a global platform perspective. Separate procurements for air vehicle, propulsion system, and avionics have contributed to the development of aircraft that are sub-optimized from a thermal management viewpoint. In order to maximize the capabilities of the aircraft for mission performance and desired growth capability, overall system efficiency and effectiveness should be considered. This document provides general information about aircraft Thermal Management System Engineering (TMSE). The document also discusses approaches to processes and methodologies for validation and verification of thermal management system engineering. Thermal integration between the air vehicle, propulsion system, and avionics can be particularly important from a thermal management standpoint. Due to these factors, this report is written to encourage the development of a more comprehensive system
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
Perceived quality (PQ) is one of the most important factors in engineering signoff as well as customer delight and product improvement (feel, look & touch). The PQ is something related to feel of product in terms of gap, flushness, fitment and appearance as per the costumer perceptions and expectations. Validation of design and engineering quality with respect to perceived quality is required for overall product appearance in the eyes of prospective customers. This is equally applicable in today’s automotive bus industry along with the other customer oriented industry. In this paper we have explored the dimensional management scope in improving the PQ requirements and expectations by utilizing the dimensional variation analysis (DVA) approach. We have tried to explain the fundamentals of vehicle aggregates fitment process and impact of fitment tolerances as used in DVA model to resolve vehicle packaging issues (critical gaps & clearance variation as per expected no. of vehicles to be
Singh, Vinay KumarDewangan, Ved PrakashKumar, RahulDeep, Amar
This study presents an integrated vehicle dynamics framework combining a 12-degree-of-freedom full vehicle model with advanced control strategies to enhance both ride comfort and handling stability. Unlike simplified models, it incorporates linear and nonlinear tire characteristics to simulate real-world dynamic behavior with higher accuracy. An active roll control system using rear suspension actuators is developed to mitigate excessive body roll and yaw instability during cornering and maneuvers. A co-simulation environment is established by coupling MATLAB/Simulink-based control algorithms with high-fidelity multibody dynamics modeled in ADAMS Car, enabling precise, real-time interaction between control logic and vehicle response. The model is calibrated and validated against data from an instrumented test vehicle, ensuring practical relevance. Simulation results show significant reductions in roll angle, yaw rate deviation, and lateral acceleration, highlighting the effectiveness
Duraikannu, DineshDumpala, Gangi Reddi
The integration of Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Machine Learning (ML) has transformed various industries, offering substantial benefits. The application of these technologies in engine reliability testing has immense potential as they offer real-time monitoring and analysis of engine performance parameters. Engine reliability testing is vital for ensuring the safety, efficiency, and longevity of engines. Traditional methods are time consuming, expensive, and rely heavily on manual inspection and data analysis. This paper shows how IoT and ML technologies can enhance the efficiency of engine reliability testing. The paper includes the following case studies:
Yadav, Sanjay KumarKumar, PrabhakarR, DineshJoon, SushantRai, AyushTripathi, Vinay Mani
The design and improvement of electric motor and inverter systems is crucial for numerous industrial applications in electrical engineering. Accurately quantifying the amount of power lost during operation is a substantial challenge, despite the flexibility and widespread usage of these systems. Although it is typically used to assess the system’s efficiency, this does not adequately explain how or why power outages occur within these systems. This paper presents a new way to study power losses without focusing on efficiency. The goal is to explore and analyze the complex reasons behind power losses in both inverters and electric motors. The goal of this methodology is to systematically analyze the effect of the switching frequency on current ripple under varying operating conditions (i.e., different combinations of current and speed) and subsequently identify the optimum switching frequency for each case. In the end, the paper creates a complete model for understanding power losses
Banda, GururajSengar, Bhan
With the rising adoption of electric vehicles, the need for robust and efficient power distribution systems has become increasingly important. As the battery pack is the primary energy source for an electric vehicle (EV), the strategy of selection of switchgears and busbars is paramount. Currently, the design and selection of battery protection and conducting components, such as switchgears and busbars are carried out primarily focusing on the continuous current and the peak current capabilities of the battery pack. Despite this approach ensuring that the components can withstand extreme conditions, it often results in over-engineering. The sizing should be such that it does not overdesign, which would result in unnecessary cost and material weight addition to the pack, ultimately leading to performance deterioration. As the current discharge from a battery pack is dynamic in nature and fluctuates based on driving conditions and usage a real-time heat generation studies have to be
Soman, Anusatheesh, GouthamK, Mathankumar
