Browse Topic: Analysis methodologies

Items (9,176)
A novel design for a radial field switching reluctance motor with a sandwich-type C-core architecture is proposed. This approach combines elements of both traditional axial and radial field distribution techniques. This motor, similar to an in-wheel construction, is mounted on a shared shaft and is simple to operate and maintain. The rotor is positioned between the two stators in this configuration. The cores and poles of the two stators are separated from one another both magnetically and electrically. Both stators can work together or separately to produce the necessary torque. This adds novelty and improves the design’s suitability for use with electrical vehicles (EVs). A good, broad, and adaptable torque profile is provided by this setup at a modest excitation current. This work presents the entire C-core radial field switched reluctance motor (SRM) design process, including the computation of motor parameters through computer-aided design (CAD). The CAD outputs are verified via
Patel, Nikunj R.Mokariya, Kashyap L.Chavda, Jiten K.Patil, Surekha
ABSTRACT This paper discusses the development of a methodology to generate drive cycles having a finite duration, but which are statistically representative of a larger set of usage data collected from fleet vehicles operating in the field. Given field-generated time vs. velocity data, acceleration at each data point is calculated, and each velocity and acceleration pair is binned using some calibrated level of fidelity. As a result, a velocity-acceleration matrix representing each vehicle operating point, as well as cumulative probability distribution functions for acceleration change and take-off acceleration are generated. These cumulative distribution functions are utilized to pick random velocity-acceleration pairs from the corresponding matrix, and the concatenation of each consecutive chosen velocity-acceleration pair constitutes the final drive cycle. Three drive cycles representing the high-, medium- and low-speed operation of the vehicle are generated from the field data, and
Dagci, Oguz H.Cook, AndrewShaw, Phillip
Abstract This paper analyzes the system-level state of health (SOH) and its dependence on the SOHs of the battery modules within the battery system. Due to the stochastic nature of battery aging processes and their dependance on charge/discharge, depth, temperature, and environment conditions, prior or long-term prediction of each module’s SOH is difficult. Based on estimated SOHs of battery modules during battery operation, we demonstrate how the SOH of the entire system decays when battery modules age and become increasingly diversified in their maximum ampere-hour capacities. System-level energy efficiency is analyzed. It is shown that by using battery reconfiguration after a length of service, the overall battery usable capacities can be utilized more efficiently, leading to extended operational ranges of the battery system. Analysis methods and simulation studies are presented
Wang, Le YiYin, GeorgeDing, Yi
ABSTRACT With the development of the next generation of military vehicles, the demand for significant amounts of electrical power is increasing, making the design of electrical machines, such as the vehicle alternator, integral to the powertrain design. This shows the importance of the machines’ size and efficiency, and the great influence they will have on the vehicle powertrain design process. In this paper, a finite-element-based scaling technique, capable of quickly generating torque-speed curves and efficiency maps for new machine designs, is improved to have two dimensional scaling factors instead of scaling the dimensions uniformly, thus increasing the flexibility of the tool. First, a magnetostatic finite-element-analysis (FEA) is conducted on a base machine, producing data such as torque, flux linkage, and demagnetizing field intensity in the permanent magnets, over a wide range of current magnitudes and phase angles. Then, based on the dimensional and winding scaling factors
Wang, YuanyingHofmann, HeathIvanco, AndrejRizzo, Denise
With the capability of predicting detailed injury of occupants, the Human Body Model (HBM) was used to identify potential injuries for occupants in car impact events. However, there are few publications on using HBM in the aviation industry. This study aims to investigate and compare the head, neck, lumbar spine and thoracic responses of the Hybrid III and the THUMS (Total Human Model for Safety) model in the horizontal 26g and vertical 19g sled tests required by the General Aviation Aircraft Airworthiness Regulations. The HIC of THUMS and Hybrid III did not exceed the requirements of airworthiness regulations. Still, THUMS had higher intracranial pressures and intracranial stresses, which could result in brain injury to the occupants. In vertical impact, the highest stress of the neck of THUMS appears at the cervical spine C2 and the upper neck is easily injured; in horizontal impact, the cervical spine C7 has the highest load, and the lower neck is easily injured. Due to the low
Shi, XiaopengDing, XiangheGuo, KaiLiu, TianfuXie, Jiang
ABSTRACT Recent advances in the capabilities of personal, workstation, and cloud computing platforms have spurred developments in many computational fields. Terramechanics, involving the study of the dynamic interactions between vehicle and terrain, could, to great benefit, leverage existing compute power towards the use of higher fidelity models. In this paper, we outline the formulation and implementation of an inelastic continuum based soil model in a multibody system (MBS) simulation environment. Such a new computational environment will allow for the simulation of the complex and dynamic interactions occurring at the interface between tracks and wheels, and the ground. The soil model is developed using the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) finite elements. In deformable terrain, soil is modeled as a set of 8-node brick ANCF elements whose mechanical behavior may be defined by a suitable constitutive model. A Drucker-Prager plasticity material, which is used to model the
Contreras, UlyssesRecuero, Antonio M.Hamed, Ashraf M.Wei, ChengFoster, CraigJayakumar, ParamsothyLetherwood, Michael D.Gorsich, David J.Shabana, Ahmed A.
