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Dear patrons, We’re excited to introduce SAE AI Chat – a new AI-powered feature now available in beta on Mobilus. With SAE AI Chat, you can: Ask natural language questions and receive responses derived from 12,000+ SAE standards Save time searching through extensive technical documents Summarize text and discover connections between different topics or publications The feature is currently in beta development phase and may have limitations. How to Get Access? This beta release is currently available only to a limited number of users. To request access: Visit our Signup Page Complete the form (< 2 minutes) We'll notify you if you've been selected for the beta program with instructions to login. We'll be rolling out access starting towards end of June 2025, so we encourage you to sign up promptly if you're interested. Have Questions? Visit the FAQs section or contact us for additional information. - The Mobilus Team

[ARCHIVED] Attn.: System maintenance @ 6 PM ET, April 15, 2025

Last updated: April 16, 2025, 09.11 AM ET Date posted (original message): April 15, 2025, 12.10 PM ET UPDATE: The maintenance work has been completed and the website is back up and running again. Thank you for your patience. ORIGINAL MESSAGE: Please note that this evening beginning at 6pm ET, we will be performing network maintenance on pieces of the core network infrastructure. We expect this work to last for 1 hour. During this period, access to Mobilus may be impacted and the site may be unreachable during this time. We will update once the maintenance activities have been completed. - The Mobilus team

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Update: Issue has been resolved. Please reach out to CustomerService@sae.org if you have any questions. -- Hello, Please be aware that we are currently experiencing system issues / slowness on the platform, and our teams are working diligently to resolve the issue as quickly as possible. We apologize for any inconvenience and appreciate your patience and understanding. Thank you for your continued support. Best regards, The Mobilus Team

[ARCHIVED] Counter Reports Issue - Fixed

Last updated: November 11, 2024 [LATEST UPDATE] The issue has been fixed and Counter reports are now accessible through the portal. Usage data until the previous month (i.e. October 2024) can be pulled in reports. Useful links: FAQs: https://saemobilus.sae.org/help/counter-usage-reports Mobilus Minute video on Counter: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45s8S3ixURk Thank you for your patience and understanding. - The Mobilus team -- [PREVIOUS MESSAGE HISTORY] Original announcement: Please note that Counter Database Reports and Title Reports are currently experiencing technical issues, and our team is working on restoring all functionality as soon as possible. We have disabled usage data extraction, while we're looking into the issue. If you need immediate access to usage reporting, please reach out to your SAE Mobilus sales representative. Thank you for your patience, and we apologize for the inconvenience.

[ARCHIVED] Important Notice: Sunset of Mobilus 3.0

[LATEST UPDATE] The legacy version of Mobilus (Mobilus 3.0) has now been officially sunset. Thank you for your valuable feedback and continued support in helping to improve Mobilus. - The Mobilus team -- [PREVIOUS MESSAGE HISTORY] IMPORTANT UPDATE: Sunset of Mobilus 3.0 (legacy version) We would like to inform you of an important update regarding SAE Mobilus - As part of our ongoing commitment to enhancing your experience, the legacy version of the platform (Mobilus 3.0) will be phased out on October 31, 2024. The current website with the newly redesigned interface introduced back in April, featuring an intuitive interface, improved search capabilities, advanced search, and in-depth browsing capabilities, will continue to remain operational going forward to support your needs. What You Need to Know: Last Day of Service (Mobilus 3.0): October 31, 2024 Content Access: You will retain access to all subscribed content through your institutional subscription. Personal Preferences Migration: While most settings tied to your Dasboard in Mobilus 3.0 (alerts, annotations, folders) will transfer over to the new platform, saved searches will not be retained and will need to be recreated in the new platform through your complimentary My Library account. Access the New Platform: Your institutional preferences around login (IP authentication, SSO, username/password) will be retained. We appreciate your understanding during this transition. Thank you for your continued support. If you have any questions, please don’t hesitate to contact us. Answers to common questions / FAQs are accessible here. Best regards, The Mobilus Team SAE International

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Recent SAE Edge™ Research Reports

Browse All 177

Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster Response

EPR202501711/24/2025

The wing-in-ground effect (WIG) vehicle represents a significant advancement in aerodynamics and vehicle design, leveraging the ground effect phenomenon to enhance lift and reduce drag when flying close to the surface. This unique capability allows WIG vehicles to achieve higher payloads, longer range, and greater fuel efficiency compared to traditional aircraft, making them an attractive option for modern military and global disaster response applications. Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster Response discusses future disaster response, logistics, and military applications for WIG vehicles, including the ongoing development of aerospace and transportation technology. Relavant advancements in materials and propulsion systems holds promise for further enhancing WIG performance and operational range. Additionally, cost-effective and powerful flight computers with various types of mission-enabling sensor suites from the

Next-gen AI for Aerospace Engineering

EPR202501609/22/2025

Despite growing investments, the widespread adoption and scalable deployment of generative artificial intelligence (AI) remains a challenge due to data trustworthiness, regulatory uncertainty, interpretability, and ethical governance. The need to accelerate automation and maintain the human-in-the-loop demonstrates broader questions of responsibility and transparency. Next-gen AI for Aerospace Engineering investigates the transformative role of GenAI within aerospace engineering, examining its shift from conventional workflows toward more AI-driven solutions in design, manufacturing, and maintenance. It emphasizes GenAI’s emerging ability to automate repetitive mundane tasks, reduce design complexity, and optimize engineering pipelines. The report underscores the need for validation methods that must align AI-generated outputs with physics-informed models, integration with legacy engineering tools (e.g., computational fluid dynamics, finite element analysis, digital twins), and

Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen Vehicles

EPR202501509/22/2025

The next generation of mobility, driven by shared, driverless, connected, and electrified vehicles, holds strong potential to advance sustainability through lower emissions and improved resource efficiency. However, critical questions remain regarding their true environmental impact, including battery lifecycle management, material consumption, and circular manufacturing practices. Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen Vehicles explores these unresolved issues, focusing on the shift from internal combustion to electric vehicles, supply chain challenges, regulatory gaps, and the operational realities of sustainable productization. It also critically examines the risks of greenwashing, the need for consistent standards, and the role of intersectoral collaboration—with energy, urban planning, information and communications technologies, and waste management sectors—in building resilient, scalable solutions. The report provides strategic recommendations and

Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural Robots

EPR202501208/13/2025

The automation of labor-intensive picking and planting operations is having an immediate impact in the agricultural indutry. In its simplest form, robotic automation can reduce the labor and soil disturbance while enabling organic soil cover and increasing species diversification through precision approaches to planting, weeding, and spraying. With this, pesticides and fertilizers can be applied in a more targeted way, and with machinery visiting fields more frequently, earlier and more targeted intervention can occur before pests become established. Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural Robots identifies issues that need to be resolved fo for this technology to thrive, including improving methods of acquiring and labeling training data to facilitate more accurate models for specific applications. It also discusses concepts such as general-purpose mechanical platforms for use as carriers of agricultural automation systems with high stability, positional accuracy, and variable

Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation Features

EPR202501308/13/2025

Advanced technologies that assist the human driver or reduce (or even eliminate) the human driver’s role are becoming increasingly prevalent in new light-duty vehicles used by the general public. These technologies are divided between Active Safety features that monitor the human driver and vehicle motion and act intermittently to mitigate and avoid crashes, and Driving Automation features that assume some or all of the dynamic driving task from the human driver. Both types of technologies have the potential to reduce injuries and save lives by reducing the frequency and/or severity of crashes. Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation Features addresses the current capabilities and future potential for Active Safety and Driving Automation features to reduce crash frequency and severity and provides an overview of the state of the industry for both types of features, including current deployments, trends, and anticipated rollouts. Gaps in knowledge, unsettled issues, and

Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and Control for Autonomous Vehicles

EPR202501407/18/2025

Autonomous vehicle motion planning and control are vital components of next-generation intelligent transportation systems. Recent advances in both data- and physical model-driven methods have improved driving performance, yet current technologies still fall short of achieving human-level driving in complex, dynamic traffic scenarios. Key challenges include developing safe, efficient, and human-like motion planning strategies that can adapt to unpredictable environments. Data-driven approaches leverage deep neural networks to learn from extensive datasets, offering promising avenues for intelligent decision-making. However, these methods face issues such as covariate shift in imitation learning and difficulties in designing robust reward functions. In contrast, conventional physical model-driven techniques use rigorous mathematical formulations to generate optimal trajectories and handle dynamic constraints. Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-Driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and

Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

EPR202501105/21/2025

Driven by the vast consumer marketplace, the electronics megatrend has reshaped nearly every sector of society. The advancements in semiconductors and software, originally built to serve consumer demand, are now delivering significant value to non-consumer industries. Today, electronics are making inroads into traditionally conservative, safety-critical sectors such as automotive and aerospace. In doing so, electronics—now further propelled by artificial intelligence—are disrupting the functional safety architectures of these cyber-physical systems. Electronics have created the world of cyber-physical systems, raising broader concerns about the broader category of product assurance. Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence continues the work of previous SAE Edge Research Reports in examining open research challenges arising from this shift, particularly in automotive systems, as core electronic technologies (e.g., the combination of software and communications) have even

Edge Artificial Intelligence in Connected, Cooperative and Automated Mobility

EPR202500905/20/2025

With many stakeholders involved, and major investments supporting it, the advancements in automated driving (AD) are undoubtedly there. Generally speaking, the motivation for advancing AD is driver convenience and road safety. Regarding the development of AD, original equipment manufacturers, technology start-ups, and AD systems developers have taken different approaches for automated vehicles (AVs). Some manufacturers are on the path toward stand-alone vehicles, mostly relying on onboard sensors and intelligence. On the other hand, the connected, cooperative, and automated mobility (CCAM) approach relies on additional communication and information exchange to ensure safe and secure operation. CCAM holds great potential to improve traffic management, road safety, equity, and convenience. In both approaches, there are increasingly large amounts of data generated and used for AD functions in perception, situational awareness, path prediction, and decision-making. The use of artificial

Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic Management

EPR202500805/20/2025

The transportation industry is transforming with the integration of advanced data technologies, edge devices, and artificial intelligence (AI). Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are pivotal in optimizing traffic flow and safety. Central to this are transportation management centers, which manage transportation systems, traffic flow, and incident responses. Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic Management explores emerging trends in transportation data, focusing on data collection, aggregation, and sharing. Effective data management, AI application, and secure data sharing are crucial for optimizing operations. Integrating edge devices with existing systems presents challenges impacting security, cost, and efficiency. Ultimately, AI in transportation offers significant opportunities to predict and manage traffic conditions. AI-driven tools analyze historical data and current conditions to forecast future events. The importance of multidisciplinary approaches and

Automated Vehicles and Infrastructure Enablers: Dedicated Lanes

EPR202500704/24/2025

Dedicated lanes provide a simpler operating environment for ADS-equipped vehicles than those shared with other roadway users including human drivers, pedestrians, and bicycles. This final report in the Automation and Infrastructure series discusses how and when various types of lanes whether general purpose, managed, or specialty lanes might be temporarily or permanently reserved for ADS-equipped vehicles. Though simulations and economic analysis suggest that widespread use of dedicated lanes will not be warranted until market penetration is much higher, some US states and cities are developing such dedicated lanes now for limited use cases and other countries are planning more extensive deployment of dedicated lanes. Automated Vehicles and Infrastructure: Dedicated Lanes includes a review of practices across the US as well as case studies from the EU and UK, the Near East, Japan, Singapore, and Canada. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Latest Journal Issues

Browse All 16

Passenger Vehicle Systems

Electrified Vehicles

Advances and Current Practices in Mobility

Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy

Connected and Automated Vehicles

Transportation Cybersecurity and Privacy

Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH

Transportation Safety

Alternative Powertrains

Commercial Vehicles

Engines

Materials and Manufacturing

Fuels and Lubricants

Aerospace

Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems

Recent Books

Browse All 710

Manufacturing Reliability Growth for Automotive Engineering Volume III

R-55112/11/2025

As the third installment in SAE International's DOE for Product Reliability Growth series, this volume explores the critical intersection of manufacturing processes, reliability, and profitability in automotive engineering. With a sharp focus on innovation, cost-efficiency, and customer satisfaction, this book demonstrates how design of experiments (DOE) methodologies can transform product quality through smarter manufacturing decisions. From structural assemblies to additive manufacturing, Volume III offers hands-on, data-driven guidance for engineers and professionals. Key topics include: • Structural Joints: Analyze and optimize bonded and mechanical joints-bolts, rivets, welds, adhesives, and more-using real-world DOE case studies to ensure robust assembly. • Mechanical Fabrication: Improve precision and consistency in processes like injection molding, drilling, heat treatment, and surface finishing through targeted DOE applications. • Electronic Fabrication: Harness DOE to enhance

Pedestrian Accident Reconstruction

R-59010/30/2025

As technology advances, so too must the methods we use to investigate and understand pedestrian collisions. Pedestrian Accident Reconstruction provides a much-needed update to the field—one that reflects the dramatic rise in digital evidence and the growing role of simulation in modern reconstructions. While earlier texts laid the foundation for understanding pedestrian impacts, they were written before the widespread use of video footage, onboard vehicle sensors, and powerful simulation software. This book addresses that shift. It introduces updated methods that incorporate event data recorders, surveillance video, dash cams, and advanced simulation tools like the PC-Crash multibody pedestrian model. These technologies allow for more precise, repeatable, and illustrative reconstructions than ever before. The book highlights when and how simulation can enhance an investigation—especially in complex scenarios such as roof vaults, sideswipes, or collisions that defy conventional

Composite Materials Handbook Volume 3 - Revision H

R-64010/16/2025

The third volume of this six-volume compendium provides methodologies and lessons learned for the design, analysis, manufacture, and field support of fiber-reinforced, polymeric-matrix composite structures. It also provides guidance on material and process specifications and procedures for using the data that is presented in Volume 2. The information provided is consistent with the guidance provided in Volume 1, and is an extensive compilation of the current knowledge and experiences of engineers and scientists from industry, government, and academia who are active in composites. The Composite Materials Handbook, referred to by industry groups as CMH-17, is a six-volume engineering reference tool that contains over 1,000 records of the latest test data for polymer matrix, metal matrix, ceramic matrix, and structural sandwich composites. CMH-17 provides information and guidance necessary to design and fabricate end items from composite materials. It includes properties of composite

Beyond Compliance: Leveraging AS9100D and ISO9001:2015 Audit Findings for Continual Improvement

R-59210/10/2025

Beyond Compliance is more than just another quality management guide—it’s a powerful, practical roadmap for aerospace, defense, and manufacturing organizations committed to excellence through AS9100D and ISO 9001:2015 standards. Every year, thousands of companies face audits. And every audit reveals something: nonconformities, gaps, or hidden inefficiencies. These findings can be brushed aside—or they can become the spark for meaningful change. This book shows you how to choose the latter. Drawing on decades of real-world auditing, consulting, and industry experience, the author presents 137 real case studies—true stories from actual audits that uncover critical lessons and opportunities. Each scenario is designed to engage, educate, and equip you with practical insights you can apply immediately to your own processes. Beyond Compliance challenges the idea that audits are just about passing or failing. Instead, it presents a new mindset: audits are not the end—they're the beginning of