In today’s world, automotive interior lighting systems not only need to meet rigorous internal test standards but also need to adapt with the changing customer’s expectation across different vehicle segments. As per technological advancements and consumer demands, these systems have become increasingly advanced and software driven. Traditionally, validation relied on physical integration with vehicle hardware, particularly infotainment system. However, this conventional approach presents several limitations, including dependency on mature hardware and software, challenges in testing and synchronization across multiple lighting modules, and constraints in design validation accuracy. To address these limitations, this paper introduces an innovative approach that employs real-time hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation for virtual lamp testing. This method facilitates autonomous testing, enabling independent validation of interior lighting systems within a controlled virtual environment
Shah, KunalJoshi, Vivek S.Mandloi, Prince
Nowadays, digital instrument clusters and modern infotainment systems are crucial parts of cars that improve the user experience and offer vital information. It is essential to guarantee the quality and dependability of these systems, particularly in light of safety regulations such as ISO 26262. Nevertheless, current testing approaches frequently depend on manual labor, which is laborious, prone to mistakes, and challenging to scale, particularly in agile development settings. This study presents a two-phase framework that uses machine learning (ML), computer vision (CV), and image processing techniques to automate the testing of infotainment and digital cluster systems. The NVIDIA Jetson Orin Nano Developer Kit and high-resolution cameras are used in Phase 1's open loop testing setup to record visual data from infotainment and instrument cluster displays. Without requiring input from the system being tested, this phase concentrates on both static and dynamic user interface analysis
Lad, Rakesh PramodMehrotra, SoumyaMishra, Arvind
This paper delivers a forward-looking data-driven assessment of the transformative innovation in electric vehicle motor systems with targeting breakthroughs in the power density, energy efficiency, thermal robustness, manufacturability & better intelligent control. A rigorous Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) framework is done to systematically evaluate and defining the rank of emerging motor technologies across eight weighted performance indicators. The findings reveal that which design strategies & material advancements offering the greatest potential for redefine propulsion performance that enabling lighter more compact & more efficient drivetrain capable of sustained high power operation. High ranking solution exhibit strong alignment with the industry's push toward scalable, low cost & rare earth-independent systems while other are identified as high risk/high reward pathway requiring targeted research to overcome critical problems. By integrating engineering performance
Jain, GauravPremlal, PPathak, RahulGore, Pandurang
This paper presents a novel Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) testing framework for validating panoramic Sunroof systems independent of infotainment module availability. The increasing complexity of modern automotive features—such as rain-sensing auto-close, global closure, and voice-command operation—has rendered traditional vehicle-based validation methods inefficient, resource-intensive, and late in the development cycle. To overcome these challenges, a real-time HiL system was developed using the Real time simulation, integrated with Simulink-based models for simulation, control, and fault injection. Unlike prior approaches that depend on complete vehicle integration, this methodology enables early-stage testing of Sunroof ECU behavior across open, close, tilt, and shade operations, even under multi-source input conflicts and fault conditions. Key innovations include the emulation of real-world conditions such as simultaneous voice and manual commands, sensor faults, and environmental
Ghanwat, HemantLad, Aniket SuryakantJoshi, VivekMore, Shweta
Designing and manufacturing a support ring (POM ring -Polyoxymethylene ring) for a MacPherson strut suspension system brings unique set of challenges due to the high-performance and durability demands for Indian road application. Support ring along with the jounce bumper used in the shock absorber is designed to absorb the strong shock coming from the road inputs when suspension travel reached to the maximum limit. thereby absorbing the impact energy and preventing it from transferring it to the body. A bump stopper for a suspension of a vehicle is made of poly urethane (PU) material and is surrounded by a support ring or POM ring made up of Polyoxymethylene material. The bump stopper deflects into bellow shape during the absorption of impact energy. In the present paper, the authors have demonstrated the key challenges experienced in successfully designing the support ring post initial failure experienced in the validation phase which was unprecedented. The authors detail the failure
Koritala, Ashok KumarMalekar, AmitKulkarni, PurushottamS, SivashankarMishra, HarshitGanesh, Mohan SelvakumarPatnala, AvinashJ, RamkumarNayak, BhargavM, Sudhan
Accurately determining the loads acting on a structure is critical for simulation tasks, especially in fatigue analysis. However, current methods for determining component loads using load cascade techniques and multi-body dynamics (MBD) simulation models have intrinsic accuracy constraints because of approximations and measurement uncertainties. Moreover, constructing precise MBD models is a time-consuming process, resulting in long turnaround times. Consequently, there is a pressing need for a more direct and precise approach to component load estimation that reduces efforts and time while enhancing accuracy. A novel solution has emerged to tackle these requirements by leveraging the structure itself as a load transducer [1]. Previous efforts in this direction faced challenges associated with cross-talk issues, but those obstacles have been overcome with the introduction of the "pseudo-inverse" concept. By combining the pseudo-inverse technique with the D-optimal algorithm
