Browse Topic: Simulation and modeling

Items (27,829)
Achieving best-in-class Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) in electric powertrains demands a paradigm shift in development methodology. This paper presents a practice-oriented overview of simulation methods in NVH development methodology for electric drive units. This includes target cascading and multi-objective optimisation, and by attacking NVH at the source using KPIs early in the design cycle, significant reductions in development time and reliance on traditional testbed loops are realised. Machine learning (Neural Network) algorithms are utilized to find the best-in-class design, using multi-objective optimisation as well as refining simulation accuracy by adding tolerance effects while target cascading ensures alignment of system-level performance objectives down to subsystem contributions. Combined, these strategies enable rapid and robust NVH optimisation, using simulation for next-generation electric powertrain development. Several applications and real-life examples
Mehrgou, MehdiGarcia de Madinabeitia, InigoGraf, BernhardGojo, Josef
Simulations can only be searched, reused and leveraged as training data for machine learning methods if suitable metadata are related. Manually obtaining these metadata is time-consuming and requires expert knowledge. Consequently, there often is a lack of metadata and this prohibits the reutilization of simulation data. Therefore, automated frameworks for metadata extraction are essential to obtain metadata information quickly, effortlessly and cost-efficiently. At present, there are no toolboxes for Finite-Element-Simulation data. Nevertheless, machine learning methods are a promising solution for this task. Training classical supervised machine learning methods for metadata generation often faces the lack of labeled data since manual labelling can be very costly. Therefore, rule-based extraction algorithms are used as an alternative for fundamental metadata extraction. For more enhanced tasks they are often not feasible. Active Learning is a suitable technique to overcome this
Luegmair, MarinusGröttrup, Sören
The simulation of structure-borne energy flow within a full vehicle trimmed body at mid and high frequencies has always been a challenge due to the large computational cost associated with standard deterministic simulations. This is a particularly pressing problem given that the electrification of the vehicles is extending the presence of structure-borne sources to higher frequencies. While the improvement of computational hardware has allowed OEMs to shift the limit of standard Finite Element (FE) approaches to higher frequencies, no methods have been proposed in the literature that tackle the full frequency range for industrial-sized problems. In this paper, a simulation methodology that uses wave-based processing of the original low-frequency finite element input deck to compute the coupling loss factors is proposed to model structure-borne noise in complex systems at mid and high frequencies. The methodology is validated against numerical and experimental data.
Errico, FabrizioLegault, JulienMordillat, PhilippeZerrad, Mehdi
When developing a vehicle, the overall body stiffness is an important parameter to be estimated for several automotive attributes. As a complement to the traditional experimental and computational static torsional stiffness assessment, an improved method has been developed to evaluate the body stiffness when driving the vehicle on a test track. This method, valid for both test and simulation, is called Opening Distortion Fingerprint (ODF) and uses the so-called Multi Stethoscope (MSS) to measure the dynamic distortion in each body closure opening and cross section. For evaluating the distortion, from both test and Multi Body Dynamics (MBD) simulation data, the Evaluation-line (E-line) method is used. The E-line method is a linear approach. Consequently, it is only valid in the absence of large rigid body rotations of the vehicle body. Therefore, to assess the validity of the ODF method, it is crucial to identify the frequency at which the distortion results become invalid due to rigid
Olger, EmmaLindkvist, LisaPiiroinen, PetriKarypidis, JohnPena, MiltonBäcklund, JesperAppelgren, PeterMarberg, HenrikUgale, PravinWeber, Jens
The vibro-acoustic performance of a vehicle is a critical factor in customer perception of quality and comfort, yet optimizing for Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH)—specifically road noise—presents a persistent challenge in the modern automotive development cycle. While advanced Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis is essential, the increasing complexity and volume of CAE simulation data often overwhelm manual interpretation, potentially leading to prolonged development times or compromises in final comfort quality. To address these challenges, this paper introduces the application of CDH/ACE (Autonomous Computational Experiments), a framework that integrates conventional CAE simulation workflows with advanced machine learning in an iterative, cyclic process. This creates an exceptionally user-friendly and self-correcting system that autonomously defines, performs, and learns from computational experiments. By leveraging machine learning algorithms to build robust predictive models
Visser, Rene
This paper presents an analytical model for three-phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) based on Magnetic Equivalent Circuits (MECs). The approach combines a reduced magnetic network, formulated in the complex domain to simplify the mathematical development, with an offline parameter estimation procedure systematically applied for different harmonic orders. This enables the model to capture the spatial dependence of permeance variations and reproduce inductance and magnetic flux nonlinearities, while maintaining generality, physical interpretability, and computational efficiency. Numerical simulations are compared with Finite Element (FE) results to validate the model’s ability to predict current and torque harmonics and the resulting radial electromagnetic forces, demonstrating its suitability for fast Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) analysis and vibroacoustic optimization.
