Browse Topic: CAD, CAM, and CAE

Items (2,824)
A novel design for a radial field switching reluctance motor with a sandwich-type C-core architecture is proposed. This approach combines elements of both traditional axial and radial field distribution techniques. This motor, similar to an in-wheel construction, is mounted on a shared shaft and is simple to operate and maintain. The rotor is positioned between the two stators in this configuration. The cores and poles of the two stators are separated from one another both magnetically and electrically. Both stators can work together or separately to produce the necessary torque. This adds novelty and improves the design’s suitability for use with electrical vehicles (EVs). A good, broad, and adaptable torque profile is provided by this setup at a modest excitation current. This work presents the entire C-core radial field switched reluctance motor (SRM) design process, including the computation of motor parameters through computer-aided design (CAD). The CAD outputs are verified via
Patel, Nikunj R.Mokariya, Kashyap L.Chavda, Jiten K.Patil, Surekha
ABSTRACT This paper addresses cross-domain optimization of lean technologies developed through motorsports as applied to military vehicle design. Optimization of performance objectives eliminates the reiterative assessments utilized in standard validation and verification of product development. This paper describes the enhancement of overall vehicle reliability, durability, and performance through utilization of front-loaded design, development, engineering, and prototyping activity. Cross-domain optimization, using a Design of Experiments approach (DOE) and the integration of CAE tools, predictably allows for the efficient and accurate solution of challenges prior to full scale prototype build and, congruently, eliminates the necessity for multiple variants often required throughout many testing phases. This paper illustrates, systematically, the reduction of build phases while introducing a new paradigm for military vehicle design
Bishop, Lynn W.Houghton, Kristian
ABSTRACT The objective of this effort is to create parametric Computer-Aided Design (CAD) accommodation models for crew and dismount workstations with specific tasks. The CAD accommodation models are statistical models that have been created utilizing data from the Seated Soldier Study and follow-on studies. The final products are parametric CAD models that provide geometric boundaries indicating the required space and adjustments needed for the equipped Soldiers’ helmet, eyes, torso, knees, boots, controls, and seat travel. Clearances between the Soldier and surrounding interior surfaces and direct field of view have been added per MIL-STD-1472H. The CAD models can be applied early in the vehicle design process to ensure accommodation requirements are met and help explore possible design tradeoffs when conflicts with other design parameters exist. The CAD models are available to government and industry partners and via the GVSC public website once they have undergone Verification
Huston, Frank J.Zielinski, Gale L.Reed, Matthew P.
ABSTRACT The University of Delaware (UD) and the US Army DEVCOM-GVSC (GVSC) have partnered to show the feasibility of fabricating mission specific, man-packable, autonomous vehicles that are created by Computer Aided Design (CAD) and are then produced, from start-to-finish, in a single manufacturing unit-cell without human intervention in the manufacturing process. This unit-cell contains many manufacturing processes (e.g., additive manufacturing (AM), pick-and-place, circuit printing, and subtractive manufacturing) that work in concert to fabricate functional devices. Together, UD and GVSC have developed the very first mission specific autonomous vehicle that is fully fabricated in a single manufacturing unit-cell without being touched by human hand. Citation: Jacob W. Robinson, Thomas W. Lum, Zachary J. Larimore, Matthew P. Ludkey, Larry (LJ) R. Holmes, Jr. “AUTOMATED MANUFACTURING FOR AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS SOLUTIONS (AMASS)”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and
Robinson, Jacob W.Lum, Thomas W.Larimore, Zachary J.Ludkey, Matthew P.Holmes, Larry (LJ) R.
ABSTRACT One of important characteristics of modern ground vehicles is the maneuverability. Excessive size and weight might result in an obstacle to impede the maneuverability of the ground vehicles. Weight should be consistently and efficiently propagated from top-level design specifications to the various subsystems and components. Furthermore, in a ground vehicle development environment, the weight targeting requires heterogeneous departments to interact with each other concurrently and collaboratively. In this paper, therefore, we propose a web-based system to support the ground vehicle weight targeting and cascading for ground vehicle engineers. The system enables weight efficiency calculation with formulae to determine weight and cost targets via competitive vehicle analyses in early product development stages. We implement the proposed system by employing the web technology, which allows collaborative information collection and sharing. With the newly introduced paradigm, the
Kim, Kyoung-YunKim, Yun SeonChoi, KeunhoSohmshetty, Raj
ABSTRACT The objective of this effort is to create a parametric Computer-Aided Design (CAD) accommodation model for the Fixed Heel Point (FHP) driver and crew workstations with specific tasks. The FHP model is a statistical model that was created utilizing data from the Seated Soldier Study (Reed and Ebert, 2013). The final product is a stand-alone CAD model that provides geometric boundaries indicating the required space and adjustments needed for the equipped Soldiers’ helmet, eyes, torso, knees, and seat travel. Clearances between the Soldier and surrounding interior surfaces and direct field of view have been added per MIL-STD-1472G. This CAD model can be applied early in the vehicle design process to ensure accommodation requirements are met and help explore possible design tradeoffs when conflicts with other design parameters exist. The CAD model will be available once it has undergone Verification, Validation, and Accreditation (VV&A) and a user guide has been written
Huston, Frank J.Zielinski, Gale L.Reed, Matthew P.