Pratap, RajatApte, Sr., AmolBabar, Ranjit
The Mahindra XUV 3XO is a compact SUV, the first-generation of which was introduced in 2018. This paper explores some of the challenges entailed in developing the subsequent generation of this successful product, maintaining exterior design cues while at the same time improving its aerodynamic efficiency. A development approach is outlined that made use of both CFD simulation and Coastdown testing at MSPT (Mahindra SUV proving track). Drag coefficient improvement of 40 counts (1 count = 0.001 Cd) can be obtained for the best vehicle exterior configuration by paying particular attention to: AGS development to limit the drag due to cooling airflow into the engine compartment Front wheel deflector optimization Mid underbody cover development (beside the LH & RH side skirting) Wheel Rim optimization In this paper we have analyzed the impact of these design changes on the aerodynamic flow field, Pressure plots and consequently drag development over the vehicle length is highlighted. An
Vihan, Nikhil
The advent of wide-bandgap (WBG) switching MOSFET devices enables high-frequency operation, allowing for significant reductions in the size of passive components such as inductors and capacitors, and improving the overall efficiency of inverter systems. However, these benefits come with the trade-off of increased electromagnetic interference (EMI), which imposes stringent requirements on filter design. The complexity of designing EMI filters, which depends heavily on switching frequency and applicable EMI standards, presents a significant challenge and can impact development timelines. Carrier wave modulation technique is considered as an effective method for minimizing conducted EMI in traction inverters. This article presents various carrier wave modulation schemes that successfully reduce conducted EMI. The evaluated strategies aim to eliminate noise fluctuations and simplify the design of demanding EMI filters. Additionally, the impact on output voltage, output current, total
R, KodeeswaranKuncham, Sateesh KumarKolhatkar, Yashomani
Overloading in vehicles, particularly trucks and city buses, poses a critical challenge in India, contributing to increased traffic accidents, economic losses, and infrastructural damage. This issue stems from excessive loads that compromise vehicle stability, reduce braking efficiency, accelerate tire wear, and heighten the risk of catastrophic failures. To address this, we propose an intelligent overloading control and warning system that integrates load-sensing technology with real-time corrective measures. The system employs precision load sensors (e.g., air below deflection monitoring via pressure sensors) to measure vehicle weight dynamically. When the load exceeds predefined thresholds, the system triggers a multi-stage response: 1 Visual/Audio Warning – Alerts the driver to take corrective action. 2 Braking Intervention – If ignored, the braking applied, immobilizing the vehicle until the load is reduced. Experimental validation involved ten iterative tests to map deflection-to
Raj, AmriteshPujari, SachinLondhe, MaheshShirke, SumeetShinde, Akshay
The automotive industry is undergoing a significant technological transformation, which is continually impacting the methods used to test the functionalities, delivered to end consumer. This includes the ever-growing need to embed software-based functions to support more and more end user functionality, while at the same time retaining existing and well-established functions, all within short development timelines. This presents both opportunities and challenges, with greater potential for reuse or leverage of test assets, although the actual percentage of leverage on real world projects is practically less than anticipated for a multitude of reasons. This paper collates the various factors which effect the practical leverage of test assets from one project to another, including various workflows and the interaction across components amongst applications lifecycle management systems. Alongside, it describes the current practices of basis analysis in isolation in combination with
Venkata, ParameswaranKulkarni, ApoorvaRAJARAM, SaravananGanesh, Chamarthi
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) represent a significant trajectory in vehicular decarbonization, harnessing the inherently high energy density of diatomic hydrogen within electrochemical conversion systems. When sourced via renewable pathways, such hydrogen facilitates propulsion architectures characterized by zero tailpipe emissions, enhanced energy efficiency, and extended operational range profiles. Realizing peak systemic efficacy necessitates the synergistic orchestration of high-fidelity fuel cell stack design, resilient compressed gas storage modalities, and nuanced energy governance protocols. To reduce transient stressors and guarantee long-term electrochemical stability, employing multi-scale modeling and predictive simulation, combined with constraint-aware architectural synthesis, is crucial in handling stochastic driving conditions spectra. This study develops a high-fidelity mathematical plant model of a hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell
Mulik, Rakesh VilasraoE, PorpathamSenthilkumar, Arumugam
The integration of hydrogen (H2) as a fuel source in internal combustion engines (ICE) necessitates stringent design measures to mitigate leakage risks and ensure operational safety. This study focuses on the design optimization of vanity cover for hydrogen engines. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis is carried out to assess and control hydrogen leakage through fuel rail connections, injector interfaces and associated high pressure fuel system components. Detailed modelling of hydrogen flow behavior, diffusion characteristics of leaked hydrogen are simulated for worst case scenarios. Design iterations targeted improvement in ventilation pathways, strategic placement of vent holes, and internal flow management to minimize localized hydrogen buildup. The final design achieved hydrogen concentration, which was less than 4%. This paper validates the critical role of CFD driven design methodology in proactively identifying leakage risks and optimizing component geometries for
