Trajectory planning is a major challenge in robotics and autonomous vehicles, ensuring both efficient and safe navigation. The primary objective of this work is to generate an optimal trajectory connecting a starting point to a destination while meeting specific requirements, such as minimizing travel distance and adhering to the vehicle’s kinematic and dynamic constraints. The developed algorithms for trajectory design, defined as a sequence of arcs and straight segments, offer a significant advantage due to their low computational complexity, making them well-suited for real-time applications in autonomous navigation. The proposed trajectory model serves as a benchmark for comparing actual vehicle paths in trajectory control studies. Simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed method across various scenarios.

Soundouss, Halima, Msaaf, Mohammed, Belmajdoub, Fouad

A Microgrid Vehicle-to-Grid Energy Scheduling Optimization Algorithm Based on Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II

2025-01-5035

05/30/2025

With the rapid expansion of the electric vehicle (EV) market, the frequency of grid-connected charging has concentrated primarily during peak hours, notably from 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m., resulting in substantial demand surges during both morning and evening periods. Such uncoordinated charging patterns pose potential challenges to the stability and economic efficiency of power systems. As vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology advances, facilitating bidirectional energy exchange between EVs and smart grids, the need for optimized control of EV charging and discharging behaviors has become critical to achieving effective peak shaving and valley filling in the grid. This paper proposes a microgrid energy scheduling optimization algorithm based on existing smart grid and EV charging control technologies. The method establishes a multi-objective optimization model with EVs’ 24-h charging and discharging power as decision variables and microgrid load rate, load

Fan, Longyu, Chen, Yuxin, Zhang, Dacai

Design Space Exploration of a Continuous Rubber Track System via Surrogate Modeling

02-18-04-0023

05/26/2025

Continuous rubber track systems for heavy applications are typically designed using multiple iterations of full-scale physical prototypes. This costly and time-consuming approach limits the possibility of exploring the design space and understanding how the design space of that kind of system is governed. A multibody dynamic simulation has recently been developed, but its complexity (due to the number of model’s inputs) makes it difficult to understand and too expensive to be used with multi-objective optimization algorithms (approximately 3 h on a desktop computer). This article aims to propose a first design space exploration of continuous rubber track systems via multi-objective optimization methods. Using an existing expensive multibody dynamic model as original function, surrogate models (artificial neural networks) have been trained to predict the simulation responses. These artificial neural networks are then used to explore the design space efficiently by using optimization

Faivre, Antoine, Rancourt, David, Plante, Jean-Sébastien

Evaluation of Occupant Injury Risk in a Transport Aircraft Crash Test Environment

02-18-02-0011

05/16/2025

Researchers at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Langley Research Center (LaRC) previously conducted a full-scale crash test of a Fokker F28 MK1000 aircraft to study occupant injury risks. The goal of the current study was to investigate the injury predictions of the Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) and Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) occupant models in the tested aircraft crash condition and explore possible utilization of both human body models (HBMs) in this context. Eight crash conditions were simulated utilizing each of the models. The HBMs were positioned in two postures, a neutral upright posture with hands resting on the legs and feet contacting the floor and a braced posture with head and hand contact with the forward seat back. Head and neck injury metrics and lumbar vertebra axial force were calculated and compared for all simulations. Both HBMs reported similar kinematic responses in the simulated impact conditions. However, the GHBMC

Jones, Nathaniel, Putnam, Jacob, Untaroiu, Costin Daniel

V2P-Based Speed Guidance Method for Avoiding Vehicle–Pedestrian Collisions at Intersections

12-09-01-0006

05/14/2025

Conflicts between vehicles and pedestrians at unsignalized intersections occur frequently and often result in serious consequences. In order to alleviate traffic flow congestion at unsignalized intersections caused by accidents, reduce vehicle congestion time and waiting time, and improve intersection safety as well as intersection access efficiency, a speed guidance algorithm based on pedestrian-to-vehicle (P2V) and vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) communication technologies is proposed. The method considers the heading angle (direction of motion) of vehicles and pedestrians and combines the post encroachment time (PET) and time to collision (TTC) to determine whether there is a risk of collision, so as to guide the speed of vehicles. Network simulator NS3 and traffic flow simulation software SUMO are used to verify the effectiveness of the speed guidance strategy proposed in this article. The experimental findings demonstrate that the speed guidance strategy introduced in this article