ABSTRACT Gas metal arc pulse directed energy deposition (GMA-P DED) offers large-scale additive manufacturing (AM) capabilities and lower cost systems compared to laser or electron beam DED. These advantages position GMA-DED as a promising manufacturing process for widespread industrial adoption. To enable this “digital” manufacturing of a component from a computer-aided design (CAD) file, a computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) solver is necessary to generate build plans and utilize welding parameter sets based on feature and application requirements. Scalable and robot-agnostic computer-aided robotics (CAR) software is therefore essential to provide automated toolpath generation. This work establishes the use of Autodesk PowerMill Ultimate software as a CAM/CAR solution for arc-based DED processes across robot manufacturers. Preferred aluminum GMA-P DED welding parameters were developed for single-pass wide “walls” and multi-pass wide “blocks” that can be configured to build a wide
Canaday, J.Harwig, D.D.Carney, M.
ABSTRACT Conceptual design of automotive structures has received substantial research attention in recent years in order to speed up vehicle development and innovation. Although several structural optimization methods have been employed in concept design, there still exists lack of efficient design tools to produce initial design shapes with less problem dependency, less computation-intensive analysis and more design flexibility. In this paper, an innovative Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) approach based on an integrated Genetic Algorithms(GA) and Finite Element (FE) optimization system has been studied and implemented for efficient conceptual design of automotive suspension system related structural part. Integration of GA provides the method a great amount of design flexibility and robustness that increases possibility of finding more efficient and innovative design shapes of the structure
Islam, Mohammad RefatulMotoyama, Keiichi
ABSTRACT Application of human figure modeling tools and techniques has proven to be a valuable asset in the effort to examine man-machine interface problems through the evaluation of 3D CAD models of workspace designs. Digital human figure modeling has also become a key tool to help ensure that Human Systems Integration (HSI) requirements are met for US Army weapon systems and platforms. However, challenges still exist to the effective application of human figure modeling especially with regard to military platforms. For example, any accommodation analysis of these systems must not only account for the physical dimensions of the target Soldier population but also the specialized mission clothing and equipment such as body armor, hydration packs, extreme cold weather gear and chemical protective equipment to name just a few. Other design aspects such as seating, blast mitigation components, controls and communication equipment are often unique to military platforms and present special
Burns, CherylKozycki, Richard
ABSTRACT Increased fuel efficiency in military vehicles today results in two primary positive impacts to operational conditions. The first is the reduction in cost; both as a result of reduced fuel consumed and also in the costs saved due to the reduction in logistics required to transport fuel to the Warfighter in the field. The second and more important positive impact is the reduced risk of casualties to the Warfighter by reducing the frequency of fuel related logistical support required in the field. This paper first provides an overview of the development of the Fuel Efficient Demonstrator (FED) Bravo vehicle from initial conceptual efforts through to final operational shake-out and performance testing. A review the development process from CAD modeling through to fabrication and testing will be discussed. This discussion will also focus on the unique methods and ideas used to address the particular challenges encountered in developing a demonstrator vehicle. The paper concludes
Card, BrandonTodd, StevenBuchholz, William
ABSTRACT An endgame, vulnerability/lethality code, TurboPK was developed to take advantage of parallel processing of multi-core, modern-day desktop and laptop computers. TurboPK is used to simulate and analyze weapon-related kinetic energy and blast effects of military vehicles. It implements Department of Defense (DoD)-approved algorithms and is compatible with the DoD design trade-off process. Its speed advantage is commensurate with the increase in number of cores used. A quad-core processor results in run times that are four times faster than using a single core. The heart of endgame analysis calculates geometric intersections of projectiles or fragments with vehicle components using ray-tracing algorithms. For example, literally thousands of rays are used to accurately model the fragment ejecta from a warhead in a burst point analysis. Algorithms originally written for a single processor have been rewritten to exploit an open-source, parallel process ray tracer called Embree
Bernardo, AlexanderBuckley, PatrickPerini, Matt
ABSTRACT As part of DARPA’s Adaptive Vehicle Make (AVM) portfolio of programs, blast and ballistic survivability analysis tools were developed. The intent of these tools was to facilitate design and design optimization by making it possible for designers to perform survivability analysis from CAD and to automate the survivability analysis pipeline to allow optimization codes to invoke the survivability tools and obtain results. This paper describes some of the tools and their capabilities through highlighting five innovations utilized in the program: multi-fidelity modeling; automated meshing and welding; uncertainty quantification and 95% bounds; a large material property database and more accurate blast loads; and automating the entire computational pipeline
Walker, James D.Chocron, SidneyMoore, Michael S.Willden, Gregory C.