Veerbhadra, Swati AshvinkumarSahu, Abhay KumarSingh, Rahul
The global push for clean energy has made hydrogen a central element in decarbonizing transport, industrial processes, and energy systems. Effective hydrogen storage and distribution are critical to supporting this transition, and type IV Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels (COPVs) have emerged as the preferred solution due to their lightweight, high pressure capacity, hydrogen embrittlement and corrosion resistance. However, the cascade infrastructure used to house and transport these vessels has lagged behind in innovation. Steel-based cascades, while strong, are heavy prone to corrosion, and unsuitable for mobile deployment. This paper introduces a custom designed aluminium cascade system offering a 65% weight reduction while maintaining structural integrity and safety. Designed for mobile use, the system features modularity, better damping, and enhanced corrosion protection. The paper outlines design methodology, material selection, fabrication process, and comparative
Parasumanna, Ajeet BabuMuthusamy, HariprasadAmmu, Vnsu ViswanathKola, Immanuel Raju
In the current automotive design and development of the Electrical Distribution System (EDS), at an earlier stage, before the physical prototyping is largely absent. Traditional methods for verification and validation of EDS are performed with HIL, SIL, MIL, prototype testing or physical vehicle trials reveal design errors at later stages in the development cycle, which may lead to redesign, prolonged timelines and increased failure rates at vehicle integration. Hence, there is a critical need for an early-stage simulation methodology that ensures robustness and reliability of E/E architecture with first-time-right readiness at the design stage itself. In this paper, a digital EDS architecture simulation introduces a mode-based structural behavioural approach where specific vehicle functions, failure conditions and malfunction scenarios are set up in a simulation environment with their corresponding electrical circuits for simulation. A function-specific truth table-based analysis
Jaisankar, GokulnathWarke, UmakantChakra, PipunBorole, Akash
The first step in designing or analyzing any structure is to understand “right” set of loads. Typically, off-road vehicles have many access doors for service or getting into cab etc. Design of these doors and their latches involve a knowledge of the loads arising when the door is shut which usually involves an impact of varying magnitudes. In scenarios of these impact events, where there is sudden change of velocity within few milliseconds, produces high magnitude of loads on structures. One common way of estimating these loads using hand calculations involves evaluating the rate-of-change-of-momentum. However, this calculation needs “duration of impact”, and it is seldom known/difficult to estimate. Failing to capture duration of impact event will change load magnitudes drastically, e.g. load gets doubled if time-of-impact gets reduced from 0.2 to 0.1 seconds and subsequently fatigue life of the components in “Door-closing-event” gets reduce by ~8 times. For these problems, structures
Valkunde, SangramGhate, AmitGagare, Kiran
The design of the fuel cell stack for enhanced power and voltage characteristics is essential as it impacts the drivability of the vehicles. While many experimental approaches have been explored to improve the performance of the fuel cell stack by refining its design, they are largely limited to trial-and-error based approaches. Hence, the task of identifying the critical parameters affecting the performance of the fuel cell stack becomes tedious. The process is further complicated when many parameters have a counterbalancing impact on the stack performance. To help refine the design process of the fuel cell stack for enhancing the performance, a sensitivity analysis-based approach is proposed in this paper in which a mathematical model of the fuel cell stack relating the parameters and stack power, and voltage is used. The parameters used include membrane thickness, gas diffusion layer thickness, limiting current density, anode current density, transfer coefficient of the anode, and
Inapakurthi, Ravi KiranKumar, Bharat
In pursuit of a distinct sporty interior sound character, the present study explores an innovative strategy for designing intake systems in passenger vehicles. While most existing literature primarily emphasizes exhaust system tuning for enhancing vehicle sound quality, the current work shifts the focus toward the intake system’s critical role in shaping the perceived acoustic signature within the vehicle cabin. In this research work, target cascading and settings were derived through a combination of benchmark and structured subjective evaluation study and aligning with literature review. Quantitative targets for intake orifice noise was defined to achieve the desired sporty character inside cabin. Intake orifice targets were engineered based on signature and sound quality parameter required at cabin. Systems were designed by using advanced NVH techniques, Specific identified acoustic orders were enhanced in the intake system to reinforce the required signature in acceleration as well
Sadekar, Umesh AudumbarTitave, UttamPatil, JitendraNaidu, Sudhakara
It all started when Owen Kent and Todd Roberts became roommates at the University of California Berkeley. Owen has muscular dystrophy and had recently acquired a robotic arm, which he noticed he was using to do range of motion. Todd had come to Berkeley to study mechanical engineering with a focus on biomechanics, and both were enrolled in Designing for the Human Body, a biomechanics course taught by Mechanical Engineering Professor Grace O’Connell.
Objective:Methods:Conclusion:
Dai, HongzhouLi, JianZhao, DiLiu, Haoran
Items per page:
1 – 50 of 4519