Browse Topic: Optimization

Items (7,680)
Find
Multi-Level CFD and System Simulation Approach for Optimization of Cooling Circuits in High Power Density Powertrains2026-24-0009To be published on 09/21/2026
This paper presents a CFD-based optimization workflow for the simulation and development of automotive cooling circuits, integrating three-dimensional steady-state analyses with one-dimensional transient modeling. The objective of the activity is to establish a robust methodology that links detailed component-level thermal characterization to system-level dynamic simulations, enabling the assessment of cooling performance under both driving and charging operating conditions. The thermal behavior of the cooling circuit components was first investigated using three-dimensional steady-state simulations performed with Ansys Fluent. For each relevant operating point, the fluid flow and heat transfer were resolved in full 3D, and temperatures were monitored at multiple locations within the components and along the circuit. The steady-state analyses provided spatially resolved temperature fields and heat transfer characteristics for a range of boundary conditions representative of real
Chiappini, Daniele, Tribioli, Laura, Rodionov, Artem
Thermal Management of Pre-Chamber Spark Plugs for the Mitigation of Abnormal Ignition in Hydrogen-Fueled Engines – An Experimental and Numerical Study2026-24-0007To be published on 09/21/2026
The internal combustion engine will continue to contribute to global mobility, particularly when operated with CO₂-neutral or low-carbon fuels. Pre-chamber ignition systems are increasingly investigated to meet future requirements regarding efficiency, emissions, and combustion stability. In combination with hydrogen as a carbon-free fuel, pre-chamber spark plugs enable a significant extension of the lean operating limit while ensuring reliable ignition under demanding boundary conditions. A key development challenge is the thermal management of the pre-chamber spark plug. While the thermal behaviour of conventional production spark plugs is well established, limited knowledge exists for pre-chamber systems. The interaction of chamber geometry, material selection, manufacturing and joining processes, and installation position in the cylinder head strongly influences thermal loading and operational behaviour. Excessive local temperatures may promote knock, pre-ignition, or material
Nenzel, Markus, Alkezbari, Ahmad Anas, Rottenkolber, Gregor
Machine Learning Prediction of Wear of NAO Brake Pad Using Scaled-Down FMVSS 135 Testing2026-01-0808To be published on 09/14/2026
Brake pad lifespan significantly influences environmental pollution and public health due to non-exhaust particulate emissions. Global vehicle production reached approximately 7 billion units in 2025, with brake systems generating an estimated 50,000 to 100,000 metric tons of wear debris annually, underscoring the need for improved durability and material optimization. This study investigates the capability of a Fully Connected Neural Network (FCNN) to predict brake pad wear and support formulation optimization. Controlled experiments were performed using a simplified FMVSS 135 protocol on a Universal Mechanical Tester (UMT) to simulate realistic braking conditions. Wear loss was measured under varying normal loads, sliding velocities, and interface temperatures. An FCNN was selected for its ability to capture nonlinear interactions between operating conditions and tribological responses. Despite a limited but high-quality dataset, the application of data standardization
Katakam, Abhishek, Eslamiat, Hossein, Kancharla, Sai Krishna, Filip, Peter
Lightweight Optimization Design of Subframe Structure Based on Sensitivity Analysis2026-99-1639To be published on 07/24/2026
In order to meet the needs of national energy conservation and environmental protection policies, a typical chassis structure lightweight method based on sensitivity analysis of 13 strength conditions was proposed. Firstly, the finite element model of the subframe of a certain model is established, and the impact strength and static strength of the subframe structure are analyzed by the finite element method. Secondly, the sensitivity analysis of 13 strength conditions was carried out for the 12 main sheet thicknesses in the finite element model. Based on the results of the sensitivity analysis, the plate thickness of the components that is conducive to lightweight and has little impact on the 13 strength conditions of the subframe was selected as the design variable. The size optimization was carried out with the goal of minimizing the mass of the subframe and the constraint that the maximum Von Mises stress of the unit, where each material is located, did not exceed the yield
Jing, Min, Jia, Zhilong, Zhang, Hualei, Liu, Minjie, Gan, Xinhua, Gao, Jinyu
Performance Analysis and Optimization of a Variable Space Parallel Mechanism2026-99-1638To be published on 07/24/2026
To obtain additional space for industrial sorting and assembly line labeling operations, this study conducts an analysis of the four-bar mechanism. Based on this analysis and combination, the redundant parallel mechanism is introduced. That is, on the basis of the traditional parallel mechanism with central rotation, the objective of expanding the working space is achieved. The degree of freedom of the screw theory and the disparities between the working space of this mechanism and that of the traditional mechanism are analyzed. Finally, through application analysis, it is demonstrated that the working space of this mechanism is variable and that the mechanism can adapt to diverse workplaces.
Li, Wenqian, Zhang, Xiaojie
Dynamic and Static Optimization Design of Car-seat Structure2026-99-1614To be published on 07/24/2026
A car seat is one of the most critical components of passive safety. On the basis of the safety of car seats, this paper focuses on optimizing the design of the seat frame and achieving a lightweight design under various dynamic and static loading conditions. The optimization results are verified through physical experiments, which demonstrate the correctness and feasibility of the proposed design method. These experiments also provide research ideas for the optimization design of the seat structure and a certain reference value for the engineering application of the seat.