McLaren: The Engine Company, Second Edition

R-58910/10/2025

McLaren: The Engine Company is the previously untold story of McLaren Engines-an American powerhouse founded in 1969 by Bruce McLaren and his partners to support the legendary McLaren Can-Am and Indy Car programs. From a modest facility in suburban Detroit came thunderous 8-liter Chevrolet V8s that carried McLaren's signature papaya-orange racecars to dominate the final years of Can-Am racing. The dyno rooms echoed with innovation, producing 1,000-horsepower turbo Offenhausers that twice put McLaren in Victory Lane at the Indianapolis 500 between 1972 and 1976. This updated second edition features newly added historical images and refined content that brings fresh clarity to the remarkable legacy of McLaren Engines. Though the core story remains the same, these updates enhance the reader's experience and provide richer visual context to the engineering feats described throughout. Inside, you'll explore how this unassuming shop on Eight Mile Road became a magnet for top manufacturers

Mobility Reimagined: My First Decade at the Crossroads of Change

R-57310/09/2025

In Mobility Reimagined, Umar Zakir Abdul Hamid shares an unfiltered, deeply personal account of his first decade navigating the rapidly evolving automotive and mobility sectors. From engineering labs in Malaysia and Japan, to startup scenes in Southeast Asia and Finland, to boardrooms in Europe, keynote stages in China, and virtual standardization sessions with professionals in the US, Umar traces a career shaped by curiosity, courage, and a commitment to democratizing opportunity. As a brown Southeast Asian professional rising in an industry historically shaped by Western and East Asian leadership, Umar offers more than technical insight, he opens a window into what it takes to lead across borders, disrupt legacy systems, and redefine success on his own terms. This book is part strategy guide, part industry overview, and part leadership memoir. It speaks to young professionals, especially those from underrepresented backgrounds, offering hard-won lessons on global expansion, digital

Software Defined Vehicles

R-59509/22/2025

Software Defined Vehicles This book provides a clear, in-depth introduction to the concept of software-defined vehicles (SDVs) and their role in the changing mobility ecosystem. It explores how software has become the core enabler of innovation, allowing manufacturers to deliver new features, safety functions, and comfort enhancements to their customers after a vehicle leaves the showroom floor. From advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) to AI-powered co-pilots, SDVs are shifting the focus from hardware to dynamic, user-centric, service models that offer continuous software updates and upgrades. Software Defined Vehicles also delves into the broader societal and consumer shifts driving this change. Readers will gain insight into how new generations view transportation, how business models like Mobility as a Service (MaaS) are evolving, and why sustainability and flexibility now take precedence over traditional car ownership. Whether you're a technology professional, automotive

Sustainable and Affordable Mobility for All: Putting the Heart Back into Technology

R-58608/14/2025

Sustainable and Affordable Mobility for All offers a bold, yet practical vision for the future of transportation. Drawing from deep technical expertise and global experience, Chris Borroni-Bird presents a transformative approach to the automotive industry, tackling critical issues like economic development, environmental sustainability, and universal access. This groundbreaking book explores how advanced technologies such as electric, autonomous, and connected vehicles can revolutionize not only personal mobility but also urban transport and public systems. It calls for a shift toward "right-sized" vehicles, designed to meet real-world needs without over-engineering. Borroni-Bird’s solutions are scalable and adaptable to both developed and developing markets, ensuring affordable and sustainable mobility for all. With insights from 30 years of rapid innovation, including ridesharing platforms and robotaxis, this book blends technology, human factors, and sustainability to inspire a

Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS) Handbook - 2025 - Volume I

B-993_VOLUME108/13/2025

The Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization MMPDS-2025 supersedes MMPDS-24 and prior editions of the MMPDS Handbook as well as all editions of MIL-HDBK-5, Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle Structures Handbook that were maintained by the U.S. Air Force. The last edition, MIL-HDBK-5J was cancelled by the U.S. Air Force in March 2006. This document contains design information on the mechanical and physical properties of metallic materials and joints commonly used in aircraft and aerospace vehicle structures. All information contained in this Handbook has been reviewed and approved using a standardized process. The development and ongoing maintenance process involves certifying agencies, including the FAA, DoD, and NASA, and major material suppliers and material users worldwide. The information and procedures in this Handbook are continuously reviewed and modified or removed as determined to be appropriate. With advances in materials and fastener

Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS) Handbook - 2025 - Volume II

B-993_VOLUME208/13/2025

Volume II publishes the framework for generating and analyzing the data so that material sponsors can generate the right data, knowing how it will be analyzed by the Battelle Memorial Institute. MMPDS-2025 Volume II Process Intensive Materials and Joining Technologies does not currently have any material properties, focusing on additive manufacturing of metallic materials. MMPDS-2025 Volume II focuses on non-conventional processes and will be published each year. Volume I: Conventional Materials and Joint Allowables.