Luciano, LudovicaDoria-Cerezo, ArnauSalamone, Nicolò
Reconstruction of acoustic radiation from vibrating structures is central in vibroacoustics, as full-field sound information is essential for identifying radiation mechanisms and improving structural-acoustic performance. Conventional microphone-based measurements are limited by spatial sampling constraints and high experimental cost, while purely numerical approaches such as Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations offer flexibility but are strongly affected by parameter uncertainties, discretization errors, and imperfect boundary conditions. To overcome these drawbacks, this work develops a hybrid time-domain framework to reconstruct the radiated acoustic field by coupling vibration measurements to a FEM-based vibroacoustic model. The FEM model is reduced using Krylov subspace projection, yielding a compact state-space representation that captures the dominant vibroacoustic modes while remaining computationally efficient for sequential data assimilation. The acoustic radiation domain
Dong, LuyaoCai, YinshanDenayer, HervéDeckers, Elke
An application of a Non-Parametric Variability Modeling (NPVM), as introduced by Pr. Soize, of a full vehicle road noise simulation, is an opportunity to highlight some applicative issues of such a stochastic approach. First, the convergence of the stochastic computations is considered by introducing the probabilistic modal density of the considered model as an indicator of the system intrinsic dynamic behavior. Since the probabilistic model induces a spread of modal frequencies, the upper range shows a lack of modes, deviating from the actual system modal density. The study of this deviation leads to the modal truncation criterion required to achieve a relevant probabilistic modal density in a targeted frequency range. The required margin in order to achieve a proper convergence of the probabilistic problems appears larger than expected. Then, using appropriate parameters, road noise simulation is investigated in the framework of the stochastic modeling. After the capability of the
Gagliardini, LaurentGlandier, ChristianBauer, EricStraka, AndreasFiedler, Uwe
By using a fully trimmed vehicle body as flexible body, imported through a Modal Neutral File (MNF), in a complete vehicle Multibody Dynamics (MBD) analysis, the simulation setup gets considerably closer to the test conditions compared to only using a linear Finite Element Method (FEM) approach. Since the MBD analysis includes gravity, rigid body modes of the vehicle and the nonlinear behavior of the wheel suspension, it brings the correlation between simulation and test to a new and more comprehensive level. As correlation criteria, the results of the so-called Multi Stethoscope (MSS) are used. The MSS captures the time history of distortion in all body openings and cross sections and enables a detailed stiffness evaluation of the body using the so-called Opening Distortion Fingerprint (ODF). The ODF gives the quasi-static response while the Operational Deflection Shape (ODS), which is another result of the MSS measurements, reflects the dynamic response. Apart from the different
Lindkvist, LisaOlger, EmmaPiiroinen, PetriKarypidis, JohnPena, MiltonBäcklund, JesperAppelgren, PeterMarberg, HenrikUgale, PravinWeber, Jens
The virtual development of Electric Drive Modules (EDMs) for Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) requires proven and predictive methodologies. One part of the development investigates the vibro-acoustic assessment for the low- and high-frequency ranges within the targeted operating range. The efficient use of such a methodology requires an understanding of the accuracy and validity of the achievable results, as well as the derivation of suitable improvement measures for goals that have not been achieved. The use of reference data from experimental investigations and a detailed root cause analysis (RCA), to directly link a specific response and behavior to the excitations, modal content, and transfer functions, is an essential and non-trivial part of the methodology development. This paper describes the development of such a methodology using the example of a new EDM virtual model for Noise, Vibration and Harshness (NVH) analysis, including the simulation approach, validation, and
Klarin, BorislavPevec, DenisResch, ThomasEsposito, SaraD'Alessandro, VincenzoSpanu, Giorgio
