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With the rapid expansion of the electric vehicle (EV) market, the frequency of grid-connected charging has concentrated primarily during peak hours, notably from 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m., resulting in substantial demand surges during both morning and evening periods. Such uncoordinated charging patterns pose potential challenges to the stability and economic efficiency of power systems. As vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology advances, facilitating bidirectional energy exchange between EVs and smart grids, the need for optimized control of EV charging and discharging behaviors has become critical to achieving effective peak shaving and valley filling in the grid. This paper proposes a microgrid energy scheduling optimization algorithm based on existing smart grid and EV charging control technologies. The method establishes a multi-objective optimization model with EVs’ 24-h charging and discharging power as decision variables and microgrid load rate, load
Fan, LongyuChen, YuxinZhang, Dacai
Optimizing the parameters of asymmetric textures (AT) designed on the surface of sliding frictional pairs (SFP) can make each texture more reasonably distributed. Thereby, the oil film thickness can be more stable; and the lubrication and load ability of SFP can be improved. To clarify this issue, based on the SFP’s lubricating model added by AT using the rectangular structure, parameters of AT including the angle between the horizontal axe and bottom surface (φij), the angle between the lateral axe and bottom surface (γij), and texture’s depth (hij) are optimized. The study results show that the parameters of φij, γij, and hij of AT optimized can create the p (hydrodynamic pressure of liquid) better than the symmetric textures. Significantly, the pmax and load ability of the liquid in the SFP using optimal AT have been greatly increased compared to the liquid in the SFP using the symmetric textures. Accordingly, the results are an important reference for the design and distribution of
Wang, CuifangZhang, Lu
The high-performance electric sports cars market is expected to register rapid development in the next years, driven by a different attitude of racing enthusiasts toward electric vehicles. The improvements in battery technology are reinforcing consumer confidence and interest in electric sports vehicles, making them more attractive to enthusiasts and accelerating their adoption. Batteries have been used in high heat generation conditions more often with fast charging and discharging. Therefore, the need for more advanced battery thermal management systems (BTMS) has been increasing in recent years. Vegetable oil, owing to its unique availability and biodegradability, is considered as a viable alternative to fossil fuel-based cooling fluids in immersion cooling systems. In the present work, the feasibility of using vegetable oil in immersion cooling under high discharge conditions is studied by comparing it with four types of fossil fuel-based cooling fluids. Immersion cooling was
Hong, HanchiSong, XiangShi, Xud’Apolito, LuigiXin, Qianfan
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes a uniform fluid specification for reference usage in specific documents, such as fluid power component test procedures, where a fluid designation is required.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
This document specifies a universal method of measuring the thickness change of friction materials to determine the effects of temperature. The test applies to both disc and drum-type linings commonly used in hydraulic and air brake systems for automotive or commercial vehicle applications. This document describes several methods for thermal swell and growth. Method A is where the friction material is in contact with a heated surface to simulate the heat input to the pad that occurs during actual usage. Method B uses an oven to heat the freestanding material and is an approximate procedure requiring less instrumentation. Method A is recommended for disc brake pad assemblies, noise insulators, or flat coupons, while Method B is recommended for curved drum brake linings. This document also describes how to test the warmed-up disc brake pads and noise insulators for hot compressibility using Method A.
Brake Linings Standards Committee
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes the minimum requirements for ground-based aircraft deicing/anti-icing methods and procedures to ensure the safe operation of aircraft during icing conditions on the ground. This document does not specify the requirements for particular aircraft models. The application of the procedures specified in this document are intended to effectively remove and/or prevent the accumulation of frost, snow, slush, or ice contamination which can seriously affect the aerodynamic performance and/or the controllability of an aircraft. The principal method of treatment employed is the use of fluids qualified to AMS1424 (Type I fluid) and AMS1428 (Type II, III, and IV fluids). All guidelines referred to herein are applicable only in conjunction with the applicable documents. Due to aerodynamic and other concerns, the application of deicing/anti-icing fluids shall be carried out in compliance with engine and aircraft manufacturer’s recommendations.
G-12M Methods Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice describes the dynamic and static testing procedures required to evaluate the integrity of an equipment mount device or system when exposed to a frontal or side impact (i.e., a crash impact). Its purpose is to provide equipment manufacturers, ambulance builders, and end users with testing procedures and, where appropriate, acceptance criteria that, to a great extent, ensure equipment mount devices or systems meet the same performance criteria across the industry. Prospective equipment mount manufacturers or vendors have the option of performing either dynamic testing or static testing. Descriptions of the test setup, test instrumentation, photographic/video coverage, test fixture, and performance metrics are included.