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2025 International Conference on Transportation Infrastructure and

2025-99-030012/17/2025

TOC

Research on the Rotation Resistance Coefficient Experiment Based on the 6 Degree-of-Freedom Rig

2025-99-0308

12/17/2025

The rotational resistance coefficient of the bogie is a critical parameter for assessing the operational safety of vehicles, significantly influencing the stability of the vehicle’s snaking motion and the safety of curve negotiation. This paper conducts measurements of the rotational resistance coefficient using a 6- degree-of-freedom bogie test rig, evaluating the variation patterns of the indicator under different vehicle load conditions and air spring inflation states. By establishing a SIMPACK dynamic model of the 6-DOF platform, it is possible to obtain actuator displacement control curves that comply with the EN 14363 standard. Taking a specific subway trailer bogie as an example, the rotational resistance coefficient under various operating conditions was measured. The test results indicate that under the condition of air spring deflation, the rotational resistance coefficient is significantly higher than that under air spring inflation. Moreover, under the condition of air

Li, Li, Hu, Jie

Research on Configuration Management of Civil Aircraft Electromechanical System

2025-99-0333

12/17/2025

This paper presents an in-depth study on configuration management for civil aircraft electromechanical systems, grounded in process methodologies and practical experience of configuration management. Beginning with the definition and significance of configuration management, the study analyzes existing configuration management practices in domestic and international aviation enterprises. It systematically examines the requirements and frameworks for configuration management in civil aircraft electromechanical systems, refining critical elements through two primary dimensions: the establishment, refinement and implementation of configuration management processes. Critical refined elements are highlighted to offer actionable insights for civil aviation enterprises in advancing their configuration management practices.

Cai, Yiyang

An Integrated Resilience Analysis Framework for Highway Tunnel Engineering Systems Using N-K-ISM Models Based on Decoupling thinking

2025-99-0364

12/17/2025

Before Highway tunnel engineering is a complex system undergoing various evolutionary stages and characterized by multiple risk factors. The increasing interconnection and coupling of these risk factors can lead to operational accidents or disruptive events. These coupling effects pose significant challenges for project managers in effectively managing highway tunnel systems. Traditional risk-centered analysis approaches, which focus on post-event effects and causes while paying less attention to the coupling effects among risk factors, inadequately address these challenges. To fill this gap, this study examined the resilience evolution mechanism from all life cycle perspective and proposed a multi-factor and multi-stage resilience analysis framework. This integrated framework integrates the Natural Killing (N-K) model and the Interpretive Structural Model (ISM) to analyze coupling utility and implement decoupling control of resilience factors. The N-K model measures the coupling

Wang, Chunyu, An, Jingru

Research on SHM Acceleration Data Recovery Method Based on CNN-BILSTM

2025-99-0341

12/17/2025

Zhang, Xiangyi

Research on the Application of Flexible Pressure Sensor Array in Electric Vehicle Seats

2025-99-0338

12/17/2025

In this study, an intelligent monitoring system for electric vehicle seats based on flexible pressure sensor array is proposed. Through the design of multi-layer composite film structure and the collaborative development of STM32 embedded platform, high-precision sensing (error<5%) and rapid response (<200ms) of pressure distribution are realized. The experimental results show that the linearity of the sensor array is ± 1.5% FS in the range of 0-100kpa, and the dynamic response time is 3.6 times higher than that of the traditional sensor; By establishing a three-level adjustment algorithm (fuzzy PID+LSTM prediction+genetic optimization), the seat comfort is improved by 20.5%, and the system energy consumption is reduced by 33.5%. The research provides theoretical and technical support for the transformation of intelligent seats from “passive support” to “active interaction”.

Huang, Yifeng, Rong, Daozhi, Lin, Guoyong, Huang, Zhengui, Wang, Ruliang, Tao, Chengxi

Damage Identification of Bridges Based on Wavelet Packet Analysis

2025-99-0342

12/17/2025

During the long-term service of steel-concrete composite beam bridges, the main beam structure is prone to sustain damage of varying severity due to such factors as sustained load effects and gradual degradation of material properties. The accurate identification of these damages and the implementation of timely maintenance measures are of crucial significance for guaranteeing the safe operation of bridges. This category of research not only holds substantial theoretical value but also can offer technical backing for engineering practices, thereby ensuring the long-term dependability of infrastructure facilities. For this reason, investigations into damage identification of bridges are conducted by means of vehicle-bridge coupling vibration analysis and wavelet packet analysis. Firstly, an analysis is carried out on the construction approach for the relative energy of wavelet packets; the relative energy curvature difference of wavelet packets is defined as the damage index (DI). To

Dou, Weihua

Mechanical System Innovation for Next-Generation Electric Vehicles: Lightweight and Energy Recovery Co-Design

2025-99-0334

12/17/2025

Aiming at the technical bottlenecks of electric vehicles (EVs) in terms of range, energy efficiency and thermal management, this paper proposes an innovative mechanical system design scheme that integrates lightweight materials, topology-optimised structure and mechatronic energy recovery. Through multi-physics simulation and experimental verification, the coupling mechanism between mechanical design and electrochemical performance is revealed, providing theoretical support for the development of energy-efficient electric vehicles. The research adopts a hybrid structure of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and aluminum alloy, and combines it with topology optimization technology to achieve lightweight (18% weight reduction) and improved impact resistance (40% improvement in energy absorption) of the battery box; the design of a bimodal energy recovery system integrating flywheel energy storage and magnetorheological damper, which can achieve an energy recovery efficiency of 82.7