Shao, Youlin, Ni, Weiyu, Chen, Daojiong
Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization and Machine Learning Framework for Enhanced Prediction of Ground Settlement during Rectangular Pipe Jacking2026-99-1647To be published on 07/24/2026
22
Hu, Shiwei, Hu, Rong, Zhang, Hong, Chen, Yi, Hu, Da
Accurate Control of Refueling Volume for a New Type of Oil Change Device in the Reducer of Tobacco Machinery Equipment2026-99-1618To be published on 07/24/2026
In order to achieve precise control of refueling volume, improve oil change efficiency, reduce oil pollution and waste, a new oil change device for the reducer of the range hood equipment is studied. We design a new oil change device that integrates oil discharge and refueling functions based on the operating characteristics of the reducer in the range hood equipment. Using the rotational speed of the power pump and the flow rate of the oil pipeline as variables, we determine the refueling flow rate using a one-dimensional quadratic formula. Based on direct control theory, we optimize the relative position parameters of each component of the device, establish a control matrix, and achieve precise control. The experimental results show that the new oil change device exhibits good performance during both one-time oil discharge and refueling processes, meeting the precise control standards for refueling volume. The design and application of a new oil change device can effectively improve
He, Pengtao, Wei, Bo, Liang, Zhiyuan, Deng, Weiren, Liang, Wenbin, Xing, Yuquan
Alignment Control of an Aerial Wireless Power Transmission Device2026-99-1622To be published on 07/24/2026
With the development of battery technology and wireless power transmission technology, their applications in the aviation field have broad prospects. Alignment control is the key to achieving wireless power transmission in the air. This paper first establishes a mathematical model for the proposed wireless power transmission device, decomposes and simplifies it to obtain a controlled object model that is more suitable for the algorithm in this paper. Aiming at the accuracy of alignment control in the task, a fused dynamic inverse algorithm with feedforward optimization was designed step by step and verified through simulation. In the simulation, typical application scenarios were designed in combination with the requirements of wireless power transmission technology. The results show that compared with the general dynamic inversion algorithm and differential feedback-fused dynamic inverse algorithm, better alignment control effects have been achieved, and this algorithm can achieve
Tan, Xudong, Hei, Wenjing, Lei, Yidi
Optimization Design and Performance Verification Method of Antiaircraft Gun Fuze2026-99-1630To be published on 07/24/2026
In order to ensure that the high-caliber artillery ammunition fuses can successfully complete their combat tasks with high quality, it is necessary to optimize the design of their structure and conduct simulation verification of their performance. Through optimization design, this paper determined that the distance between the antenna plate and the wind cap of the proximity detonation module of the high-caliber artillery ammunition fuse is 6.2mm, and the thickness of the wind cap top is 12.9mm; it also determined that in the coaxial line feeding mode, a circular patch is used as the antenna shape, with the lowest return loss (reaching -38.5244 dB), which is conducive to the emission of electromagnetic wave energy; by introducing the methods and processes of intensity simulation analysis and aerodynamic thermal simulation analysis, as well as the methods of performance verification, this paper provides reference and guidance for the simulation analysis of similar systems.
Liu, Liwen, Sun, Zhangyi, Ning, Quanli, Cai, Canwei
Trajectory Optimization for Micro Air Vehicle with Multiple Constraints2026-99-1632To be published on 07/24/2026
This study aims to solve the trajectory optimization problem of multi degree of freedom micro air vehicle (MAV) with the aim of improving its flight performance through technological innovation. A multi degree of freedom trajectory optimization (MDFTO) method with sideslip angle and angle of attack as the core control variables was proposed for multiple complex constraints in combat environment, such as terminal accuracy and overload limitation. This method can more accurately characterize and adapt the strong nonlinear, dynamic coupling and time varying characteristics of the MAV in high-speed maneuvering flight. In order to solve this MDFTO problem with multiple constraints and strong nonlinear characteristics efficiently, the hp adaptive pseudospectral method is used in this study, and is verified by simulations based on the GPOPS-II optimization platform. The algorithm has the advantages of highly accurate discrete state and control variables, efficient processing of path and
An, Zhichao, Ming, Chao, Wen, Guangbao
Optimization of Turbine Discrete Noise by Non-Uniformly Distributed Blade Design2026-99-1617To be published on 07/24/2026
The Mellin non-uniformly distributed moving blade method was adopted to conduct CFD numerical analysis and sample experimental tests on the axial-flow turbines before and after optimization using the uniformly distributed and non-uniformly distributed design methods, respectively. In the original design, five blades were evenly distributed in the 360° circumferential direction, and the non-uniformly distributed angles were 46°, 102°, 46°, 83°, and 83°. CFD numerical analysis shows that due to the low rotational speed of the turbine and the absence of a sealing structure at the blade tip, factors such as tip noise leakage and backflow have little impact, and the flow field pulsation is mainly caused by the blades themselves. The non-uniformly distributed design can significantly enhance the work-doing capacity of the blades. At 90% of the blade height, the torque can be increased by up to 60%, but at the same time, the axial force on the blades also increases accordingly. Near 80% - 90
Wu, Aiping, Ma, Tianli, Wang, Shiming, Ding, Chengling
UAV Path Planning Method for Urban-Mountain Mixed Environments Based on Improved Divine Religions Algorithm2026-99-1840To be published on 07/17/2026