ABSTRACT This research paper addresses the ground vehicle reliability prediction process based on a new integrated reliability prediction framework. The paper is an extension of the paper presented last year at the GVSETS symposium. The integrated stochastic framework combines the computational physics-based predictions with experimental testing information for assessing vehicle reliability. The integrated reliability prediction approach incorporates the following computational steps: i) simulation of stochastic operational environment, ii) vehicle multi-body dynamics analysis, iii) stress prediction in subsystems and components, iv) stochastic progressive damage analysis, and v) component life prediction, including the effects of maintenance and, finally, iv) reliability prediction at component and system level. To solve efficiently and accurately the challenges coming from large-size computational mechanics models and high-dimensional stochastic spaces, a HPC simulation-based
Ghiocel, Dan M.Negrut, DanLamb, DavidGorsich, David
ABSTRACT Structural optimization efforts for blast mitigation seek to counteract the damaging effects of an impulsive threat on critical components of vehicles and to protect the lives of the crew and occupants. The objective of this investigation is to develop a novel optimization tool that simultaneously accounts for both energy dissipating properties of a shaped hull and the assembly constraints of such a component to the vehicle system. The resulting hull design is shown to reduce the blast loading imparted on the vehicle structure. Component attachment locations are shown to influence the major deformation modes of the target and the final hull design
Tan, HuadeGoetz, JohnTovar, AndrésRenaud, John E.
ABSTRACT This paper addresses some aspects of an on-going multiyear research project of GP Technologies for US Army TARDEC. The focus of the research project has been the enhancement of the overall vehicle reliability prediction process. This paper describes briefly few selected aspects of the new integrated reliability prediction approach. The integrated approach uses both computational mechanics predictions and experimental test databases for assessing vehicle system reliability. The integrated reliability prediction approach incorporates the following computational steps: i) simulation of stochastic operational environment, ii) vehicle multi-body dynamics analysis, iii) stress prediction in subsystems and components, iv) stochastic progressive damage analysis, and v) component life prediction, including the effects of maintenance and, finally, iv) reliability prediction at component and system level. To solve efficiently and accurately the challenges coming from large-size
Ghiocel, Dan M.Negrut, DanLamb, DavidGorsich, David
ABSTRACT The modeling of a buried charge is a very complex engineering task since many Design Variables need to be considered. The variables in question are directly related to the method chosen to perform the analysis and the process modeled. In order to have a Predictive Tool two main objectives have to be carried out, the first is a verification of the numerical approach with experimental data, the second objective is a sensitivity study of the numerical and process parameters. The emphasis of the present study covers the second objective. To perform this task a comprehensive sensitivity study of fourteen Design Variables was completed which required 1000+ computational hours. The modeling approach that was chosen was the Discrete Particle Method (DPM) to model the Soil and HE and the Finite Element Method for the Structure. The basis for the study was a blast event applied to a model of the TARDEC Generic Vehicle Hull. The Response Parameter was chosen to be the Total Blast Impulse
Jensen, Morten RikardSmith, Wilford
ABSTRACT The Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol is still a de-facto standard for in-vehicle communication between Electronic Control Units (ECUs). The CAN protocol lacks basic security features such as absence of sender node information, absence of authentications mechanism and the plug and play nature of the network. The payload in a CAN data packet is very small i.e. 8 bytes, therefore, implementation of cryptographic solutions for data integrity verification is not feasible. Various methods have been proposed for ECU identification, one of the methods is clock intrusion detection system (CIDS) [14]. The proposed method is based on authenticating the message sender by estimating the unique characteristics of the clock crystal. In an asynchronous network, the clocking information in a transmitted payload is entirely dependent upon the crystal which invokes the clock. These unique characteristics exists because of the asymmetry in the microstructure of the material. The challenge
Tayyab, MuhammadHafeez, AzeemMalik, Hafiz