Sun, Yuanyuan, Wang, Kan, Liu, Weizhen, Li, Wenli

Proposed Reformulation of Brain Injury Criteria (BrIC) Using Head Rotation-Induced Brain Injury Thresholds Simulated and Derived Directly from A Subhuman Primate Finite Element Model

2025-22-0003

05/13/2025

Recent studies have found that Brain Injury Criteria (BrIC) grossly overpredicts instances of real-world, severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, as it stands, BrIC is the leading candidate for a rotational head kinematics-based brain injury criteria for use in automotive regulation and general safety standards. This study attempts to understand why BrIC overpredicts the likelihood of brain injury by presenting a comprehensive analysis of live primate head impact experiments conducted by Stalnaker et al. (1977) and the University of Pennsylvania before applying these injurious conditions to a finite element (FE) monkey model. Data collection included a thorough analysis and digitization of the head impact dynamics and resulting pathology reports from Stalnaker et al. (1977) as well as a representative reconstruction of the Penn II baboon diffuse axonal injury (DAI) model. Computational modeling techniques were employed on a FE Rhesus monkey model, first introduced by Arora et al

Demma, Dominic R., Tao, Ying, Zhang, Liying, Prasad, Priya

Optimization of Stainless Steel Casting Process Based on Numerical Simulation

05-19-01-0006

05/10/2025

Due to the increasing precision requirements for stainless steel castings in the current industrial field, we take stainless steel as the object, use numerical simulation to analyze the manufacturing process of castings, and explore the mechanism of related defects and preventive measures. The results indicate that in the process optimization of small castings, the maximum shrinkage and porosity of the conventional scheme, the optimization scheme with the addition of cold iron and insulation riser, and the optimization scheme with the improved pouring system combined with the optimal parameters are 1.83%, 1.64%, and 1.42%, respectively. The optimal pouring temperature, pouring speed, and shell preheating temperature of medium- and large-sized castings are: 1620°C, 1.5 kg/s, and 1100°C, respectively. According to the aforementioned findings, the study raises the standard of precision production for stainless steel, and fuel the growth of the precision casting sector.

Huang, Jie, Zhang, Hongshan

Variable Speed Limit Control Based on Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient under Mixed Traffic Environment

12-09-01-0004

05/06/2025

The existing variable speed limit (VSL) control strategies rely on variable message signs, leading to slow response times and sensitivity to driver compliance. These methods struggle to adapt to environments where both connected automated vehicles (CAVs) and manual vehicles coexist. This article proposes a VSL control strategy using the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm to optimize travel time, reduce collision risks, and minimize energy consumption. The algorithm leverages real-time traffic data and prior speed limits to generate new control actions. A reward function is designed within a DDPG-based actor-critic framework to determine optimal speed limits. The proposed strategy was tested in two scenarios and compared against no-control, rule-based control, and DDQN-based control methods. The simulation results indicate that the proposed control strategy outperforms existing approaches in terms of improving TTS (total time spent), enhancing the throughput efficiency

Ding, Xibin, Zhang, Zhaolei, Liu, Zhizhen, Tang, Feng

Letter from the Guest Editors

12-08-02-0011

05/06/2025

Letter from the Guest Editors

Liang, Ci, Törngren, Martin

Hybrid Approaches to Software Reliability: Evaluating and Enhancing Prediction Models

2025-01-5024

05/06/2025

Software reliability prediction involves predicting future failure rates or expected number of failures that can happen in the operational timeline of the software. The time-domain approach of software reliability modeling has received great emphasis and there exists numerous software reliability models that aim to capture the underlying failure process by using the relationship between time and software failures. These models work well for one-step prediction of time between failures or failure count per unit time. But for forecasting the expected number of failures, no single model will be able to perform the best on all datasets. For making accurate predictions, two hybrid approaches have been developed—minimization and neural network—to give importance to only those models that are able to model the failure process with good accuracy and then combine the predictions of them to get good results in forecasting failures across all datasets. These models once trained on the dataset are

Mahdev, Akash Ravishankar, Lal, Vinayak, Muralimohan, Pramod, Reddy, Hemanjaneya, Mathur, Rachit

Effects of Acoustic Dissipative Material in Applications with Acoustic Leakage

2025-01-0117

05/05/2025

This paper investigates the performance of a dissipative material compared to conventional acoustic materials under conditions that simulate real-world vehicle applications with acoustic leakage. Various acoustic materials were evaluated through laboratory experiments, which included acoustic leakage in both the steel panel and the acoustic materials. Acoustic leakages commonly occur in actual vehicle conditions at pass-throughs or fastener mounting locations. The study also presents in-vehicle test results to demonstrate the effectiveness of the dissipative material in managing acoustic leakage.

