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This article aims to analyze and evaluate the roll safety thresholds (RSTs) and roll safety zones of tractor semi-trailer vehicles during turning maneuvers, using the roll safety factor (RSF) and yaw rate of the vehicle bodies. To achieve this, a full dynamics model is established using the multibody system method. This model is then used to survey and evaluate the vehicle’s motion state, using ramp steer maneuver (RSM) steering rules. In each survey case, the maximum values of RSF and yaw rate of vehicle bodies are synthesized in 3D data, with an initial velocity range of 40 km/h to 80 km/h and a magnitude of steering wheel angle range of 12.5° to 300°. These 3D data are used to determine the proposed values of RSF, which can be used as examples to set the threshold values of the yaw rate of vehicle bodies and roll safety zones. At a velocity of 60 km/h, the dynamic rollover threshold for proposed roll safety factor (RSFprop) is equal to 1, with corresponding values of 15.718°/s and
Hung, Ta Tuan
Hydrogen is a promising fuel for internal combustion engines, offering the potential for efficient, environmentally friendly, and reliable operation. With a large number of technical challenges, there is currently no mass production of hydrogen-powered engines despite great efforts. One of the key challenges is the complexity of optimizing hydrogen combustion and its control. Despite the variety of proposed operation strategies, questions regarding their comparative efficiency, interrelation, and mutual influence remain open, particularly in turbocharged engines with direct multi-injection. To explore various hydrogen operation strategies, a mathematical simulation of a turbocharged hydrogen-powered engine was performed over its full range of loads and speeds. This study employed a modified mathematical model based on Wiebe functions, which describes the combustion of a premixed mixture in the flame front, diffusion combustion, and relatively slow combustion occurring behind the flame
Osetrov, OleksandrHaas, Rainer
The steering system is one of the most important assemblies for the vehicle. It allows the vehicle to steer according to the driver’s intention. For an ideal steering system, the steering angle for the wheel on the left and right side should obey the Ackman equation. To achieve this goal, the optimization method is usually initiated to determine the coordinates of the hard points for the steering system. However, the location of hard points varies due to the manufacturing error of the components and wear caused by friction during their working life. To decrease the influence of geometry parameter error, and system mass, and improve the robust performance of the steering system, the optimization based on Six Sigma and Monte Carlo approach is used to optimize the steering system for an off-road vehicle. At last, the effect is proved by the comparison of other methods. The maximum error of the steering angle is decreased from 7.78° to 2.14°, while the mass of the steering system is
Peng, DengzhiDeng, ChaoZhou, BingbingZhang, Zhenhua
The reliability and performance of steering systems in commercial vehicles are paramount, given their direct impact on reducing hazardous driving and improving operational efficiency. The torque overlay system is designed to enhance driver control, feedback, and reduce driver fatigue. However, vulnerabilities such as water ingress under certain environmental conditions have raised significant reliability requirements. This article discusses the systematic investigation into how radial bearing sideloading led to the input shaft seal failing to contact the input shaft. Water was allowed a path to enter the TOS module, affecting the electronic sensor, and faulting out the ADAS functionality. Improvement to the bearing support and sealing design culminated to an enhanced TOS module package able to withstand testing procedures that mimic the environmental and use case situation which caused the ingress.
Bari, Praful RajendraKintner, Jason
Letter from the Guest Editors
Zhu, Shun-PengZhan, ZhenfeiHuang, Shiyao
With the rapid expansion of the electric vehicle (EV) market, the frequency of grid-connected charging has concentrated primarily during peak hours, notably from 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m., resulting in substantial demand surges during both morning and evening periods. Such uncoordinated charging patterns pose potential challenges to the stability and economic efficiency of power systems. As vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology advances, facilitating bidirectional energy exchange between EVs and smart grids, the need for optimized control of EV charging and discharging behaviors has become critical to achieving effective peak shaving and valley filling in the grid. This paper proposes a microgrid energy scheduling optimization algorithm based on existing smart grid and EV charging control technologies. The method establishes a multi-objective optimization model with EVs’ 24-h charging and discharging power as decision variables and microgrid load rate, load
Fan, LongyuChen, YuxinZhang, Dacai
Optimizing the parameters of asymmetric textures (AT) designed on the surface of sliding frictional pairs (SFP) can make each texture more reasonably distributed. Thereby, the oil film thickness can be more stable; and the lubrication and load ability of SFP can be improved. To clarify this issue, based on the SFP’s lubricating model added by AT using the rectangular structure, parameters of AT including the angle between the horizontal axe and bottom surface (φij), the angle between the lateral axe and bottom surface (γij), and texture’s depth (hij) are optimized. The study results show that the parameters of φij, γij, and hij of AT optimized can create the p (hydrodynamic pressure of liquid) better than the symmetric textures. Significantly, the pmax and load ability of the liquid in the SFP using optimal AT have been greatly increased compared to the liquid in the SFP using the symmetric textures. Accordingly, the results are an important reference for the design and distribution of
Wang, CuifangZhang, Lu
In this work, the microstructure and mechanical behavior of AL7079 metal matrix composites (MMCs) mixed with zirconia and quarry dusts are analyzed. The high-strength Al7079 can be further improved by the addition of zirconia particulates and quarry dust particles, a cost-effective reinforcement. Composite samples with different weight fractions of zirconia (2%, 4%, and 6%) and quarry dust (2%) were produced via a stir-casting technique. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was engaged to examine the microstructure of the composites, which showed that the reinforcements were well integrated and bonded perfectly to the matrix material. A simple mechanical test of hardness, tensile, and impact strength revealed enrichment in hardness and tensile strength in comparison to the Al7079 alone, whereas the impact strength decreased. Composite containing 6% zirconia and 2% quarry dust improved both the hardness (95 BHN) and tensile strength (186 MPa) by 7%, outperforming the remaining composition
Madan Kumar, K.N.Sathyanarayana, G.M.Kuldeep, B.Manu, S.S.Manjunath Yadav, S.Anand, H.R.