This paper, for the first time, applies the Divine Religions Algorithm (DRA) to three-dimensional UAV path planning. Targeting the complex terrain of urban-mountain mixed environments, we propose a novel method that incorporates multiple enhancements, including A* initialization, single-point disturbance mutation, and adaptive weighting. First, the A* algorithm is employed to generate high-quality initial paths, serving as the skeleton of the population. Innovative mechanisms such as terrain-adaptive disturbances and dynamic weight adjustment are integrated to achieve both efficiency and robustness in path optimization. Comparative experiments with Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Crowned Porcupine Optimization (CPO) show that the improved DRA algorithm exhibits significant advantages in terms of path length, safety margin, average altitude variation, average turning angle, and overall cost function. It consistently obtains superior paths and achieves faster convergence. The results
Fang, Lianyu, Yi, Wenjun
Aerodynamic Optimization Method Based on a Hierarchical Adaptive Activation Function Neural Network2026-99-1823To be published on 07/17/2026
Efficient optimization of aerodynamic shapes is a critical challenge in aircraft design. Traditional CFD-based optimization workflows suffer from high computational costs and low efficiency, which severely restricts their practical engineering application. In this paper, a novel aerodynamic optimization method based on a hierarchical neural network with adaptive activation functions is proposed. The network adopts learnable B-spline activation functions and is hierarchically constructed in accordance with the sharing status of B-spline control points. After being trained to achieve fast and accurate prediction of aerodynamic performance, the network can effectively replace the traditional CFD module in the optimization loop. The primary advantage of the proposed method is that it significantly reduces the computational cost during the optimization process while ensuring that the prediction accuracy is not compromised. This work thereby presents a novel strategy and technical framework
Liu, Di, Wang, Yongfeng, Wen, Hong, Wei, Yuanhang, Ma, Hengwei, Zhao, Runhui
Key Technologies of Aircraft Flight Test Based on Structural Control2026-99-1825To be published on 07/17/2026
A comprehensive solution integrating advanced sensor technology, structural dynamics models, and intelligent control algorithms is proposed to address the shortcomings of traditional flight testing techniques in monitoring and controlling aircraft structures under complex flight conditions. By establishing precise aircraft structural dynamic equations through fiber optic sensors, an accurate description of the dynamic characteristics of the aircraft structure can be achieved. A distributed structural monitoring system is constructed through FBG to monitor the physical quantities, such as strain and temperature, of key parts of the aircraft in real time during flight testing. Based on the real-time monitoring data, the structural state of the aircraft can be predicted, and the structural response can be actively adjusted by controlling the actuator. The experimental results show that this technology system effectively improves the accuracy of structural monitoring and the effectiveness
Gao, Sheng
Analysis of Structural Stiffness Indicators of Manned Lunar Vehicles2026-99-1827To be published on 07/17/2026
The structural stiffness of a manned lunar vehicle is a core indicator ensuring its stable operation in the complex lunar environment. The vehicle’s body structure must meet multiple requirements, including high stiffness, lightweight design, and adaptability to lunar surface conditions. Since lunar gravity is only 1/6 of Earth’s and the terrain is rugged and dusty, the body structure must employ a high-stiffness design to withstand driving impacts and resist deformation, thereby preventing mechanical failures or safety hazards for crew members caused by excessive structural distortion. However, excessive structural stiffness would result in an overweight vehicle body, conflicting with the spacecraft’s lightweight requirements. Thus, the structural stiffness index should be optimized to a lower value while ensuring safe operation during lunar surface driving without compromising performance. This paper calculates and determines the structural bending and torsional stiffness indicators
Shen, Zhenghui, Wu, Yingjia, Yang, Jianfeng, Wang, Weijun, Zhang, Chongfeng, Han, Liangliang
Research on Ground-based Testing of Optimized Engine-Driven Pumps for Civil Aircraft2026-99-1824To be published on 07/17/2026
This study focuses on the ground testing of an optimized engine-driven pump system for civil aircraft. It proposes the test methods for the pressure pulsation at the pump outlet, the stress and vibration of the pipeline, and the cabin noise level on board. These tests are designed to determine whether the function and performance of the optimized engine-driven pump meet the intended improvement objectives. This paper elaborates on the test objectives of the pressure pulsation test, pipeline stress test, pipeline vibration test, and noise test on ground-based testing of civil aircraft. It proposes corresponding testing methodologies, summarizes the technical specification requirements for selecting different types of test sensors, outlines the principles for selecting test points during the testing process, and presents methods for processing the collected test data. By conducting tests on a specific model of civil aircraft and coupling with comparative analysis of test data, it was
Li, Ying, Qi, Xiaoyan
Hydrodynamic Analysis of Amphibious Aircraft Stability during Water Taxiing2026-99-1830To be published on 07/17/2026
When an amphibious aircraft is taxiing on a wavy water surface, the force of the water directly concentrates on the floats, directly affecting the stability of the aircraft’s taxiing process. The vortices generated by the wave undulations exert significant hydrodynamic forces on the floats, thus impacting the stability and maneuverability of the float’s taxiing process. This study uses CFD numerical simulation to simulate the float’s taxiing process on a wavy water surface. By comparing the pressure distribution and vortex contours of the float under different wave height parameters, the effect of wave height on the hydrodynamic mechanism can be elucidated. The results show that the effect of wave height on aircraft stability is closely related to the position of the impact point when the wave crest hits. At a wave height of 0.5 meters, if the impact point is close to the center of gravity, it can lead to instability of the aircraft. These conclusions provide an important theoretical
Zhang, Feifan, Li, Zhandong, Zhao, Jinfang, Kong, Fanwei, Qu, Ligang
Optimal Design of Rocket Hold-down and Release Device Based on the Optimal Deceleration Curve2026-99-1838To be published on 07/17/2026