Xu, Nanxin, Song, Ziyang, Han, Qiyu, Chen, Xiaoxian, Miao, Zhengchen, Song, Jinlong

Research on Optimization Method for Railway Route Schemes in the Western Mountainous Area Considering the “Dual-Carbon” Strategy

2025-99-0304

12/17/2025

Building a green and ecological railway transportation system that incorporates the “Dual-Carbon” Strategy is a central focus and challenge in current industry research. In the western mountainous regions with complex engineering geological conditions and fragile ecosystems, it is particularly important to explore the optimal railway route under the framework of the “Dual-Carbon” strategy. By analyzing the characteristics of the geographic environment of the western mountainous areas and the trend of low-carbon railroad construction, and referring to the relevant principles of railroad line selection, the method of quantifying the carbon emissions during the construction phase of the railroad and the carbon sequestration capacity of the land lost as a result of the railroad project’s land occupation is proposed by selecting 23 indicators from the five aspects of engineering adaptability, low-carbon adaptability, economic adaptability, environmental adaptability, and social adaptability

Wang, Yibo

Multi-Fault Analysis of Aircraft Main Landing Gear Retraction Hydraulic System

2025-99-0301

12/17/2025

Aiming at the common health performance influencing factors of the aircraft’s main landing gear retracting hydraulic system, based on its hydraulic structure, the landing gear retracting control AMESim hydraulic system model is established to carry out the study of the typical faults of the aircraft landing gear retracting hydraulic system, such as injection of the hydraulic pump internal leakage, hydraulic oil contamination, and leakage of the actuator cylinder. The curve diagrams of the simulation results are analyzed, and the conclusions of the influence of typical faults on the boundary conditions on the pressure and flow of the hydraulic system are drawn. The results of the simulation are analyzed, and the effect of typical fault boundary conditions on the pressure and flow of the hydraulic system is concluded, which provides a reference for the study of parameter optimization, fault analysis, and health management of the landing gear in engineering applications.

Yu, Yahui, Cui, Wenhao

Reliability Simulation Analysis of Low Nickel Stainless Steel Carbody Structure

2025-99-0323

12/17/2025

The demand for lightweight and cost-effective materials in rail transportation is increasing. Low nickel nitrogen austenitic stainless steel is considered a promising alternative for stainless steel car body structures because of its excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Due to the complexity and large scale of such structures, the structural reliability of car bodies made from this material is regarded as a critical concern. This issue is also addressed in the present study. Finite element analysis (FEA) is employed using ABAQUS to evaluate the structural performance of a low nickel stainless steel car body under various operational conditions. Based on the material specifications outlined in GB/T 7928-2003 “Stainless Steel for Urban Rail Transit Vehicles,” the structural design requirements of EN 12663-2010 “Railway Applications - Structural Requirements of Railway Vehicle Bodies,” and the experimental requirements of TB/T 3502-2018 “Modal Test Method and

Jiang, Long, Xie, Kun, An, Ziliang, Zuo, Yiwen

The Design and Simulation of Absolute Priority Bus Lane Incorporating Clearance Distance

2025-99-0365

12/17/2025

To alleviate the congestion in general-purpose lanes while exclusive bus lanes remain idle, this paper proposes absolute-priority bus lane design with clearance distance. By establishing specific clearance distances and lane-changing rules, the proposed design method not only enhances overall road utilization efficiency but also ensures unimpaired bus speeds, thereby maintaining bus priority. The simulation is performed based on cellular automaton (CA) model and the results demonstrate that this design is effective when general-purpose lane traffic density ranges between 0-50 vehicles/km/lane, with greater improvements in other non-public vehicle speeds under longer bus dispatch intervals. These results provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for future bus lane management.

Wei, Liying, Yang, Nan, Gao, Chang

Shock Dynamics Analysis of Opening Process of Spring Mechanism for Circuit Breaker

2025-99-0354

12/17/2025

In order to accurately evaluate the strength and stiffness of the key components of the spring mechanism for circuit breakers under strong impact load conditions, and provide strong data support for product design and structural optimization, the impact dynamics analysis method is used to model and simulate the spring mechanism. The dynamic stress test data is used to verify the accuracy of the simulation, and the strength of the key components under impact conditions is obtained. The influence of different stiffness frames on the output shaft offset is analyzed.

Guo, Mingqin, Li, Junfeng, Yin, Tianshuo, Zhang, Pan, Li, Pengzhen, Wang, Pengchao, Ji, Linhao

Study on the Mechanical Properties of a High-Strength Aluminum Alloy Profiles

2025-99-0332

12/17/2025

Compared to steel, aluminum alloy has the advantages of light weight, high specific strength, corrosion resistance, and easy processing, and is widely used in structures such as aviation, construction, bridges, and offshore oil platforms. All along, Chinese construction aluminum profiles have been produced according to the GB/T5237-XXXX standard, which is determined based on the mechanical performance requirements of doors and windows and the actual processing of aluminum profiles. There are many problems. The author of this article has developed a new product 6063-T56, which has a tensile strength of 240-260Mpa and an elongation rate of not less than 8%, surpassing the latest technology level in Europe. It has been promoted and applied to the aluminum profile production industry in China, improving product performance, reducing production costs, improving production efficiency, and meeting the requirements of the "Aluminum Alloy Doors and Windows Standard" GB/T8478-2020, making