For analysing flow and acoustic induced structural vibration, a fully run time coupled framework combining a hybrid CFD-CAA approach with a modal response simulation was validated and presented at the ISVNH 2022 (SAE Technical Paper 2022-01-0938). In this paper i We apply this CFD–CAA–modal coupling method to a series-representative bonnet geometry and demonstrate its capability to capture flow and aeroacoustically driven vibration with two-way coupling. ii We analyse the modal properties of the bonnet and show that confined air volumes beneath the bonnet can introduce significant fluid loading effects, which are already embedded in experimentally validated FE modal models and must therefore be treated carefully in two-way coupled simulations. iii We validate the fully coupled aeroelastic simulation against wind-tunnel measurements with undisturbed inflow, show close agreement with the measured vibration response and analyse that the dominant excitation is in this case from below the
Schwertfirm, FlorianOcker, JoergHartmann, Michael
This work presents a modular engineering methodology (DiPhyBa - Digital Physical Balance) for the virtual validation of Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) performance in automotive development. The approach addresses the inefficiency of repeated physical testing across vehicle variants by introducing a structured two-phase process—Launcher and Reskin—centered on quantitative performance indicators with formal acceptance thresholds. In the Launcher phase, a digital replica of the base vehicle is built and iteratively correlated with physical test data. Validation is governed by objective indicators of confidence, conformity, and correlation, each evaluated against predefined thresholds. Once validated, the model becomes a certified reference, enabling its reuse across derivative configurations in the Reskin phase. Physical testing is only required if indicators fall below threshold, with a final gate test on pre-series vehicles ensuring industrial robustness. DiPhyBa formalizes the
Celiberti, LuciaCamia, Andrea
Achieving favorable Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) and durability performance in vehicles requires sufficient static and dynamic stiffness of the Body-in-White (BIW). Virtual development of BIW performance targets during the early design stages is essential to minimize costly modifications in later phases. In the automotive industry, full-scale finite element models are widely used for this purpose, offering high fidelity and enabling comprehensive performance evaluations. However, their complexity and high computational cost limit their practicality for early-stage sensitivity and optimization studies. Beam-based models offer a faster alternative; however, conventional beam formulations based on Euler–Bernoulli or Timoshenko beam theories often fail to capture the complex deformation behaviors of thin-walled structures, which are typical of BIW designs. This typically results in poor correlation with detailed models unless artificial joint flexibility is introduced at
Kim, Jin HongGang-Won, Jang
Noise phenomena in automobiles caused by the stick-slip effect are increasingly among the most frequent reasons for customer complaints and therefore represent a critical vehicle quality attribute. To proactively address such issues, stick-slip testing of contacting material pairs is commonly applied during development. However, the predictive capability of current stick-slip test methods remains limited, particularly when highly flexible materials and realistic, stochastic excitation conditions are involved. The flexibility of sealing systems often allows the actual relative motion at the contact interface to be accommodated through adhesion and elastic deformation, thereby delaying or even preventing sliding. To date, this effect has not been represented by any characteristic parameter in conventional stick-slip testing. Instead, existing evaluations focus exclusively on the analysis of occurring stick-slip oscillations. For the initiation of stick-slip phenomena, however, not only
Strangfeld, MartinFritz, SusanneWeber, JensRosell, Anneli
Part- or component-level tests are commonly performed by Tiers and OEMs to investigate the NVH behavior and loading mechanisms. However, because test bench dynamics differ from those of the actual vehicle environment, correlating measured sound, acceleration and forces between bench and vehicle often proves challenging. Blocked forces offer a way to address this issue, as they provide test bench and vehicle independent load representations. This effectively enables different Tiers to deliver consistent load data, which OEMs can then use to better tune excitation and noise transmission on their vehicles. This paper focuses on 2 test bench compensation techniques, involving pure test and a simulation models of the tire to obtain accurate blocked-forces. The compensation techniques are validated on four testbenches of different companies.