The mechanism-type hold-down and release mechanism is characterized by high bearing capacity, reliable release, high environmental adaptation, and flexible design. It has been widely used in recent years for rocket launches. To further enrich the design theory of this type of mechanism, this paper is based on the kinematic principle of a six-rod mechanism. The conformational innovation of the Watt-II chain is utilized to design a hold-down and release mechanism that meets the design requirements. Its model is established through theoretical derivation, and the sustained-release characteristics of the mechanism are analyzed using dynamic simulation to verify the correctness of the theoretical model. On this basis, the target sustained release curve is defined as the optimized benchmark; minimizing the deviation of the cumulative release curve from this target sustained release curve serves as our optimization objective. The coordinates of the hinge point of the mechanism are selected as
Yang, Tingting, Xu, Honghai, Wang, Hui, Wu, Hongyu, Liu, Xueao
Calculation and Analysis of Civil Aircraft Depressurization2026-99-1834To be published on 07/17/2026
Analysis of cabin depressurization is key to ensuring civil aircraft airworthiness safety. In this study, we use a comprehensive approach to analyze depressurization scenes under regulations such as CCAR 25.841. For cases with and without cabin altitude warnings, we calculated critical leakage areas using an orifice flow model and iterative numerical methods. This combines inputs like emergency descent envelopes, air supply rates, and cabin parameters. In our analysis, we evaluate system failure impact and structural breaches on cabin pressure dynamics. For cases where the critical leakage area failed to meet the limits, we use an equivalent safety analysis based on the Depressurization Exposure Index (DEI). This combines pressure and exposure duration to measure physiological risks. We validated this approach through Simulink simulations and case studies, and found that it supports airworthiness verification, emergency descent optimization, and structural design improvements. This
Zheng, Bian
On-orbit Computing Framework for LEO Satellites Based on MADDPG and Lyapunov Optimization2026-99-1811To be published on 07/17/2026
This paper solves the problem of resource and energy constraints on orbit computing for LEO satellites. By combining MADDPG reinforcement learning and Lyapunov optimization, the paper proposes a computing framework and implements an adaptive task offloading model for space flight using a multi-agent deep actor critic algorithm, MADDPG. The joint optimization mechanism is implemented by multi-agent dynamic task offloading. Through the transformation from the state with long-term constraints into optimization of the status of queue stability, the load scheduling under threshold energy in accordance with the characteristics of energy constraints was realized by introducing Lyapunov virtual queues into the process of policy evaluation of deep reinforcement learning. The experimental results show that the proposed framework enables a lightweight preliminary calculation, balanced energy consumption to reduce resource allocation, and realizes the stable queues through adaptability of tasks
Yan, Ming, Zhao, Liang, Xu, Lexi, Zhou, Xiaofei, Hawbani, Ammar, Sun, Yunhe
Optimization of the Light Environment for the Remote Control Tower Humancomputer Interaction Interface Based on Ergonomics2026-99-1847To be published on 07/17/2026
The development of remote tower systems in aviation and the resurgence of multi-display interfaces and virtual environments have dramatically influenced ATC, increasing both controllers’ visual demands and their ergonomic needs. This study uses the Visual Ergonomics to study the impact of screen luminance level, along with color temperature, on trainees’ visual performance, fatigue, and physical discomfort in the control rooms of the Remote Tower. By combining a simulated remote control system with spectrometer measurements, PVT alertness tests, VMT (Visual Memory Test) measurements, and subjective evaluations, COST B21 can build up a multi-dimensional ergonomic assessment framework. Eight levels of display luminance (and color temperature) were tested, including two illuminance levels (300 lx and 400 lx) and four color temperature ranges (6000 K–9000 K). Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), these parameters were assigned weights to derive a Visual Ergonomics (VE) scoring model
Zhong, Linfeng, Hu, Ruohui, Luo, Peilin, Zuo, Qinghai, Zhong, Qingwei, Ai, Yi
Modeling and Damping Optimization Design of Commercial Vehicle Cab Air Suspension System2026-99-1862To be published on 07/17/2026
Based on the theory of vehicle dynamics, this paper first constructs a dynamic model of the cab air suspension system, laying a core theoretical framework for subsequent optimization research. At the level of performance evaluation indicators, the root mean square (RMS) values of the cab’s vertical acceleration, roll acceleration, and pitch acceleration are selected as key parameters. On this basis, an objective function for the damping matching of the cab air suspension system is established, clarifying the optimization direction. Building on this objective function, the paper further takes into account the constraint conditions in the actual operation of the system, using the probability of the cab air suspension system hitting the limit stop as a constraint. Finally, a complete mathematical model for the damping matching of the cab air suspension system is formed, and a genetic algorithm is used to solve this model, ensuring the scientificity and feasibility of the optimization
Li, Saisai, Yang, Chang, Guo, Ruiling, Zhang, Zhongyuan, Liang, Dong, Wu, Shiyu
Research on Convergence Analysis of Multi Objective Optimization Algorithm for Lightweight Bus Chassis Architecture2026-99-1842To be published on 07/17/2026
The multi-objective optimization algorithm framework for lightweight bus chassis architecture selects new sample points by utilizing the optimal solution obtained during the iterative process, and then reshapes the dynamic Kriging surrogate model, ultimately achieving the implementation of multi-objective optimization for lightweight bus chassis architecture. Its core lies in whether the NM-MOPSO algorithm can accurately converge to the global optimal solution of the model. This determines the accuracy of the sampling area and the effectiveness of the new sample points. If the algorithm converges inaccurately, it will result in poor performance of the model in the optimal solution region, thereby affecting the accuracy of the solution. Therefore, the precise convergence of NM-MOPSO algorithm is crucial for the success of multi-objective optimization algorithm for lightweight bus chassis architecture.