ABSTRACT Probabilistic Principal Component Analysis (PPCA) is a promising tool for validating tests and computational models by means of comparing the multivariate time histories they generate to available field data. Following PPCA by interval-based Bayesian hypothesis testing enables acceptance or rejection of the tests and models given the available field data. In this work, we investigate the robustness of this methodology and present sensitivity studies of validating hybrid powertrain models of a military vehicle simulated over different proving ground courses
Pai, YogitaKokkolaras, MichaelHulbert, GregoryPapalambros, PanosPozolo, Michael K.Fu, YanYang, Ren-JyeBarbat, Saeed
The automobile industry strives to develop high-quality vehicles quickly that fulfill the buyer’s needs and stand out within the competition. Full utilization of simulation and Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) tools can empower quick assessment of different vehicle concepts and setups without building physical models. This research focuses on optimizing vehicle ride and handling performance by utilizing a tuning specifications range. Traditional approaches to refining these aspects involve extensive physical testing, which consumes both time and resources. In contrast, our study introduces a novel methodology leveraging virtual Subjective Rating through driving simulators. This approach aims to significantly reduce tuning time and costs, consequently streamlining overall development expenditures. The core objective is to enhance vehicle ride and handling dynamics, ensuring a superior driving experience for end-users. By meticulously defining and implementing tuning specifications, we
Ganesh, Lingadalu
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) technologies has significantly changed various industries. This study demonstrates the application of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to predict the drag coefficient of a complete vehicle profile. We have developed a design advisor that uses a custom 3D CNN with a U-net architecture in the DEP MeshWorks environment to predict drag coefficients (Cd) based on car shapes. This model understands the relationship between car shapes and air drag coefficients calculated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The AI/ML-based design advisor feature has the potential to significantly decrease the time required for predicting drag coefficients by conducting CFD calculations. During the initial development phase, it will serve as an efficient tool for analyzing the correlation between multiple design proposals and aerodynamic drag forces within a short time frame
Bijjala, Sridhar
The parametric variation study will be very useful for understanding the design performance of any product based on the input parameters. This type of case study will be done using Design of experiments and generate several design points. Conventionally DoE solver will be working with geometry variation with CAD interface, meshing with appropriate tool then solver, finally with post processing. If a solver itself has workflow of change the geometry variation with mesh deflection method and automated post processing, then no need of geometry variation and meshing will lead to lot of time reduction in doing parametric study. Here HVAC parametric study used to show the performance of solver and accuracy of results generated. This approach can be used to optimize the design using parametric variation. This paper will show how to move Horizontal and vertical vanes using mesh morphing and what is the reduction in timeline in new product development. Here, Ansys Fluent solver is used to
Palanisamy, Vadivel
This document provides an overview of currently available and need to be developed modeling and simulation capabilities required for implementing robust and reliable Aerospace WDM LAN applications
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
Pick-and-place machines are a type of automated equipment used to place objects into structured, organized locations. These machines are used for a variety of applications — from electronics assembly to packaging, bin picking, and even inspection — but many current pick-and-place solutions are limited. Current solutions lack “precise generalization,” or the ability to solve many tasks without compromising on accuracy
Reducing vehicle weight is a key task for automotive engineers to meet future emission, fuel consumption, and performance requirements. Weight reduction of cylinder head and crankcase can make a decisive contribution to achieving these objectives, as they are among the heaviest components of a passenger car powertrain. Modern passenger car cylinder heads and crankcases have greatly been optimized in terms of cost and weight in all-aluminum design using the latest conventional production techniques. However, it is becoming apparent that further significant weight reduction cannot be expected, as processes such as casting have reached their limits for further lightweighting due to manufacturing restrictions. Here, recent developments in the additive manufacturing (AM) of metallic structures is offering a new degree of freedom. As part of the government-funded research project LeiMot [Lightweight Engine (Eng.)] borderline lightweight design potential of a passenger car cylinder head with
Kayacan, CanPischinger, StefanAhlborn, KlausBültmann, Jan