ABSTRACT Timely part procurement is vital to the maintenance and performance of deployed military equipment. Yet, logistical hurdles can delay this process, which can compromise efficiency and mission success for the warfighter. Point-of-need part procurement through additive manufacturing (AM) is a means to circumvent these logistical challenges. An Integrated Computational Materials Engineering framework is presented as a means to validate and quantify the performance of AM replacement parts. Statistical modeling using a random forest network and finite element modeling were to inform the build design. Validation was performed by testing coupons extracted from each legacy replacement parts, as well as the new additively manufactured replacement parts through monotonic tensile and combined tension-torsion fatigue testing. Destructive full hinge assembly tests were also performed as part of the experimental characterization. Lastly, the collected experimental results were used to
Gallmeyer, Thomas GDahal, JineshKappes, Branden BStebner, Aaron PThyagarajan, Ravi SMiranda, Juan APilchak, AdamNuechterlein, Jacob
ABSTRACT Tracks and wheels are some of the top constituents of ground vehicle mobility and sustainment cost. Even small improvements in performance parameters and support strategies can go a long way. Analyzing equipment sustainment models can help identify these opportunities in conjunction with maintaining a situational awareness of R&D activities. Specifically, understanding component failure analysis, characterizing production road wheel material properties, conducting component testing, and benchmarking diverse manufacturing capabilities provides a roadmap to establishing and identifying “Best in Class” road wheel materials. Establishing and executing an R&D compounding plan to deliver 5X-10X durability improvement is hypothesized. Leveraging the Defense Mobility Enterprise (DME) and its authority under the 10 USC 2370 Section 845 Ground Vehicle Systems Other Transaction Agreement will allow the government to rapidly determine the technical feasibility of realizing such colossal
Patria, Garett S.Rescoe, StuBradford, WilliamMynderse, James A.
ABSTRACT Multi-wheeled off-road vehicles performance depends not only on the total engine power but also on its distribution among the drive axles/wheels. In this paper, a combat vehicle model was developed to examine dynamic performance on rigid and soft terrain. The vehicle dynamics is validated on rigid road against published measured data. Also non-linear tire look-up tables for rigid and soft terrain were constructed based on developed three-dimensional non-linear Finite Element Analysis off-road tire using PAM-CRASH. The measured and predicted results are compared on the basis of vehicle steering, yaw rates and accelerations using published US Army validation criteria. The validated combat vehicle model then used to study vehicle lane-change maneuverability on rigid and soft terrain at different speeds and powertrain configurations. This comparison showed the importance of having active torque distribution system on soft terrain especially at high speeds
Ragheb, H.El-Gindy, M.Kishawy, H. A.
ABSTRACT Use of Model-Based Design (MBD) processes for embedded controls software Development has been purported for nearly the last decade to result in cost, quality, and delivery improvements. Initially the business case for MBD was rather vague and qualitative in nature, but more data is now becoming available to support the premise for this development methodology. Many times the implementation of MBD in an organization is bundled with other software process improvements such as CMMI or industry safety standards compliance, so trying to unbundle the contributions from MBD has been problematic. This paper addresses the dominant factors for MBD cost savings and the business benefits that have been realized by companies in various industries engaged in MBD development. It also summarizes some key management best practices and success factors that have helped organizations achieve success in MBD deployment
Lannan, Ron
ABSTRACT The presented work discusses how to make a V/L analysis of a vehicle based on an RHA equivalence. It is shown how the approach works using small examples and an impact of an M1 helmet. Further, different V/L analyses of the GAZ-2975 vehicle are displayed. Considered Response parameters are the VAA damage maps, Expected Protection Capability plot, and damage area fractions. Explicit Finite Element models are used to find the critical RHA equivalent armor thickness at normal impact. It is done with terminal ballistic models for three materials; RHA, Aluminum 5083-H116, and Armox 500T. The values found are used in a V/L analysis. A sensitivity study of eight relevant V/L design parameters is carried out on the driver side section of the GAZ-2975 vehicle with an EPC value as the response parameter. Citation: Morten Rikard Jensen, Steven Grate, “Procedure for Fast Ballistic Vulnerability Simulation of Armored Vehicles Supported by Finite Element Results and an Extensive Numerical
Jensen, Morten RikardGrate, Steven
Abstract Line2Line’s patented abradable powder surface coatings are a mechanism by which clearance between mating components is reduced, and the tribological properties of the interacting surfaces can be improved. The following discussion presents the modeling efforts targeting the numerical analysis of abradable powder piston skirt coatings. This study employs the Cylinder-Kit Analysis System for Engines (CASE) by Mid-Michigan Research to model the performance enhancements offered by abradable powder coatings as applied to piston skirts. Two piston models were generated for the purposes of this analysis, one with the post-run stock reference geometry and coating, as supplied by the manufacturer, and the second having the Line2Line post-run coated geometry. The pistons modeled had been installed within two separate Cummins R2.8 L turbo diesel engines, both of which were subject to several hours of runtime. The primary finding of the current study is that the Line2Line abradable powder