Han, Yangqi, Hu, Jing, Chen, Yajuan, Hu, Guangxue
Optimization Design of Automotive Handling Stability Based on ADAMS Insight2026-99-1801To be published on 07/17/2026
This paper systematically optimizes and validates the handling stability of a vehicle using ADAMS/Car software based on vehicle data provided by a car manufacturer. A comprehensive vehicle dynamics model was established, including a body model, an anti-roll bar model, a powertrain model, a steering subsystem model, and a full vehicle model, with a focus on optimizing suspension parameters such as toe angle and camber angle. Validation was carried out using simulation test methods such as dual-wheel synchronous excitation, steering returnability, and angle step input. The results show significant improvements in the vehicle’s yaw rate, steering force, and torque after optimization, with particular excellence in steering return time and transient response. Additionally, steady-state cornering simulation results indicate that the optimized vehicle has improved body roll stiffness and lateral compliance, with increased understeer, further enhancing stability and response speed during
Li, Diannuo, Zhu, Jiale, Wang, Dongmei, Wei, Yi, Huang, Yuanyuan, Ban, Lu
Researchon Key Technology Optimizationof Automotive Magnetic Continuously Variable Transmission2026-99-05097/10/2026
Traditional mechanical continuously variable transmission (CVT) has a complicated structure. During the transmission process, the master and slave wheels rub against each other to produce chattering and heat loss, and the master and slave wheels are seriously worn. In order to improve the transmission efficiency and reliability of continuously variable transmission, Automotive magnetic CVTs (Manetti Continus, Livaria, Breitlans, Mack) were used as research objects. By establishing the efficiency model of key parts, the relationship between the efficiency of each component and different parameters is transformed and calculated, and then it is optimized using Matlab. The finite element analysis of a permanent magnet eddy current speed regulating device is carried out by using finite element Ansys Maxwell, and the relationship curve between the average meshing area and each parameter is analyzed. The results show that the volume of the optimized gear train is reduced by about 51.7
Zhou, Dan, Zhang, Bolin
Distributed Control Method and System of Formation Train Based on Multi-Objective Operation Curve Optimization2026-99-05557/10/2026
In order to improve the transportation efficiency of high-speed trains, reduce the operational energy consumption and ensure the on-time arrival of trains, the operation curve optimization is regarded as a key way to achieve the above objectives. In this paper, a distributed control method and system for grouped trains based on multi-objective running curve optimization is introduced. Firstly, the train dynamics equations are established by considering the combined forces during train operation and the train driving maneuvering strategy, combining with the line conditions, and dividing the train operating conditions; secondly, combining with the virtual grouping technology, the train units are kept in a high safety and smooth tracking operation with small intervals between the train units; and then the constraints, such as setting up safety protection distance and Then, the constraints of safety protection distance and space-time safety protection are set, and with energy-saving and
Jiang, Qiqi, Chen, Guangwu, Shi, Jianqiang, Wang, Dong, Si, Yongbo, Li, Peng, Zhang, Wentao, Yang, Yang
Optimization of Preheating Energy Distribution for Low-Temperature Cold Starts in Diesel-Electric Hybrid Vehicles2026-99-05167/10/2026
To minimize energy input and preheating time, this study first analyzed the energy consumption of intake air, lubricating oil, and coolant preheating through simulations. Temperature rise data were collected under various heating parameters. Next, simulations evaluated the hybrid power system’s resistance characteristics immediately after startup and the combustion parameters during the first cycle post-ignition under different temperatures. The temperature thresholds for successful start-up were identified, defining the feasible domain for optimization. Optimization calculations aimed to minimize preheating time and energy input, constrained by maximum preheating power. Results show that intake air heating has the greatest impact on start-up success, followed by lubricating oil heating. It is recommended to increase energy allocation to intake air and lubricating oil heating. This optimized strategy reduces preheating time and energy input by approximately 26% without changing the
Wei, Shengchen, Zhao, Zhenfeng
Multi-Objective Optimization Research and Design of Seat Structure in Vehicle Collision2026-99-05187/10/2026
The vehicles often accompanied by a huge impact in the collision process, high-quality and high-strength car-seats can better protect the safety of passengers. However, in the call for vehicle energy saving and emission reduction, the lightweight design of car-seats is imminent. Therefore, it is necessary to achieve lightweight seat weight while ensuring vehicle safety. Based on the dynamic condition of vehicle collision, this paper takes the rear seat of a certain model as the research object, takes multiple responses of the seat skeleton system as the target, establishes a multi-objective optimization model of the seat skeleton, determines the optimization result with the greatest comprehensive satisfaction, verifies the optimization result of the seat skeleton. The correctness and feasibility of the design method are proved.
Shao, Youlin, Ni, Weiyu, Chen, Daojiong, Cheng, Zhiqing
Missile Pose Measurement Based on ArUco Markers2026-99-05767/10/2026
This paper presents a monocular vision-based system for high-precision missile pose measurement using ArUco markers and Perspective-n-Point (PnP) algorithms. By deploying 6 × 6 ArUco markers on a cylindrical missile mock-up, the system establishes 3D-2D correspondences between structured-light-scanned models and camera images to solve the PnP problem. The proposed approach integrates optimized ArUco marker recognition — leveraging adaptive thresholding, contour simplification, and grid-based validation — with the Efficient PnP (EPnP) algorithm to achieve real-time pose estimation. Experimental validation demonstrates angular accuracy of ± 0.3° in roll/pitch/yaw and positional accuracy of ± 2 mm within a 2 m range under controlled conditions. The system exhibits robustness against partial occlusions and motion blur, with degraded performance (± 1.2°, ± 5 mm) in extreme scenarios. Key innovations include a streamlined marker detection pipeline and adaptive pose refinement using Levenberg
Wang, Ruiyang, Zhang, Chaofan
Traffic Flow Prediction System Based on Deep Learning2026-99-05497/10/2026
Traffic flow prediction is of great significance for improving the operation efficiency of the transportation system, optimizing travel experience and reducing traffic congestion. Traditional traffic flow prediction methods are difficult to capture the spatio-temporal nonlinear characteristics of traffic flow due to its simple model and insufficient feature extraction ability. Therefore, an intelligent traffic flow prediction system based on deep learning is proposed, constructs a deep learning model based on graph convolution and fusion of attention mechanism LSTM. Based on this, a traffic flow prediction system is implemented. Experiments show that, on the PeMSD4 and PeMSD4 datasets, the error of the model in RMSE and Mae indicators is significantly reduced compared with the traditional methods, which provides an efficient solution for traffic flow prediction and congestion analysis, and has both theoretical innovation and engineering practical value.
Tang, Zhan, Lu, Xiaoyu, Yang, Nian, Xiang, Xiaohong, Hou, Xiang, Peng, Xiaoli
Ship Tunnel Navigation Evacuation Simulation and Evacuation Capability Evaluation2026-99-05727/10/2026
In order to solve the ship emergencies that may occur in the process of tunnel navigation, the tunnel pontoon-type bank wall evacuation channel proposed in a large navigation building is taken as the research object. Based on Pathfinder evacuation software, a numerical model of pedestrian evacuation for 500 passenger ships in emergency situations such as fire in the navigation tunnel is established, and the evacuation simulation analysis and evacuation ability evaluation are completed. The analysis shows that the emergency evacuation time of personnel is at least about 21 minutes, and the bottleneck of emergency evacuation equipment for personnel in the navigation tunnel is at the entrance of the pontoon escape. The results provide guidance and suggestions for the design optimization of the evacuation channel of the tunnel bank wall in the later period.