In today's fast-paced lifestyle, people spend a maximum amount of time for traveling, leading to a heightened demand for thermal comfort. Automotive HVAC play a crucial role in providing conditioned air to ensure comfort while traveling. Evaluating HVAC systems performance including delivery systems, heat exchanger efficiency, air thermal mixing zones, and temperature distribution are essential to maintain fuel economy and modern vehicle styling. However, accurately predicting cooling/heating performance using CFD simulations poses challenges due to the complex nature of heat exchanger modeling, which demands substantial computational resources and time. This paper presents the development of CFD modeling capabilities for predicting temperature distribution at duct outlet grills for defrost mode. Additionally, it assesses heater performance under maximum hot conditions. STAR-CCM+ software is employed to model the entire system, with the heater and evaporator core represented as porous
Ahmad, TaufeeqParayil, PaulsonSharma, NishantKame, ShubhamJaiswal, AnkitGoel, Arunkumar
The energy transition is a key challenge and opportunity for the transport sector. In this context, the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is emerging as a key solution to reduce environmental impact and mitigate problems related to traditional energy sources. One of the biggest problems related to electric mobility is the limited driving range it offers compared to the time needed for recharging, leading to what’s commonly known as “range anxiety” among users. Significant part of the energy consumption of an electric vehicle is represented by the management of the HVAC system, which aim is to ensure the achievement and maintenance of thermal comfort conditions for the occupants of the vehicle. Currently the HVAC control logics are based on the pursuing of specific cabin setpoint temperature, which does not always guarantee the thermal comfort; more advanced human-based control logics allow to attain the thermal comfort in a zone around the subjects, as known as “heat bubble”, rather
Bartolucci, LorenzoCennamo, EdoardoCordiner, StefanoDonnini, MarcoFrezza, DavideGrattarola, FedericoMulone, VincenzoAimo Boot, MarcoGiraudo, Gabriele
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is currently regarded as the foremost technology for automating routine and repetitive tasks, leading to increased productivity. However, the quality of creative and design work with AI remains questionable. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of AI productivity through dynamic simulation and assesses the quality of AI results in the diameter calculation and construction of a 3D model of an engine piston as a case study. To evaluate productivity, the dynamic model segregates design tasks based on AI working hours. The quality of the formulation for calculating the engine piston diameter, derived from engine requirements, is compared with a standard formulation from a literature review. Additionally, the 3D model generated by AI is compared with a model created by human intelligence in Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software, reflecting the characteristics and properties of real engine pistons. While research on AI productivity is abundant, few studies
Gutierrez, MarcosTaco, Diana
Manufacturing flaws and microstructure irregularities pose challenges for the widespread adoption of metal additive manufacturing (MAM) in the US Army. These issues stem from the influence of melt-pool dynamics on the properties of 3D-printed metal parts, which are highly dependent on multiple process parameters. This paper investigates the potential of using electromagnetic fields (EM) to control the melt-pool dynamics in MAM, aiming to eliminate flaws and irregularities. A novel technique is proposed, involving a coil and strategically positioned permanent magnets to actively churn the melt pool. Initial validation of this approach was conducted using COMSOL Multiphysics® through simulation modeling, with ongoing efforts for experimental verification. The findings indicate promising opportunities for enhancing the consistency of 3D printed parts
Karpenko, OleksiiUdpa, SatishUdpa, LalitaHaq, Mahmood
Have you ever gazed at the vastness of the stars and wondered what else your CNC machine can create? Greg Green had the opportunity to find out when he joined the staff at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) in Waimea, Hawaii
This study emphasizes the importance of computer-aided engineering (CAE) approach in optimizing exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) tube under thermal load. With exhaust gases generating high temperatures, the EGR tube experiences increased stress and strain, posing challenges to its structural integrity. Moreover, the cyclic heating and cooling cycles of the engine imposes thermal fatigue, further compromising the tube’s performance over time. To address these concerns, the paper introduces a comprehensive CAE methodology for conducting factor of safety analysis. The nonlinear thermal analysis is performed on the assembly as due to high temperatures the stresses cross the yield limit. The strain-based approach is used to calculate the factor of safety. Moreover, a comprehensive case study is presented, illustrating how design modifications can enhance the thermal fatigue factor of safety. By adjusting parameters such as thickness and routing, engineers can mitigate thermal stresses and
Munde, GaneshChattaraj, SandipHatkar, ChandanGodse, Rushikesh