Nicklowitz, DanielSchock, HaroldSuman, AndyLowe, JimWood, Ai LeGrande
ABSTRACT Over the course of typical survivability analyses for underbody blast events, a multitude of individual cases are examined where charge size, charge location relative to the vehicle, and vehicle clearance from the ground are varied, so as to arrive at a comprehensive assessment. While multi-physics computational tools have reduced the expense and difficulty of testing each loading case experimentally, these tools still often require significant execution and wall-clock times to perform the simulations. In efforts to greatly reduce the time required to conduct a holistic survivability analysis, Fast Running Models (FRMs) have been implemented and validated to act as a surrogate for the computationally expensive finite element tools in use today. Built using a small set of simulations, FRMs generate loading data in a matter of seconds, representing a significant improvement in survivability analysis turnaround time
Li, LiangjunStowe, NicholasVlahopoulos, NickolasMohammad, SyedBarker, CraigThyagarajan, Ravi
ABSTRACT The age of large autonomous ground vehicles has arrived. Wherever vehicles are used, autonomy is desired and, in most cases, being studied and developed. The last barrier is to prove to decision makers (and the general public) that these autonomous systems are safe. This paper describes a rigorous safety testing environment for large autonomous vehicles. Our approach to this borrows elements from game theory, where multiple competing players each attempt to maximize their payout. With this construct, we can model an environment that as an agent that seeks poor performance in an effort to find the rare corner cases that can lead to automation failure
Penning, RyanEnglish, JamesMelanz, DanielLimone, BrettMuench, PaulBednarz, David
ABSTRACT Problem: The traditional four (4) methods for improving reliability; 1) High design safety margin, 2) Reduction in component count or system architectural complexity, 3) Redundancy, and 4) Back-up capability, are often ignored or perceived as being excessively costly in weight, space claim as well as money. Solution 1: Discussed here are the practical and very cost effective methods for achieving improved reliability by Functional Interface Stress Hardening (FISHtm or FISHingtm). The Author has been able to apply FISH to eliminate 70-92% of unscheduled equipment downtime, within 30-60 days, for more than 30 of the Fortune 500 and many other large companies which utilize automation controls, computers, power electronics and hydraulic control systems. Solution 2: From Structured Innovation the 33 DFR Methods & R-TRIZ Tool can be used to grow or improve reliability, via rapid innovation. The R-TRIZ tool) is provided so that users can instantly select the best 2, 3 or 4 of these
Cooper, Howard C
ABSTRACT Protection Engineering Consultants (PEC) has performed static and dynamic-pendulum tests on bolted and welded connection sub-assemblies to generate data for development and validation of modeling approaches capable of accurately predicting the behavior of connections exposed to shock loads. The connections consisted of Rolled Homogeneous Armor (RHA) steel plates, Grade 8 bolts, and fillet welds of ER80-S wire, as typically used in armored vehicles. A summary of the forty physical tests on nine connection configurations are provided along with strain gage and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) data. The specimens were designed to have typical failure modes, i.e. bolt shear, plate tear-out, and weld shear fracture. Using these data, high-fidelity numerical models were developed, with exceptionally good comparisons to the experimental data. During the development of the numerical models, crucial modeling parameters were identified and were shown to have significant influence to the
Hadjioannou, MichalisBarsotti, MattSammarco, EricStevens, David
ABSTRACT Rubber is the main element of tires and the outside layer of tracks. Tire and track heating is caused by hysteresis effects due to the deformation of the rubber during operation. Tire temperatures can depend on many factors, including tire geometry, inflation pressure, vehicle load and speed, road type and temperature and environmental conditions. The focus of this study is to develop a finite element approach to computationally evaluate the temperature field of a steady-state rolling tire and track. The 3D thermal analysis software Radtherm was applied to calculate the average temperature of tread and sidewall, and the results of Radtherm agreed with ABAQUS results very well. The distributions of stress and strain energy density of the rolling tracks were investigated by ABAQUS as well. The future works were finally presented
Tang, TianJohnson, DanielLedbury, EmilyGoddette, ThomasFelicelli*, Sergio D.Smith, Robert E.