Tao, Ran, Li, Ran, Tang, Weibi, Hu, Zhifang, Qin, Pan
Sustainable Airport Emissions Reduction through Optimized End-Around Taxiway Operations: A Simulation Approach2026-99-05827/10/2026
To mitigate the risks of runway incursions during aircraft transitions between closely spaced parallel runways, major hub airports globally have implemented End-Around Taxiway (EAT) as an effective safety solution. Operational data from leading international airports confirms that EAT installations have successfully enhanced surface safety while maintaining operational efficiency. However, the EAT involves a longer taxiing route, resulting in higher fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. This study takes the example of a set of closely spaced parallel runways at a domestic airport to analyze the ground taxiing process of arrival and departure flights, proposing a dynamic allocation strategy for EAT operations that can achieve energy conservation and emission reduction during the taxiing process. Through simulation, its effective operational performance is studied.
Wang, Zinan, Ye, Bojia
Review of Power Management Technology for Turbine Hybrid Electric Propulsion Systems2026-99-05317/10/2026
The turbine hybrid electric propulsion system is an important form of green aviation. Unlike the single form of aviation power scheme, the hybrid energy system is flexible in architecture, uses two or more energy forms, and has diverse energy sources. Under different mission requirements, it needs to meet the requirements of mass balance, energy balance, and power demand, etc. Therefore, The control and distribution management between different energy systems have become the key to hybrid power, and power management technology is one of the key challenges in the development of aviation hybrid power control systems. This paper reviews the current structural forms of aviation turbine hybrid electric propulsion systems, analyzes the current research status of power management technology for aviation hybrid systems, and points out that the online power management method based on optimization is the best power management technology solution for turbine hybrid electric propulsion systems
Cai, Changpeng, Liu, Hao, Gu, Jiangwei, Li, Shunming, Zhang, Haibo
Enhancement of Tractive Trafficability for a Four-Track Unmanned Amphibious Tracked Vehicle2026-99-05787/10/2026
This study addresses the insufficient tractive trafficability of four-track unmanned amphibious tracked vehicles (UATV) in beach terrain by proposing an optimization strategy based on coordinated suspension height and hitch point adjustment. A mathematical model of vehicle drawbar pull was established to systematically analyze the influence mechanisms of vertical load distribution, suspension adjustment, and hitch point elevation on tractive trafficability. DEM-MBD coupling simulations revealed differentiated traction laws under sandy loam and clay conditions, particularly regarding track overlap effects. Results demonstrate that in sandy loam, rear-axle traversal over front-axle tracks reduces drawbar pull due to soil loosening, whereas track overlap enhances drawbar pull in clay through soil compaction. Nine suspension-hitch configurations were tested, validating optimization strategies: increased front-axle loading (Configuration a) in sandy loam and reduced front-axle loading
Chen, Yaoyao, Gao, Xue, Wang, Wenhao, Xu, Xiaojun
Path Planning Algorithm for Self-Driving Cars Based on High-Precision Maps and Improved A*2026-99-05887/10/2026
To address the limitations of the traditional A* algorithm in lane-level navigation, we propose an autonomous vehicle path planning algorithm based on high-precision maps and an improved A* algorithm to ensure effective application in complex traffic environments. We construct a hierarchical high-precision map based on the Lanelet2 framework to achieve structured modeling of complex road environments. To address the adaptability issues of the A* algorithm in lane-level navigation, we propose optimization schemes, including heuristic function improvements, path segment division, and target point validity verification, to ensure that vehicles can autonomously change lanes on multi-lane roads. By combining dynamic programming (DP) and quadratic programming (QP), we ensure the safety and smoothness of the path. Simulation results demonstrate that the optimized algorithm enables smooth stopping and starting at traffic lights in structured road environments and autonomous lane changes on
Wang, Siyu, Zhou, Rong, Shi, Tian, Xu, Zhen, Zhao, Zhiguo
Optimization Method for Emergency Rescue Resource Allocation in Two-Way Ten-Lane Expressway Based on Risk Assessment2026-99-05677/10/2026
The two-way ten-lane expressway has the significant characteristics of “large traffic volume, mixed vehicle types, and heavy loads”, which makes the impact of traffic flow status on accident risk present nonlinear characteristics. Traffic flow fluctuations not only directly affect the probability of accidents, but also amplify the spatiotemporal differences in rescue needs through mechanisms such as lane occupancy time and accident chain reactions. Therefore, the essence of resource allocation on a two-way ten-lane expressway is the “spatiotemporal matching problem between dynamic risks and limited resources”, which requires both quantifying the spatiotemporal evolution of risks and coping with the high uncertainty of the traffic system. Aiming at the problem of inefficiency of traditional empirical resource allocation under complex traffic conditions, this study proposes a dynamic optimization framework based on multidimensional risk assessment for emergency rescue resource allocation
Kan, Youjun, Cao, Yang, Shi, Xiaomin, Gao, Shangjie
Simulation Analysis and Optimization Design of Rim Clamping Mechanism2026-99-05337/10/2026
According to the working characteristics of the tire changer, the movement characteristics of its rim clamping mechanism are analyzed, and the complex movement structure is abstracted and simplified into four identical six-bar mechanism subunits. One of the subunits is taken as the research object, and the mathematical model of kinematic analysis is established. Using MATLAB software to simulate and analyze the motion law of each component, the mechanical characteristics of the component are analyzed. The optimization of the design parameters of the “six-bar mechanism subunit” is realized, the rim clamping mechanism becomes more stable, and the clamping force follows the diameter of the rim more closely.