The high-performance electric sports cars market is expected to register rapid development in the next years, driven by a different attitude of racing enthusiasts toward electric vehicles. The improvements in battery technology are reinforcing consumer confidence and interest in electric sports vehicles, making them more attractive to enthusiasts and accelerating their adoption. Batteries have been used in high heat generation conditions more often with fast charging and discharging. Therefore, the need for more advanced battery thermal management systems (BTMS) has been increasing in recent years. Vegetable oil, owing to its unique availability and biodegradability, is considered as a viable alternative to fossil fuel-based cooling fluids in immersion cooling systems. In the present work, the feasibility of using vegetable oil in immersion cooling under high discharge conditions is studied by comparing it with four types of fossil fuel-based cooling fluids. Immersion cooling was
Hong, HanchiSong, XiangShi, Xud’Apolito, LuigiXin, Qianfan
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes the minimum requirements for ground-based aircraft deicing/anti-icing methods and procedures to ensure the safe operation of aircraft during icing conditions on the ground. This document does not specify the requirements for particular aircraft models. The application of the procedures specified in this document are intended to effectively remove and/or prevent the accumulation of frost, snow, slush, or ice contamination which can seriously affect the aerodynamic performance and/or the controllability of an aircraft. The principal method of treatment employed is the use of fluids qualified to AMS1424 (Type I fluid) and AMS1428 (Type II, III, and IV fluids). All guidelines referred to herein are applicable only in conjunction with the applicable documents. Due to aerodynamic and other concerns, the application of deicing/anti-icing fluids shall be carried out in compliance with engine and aircraft manufacturer’s recommendations.
G-12M Methods Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice describes the dynamic and static testing procedures required to evaluate the integrity of an equipment mount device or system when exposed to a frontal or side impact (i.e., a crash impact). Its purpose is to provide equipment manufacturers, ambulance builders, and end users with testing procedures and, where appropriate, acceptance criteria that, to a great extent, ensure equipment mount devices or systems meet the same performance criteria across the industry. Prospective equipment mount manufacturers or vendors have the option of performing either dynamic testing or static testing. Descriptions of the test setup, test instrumentation, photographic/video coverage, test fixture, and performance metrics are included.
Truck Crashworthiness Committee
This document specifies a universal method of measuring the thickness change of friction materials to determine the effects of temperature. The test applies to both disc and drum-type linings commonly used in hydraulic and air brake systems for automotive or commercial vehicle applications. This document describes several methods for thermal swell and growth. Method A is where the friction material is in contact with a heated surface to simulate the heat input to the pad that occurs during actual usage. Method B uses an oven to heat the freestanding material and is an approximate procedure requiring less instrumentation. Method A is recommended for disc brake pad assemblies, noise insulators, or flat coupons, while Method B is recommended for curved drum brake linings. This document also describes how to test the warmed-up disc brake pads and noise insulators for hot compressibility using Method A.
Brake Linings Standards Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes a uniform fluid specification for reference usage in specific documents, such as fluid power component test procedures, where a fluid designation is required.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) discusses the sources of copper in aviation jet fuels, the impact of copper on thermal stability of jet fuels and the resultant impact on aircraft turbine engine performance, and potential methods for measurement of copper contamination and reduction of the catalytic activity of copper contamination in jet fuels. This document is an information report and does not provide recommendations or stipulate limits for copper concentrations in jet fuels.
AE-5B Aircraft and Engine Fuel and Lubricant Sys Components
The process detailed within this document is generic and applies to the entire end-to-end health management capability, covering both on-board and on-ground elements in both commercial and military applications throughout their life cycle. While some guidance related to usage of ground-based health management equipment for airworthiness credit exists in certain areas, this document provides a general mechanism to ensure a level of integrity commensurate with the potential aircraft-level consequences of the relevant failure conditions. The practical application of this standardized process is detailed in the form of a checklist. In order to provide some detailed guidance utilizing the process and checklist, some high-level examples of successful cases of approved “Maintenance Credit” applications for airworthiness credit (and one case where the approval is in process in 2024) are included. This document does not teach how to design an IVHM function, how to do a safety or risk analysis
HM-1 Integrated Vehicle Health Management Committee
This ARP provides two methods for measuring the aircraft noise level reduction of building façades. Airports and their consultants can use either of the methods presented in this ARP to determine the eligibility of structures exposed to aircraft noise to participate in an FAA-funded Airport Noise Mitigation Project, to determine the treatments required to meet project objectives, and to verify that such objectives are satisfied.
A-21 Aircraft Noise Measurement Aviation Emission Modeling