Yoo, Taewook, Maeda, Hirotsugu, Sawamoto, Keisuke, Anderson, Brian, Gan, KimTong, Herdtle, Thomas

A Computational Process to Predict and Mitigate Liftgate Gap Noise

2025-01-0028

05/05/2025

This study introduces a computational approach to evaluate potential noise issues arising from liftgate gaps and their contribution to cabin noise early in the design process. This computational approach uses an extensively-validated Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver to predict the transient flow field and exterior noise sources. Transmission of these noise sources through glass panels and seals were done by a well-validated statistical energy analysis (SEA) solver. Various sealing strategies were investigated to reduce interior noise levels attributed to these gaps, aiming to enhance wind noise performance. The findings emphasize the importance of integrating computational tools in the early design stages to mitigate wind noise issues and optimize sealing strategies effectively.

Moron, Philippe, Jantzen, Andreas, Kim, Minsuk, Senthooran, Sivapalan

Sonic Boom Propagation Using High and Low-Fidelity Methods

2025-01-0034

05/05/2025

The advancement of civil supersonic aircraft is significantly constrained due to the intense noise generated by the shock waves that form during cruise, commonly referred to as the sonic boom. Due to these excessive noise levels, regulatory authorities currently ban supersonic flights over land. This study presents a comprehensive methodology to evaluate sonic booms in mid- and far-field regions, starting with a precise estimation of the near-field pressure signature produced by the shock wave system. While high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques typically provide near-field sonic boom predictions, specific propagation models must be used at greater distances, as CFD becomes prohibitively expensive beyond approximately 10 km. The focus of this research is a comparative analysis of a low-fidelity propagation approach, such as Whitham’s equation, and a high-fidelity CFD-based approach for assessing sonic boom propagation over medium range distances. The low-fidelity

Glorioso, Antimo, Fasulo, Giovanni, Petrosino, Francesco, Barbarino, Mattia

A Study on the Subwoofer Rattle Noise Analysis and System Target Setting

2025-01-0090

05/05/2025

Rattling noise from electrical sound systems is becoming one of the prominent issues for automakers as it directly affects the perception of customers about vehicle quality. Recently, quality sound system is prerequisite for automotive passenger vehicles. And, in the whole systems subwoofer forms dominant part of sound output. However, subwoofer rattle noise problems sometimes occur in small and midsize Sports Utility Vehicles (SUV). Mainly rattle is noise resulting from physical contact of two parts due to vibrations when relative displacement is bigger than gap of two parts, it occurred certain frequency (Between F1~F2), which is main excitation range of subwoofer. In this study, we analyze the subwoofer structural vibration analysis for five sample vehicles based on the test and correlation. However, the present subwoofer system model has limitation in determining the level of this rattle noise. Therefore, this paper discusses how to correlate subwoofer model, frequency

Thota, Jagadeesh, Choi, Seungchan, Park, Jong-Suh

Saw-Tooth Ramps for the Suppression of Flow-Acoustic Coupling in a High-Frequency Silencer for Turbocharger Compressors

2025-01-0023

05/05/2025

The ported shroud casing treatment for turbocharger compressors is desirable for mitigating broadband/whoosh noise and enhancing boost pressures at low to mid flow rates. Yet, it is accompanied by elevated narrowband noise at the blade-pass frequency (BPF). Compressor BPF noise occurs at high frequencies where wave propagation is often multi-dimensional, rendering traditional planar wave silencers invalid. An earlier work introduced a novel reflective high-frequency silencer (baseline) targeting BPF noise in the 8-12 kHz range using an “acoustic straightener” that promoted planar wave propagation along arrays of quarter-wave resonators (QWRs). The design, however, faced challenges with high-amplitude tonal noise generation at specific flow conditions due to flow-acoustic coupling at the opening of the QWRs, thereby compromising the noise attenuation. The current study explores two QWR interface geometries that weaken the coupling, including linear and saw-tooth ramps on the upstream