Minimizing vibration transmitted from the exhaust system to the vehicle’s passenger compartment is the primary goal of this article. With the introduction of regulatory norms on NVH behavior and emissions targets, it has become necessary to address these issues scientifically. Stringent emissions regulations increased the complexity of the exhaust system resulting in increased size and weight. Exhaust system vibration attenuation is essential not only from the vehicle NVH aspects but also for the optimized functionality of the subsystems installed on it. Based on earlier studies, this work adopts a more thorough strategy to reduce vehicle vibration caused by the exhaust system by adjusting it to actual operating conditions. To achieve this, a complete vehicle model of 22 DOF is considered, which consists of a powertrain, exhaust system, chassis frame, and suspension system. A method for evaluating static and dynamic vibration response is proposed. Through the use of the vehicle’s rigid
Sarna, Amit KumarSingh, JitenderKumar, NavinSharma, Vikas
Homologation is an important process in vehicle development and aerodynamics a main data contributor. The process is heavily interconnected: Production planning defines the available assemblies. Construction defines their parts and features. Sales defines the assemblies offered in different markets, where Legislation defines the rules applicable to homologation. Control engineers define the behavior of active, aerodynamically relevant components. Wind tunnels are the main test tool for the homologation, accompanied by surface-area measurement systems. Mechanics support these test operations. The prototype management provides test vehicles, while parts come from various production and prototyping sources and are stored and commissioned by logistics. Several phases of this complex process share the same context: Production timelines for assemblies and parts for each chassis-engine package define which drag coefficients or drag coefficient contributions shall be determined. Absolute and
Jacob, Jan D.
This study emphasizes the importance of CAE approach in optimizing EGR tube under vibrational load. EGR tube is a weak link in the EGR system and chances of failure due to vibration and relative displacement of mating parts, i.e., overhang or improper support at exhaust manifold, intake manifold, or EGR system. Consideration of the mating parts for the EGR tube is very important to get the realistic resonance frequencies, otherwise it could have some different results in the CAE, which will deviate from the reality. So, it’s important to study the dynamic response on the EGR tube, which needs to be taken care during the design phase. This paper aims to optimize the EGR tube under vibrational load by using CAE techniques and the industry experience as a product expertise. some critical parameter such as damping is very important during the CAE, which can be generated by doing the rigorous testing and how it affects the stress and correspondingly FOS. CAE model of EGR tube is created on
Munde, GaneshChattaraj, SandipHatkar, ChandanThakur, Abhishek Kumar
Computer modelling, virtual prototyping and simulation is widely used in the automotive industry to optimize the development process. While the use of CAE is widespread, on its own it lacks the ability to provide observable acoustics or tactile vibrations for decision makers to assess, and hence optimize the customer experience. Subjective assessment using Driver-in-Loop simulators to experience data has been shown to improve the quality of vehicles and reduce development time and uncertainty. Efficient development processes require a seamless interface from detailed CAE simulation to subjective evaluations suitable for high level decision makers. In the context of perceived vehicle vibration, the need for a bridge between complex CAE data and realistic subjective evaluation of tactile response is most compelling. A suite of VI-grade noise and vibration simulators have been developed to meet this challenge. In the process of developing these solutions VI-grade has identified the need
Franks, GrahamTcherniak, DmitriKennings, PaulAllman-Ward, MarkKuhmann, Marvin
Tire/Road noise is a dominant contribution to a vehicle interior noise and requires significant engineering resources during vehicle development. A process has been developed to support automotive OEMs with road noise engineering during vehicle design and development which has test as its basis but takes advantage of simulation to virtually accelerate road noise improvement. The process uses noise sources measured on a single tire installed on a test stand in a chassis dynamometer. The measured sources are then combined with vehicle level transfer functions calculated using a Finite-Element model for structure-borne noise and a Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) model for airborne noise to predict the total sound at the driver’s ears. The process can be applied from the initial stages of a vehicle development program and allows the evaluation of vehicle road noise performance as perceived by the driver long before the first prototype is available. This process is also extensible to
Hadjit, RabahWeilnau, KelbyEngels, BretMartin, SimonCalloni, MassimilianoMusser, Chad