Qiao, Zhou

Analysis of the Effect of High-Speed Train Travel on The Characteristics of Flow Field Distribution Near Wrist Arm Insulators in Tunnels

2025-99-0327

12/17/2025

With the continuous progress of modern high-speed railroad technology, the speed of train operation is increasing, and its aerodynamic effect when traversing the tunnel is also getting more and more attention from researchers. In this paper, we constructed a three-dimensional flow field model of the wrist-arm insulator in the tunnel and considered the train speed, tunnel structure, size and position of the wrist-arm insulator, and other factors, and then through the simulation software, we simulated the change of the airflow in the tunnel when the high-speed train enters the tunnel. Through the simulation analysis, we obtained the characteristics of the flow field distribution around the wrist-arm insulator in the tunnel when the high-speed train crosses the tunnel. The results show that when the train crosses the tunnel at a high speed, the airflow inside the tunnel is strongly squeezed and disturbed by the train, forming a complex airflow field. When the train passes by, the wrist

Zhang, Kangkang, Ma, Jianqiao

Application of Yao’s Theorem in Energy Efficiency Optimization of Single-Motor Electric Vehicles

2025-99-0335

12/17/2025

Under the background of “dual carbon”, reducing the power consumption of electric vehicles (EVs) per 100 kilometers and improving their operating energy efficiency are the only way for the development of electric vehicles. This paper uses Yao’s theorem in the energy efficiency prediction theory of multi-unit systems to give the optimal control method for the operation energy efficiency of EVs with single motor drive and multiple gears. The optimal control method for the overall operating energy efficiency of EVs with single motor drive and multiple gears is to keep the power consumption per 100 kilometers equal before and after the gear switching, or to keep the output power of the battery equal before and after the gear switching.

Yao, Fulai, Yao, Yaming, Kong, Amy, Wang, Yolanda

Development Path of Automated Rural Road Condition Detection in Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture Based on Cost Analysis

2025-99-0346

12/17/2025

This study estimates the automated detection costs for rural road pavement conditions in 32 provinces across China using conventional and lightweight equipment, respectively. Assuming full automated detection coverage, the detection costs for rural roads in Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture and its subordinate counties are calculated to analyze the development path of automated rural road condition detection. The results show that the average detection cost using lightweight equipment is generally lower than that using conventional equipment. Based on national average detection costs, employing lightweight equipment for automated rural road detection in Changji Prefecture could reduce fiscal expenditure by approximately CNY 770,000. It is recommended that Changji Prefecture, in promoting rural road informatization, enhance the application of lightweight automated road condition detection equipment, expand the sharing and utilization of automated detection data, and strengthen the use

Yang, Yuting, Zhang, Meng, Wang, Yajie, Li, Bing, Xu, Yongji

Study on the Effect of Frequency-Modulated Rail Damper on Rail Vibration

2025-99-0322

12/17/2025

To delay the formation and development of local periodic fluctuations on the surface of rail structures and improve the durability of rail facilities, the dynamic response and wheel-rail interaction of rail structures were studied in depth based on frequency-modulated rail dampers (TRDs). A fully-coupled 3-D FE framework of the wheel–rail assembly, integrating frequency-modulated rail dampers (TRDs), was developed to quantify vibration energy dissipation. Simulated decay curves revealed a marked rise (> 50 %) in lateral damping efficiency within 600–1 000 Hz, confirming TRD’s targeted suppression of rail transverse motion. Then, the suppression effect of rail corrugation after TRD installation was tested, and the data collection was carried out in the test section to calculate the frequency of rail corrugation. It was found that the possibility of corrugation deterioration of the rail structure was greatly reduced after the installation of the rail damper, and the suppression effect of

Li, Chengshun, Lei, Zhenyu

Research on Abnormal Noise in an Inline Six-Cylinder Engine Based on Sound Source Localization and Modal Analysis

2025-99-0321

12/17/2025

This study addresses the abnormal noise issue in an inline six-cylinder engine during acceleration through noise testing and near-field microphone array-based sound source localization, combined with engine modal coupling theory and analytical methods. The results of testing and modal analysis indicate that the overlap of modal parameters between the engine crankshaft system and cylinder block leads to structural resonance under high-speed operation, which is identified as the root cause of the abnormal noise. The diagnostic conclusion was further validated through experimental verification. To mitigate the resonance, a high-stiffness spacer block was added between the vibration damper and crankshaft to adjust the overall modal parameters of the crankshaft system. This optimization effectively avoided resonance, reducing the near-field noise at the engine front end by 3.9 dB(A). The findings provide valuable insights for abnormal noise diagnosis and optimization strategies in engine

Hu, Li, Dong, Jian, Wan, Yeqing, Tian, Ruili, Xu, Maolin, Zhang, Min

Lightweight Design and Optimization of Multi-Terrain Multi-Functional Tracked Amphibious Vehicle

2025-99-0324

12/17/2025

In view of the complex intertidal terrain challenges faced by offshore wind power maintenance, this paper optimizes the lightweight design of multi-terrain tracked vehicles. The structure was optimized by finite element analysis, and the maximum stress was 211.68 MPa ( lower than the safety limit of 230 MPa), and the maximum deformation was 5.25 mm, which ensured the stability and stiffness. Titanium alloy has the advantages of high strength, low density and corrosion resistance, which improves the durability of the frame while reducing the weight of the frame. Advanced manufacturing technologies such as phase transformation superplastic diffusion welding optimize the connection between TC4 titanium alloy and stainless steel. Modal analysis and optimization techniques refine the structural parameters and improve the complex load performance. The research promotes the lightweight of the frame and provides theoretical and technical support for the design of multi-terrain vehicles.