Reichart, Ronde Klerk, Dennis
Acoustic user interfaces and audio experiences are among the leading comfort factors in new vehicle interior designs. OEMs are more and more focusing on loudspeaker design and positioning, to provide the most immersive experience to the customers. The industrial target is to be able to predict the performance of an audio system in early design phases. This paper presents an integrated vibro-acoustic methodology enabling early-stage prediction of loudspeaker performance in real vehicle conditions. The approach combines electromechanical characterization, a hybrid loudspeaker calibrated model valid across the audible range and coupled FEM/BEM/SEA simulations to capture the loudspeaker response in the vehicle’s cabin considering door-installation effects and cabin acoustics. The method is validated experimentally on a rear-door loudspeaker installed in a production vehicle, showing strong correlation with measured SPL. A final application case demonstrates its capability to assess the
Zerrad, MehdiErrico, FabrizioMordillat, Philippe
Vehicle electrification and increasing demands for driving comfort present significant challenges for designing effective noise control treatments (NCTs) in modern vehicles. Lightweight, low-emission designs often compromise acoustic efficiency. A popular and efficient way of compensating for this is through the use of multi-layer ‘trim’ material configurations to noise radiating surfaces to mitigate noise across a wider frequency range. Traditional 3D finite element models, while accurate and even needed to capture the full dynamic behaviour, become computationally prohibitive for complex automotive structures like firewalls, which feature intricate shapes, high curvature, and material compression. This computational burden limits design exploration and timely noise performance predictions. To overcome these limitations, this paper presents an innovative adaptive higher-order finite element method to evaluate the sound transmission loss (STL) of automotive, including the effect of
Van Genechten, BertVansant, KoenPurohit, BimalEffinger, Veronika
Interior acoustics represent an essential component of driving comfort in electric vehicles. Numerical simulation is an effective approach for assessing design concepts and enhancing acoustic performance. However, a fully coupled vibro-acoustic model for an entire vehicle remains computationally infeasible. Our approach couples mechanical and acoustic modal models on non-conforming interfaces in the low-frequency range, allowing independent mode combinations. Modal coupling reduces the computational effort significantly from full-order systems with millions of degrees of freedom to a selection of modes of the acoustic and mechanical systems. Modal models of the vehicle structure are derived from measurements with a laser-vibrometer and accelerometers while the interior acoustics are simulated numerically. Since laser-vibrometer measurements are restricted to the vehicle’s exterior surfaces and vibro-acoustic coupling occurs between the inner structural surface and the interior fluid
Gutbrod, ManuelGabriel, ChristophMüller, Gregor JohannesToth, Florian
Sound source localization is a fundamental capability for environmental awareness in a wide range of applications, including automotive or automated vehicles. Microphone-array-based signal processing techniques are widely used for this task. However, achieving sufficient localization accuracy often requires a large number of microphones and wide array apertures, which can be incompatible with limited installation space and cost constraints. Moreover, standard array-processing methods often rely on free-field transfer functions. In environments with reflections, diffraction, and scattering, particularly under non-line-of-sight conditions, this mismatch can degrade both accuracy and interpretability. This paper presents a methodology for sound source localization in partially known environments that addresses these challenges by combining two ideas. First, the method reduces sensor requirements by exploiting sequential pressure measurements acquired at different spatial locations along a
Pirro, Giovanni BattistaNijman, EugeneDeckers, ElkeDenayer, Hervé
During idling tests of a newly developed sport utility vehicle (SUV) under tropical high-temperature conditions, the condenser surface temperature exceeded the allowable range, degrading the air-conditioning system’s cooling performance. In this study, a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the engine compartment flow field was established using STAR-CCM+. The results reveal that under idling conditions, the kinetic energy of hot air passing through the cooling module was insufficient to overcome the pressure difference between the front and rear sections, thus inducing hot air recirculation (HAR) and increasing the overall compartment temperature. To address the unfavorable flow field characteristics, four structural improvements were proposed and simulated for both flow and temperature fields. Through comparative analysis, the optimal scheme was determined: installing a flow guide baffle above the engine. Simulation results show that the airflow velocity
Shi, HuojieRao, R.H.Chen, J.Zheng, Z.L.