The high-frequency whining noise produced by motors in modern electric vehicles can cause a significant issue, which leads to passenger annoyance. This noise becomes even more noticeable due to the quiet nature of electric vehicles, which lack background noise sources to mask the high-frequency whining noise. To improve the noise caused by motors, it is essential to optimize various motor design parameters. However, this task requires expert knowledge and a considerable time investment. In this project, the application of artificial intelligence was applied to optimize the NVH performance of motors during the design phase. Firstly, three benchmark motor types were modelled using the Motor-CAD CAE tool. Machine learning models were trained using DoE methods to simulate batch runs of CAE inputs and outputs. By applying AI, a CatBoost-based regression model was developed to estimate motor performance, including NVH and torque, based on motor design parameters, achieving impressive R
Noh, KyoungjinLee, DongchulJung, InsooTate, SimonMullineux, JamesMohd Azmin, Farraen
While conventional methods like classical Transfer Path Analysis (TPA), Multiple Coherence Analysis (MCA), Operational Deflection Shape (ODS), and Modal Analysis have been widely used for road noise reduction, component-TPA from Model Based System Engineering (MBSE) is gaining attention for its ability to efficiently develop complex mobility systems. In this research, we propose a method to achieve road noise targets in the early stage of vehicle development using component-level TPA based on the blocked force method. An important point is to ensure convergence of measured test results (e.g. sound pressure at driver ear) and simulation results from component TPA. To conduct component-TPA, it is essential to have an independent tire model consisting of wheel-tire blocked force and tire Frequency Response Function (FRF), as well as full vehicle FRF and vehicle hub FRF. In this study, the FRF of the full vehicle and wheel-tire blocked force are obtained using an in-situ method with a
Park, JunminPark, Sangyoung
Due to their remarkable efficiency and efficacy, chevrons have emerged as a prominent subject of investigation within the Aviation Industry, primarily aimed at mitigating aircraft noise levels and achieving a quieter airborne experience. These chevrons function by inducing streamwise vortices into the shear layer, thereby augmenting the mixing process and resulting in a noteworthy reduction of low-frequency noise emissions. This paper aims to conduct a comparative computational analysis encompassing seven distinct chevron designs and one without chevrons. It also summarizes the previous works that led to the advancement of this technology. The size and configuration of the chevrons with the jet engine nacelle were designed to match the nozzle diameter of 100.48mm and 56.76mm, utilizing the advanced SolidWorks CAD modeling software. Subsequently, the computational analysis for each design was carried out using the SolidWorks Flow Simulation software. When it comes to civilian aircraft
S, Shri HariRao, Karthik M C
The analysis presented in this document demonstrates the mathematical model approach for determining the rotation of a door about the hinge axis. Additional results from the model are the torque due to gravity about the axis, opening force, and the door hold open check link force. Vector mechanics, equations of a plane, and parametric equations were utilized to develop this model, which only requires coordinate points as inputs. This model allows for various hinge axis angles and door rotation angles to quickly be analyzed. Vehicle pitch and roll angles may also be input along with door mass to determine the torque about the hinge axis. The vector calculations to determine the moment arm of the door check link and its resulting force are demonstrated for both a standard check link design and an alternate check link design that has the link connected to a slider translated along a shaft. This math model may be implemented using commonly available programs such as Microsoft Excel VBA or
Storck, Phillip
This paper delves into the intricate realm of Formula 1 race car aerodynamics, focusing on the pivotal role played by floor flow structures in contemporary racing. The aerodynamic design of the floor of a Formula 1 car is a fundamental component that connects the flow structures from the front wing to the rear end of the car through the diffuser, thus significantly influencing the generation of lift and drag. In this work, CFD was used to predict the structure of the vortices and flow pattern underneath a Formula 1 car using a CAD model that mimicked the modern Red Bull Racing Team’s car in recent years. Through comprehensive analysis and simulation, a detailed understanding of the complex flow patterns and aerodynamic phenomena occurring beneath the floor of the car and its vicinity is presented. This entails a close examination of how air interacts with the floor of the car and how the flow around the car can be manipulated to alter the flow rate and the quality of air going into the
Shaalan, AmrAssanis, DimitrisRaman, AdityaWijeyakulasuriya, SameeraSenecal, Kelly
When the automotive engine cooling fan is actually working, there is a process of interaction and coupling between the fluid and solid domains on the blades. In order to study the influence of the "fluid structure coupling" effect on the aerodynamic and structural performance of fans during operation, a fan performance calculation model was established with and without considering the fluid structure coupling effect of fans. We conducted aerodynamic performance tests on fans, tested the relationship between fan flow rate, static pressure, transmission efficiency and fan speed, and compared and analyzed the calculated fan performance. The aerodynamic performance and structural deformation of the fan were calculated under different flow rates, rotational speeds and environmental temperatures, with and without considering the coupling of fan blades and airflow. The calculation results were compared and analyzed. The calculation results indicate that: (1)The flow rate has a significant