Xu, Han, Xu, Shilin, Ma, Wenbo, Zhu, Wei

Empirical Study on the Evaluation of Natural Loss Standards for Liquid Petroleum

2025-99-0336

12/17/2025

As a crucial part of national strategic resources, petroleum is an important basic material for economic development. However, during the storage, loading and unloading, and transportation of bulk liquid petroleum products, unavoidable natural losses occur due to factors such as process technology and equipment. Therefore, studying the natural loss of liquid petroleum during storage and transportation, and adopting effective countermeasures to minimize the natural loss of liquid petroleum, has become a topic of focus in various fields. This paper uses the “Loss of Bulk Liquid Petroleum Products” approved in 1989 as the analysis standard to explore the natural loss of highway oil transportation, conduct statistical test analysis on oil data such as oil collection registration forms, and propose conclusions and suggestions, thereby providing a reference for the revision of oil loss standards. The experimental results show that the overall oil data meets the national standard for natural

Li, Bixin, Li, Jilai, Jin, Shifeng

Optimal Charging Station Location and Traffic Flow Strategy for Highway Electric Vehicles under Stochastic Conditions

2025-99-0344

12/17/2025

The rapidly growing demand for self-driving travels by electric vehicles (EVs) during holidays has intensified the pressure on the highway network, in which EVs with restricted driving range require frequent recharges for their large-scale travel. Consequently, strategical electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS) layout is vital for EV adoption, ensuring travelers can complete their trips. To minimize the indirect environmental impact and delay caused by charging process, this paper proposes a bi-layer optimization model, in which the upper-layer model selects the new station locations under a limited number of constructions and lower layer models the equilibrium traveling flow arising from EVs choosing feasible paths under stochastic demand and charging requirement. An enhanced label-correcting technique combined with the Method of Successive Averages solves this model. Evaluated on a benchmark network, the results show that longer driving range and sufficient EVCS can both shorten

Liu, Guangzeng, Qu, Yunchao, Lv, Ying, Liang, Xiao, Wu, Kan

Research and Application of Contribution Rate of Acoustic Transfer Function in Vehicles

2025-99-0343

12/17/2025

How to quickly identify weak areas and design redundancies in vehicle acoustic package design is an industry challenge. To address this issue, this paper investigates the relationship between acoustic parts and acoustic transfer function of vehicle. The contribution rates of each acoustic part to acoustic transfer function are calculated, and the area with the highest contribution rate is the weak area of the acoustic package. The area with the lowest contribution rate based on vehicle positioning can be identified as design redundancy. Firstly, establish a three-level architecture of acoustic transfer function - system - acoustic parts, determine the relationship formula between adjacent levels, and then establish the contribution rate relationship formula. Through simulation method, the contribution rate of each acoustic part to acoustic transfer function is obtained. Through test method, the contribution rate of each system to acoustic transfer function is analyzed. And optimize

Liu, Xiaona, Pan, Dianlong, Zhao, Wei, Yang, Xiaotao, Feng, Yihao, Chen, Zuozhong, Zhao, Minghao, Wu, Haichuan

Digital Site Selection Analysis of Airport Control Tower Based on BIM

2025-99-0359

12/17/2025

This paper analyzes the problems encountered in the site selection of large domestic airport towers. Combined with the site selection results of many large airports in China and a large number of scenarios simulated by FAA VIS software, multiple key factors such as line of sight angle, lateral resolution angle, target detection probability, and target recognition probability are analyzed, and quantitative calculation formulas are given. Finally, BIM software is used to simulate the airport and tower, and give coverage analysis for runways, taxiways, and aprons.

Shi, Yongtao, Wang, Shuo

Advanced Geological Prediction and Monitoring Measurement for Tunnels in Water-Rich Sections Near Reservoir Areas

2025-99-0329

12/17/2025

In order to ensure the construction safety of tunnels in water-rich sections near reservoir areas, it is very important to adopt comprehensive and reliable advanced geological prediction technology combined with on-site monitoring and measurement. Taking the Chenlingding tunnel as an example, through the comprehensive geological prediction of the broken rock section near the reservoir, the numerical model of the broken rock section was established, and compared with the field measurement data. The results show that the comprehensive advanced geological prediction system combining short, medium and long distances, such as geological radar, seismic wave reflection method and advanced horizontal drilling, has high accuracy in adverse geology, rock fragmentation and water rich conditions in the tunnel; The rich water condition, fault information and rock engineering geology provided by the advanced geological prediction can provide reliable guarantee for the tunnel excavation scheme, the

Dai, Yunfei, Feng, Meijie, Liu, Dacheng, Tang, Xianyuan

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