This article presents a novel finite element modeling approach to predict the mechanical response of jellyrolls in large-scale explicit crash simulations up to the experimental occurrence of internal short-circuit. The proposed simplified layered model embeds membrane elements within a solid element mesh to improve the prediction in load cases dominated by the buckling and sliding of the jellyroll’s layered structure. The model was validated against experimental results from in-plane, out-of-plane, and bending tests on jellyroll samples extracted from prismatic lithium-ion cells. The experimental results confirmed the jellyroll’s high compressibility under out-of-plane loads and its behavior as a collection of unconnected layers under in-plane and bending loading. Compared to the widely used crushable foam model, the simplified layered model offered additional flexibility, especially for in-plane and bending load cases. Additionally, it meets critical time increment requirements for
Cioni, DanieleMorin, DavidStrating, ArjanKizio, StephanCostas, Miguel
Mitigation of harmful emissions from oil-based engines is essential to avoid environmental pollution and comply with various NOx regulations across the globe. This can be partially achieved by injecting urea to produce ammonia (NH3), which reacts with NOx in a catalyst to produce harmless nitrogen (N2) and water vapor (H2O). However, urea deposition in a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system poses a significant threat to the NOx removal process by not only reducing the urea conversion rate but also blocking the incoming flow and causing an additional pressure drop. Numerical modeling of this urea deposit formation involves multiphase flow physics coupled with accurate heat transfer calculations. Additionally, since urea decomposes into various by-products like biuret, cyanuric acid (CYA), and ammelide, detailed chemical kinetics modeling is equally important. Accurate and fast computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations can help accelerate SCR system design cycles, leading to a
Morab, Sumant R.Khalate, SurajAnsari, ShoaibYang, Pengze
The present review evaluates recent advances in the development of Welding-Based Additive Manufacturing (WBAM) technologies using arc, high-energy density, solid-state, and hybrid welding systems by providing an interdisciplinary assessment of technological aspects, sensing, process optimization, and multi-process strategies. It is concluded that, in spite of considerable progress in process optimization and control, there exist numerous paradoxes associated with relationships among process conditions, structure, and properties, especially those related to heat input effects on material microstructure and performance. An important finding is the fragmentation of predictive modeling approaches, where physics-based and data-driven methods remain inadequately integrated, limiting generalizability and accuracy. Another important conclusion is related to the dominance of the effect of thermal history and multi-physical phenomena on the mechanical performance of the material produced by WBAM
Santhana Babu, A.V.John Rajan, A.Mishra, AishwaryChakravarthy, P.Jayabalakrishnan, D.
Ethanol requires elevated intake temperatures to initiate autoignition in Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) as a high-octane single-stage fuel. To leverage the high thermal efficiency, low engine-out NOx, and near-zero soot inherent to HCCI with ethanol, a custom piston design was developed to enable high compression ratios (CR) up to 22.5:1. This study investigates HCCI combustion with ethanol at three CRs of 17.5, 20.0, and 22.5 through equivalence ratio and boost sweeps performed to assess the reduction in the intake temperature requirement at high CRs and the emissions and efficiency trade-offs. Results indicate a clear benefit with reduced intake temperature requirements with increasing CR. However, a combustion efficiency penalty was observed at high CRs. Three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed using Large Eddy Simulation (LES) coupled with a detailed chemistry model to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the combustion
Vedpathak, KunalKumar, MohitMotwani, RahulDatar, AdityaGainey, BrianLawler, Benjamin
This AIR provides a general guideline on how to perform effective measurement systems analysis study (MSA) for rotor balancing tasks. The document also includes applicable data analysis methods and result interpretation.