Guo, Yi MingJiang, XuefengWang, XinlingDuan, YaolongShangguan, Wen-Bin
As the world population and industry increase, the demand for sustainable and efficient energy accelerates each day. One of the most energy-consuming sectors is transportation, which accounted for 27% of the total energy consumption in the US in 2022. This context provides the need to research and innovate on efficient vehicles and academic programs such as SAE supermileage or Shell Eco-Marathon which inspire students to build ultra-efficient vehicles. In vehicle efficiency, aerodynamics has high importance, and designing a low-drag vehicle is a key step. The purpose of this study is to analyze the vehicle aerodynamics of an ultra-efficient vehicle prototype built by Unisabana Herons Electric Vehicles for Shell Eco-Marathon 2022, regarding the influence on drag by having different configurations on spoked wheels, such as open spoked wheels, covered spokes, covered wheels, and a whole different body that follows a streamlined shape. The methodology is to model CAD designs of streamlined
Galvis Chaves, David AndrésIllera-Perozo, DannyLongas Lalinde, Luis
Positive displacement pumps are key components in automotive and hydraulic fluid systems, often serving as the primary power source and a major source of noise in both on-highway and off-highway vehicles. Specifically, gerotor pumps are widely utilized in vehicle coolant, lubricating, and other fluid systems for both conventional and electric powertrains. This study introduces a novel method for predicting noise in gerotor pumps by combining a Computational Acoustics (CA) approach with a 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach, both implemented in the Simerics–MP+ code. The CFD simulation includes the detailed transient motion of the rotors (including related mesh motion) and models the intricate cavitation/air release phenomena at varying pump speeds. The acoustic simulation employs a Ffowcs–Williams Hawkings (FW–H) integral formulation to predict sound generation and propagation based on the detailed flow field predictions from the CFD model. Simulations of two different
Taghizadeh, SalarNg, Kok ChianHoren, JezrahDhar, Sujan
In the process of designing the aerodynamic kit for Formula SAE racing cars, there is a lot of repetitive work and low efficiency in optimizing parameters such as wing angle of attack and chord length. Moreover, the optimization of these parameters in past designs heavily relied on design experience and it's difficult to achieve the optimal solution through theoretical calculations. By establishing a parametric model in CAD software and integrating it with CFD software, we can automatically modify model parameters, run a large number of simulations, and analyze the simulation results using statistical methods. After multiple iterations, we achieve fully automatic parameter optimization and obtain higher negative lift. At the same time, the simulation process is optimized, and simulations are run based on GPUs, resulting in a significant increase in simulation speed compared to the original. The results show that automated optimization saves a lot of manpower costs, and compared to
Chen, Yanjun
A damper is one of the most important elements in a vehicle suspension system. The damper valves are a fully coupled hydraulic system where the suspension fluid flow interacts with the elastic response of the valve structure. The base valve in the hydraulic damper plays a significant role in compression damping force characteristics of a damper, and therefore designing of the base valve is critical for damping force tuning. In this paper, the impact of the base valve design complexity reduction is quantitatively analyzed. The Current base valve design is restrictive which prevents achieving the required compression damping force ranges without a substantial base valve body parts library. A new base valve assembly is suggested with one more degree of freedom via a restrictor plate. Introducing this new element allows reducing the number of base valve designs for damping performance tuning. The design of the new base valve is engineered from existing designs with the aid of computer
Chintala, ParameshOh, JosephSteeb, MarkusSankaran, Shivanand
The process of assembling the bearing and crimp ring to the steering pinion shaft is intricate. The bearing is pressed into its position via the crimp ring, which is tipped inward and fully fitted into a groove on the pinion shaft. Only when the bearing is pressed to a low surface on the pinion shaft, the caulking force for the crimp ring is achieved. The final caulking distance for the crimp ring confirms the proper bearing position. Simulating this transient fitting process using CAE is a challenging topic. Key factors include controlling applied force, defining contact between bearing and pinion surface, and defining contact between crimp ring and bearing surface from full close to half open transition. The overall CAE process is validated through correlation with testing
Song, GavinVlademar, MichaelVenugopal, Narayana