ABSTRACT Acceptance testing is considered a final stage of validation, and performing acceptance tests of an actual UGV system can be expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, this paper discusses simulation based acceptance testing for UGVs, which can significantly reduce the time and cost of the acceptance test. In this paper, both dynamic and static simulation models are developed, and the results from these simulations show that the static simulation can be used, rather than the more complex dynamic simulation, because of the slow operating speed of UGVs. This finding improves the development efficiently at the simulation model development phase. In addition, the developed simulation models provide a better understanding of the UGV failure modes. The static simulations can determine the required joint motor torques for various UGV loadings and maneuvers and provide data for the full range of operating motion. Specifically, given threshold joint torque value, the safe operating range
Lee, Hyo JongJin, Jionghua (Judy)Ulsoy, A. Galip
ABSTRACT The Joint Operational Energy Initiative (JOEI) models energy (and all classes of supply) consumption, generation, and sustainment across a virtual battlefield area of operations utilizing the System of Systems Analysis Toolset (SoSAT) and the Fully Burdened Cost Tool (FBCT). Recent advances in SoSAT provide a capability to model condition-based scenarios that better represent complex dynamic scenario changes and provide more accurate, realistic operational scenario and sustainment modeling. In addition, the JOEI team developed a new operational metric called Combat Effective Operational Endurance (CEOE) using SoSAT system-level outputs to determine unit combat power over time based on system availability and system combat weights. FBCT improvements include increased synchronization with SoSAT and expansion of capabilities to model Class V (ammunition), Class VII (major end item) transport, troop movement, convoy generation and higher fidelity cost allocation. The new SoSAT
Ernst, BrianAgusti, RachelAnderson, DennisLe, HaiKish, AlanBosselut, FrancoisPitluck-Schmitt, MeaganZabat, Michael
ABSTRACT Ballistic validation testing typically involves firing multiple shots at a nominal velocity and ensuring the target stops every round with only partial penetrations, no completes. This testing is specified as a consequence of the binary nature of the test, and the need to meet a particular probability of penetration at a specified velocity with a certain confidence level. This legacy process has significant shortcomings owing to both the test procedures involved as well as the nature of the statistical interpretation of the results. This paper describes an alternative test and analysis procedure that produces the required level of performance and confidence information at a specified velocity, as well as the confidence over a wide range of other velocities and performance levels. In addition, this procedure eliminates many of the shortcomings associated with the legacy “no penetration” test protocol, and requires no more shots at the target. Citation: J. Eridon, S. Mishler
Eridon, JamesMishler, Scott
ABSTRACT Significant Design for Reliability (DfR) methodology challenges are created with the integration of autonomous vehicle technologies via applique systems in a ground military vehicle domain. Voice of the customer data indicates current passenger vehicle usage cycles are typically 5% or less (approximately 72 minutes of use in a twenty-four hour period) [2]. The time during which vehicles currently lay dormant due to drivers being otherwise occupied could change with autonomous vehicles. Within the context of the fully mature autonomous military vehicle environment, the daily vehicle usage rate could grow to 95% or more. Due to this potential increase in the duty or usage cycle of an autonomous military vehicle by an order of magnitude, several issues which impact reliability are worth exploring. Citation: M. Majcher, J. Wasiloff, “New Design for Reliability (DfR) Needs and Strategies for Emerging Autonomous Ground Vehicles”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Majcher, MonicaWasiloff, James
ABSTRACT When the components of a military vehicle are designed, consideration is given to long term durability under repeated mission applications. In reality, surface and subsurface defects have always existed in weldments, forgings, and castings. These defects came from the manufacturing process or nucleated during the life of the vehicle. These defects may grow under repeated operations, resulting in ultimate failure of parts well before the design life is achieved. In such situations, a design based on crack initiation alone will not suffice, and a fracture mechanics based fatigue should also be included to predict the design life of a part accurately. In this paper a methodology is given on how to predict the available design life given the presence of defects in different parts of a military vehicle. An example will be provided with the process to demonstrate each step of the process
Porter, William De
Abstract This paper presents a fault-tolerant powertrain topology for series hybrid electric vehicles (SHEVs). The introduction of a redundant phase leg that is shared by three converters in a standard SHEV drive system allows to maximize the reliability improvement with minimal part-count increase. The new topology features fast response in fault detection and isolation, and post-fault operation at rated power throughput. The operating principle, control strategy, and fault diagnostic methods are elaborated. The substantially improved reliability over the standard topology is verified by the Markov reliability model. Time-domain simulation based on a Saber model has been conducted and the results have verified the feasibility and performance of the proposed SHEV drive system with fault-tolerant capability. The experimental results from a prototype have further validated the robust fault detection scheme and excellent post-fault performance
Song, YantaoWang, Bingsen
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