Sriganesh, Pranav, Selamet, Ahmet

Underbody Contribution Simulation for Vehicle Wind-Noise

2025-01-0026

05/05/2025

Wind noise is one of the largest sources to interior noise of modern vehicles. This noise is encountered when driving on roads and freeways from medium speed and generates considerable fatigue for passengers on long journeys. Aero-acoustic noise is the result of turbulent and acoustic pressure fluctuations created within the flow. They are transmitted to the passenger compartment via the vibro-acoustic excitation of vehicle surfaces and underbody cavities. Generally, this is the dominant flow-induced source at low frequencies. The transmission mechanism through the vehicle floor and underbody is a complex phenomenon as the paths to the cavity can be both airborne and structure-borne. This study is focused on the simulation of the floor contribution to wind noise of two types of vehicles (SUV and Sports car), whose underbody structure are largely different. Aero-Vibro-acoustic simulations are performed to identify the transmission mechanism of the underbody wind noise and contribution

Mordillat, Philippe, Zerrad, Mehdi, Errico, Fabrizio

Research on In-Vehicle Clustered Multi-Channel Active Noise Control System

2025-01-0016

05/05/2025

To address the issue of intermittent engine intervention during the charging and discharging processes of hybrid vehicles, which results in roaring noise within the cabin, this paper proposes a semi-coupled cluster control strategy that offers superior overall performance. This strategy is based on the traditional multi-channel Active Noise Control (ANC) system and integrates the advantages of both centralized and decentralized control approaches. The proposed clustered control strategy reduces computational load by approximately 50% compared to the centralized control strategy, while maintaining comparable noise attenuation performance. Moreover, it demonstrates significantly improved stability over the decentralized control strategy, with outstanding noise reduction results. Using the MATLAB simulation platform, the performance of the proposed in-vehicle clustered control strategy is compared with that of traditional control strategies. Additionally, road test experiments are

Deng, Huiping, Lu, Chihua, Chen, Wan, Liu, Zhien, Chen, Pian, Dou, Sirui, Sun, Menglei

A Study on Active Sound Design and Control Method for Vehicle Interior Hybrid Noise to Enhance Sound Quality

2025-01-0011

05/05/2025

With the current popularity of new energy vehicles and the continuous development of intelligent cabin technology, the demand for acoustic comfort within automotive cockpit is increasing. A multi-channel feedforward active sound design and control method was proposed to improve the sound quality of the hybrid broadband road and narrowband order noise inside the test vehicle. The method selectively designed the target amplitudes for broadband noise and narrowband noise in the vehicle to satisfy passengers comfort, mainly including the sound design phase and the control phase. During the sound design phase, objective sound quality parameter analysis was first conducted on the noise of the prototype vehicle, followed by an subjective evaluation of the sound quality with rating scale method. An active acoustic design strategy focusing on comfort, motivation sense were proposed, including a formula for the target amplitude of adjustment order and sound pressure level. The sound quality was

Liu, Xuexian, Xu, Wenxuan, Li, Rubin, Lu, Lu

Correlation of NVH Model for Extended Range Generator in Electric Vehicle

2025-01-0077

05/05/2025

Electrification in the automotive industry has been steadily rising in popularity for many years, and with any technology there is always a desire to reduce development cost by efficiently iterating designs using accurate simulation models. In the case of rotating machinery and other devices that produce vibrations, an important physical behavior to simulate is Noise Vibration and Harshness (NVH). Efficient workflow to account for NVH was established at Schaeffler for eMotor design. Quantitative prediction is difficult to achieve and is occasionally intended only for faster iterations and trend prediction. A good validated qualitative simulation model would help achieve early NVH risk assessment based on the specified requirement and provide design direction and feasibility guidance across the design process to mitigate NVH concerns. This paper seeks to provide a general approach to validate the simulation model. The correlation methods used in this paper consist of a combination of

Proben, Joel, Huang, Fatao, Pasagada, Keerti Vardhan, Hilty, Drew

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