In the automotive industry, the electric vehicle is the new era, and companies are committed to reducing carbon emissions by electrification of their vehicles. In the development of electric vehicles, the battery is the central power source for all the parts of the vehicle. Usually, it is placed under the body because of its size and mass. So, it is important to protect battery cells from leakage and damage from obstacles. For on-road electric vehicles, speed bumps are one of the crucial obstacles. This paper investigates and analyses the protection of battery pack systems in electric vehicles while encountering speed bump profiles at different speeds. During the physical test on a speed bump, there is a possibility of bump hit on the battery pack system and it is necessary to ensure the structural safety of the battery pack systems. In this study, CAE method has been developed to validate the battery pack system in the event of a speed bump crossing. Virtual simulation analysis was
Muthiah, Krishna KarthickArul, KarthikElango, CPandi, Sathish KumarAlugade, Nilesh
To meet the ever-increasing demands of the engineering industry, novel approaches to design optimization are essential, especially in fast-paced production environments. Conventional CAD and simulation tools often struggle to keep up with the complexity and speed required for designing critical components. In this context, leveraging Deep Learning technologies presents a promising solution by integrating knowledge from simulations and designs to drastically accelerate product development. With the drive for Electrification, conventional power electronics and systems are becoming more energy dense and hence requires compact and efficient thermal management solutions. Higher energy density is attributed to high power electrical components fitted in packs with shrinking characteristic dimensions and hence needs more efficient and compact thermal management solutions. Conventional engineering design approaches have limitations to push the boundaries of efficiency and power density of air
Lombardi, AlessandroZampieri, LucaAgrawal, MonikaSinghal, MohitVon Tschammer, Thomas
As data science technologies are being widely applied on various industries, the importance of data itself increased. A typical manufacturer company has a vast data set of products as 2D&3D drawing formats, but a common problem was that building a database from the 2D&3D drawings costs much, and it is hard to update the database after it once built. Also, it is high-cost job when the new factor researched and necessary to investigate the new factors on previously fixed or uploaded drawings. As new products are developed with time, these problems are getting more difficult. In this paper, an automated database building method using CATIA introduced and future probabilities are suggested. An aluminum wheel part was used as an example. An automated logic used CATIA V5’s VBA functions and was handled by python programming language. Product database was established by using the automated logic for extracting engineering design features, and data mining process was deployed based on the
Seo, JeonginJang, YoungseokSeo, MyoungkyuYum, Kiho
Electrification is the future of the automotive industry and with the rapid growth of Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) market, battery protection becomes more and more crucial. Side pole impact is one of the most challenging safety load cases. Rocker assembly, as the first line of defense, plays a significant role during the event. This paper proposes Cleveland-Cliffs Steel Tube as Reinforcement (C-STARTM) protection as an application for rocker reinforcement. For a component level assessment, three-point bending is used as a testing method to replicate pole impact. The performance is compared with aluminum baseline with respect to peak force and energy absorption. Test and CAE simulations have been performed and a well calibrated CAE model is utilized to predict the robustness of various steel designs using different grades, gauges and geometries. It is shown that C-STARTM [1] protection is a scalable and configurable solution that offers superior performance in terms of peak force and
Yu, MiaoHu, JunZhu, FengNazari, Sobhan T.Elengikal, SajanMakrygiannis, JohnZhang, JimmyWang, Yu-WeiStubleski, DawnLuther, Isaac
To adapt to Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) integration, the significance of protective designs for battery packs against ground impact caused by road debris is very high, and there is also a keen interest in the feasibility assessment technique using Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) tools for prototype-free evaluations. However, the challenge lies in obtaining real-world empirical data to verify the accuracy of the predictive CAE model. Collecting real-world data using actual battery pack can be time-consuming, costly, and accurately ascertaining the precise direction, magnitude, and location of the force applied from the road to the battery pack poses a challenging task. Therefore, in this study, we developed a methodology using machine learning, specifically Gaussian process regression (GPR), to perform inverse analysis of the direction, magnitude, and location of vehicle-road contact forces during rough road conditions. This was achieved by measuring the strain distribution of the
Yamaki, YuyaTsuji, ShoheiZama, KazuhiroOgata, TakanoriOkuhira, Yoichiro
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