Zhao, Fengqin, Zhou, Liyao, Wang, Mantong, Huo, Fengwei
Research on Urban Bus Timetable Optimization Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning2026-99-05387/10/2026
Public transportation serves as a crucial component of urban mobility, contributing to the alleviation of urban congestion, reduction of travel expenses, and mitigation of air pollution. Nonetheless, the dynamic passenger demand and the complex traffic conditions render traditional bus timetables inadequate, leading to ineffective allocation of public transportation resources. Consequently, it is essential to create bus timetables that are responsive to actual traffic scenarios and fluctuating passenger demand. This study regards the bus timetable planning problem as a Markov decision-making process within a discrete time framework, proposing a deep reinforcement learning-based optimization model for bus timetables. In particular, the model is designed to account for both bus companies and passengers, incorporating a state space and reward calculation method that emphasizes passenger comfort. Then Deep Q-Network (DQN) methodology is employed to issue instructions on whether a bus
Xu, Jie, Xia, Dong, Yang, Jianxi, Wang, Bing
Dynamic Routing Optimization of Electric Garbage Collection and Transportation Vehicles Based on Smart Dumpster2026-99-05507/10/2026
The comprehensive deployment of smart garbage bins realizes the real-time monitoring of garbage generation and recycling demand, and the use of intelligent network connected collection and transportation vehicles can sense dynamic data such as vehicle location and load in real time. In this context, how to efficiently integrate these dynamic information to build a responsive scheduling system has become a key requirement of smart city management. Aiming at this requirement, this paper proposes a dynamic routing optimization model of electric garbage collection and transportation vehicles considering charging constraints, and designs a hybrid PSODE combining improved particle swarm optimization(PSO) and differential evolution(DE) to solve the model. By introducing a nonlinear decreasing strategy of inertia factor and a dynamic learning factor adjustment mechanism, an adaptive optimization framework of algorithm parameters is established to enhance the adaptability of the algorithm
Shen, Xiaolong, Ma, Huimin
Traffic Crash Prediction and Causal Disentanglement by Machine Learning2026-99-05527/10/2026
Aiming at the problem of insufficient modeling of spatio-temporal heterogeneity in road traffic accident prediction, a dual task machine learning framework integrating geographical environment, location attributes and time periodicity is proposed. The dataset used in this study was derived from traffic accident records of Nanchang during 2019–2023. Firstly, geographical identifiers are generated by rounding and aggregating latitude and longitude coordinates. At the same time, the location type is processed by a one-hot encoding, so as to carry out spatial clustering analysis of accident hotspots. Compared with the North-South pattern, the contribution of geographical features shows a strong East-West trend. The kernel density heatmap identified Zone A and zone B as dual core high-risk areas. Secondly, the sinusoidal/cosine function is used to encode the time feature circularly, which effectively captures the daily change of the accident. The quantitative analysis of random forest
Luo, Jiang, Zhang, Yuxin, Li, Xin, Wu, Ronghai
Research on the Site Selection of Emergency Rescue Stations on Expressways Based on Non-dominated Sorting Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm2026-99-05397/10/2026
To enhance the rescue efficiency of expressway emergencies and reduce the impact on network operation, this study developed an optimization model for the strategic placement of emergency rescue stations. Firstly, a node importance assessment method is designed to measure the importance of each node in the expressway network by considering both local and global impacts; secondly, an emergency rescue station selection model is constructed based on the node importance to achieve the highest coverage satisfaction, the highest rescue efficiency and the lowest construction cost. Taking the expressway network in Shaanxi Province as an example, a particle swarm algorithm based on non-dominated sorting (NSPSO) is designed to solve the problem. The results demonstrate that, with the same number of rescue stations, the model of Site Selection of Emergency Rescue Stations considering node importance achieves shorter average rescue time and higher coverage satisfaction under comparable conditions.
Chen, Jingli, Lin, Shan, Xu, Hongke, Cao, Jiabao, Yang, Fei, Luo, Mi
Data Fusion Techniques for Optimizing Motorsport Aeromap Generation: A Survey2026-01-50587/7/2026
This paper reviews data fusion strategies for generating aerodynamic databases and evaluates their suitability for motorsport aeromaps, with emphasis on the operational constraints specific to Formula One. A structured survey and classification of the state of the art is presented, grouping approaches into (i) surrogate-agnostic methods, (ii) kriging-based methods, and (iii) neural network–based methods. In addition, the survey explores advanced techniques currently underutilized in aerodynamic database applications but that show promise. These methodologies are discussed in the context of addressing limitations inherent in traditional approaches, such as dependency on nested sampling plans and linear correlation assumptions between low- and high-fidelity datasets. The review indicates that, although multi-fidelity data fusion is well established in aerospace aerodynamic database generation, its direct translation to motorsport requires additional considerations. In the Formula One
Ongley, Thomas James Henry, Teschner, Tom-Robin, Ashton, Neil, Siampis, Efstathios
Interpretable Tire Force Modeling for Formula Student Vehicle Dynamics and Lap Time Applications2026-01-07627/1/2026
Accurate tire models are a key enabler for vehicle dynamics simulation, control design, and lap time optimization, particularly in the context of Formula Student race cars, where vehicle setups and tire characteristics differ significantly from production vehicles. State-of-the-art tire models, such as Pacejka’s Magic Formula, generally provide high prediction accuracy. However, their predefined functional structure and large number of coupled parameters are designed for broad applicability across many tire types rather than for specific racing tires. This often results in limited interpretability, nontrivial parameter identification, and unnecessary model complexity for specialized applications such as Formula Student. This paper presents a data-driven approach for deriving compact and physically interpretable tire force models using symbolic regression. The proposed method employs an intelligent tree search to systematically explore the space of mathematical expressions and identify
Anselment, Marcel, Borowski, Julian, Rudolph, Stephan
CFD Optimization of Multi-Pass Serpentine Flow Distributors for PEM Fuel Cells2026-01-07467/1/2026
Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells represent one of the most promising solutions for decarbonizing powertrain technologies, as they can be employed as carbon-free electrical power source. However, performance degradation during their operating lifetime - caused among other factors by non-uniform reactant distribution and improper membrane humidification, which may lead to the formation of local hot spots - remains a significant challenge. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools represent an effective approach for investigating the transport of oxygen and hydrogen within the cell and for optimizing the geometry of PEM fuel cell flow distributors. Thus, they can be exploited in order to improve the uniformity of current density and temperature distributions over the cell active area. In this work, a serpentine flow field PEM fuel cell is considered as test case. The distributor consists of a multi-pass serpentine flow-field composed of repeated sets of five parallel channels
Bulgarini, Margherita, Della Torre, Augusto, Montenegro, Gianluca, Baricci, Andrea, Mereu, Riccardo, Lalangui Gallegos, Jose A., De La Morena, Joaquin
A Comprehensive CFD-Driven Approach to Battery Thermal Modeling and Cooling System Optimization2026-01-07527/1/2026
With the continued expansion of electric mobility, liquid-cooled thermal management systems have become indispensable for ensuring the performance, durability, and safety of automotive battery packs. This work presents a novel cooling-plate design that integrates offset strip-fin turbulators to enhance convective heat transfer between lithium-ion cells and the circulating coolant. A comprehensive multi-region CFD model of the full battery pack is developed, incorporating an implicit lumped-parameter representation of cell heat generation. The numerical predictions are validated against dedicated experimental measurements available in the literature. Subsequently, a parametric study is conducted in which the number of hydraulic sub-modules and the inlet/outlet configurations are systematically varied to generate all feasible design permutations. The resulting configurations are compared to assess thermal performance and to quantify the benefits—as well as the potential penalties
Montenegro, Gianluca, Onorati, Angelo, Della Torre, Augusto, Tariq, Muhammad Hasnain, Bonetti, Elisa
Methodology for Battery System Optimization and Evaluation Using Format-Flexible Pouch Cells2026-01-07497/1/2026
Electrification using battery systems is one of the most relevant solutions regarding ecological challenges within multiple application cases such as mobility, power tools or stationary power supply. Nonetheless besides recent achievements in some cases battery systems are still lacking behind operational requirements compared to conventional propulsion systems, therefore limiting the potential of electrification. Especially when purpose design possibilities are limited. Besides improving properties of cell materials, better usage of the available installation space offers potential for optimization of the battery system. The development of battery systems is complex, as it involves multiple system levels and domains, along with a wide range of design options and architectures. Battery cells that can be manufactured in flexible formats enable possibilities to make more efficient use of available installation spaces. At the same time, these additional degrees of freedom increase design
Müller-Welt, Philip, Bause, Katharina, Spohn, Hannes, Albers, Albert
Production-Ready Automated ECU Calibration Using Residual Reinforcement Learning2026-01-07807/1/2026
Electronic Control Units (ECUs) have played a pivotal role in transforming motorcars of yore into the modern vehicles we see on our roads today. They actively regulate the actuation of individual components and thus determine the characteristics of the whole system. In this, the behavior of the control functions heavily depends on their calibration parameters which engineers traditionally design by hand. This is taking place in an environment of rising customer expectations and steadily shorter product development cycles. At the same time, legislative requirements are increasing while emission standards are getting stricter. Considering the number of vehicle variants on top of all that, the conventional method is losing its practical and financial viability. Prior work has already demonstrated that optimal control functions can be automatically developed with reinforcement learning (RL); since the resulting functions are represented by artificial neural networks, they lack
Kampmeier, Andreas, Badalian, Kevin, Koch, Lucas, Lee, Sung-Yong, Andert, Jakob
Optimization of a Halbach array as NVH Mitigation Technique in a Yokeless and Segmented Armature Axial Flux Machine2026-01-07547/1/2026
This paper presents the optimization of a Halbach magnet array applied to an axial flux machine (AFM) in a 12-pole, 18-slots yokeless and segmented armature (YASA) topology, evaluated in the torque–speed characteristics diagram. AFMs offer significant advantages in terms of compact design and high torque density compared to other permanent magnet machine topologies. However, noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) performance is strongly influenced by cogging torque, electromagnetic torque ripple, and tooth forces. While Halbach magnet arrays are well established in high-performance radial flux machines, only limited research has investigated their influence in AFMs. A Halbach array concentrates magnetic flux on one side of the magnet arrangement, leading to increased air gap flux density and a strongly reduced need of a back iron yoke under the magnets. By using a Halbach array, the magnetic field distribution in the air gap becomes more sinusoidal, thereby reducing harmonic components
Müller, Karsten, Schulz, Fabian, Bremer, Martin, Burkhardt, Yves, De Gersem, Herbert
Integrated DC Boost Charger in Post-800V Architecture with Open-End Winding Machine – Magnetic-Domain Modelling and Torque Analysis2026-01-07397/1/2026
Next-generation powertrain architectures proposed within EU Horizon projects adopt operating voltages above 800 V, providing improvements in efficiency as well as reductions in copper usage and system weight. However, post-800 V vehicles must remain backward compatible with existing 400 V and 800 V charging infrastructure, which requires the installation of an additional onboard DC boost charging unit on the vehicle. This paper proposes an integrated DC boost charging solution that reutilizes the open-end winding electric machine and the traction inverter of the electric powertrain, enabling backward compatibility while further reducing system cost and weight. In charging mode, the electric machine is repurposed as a passive inductive component, imposing a strict requirement of stationary operation with zero torque generation, which fundamentally differs from the driving mode characterized by rotor rotation and electromagnetic torque production. Consequently, conventional electric
Wang, Haoran, Kallur-Krishnamoorthy, Rajesh, Neuhaus, Christoph, Andert, Jakob
Items per page:
1 – 50 of 7680