EG-1A Balancing Committee
A novel looped-freezing mean approach based on Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) approach is developed in context of assessing underhood cooling performance in heavy-duty vehicles. The method involves computing a temporally averaged flow field from DES simulations, which is then frozen and used by the energy solver to predict temperature distributions. This process is iteratively repeated until a statistically steady-state temperature field is achieved. It is demonstrated that traditional DES approach demonstrates superior accuracy in capturing forced convection heat transfer compared to the Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) method. The validation against experimental data for flow over a heated sphere at a Reynolds number of 105 shows that DES yields Nusselt numbers with better correlation than RANS. However, it is observed that DES approach captures unsteady flow features that introduce temporal fluctuations in heat transfer. In the context of underhood cooling evaluations where
Holay, SarangSankar, HariDixit, PritishSingh, Ramanand
Vehicle fleet decarbonization is a key objective for the coming years, with electrification representing the primary pathway to achieving the targets set by the European Union. The share of battery electric trucks in new registrations has been gradually increasing especially in light and medium size trucks. The replacement rate of diesel long-haul trucks with zero emission trucks is still low due to challenges posed by added complexity and limitations of battery charging. Depot overnight charging is not sufficient to cover the energy needs of a truck covering large distances and careful planning of the route using public charging infrastructure is crucial for an optimized route minimizing extra costs and range anxiety. The current work aims to develop a methodology to propose the optimal charging locations for a given route of a battery electric truck based on nearby stations along the route. Our study uses an open-source optimization algorithm for the fixed route vehicle charging
Perdikopoulos, MichailDoulgeris, StylianosLivitsanos, GeorgiosKazakis, ThomasMellios, GiorgosNtziachristos, Leonidas
The longevity of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells is governed by degradation processes whose rates depend on local operating conditions such as temperature, humidity, liquid-water saturation, and reactant availability. Along-the-channel gradients imposed by the flow field can therefore be relevant when interpreting operating behavior and when formulating models intended to support control and system studies. The AlphaPEM framework provides a dynamic through-plane description of electrochemical and water-management states, but in its baseline form does not resolve how these states vary along the gas channels. This paper presents a pseudo-2D (1+1D) extension of AlphaPEM that couples a discretized along-the-channel gas-channel model to a segment-wise MEA submodel. For each axial segment, the MEA equations are evaluated with local boundary conditions obtained from the channel (e.g., reactant and vapor concentrations), while retaining the key dynamic states of the original formulation
Ringeisen, BjörnGünthner, MichaelKargl, Pascal
The rising concerns on climate change is accelerating the transition from fossil fuel-based technologies to sustainable energy systems. In this framework, Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are gaining an increasing interest due to their high efficiency and wide range of applications. Nevertheless, these systems experience significant performance losses under high loads, associated with significant heat generation, making thermal management a fundamental design aspect. In this study, a 200-kW low temperature PEMFC was investigated through the development of a 0D – 1D model of a simplified cooling circuit implemented in GT – SUITE environment. The model was used to evaluate the influence of design parameters on the effective efficiency of the system to dissipate the excessive heat. Additionally, a detailed stack-only model, comprehensive of the Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) subcomponents, was developed to verify the temperature differences between coolant fluid and
Cecere, GiovanniAntetomaso, ChristianIrimescu, AdrianMerola, Simona
The adoption of hydrogen as a carbon-neutral sustainable fuel for internal combustion is regarded as a promising solution to reduce greenhouse gases and pollutant emissions. In this framework, the injection system plays a crucial role, being responsible for delivering a large amount of fuel to the combustion chamber. Currently, low-pressure direct injection is considered one of the best solutions to ensure the appropriate fuel delivery. The use of caps has proven particularly effective, as they enable a potentially unlimited range of geometries while minimizing modifications to the injector hardware. Experimental campaigns and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations can be used together as complementary tools to speed up the development process and explore multiple combinations of parameters, thereby optimizing the overall design of both the engine and the caps. In the present paper, a single-hole GDI-derived hydrogen prototype injector equipped with a two-hole asymmetric cap
Pavan, NicoloBreda, SebastianoDuni, AndreaMartino, ManuelFontanesi, StefanoPostrioti, Lucio
Opposed-piston free-piston engine generators (OFPEGs) are emerging as a promising technology for next-generation hybrid and electrified transportation systems due to their high efficiency, reduced mechanical complexity, and improved noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) characteristics. However, due to eliminating the conventional crankshaft mechanism and directly coupling a free-piston engine with linear generators, performance of OFPEG systems is governed by a strong coupling between piston dynamics, in-cylinder combustion processes, and electrical loading conditions. This coupling presents substantial challenges for system design, control, and optimization, limiting the further development and application of OFPEGs. Existing researches lack a comprehensive numerical model that integrates detailed in-cylinder thermodynamic process with control system of linear generator, and quantitative analysis of the effect of piston motion trajectory on system performance remains insufficiently