Truck Crashworthiness Committee
This ARP provides two methods for measuring the aircraft noise level reduction of building façades. Airports and their consultants can use either of the methods presented in this ARP to determine the eligibility of structures exposed to aircraft noise to participate in an FAA-funded Airport Noise Mitigation Project, to determine the treatments required to meet project objectives, and to verify that such objectives are satisfied.
A-21 Aircraft Noise Measurement Aviation Emission Modeling
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) discusses the sources of copper in aviation jet fuels, the impact of copper on thermal stability of jet fuels and the resultant impact on aircraft turbine engine performance, and potential methods for measurement of copper contamination and reduction of the catalytic activity of copper contamination in jet fuels. This document is an information report and does not provide recommendations or stipulate limits for copper concentrations in jet fuels.
AE-5B Aircraft and Engine Fuel and Lubricant Sys Components
The process detailed within this document is generic and applies to the entire end-to-end health management capability, covering both on-board and on-ground elements in both commercial and military applications throughout their life cycle. While some guidance related to usage of ground-based health management equipment for airworthiness credit exists in certain areas, this document provides a general mechanism to ensure a level of integrity commensurate with the potential aircraft-level consequences of the relevant failure conditions. The practical application of this standardized process is detailed in the form of a checklist. In order to provide some detailed guidance utilizing the process and checklist, some high-level examples of successful cases of approved “Maintenance Credit” applications for airworthiness credit (and one case where the approval is in process in 2024) are included. This document does not teach how to design an IVHM function, how to do a safety or risk analysis
HM-1 Integrated Vehicle Health Management Committee
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines the requirements for saddle-type clamps. Tests and criteria noted do not indicate any specific areas of application or usage. Supplemental testing may be necessary to determine suitability for specific environments and applications.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
This document establishes standard gland design criteria and dimensions for static axial O-ring seal applications without anti-c operating at a maximum pressure of 1500 psi (10345 kPa).
A-6C2 Seals Committee
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of welded tubing.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
This specification covers the requirements for a process to assure removal of free iron or other less noble contaminants from the surfaces of corrosion-resistant steel parts.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Continuous rubber track systems for heavy applications are typically designed using multiple iterations of full-scale physical prototypes. This costly and time-consuming approach limits the possibility of exploring the design space and understanding how the design space of that kind of system is governed. A multibody dynamic simulation has recently been developed, but its complexity (due to the number of model’s inputs) makes it difficult to understand and too expensive to be used with multi-objective optimization algorithms (approximately 3 h on a desktop computer). This article aims to propose a first design space exploration of continuous rubber track systems via multi-objective optimization methods. Using an existing expensive multibody dynamic model as original function, surrogate models (artificial neural networks) have been trained to predict the simulation responses. These artificial neural networks are then used to explore the design space efficiently by using optimization
Faivre, AntoineRancourt, DavidPlante, Jean-Sébastien
In this study, a strategy for MCCI combustion of a novel alcohol fuel is demonstrated. The novel fuel, “GrenOl”, is the result of the catalytic upgrade of sustainable ethanol into alcohols of higher molecular weight. The composition of GrenOl includes approximately 70% 1-butanol, 15% 1-hexanol, and 5% 1-octanol by mass, resulting in a cetane number around 18. In order to achieve mixing-controlled compression ignition with GrenOl, an exhaust rebreathing strategy is employed. In this strategy, the exhaust valve reopens for a part of the intake stroke, inducting hot exhaust into the cylinder and preheating the fresh air. This study investigates the feasibility of operating with such a valve strategy from idle to peak torque. At idle, the primary challenge is ensuring stable combustion by inducting adequate exhaust to achieve ignition. Under load, when cylinder temperatures are higher, the primary challenge is ensuring sufficient air is inducted to achieve the target torque. It was found
Trzaska, JosephXu, ZhihaoBoehman, André L.
This SAE Recommended Practice covers power transfer units (PTUs) used in passenger car and sport utility vehicles to support all wheel drive (AWD) operation. PTUs are typically full-time use geared devices (see 3.1). Some PTUs have additional features such as part-time on-demand capability via electronically actuated disconnect features, and other configurations are possible.
Drivetrain Standards Committee