Wang, JiayuMorandi, NicolaLucchini, TommasoFENG, HUIHUAJia, BoruRen, Peirong
This work investigates the integration of a Sorption Thermal Energy Storage (TES) into the Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system of electric vehicles. The proposed device reduces the energy demand for cabin heating under winter conditions, leading to a driving range increase. The TES dehumidifies the cabin air through a desiccant bed (zeolite 4A), preventing window fogging, enabling higher air recirculation rates, and consequently reducing the required heating power. An experimentally validated numerical model was used to analyze the adsorption and regeneration processes and to identify suitable operating conditions. Regeneration was found to be effective at moderate temperatures (from 120°C), with a counter-current airflow configuration providing faster and more efficient desorption compared to parallel-flow one. A simplified model integrating TES, HVAC unit and cabin was developed and used to compare different configurations. Heating energy consumption with and
Verlingieri, RebeccaCalabrese, LuigiFreni, AngeloMarocco, LucaScudeler, GabrieleDe Antonellis, Stefano
Hydrogen is emerging as a viable energy carrier for the decarbonization of internal combustion engines (ICEs), representing a necessary step toward the long-term sustainability of this technology. In particular, hydrogen direct injection (DI) operation is receiving increased attention due to its inherent advantages over port fuel injection (PFI), such as reduced risks of abnormal combustion, higher specific power, and improved thermal efficiency. However, the mixture preparation process in DI operation generally leads to a stratified charge, especially under intermediate-to-late injection strategies, which in turn strongly affects ignition, combustion performance, and engine-out emissions. Therefore, investigating mixture formation, its key influencing parameters, and the resulting effects on the combustion process is essential for the proper design and optimization of hydrogen-fuelled DI ICEs. In this context, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) emerges as a powerful tool to address
Capecci, MarcolucioLucchini, TommasoSforza, LorenzoPezza, VincenzoTosi, Sergio
This study investigates hydrogen combustion in an argon–oxygen environment for argon power cycle application using computational fluid dynamics. The numerical framework, developed based on previously validated model, is applied to examine the influence of key operating parameters on combustion efficiency and indicated efficiency under constant cycle pressure conditions. A parametric analysis is conducted to evaluate the effects of excess oxygen ratio, argon rate, start of injection, and injector discharge coefficient on ignition characteristics, combustion efficiency, and engine performance. The results indicate that less fuel injection improves combustion efficiency but leads to a significant reduction in engine load. Increasing the argon rate enhances engine thermal efficiency, primarily due to the higher specific heat ratio of argon, which improves the thermodynamic efficiency of the cycle. However, elevated argon concentrations significantly reduce combustion efficiency because of
Chitsaz, ImanAhammed, SajidKakoee PhD, AlirezaSalahi, Mohammad MahdiAndwari, AminAhmad, ZeeshanHyvonen, JariMikulski, Maciej
For heavy-duty applications, hydrogen (H2) internal combustion engines offer a practical solution for future transportation. However, the influence of cylinder head flow characteristics and piston geometry on lean H2 combustion remains insufficiently understood. This study presents a comprehensive computational investigation of three engine configurations characterized by distinct in-cylinder flow dynamics: mild swirl and tumble (Engine a), strong tumble (Engine b), and strong swirl (Engine c). High-fidelity three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed for both port-fuel injection (PFI) and direct injection (DI) strategies. The impact of piston geometry was evaluated by comparing the baseline piston with a flat piston, while the spark timing was optimized to achieve favorable combustion phasing. Combustion and NOx formation were modeled using a G-equation-based combustion framework incorporating diffusive-thermal instability effects and a validated in-house
Liu, XinleiMenaca, RafaelCenker, EmreSilva, MickaelQahtani, Yasser A.Pei, YuanjiangTurner, James W.G.Im, Hong G.
The ongoing energy transition demands the decarbonization of the transport sector, for which the use of premixed hydrogen in spark-ignition (SI) engines appears very promising. However, modeling the combustion of the lean hydrogen/air mixtures required for safe, efficient, and low-NOx engine operation involves multiple open issues. Correct prediction of flame kernel initiation and growth is a difficulty that hydrogen shares with hydrocarbon fuels, while properly accounting for the instabilities that characterize lean hydrogen flames is an additional demanding task. In this work, a 1D kernel expansion model of general validity recently proposed by the authors is implemented into OpenFOAM, an open-source 3D CFD software package, to enable numerical simulation of expanding spark-ignited flame kernels. Firstly, the OpenFOAM framework is presented focusing on XiFluid, its flame propagation model based on a regress variable whose evolution depends on the laminar flame speed. Then, the
Dotteschini, EnricoPretto, MarcoGiannattasio, PietroGadalla, Mahmoud
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