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The intent of this report is to encourage that the thermal management system architecture be designed from a global platform perspective. Separate procurements for air vehicle, propulsion system, and avionics have contributed to the development of aircraft that are sub-optimized from a thermal management viewpoint. In order to maximize the capabilities of the aircraft for mission performance and desired growth capability, overall system efficiency and effectiveness should be considered. This document provides general information about aircraft Thermal Management System Engineering (TMSE). The document also discusses approaches to processes and methodologies for validation and verification of thermal management system engineering. Thermal integration between the air vehicle, propulsion system, and avionics can be particularly important from a thermal management standpoint. Due to these factors, this report is written to encourage the development of a more comprehensive system
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) defines recommended analysis and test procedures for qualification of pneumatically, electrically, manually, and hydraulically actuated air valves. They may be further defined as valves that function in response to externally applied forces or in response to variations in upstream and/or downstream duct air conditions in order to maintain a calibrated duct air condition (e.g., air flow, air pressure, air temperature, air pressure ratio, or air shutoff). Qualification testing performed on the airplane to verify compatibility of the valve function and stability as part of a complete system is outside the scope of this document. Refer to ARP1270 for design and certification requirements for cabin pressurization control system components. As this document is only a guide, it does not supersede or relieve any requirements contained in detailed Customer specifications.
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) discusses design philosophy, system and equipment requirements, environmental conditions, and design considerations for rotorcraft environmental control systems (ECS). The rotorcraft ECS comprises that arrangement of equipment, controls, and indicators which supply and distribute dehumidified conditioned air for ventilation, cooling and heating of the occupied compartments, and cooling of the avionics. The principal features of the system are: a A controlled fresh air supply b A means for cooling (air or vapor cycle units and heat exchangers) c A means for removing excess moisture from the air supply d A means for heating e A temperature control system f A conditioned air distribution system The ARP is applicable to both civil and military rotorcraft where an ECS is specified; however, certain requirements peculiar to military applications—such as nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) protection—are not covered. The integration of NBC
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of investment castings homogenized and solution and precipitation heat treated to 180 ksi (1241 MPa) tensile strength.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Emission norms are getting stringent day by day, posing new challenges such as stricter emission limits and compliance to Real Driving Emissions (RDE). Consequently, there is a pressing need to minimize emissions during cold start, transient phases, and high exhaust flow regions. Achieving this objective requires enhancing the efficiency of after-treatment system and optimization of engine calibration. This paper discusses the approach to improve the efficiency of after-treatment system by enhancing the substrate design features such as cell density, wall thickness, and cell shape etc. The assessment was conducted to determine the emission performance advantages of substrates with higher cell densities of up to 900 cells per square inch (cpsi) and thinner web thicknesses down to 2.5 mil. This evaluation included both square and hexagonal cell shapes, comparing them to traditional substrates featuring 600 cpsi and 4.3 mil thickness. The evaluation has also included an assessment of
Singh, HarmeetKumar, AmitMahra, DeeptiKhanna, Vikram
The automotive industry is advancing rapidly with the integration of cutting-edge technology, aesthetics, and performance. One area that has remained relatively underexplored in the pursuit of sleek, minimalistic interiors is the packaging of Sunshade in door trim system. Traditional sunshade design, often bulky and increasingly incompatible with the trend towards compact design and packaging. The car sunshade is a shield that is placed on a car side window and used for regulating the amount of light entering from the car window and helps improve the passenger comfort inside the cabin. Car Interior components, specifically plastic and seats are based on thermal stress properties. When we expose these parts to direct contact with sunlight, humidity and ambient temperature above threshold limit, the interior plastic parts can start to soften and melt. Due to this, they start emitting harmful chemicals which cause anemia and poor immune systems. So, the Sunshade, in addition to protecting
Palyal, NikitaD, GowthamBhaskararao, PathivadaBornare, HarshadRitesh, Kakade
Ensuring the safety and functionality of sophisticated vehicle technologies has grown more difficult as the automotive industry quickly shifts to intelligent, electric, and connected mobility. Software-defined architectures, electric powertrains, and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) all require strong quality assurance (QA) frameworks that can handle the multi domain nature of contemporary vehicle platforms. In order to thoroughly assess the functionality and dependability of next generation automotive systems, this paper proposes an integrated QA methodology that blends conventional testing procedures with model-based validation, digital twin environments, and real-time system monitoring. The suggested framework, which includes hardware-in-the-loop (HIL), software-in-the-loop (SIL), and over-the-air (OTA) testing techniques, concentrates on end-to-end traceability from specifications to validation. Simulating intricate situations for ADAS, electric vehicle battery temperature
Komanduri, Arun SrinivasSrivastava, Anuj
In alignment with its carbon reduction commitments, India is transitioning towards higher ethanol-blended fuels, with E20 set for nationwide implementation by 2025. Ethanol is a renewable, domestically produced biofuel produced through fermentation of biomass such as sugarcane, corn. It possesses a higher octane rating and oxygen content compared to conventional gasoline, making it a favorable additive for improving engine performance and reducing emissions. This study investigates the impact of E20 fuel on performance parameters of a 694 cc MPFI , water-cooled, twin-cylinder gasoline engine. For deriving maximum benefits of increased Octane rating of E20, compression ratio was increased to 12.5:1. Experimental analysis was conducted to assess the changes in combustion behavior, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), torque output, engine out emissions and thermal efficiency when operating on E20 compared to baseline gasoline (E10). Base results indicate that E20 promotes more
Kulkarni, DeepakMalekar, Hemant AThonge, RavindraKanchan, Shubham
The BioMap system represents a groundbreaking approach to collaborative mapping for autonomous vehicles, drawing inspiration from ant colony behavior and swarm intelligence. It implements a fully decentralized protocol where vehicles use virtual pheromone trails to mark areas of uncertainty, change, or importance, enabling efficient map consensus without centralized coordination. Key innovations include novel pheromone-based compression algorithms and bio-inspired consensus mechanisms that allow real-time adaptation to dynamic environments. In a simulated urban scenario (Town10HD), three vehicles achieved balanced load distribution (±1.8% variance) and comprehensive coverage of a 253.2m × 217.9m × 22.4m area. The final fused map contained 311 chunks with 72,785 particles and required only 10.4 MB of storage. Approximately 49.2% of map particles exceeded the pheromone significance threshold, indicating active importance marking, while no high-uncertainty regions remained. These results
Bhargav, Anirudh SSubbarao, Chitrashree
The high-pressure steering hose in a hydraulic steering system carries pressurized hydraulic fluid from the power steering pump to the steering gear (or steering rack). Its main function is to transmit the force generated by the pump so that the hydraulic pressure assists the driver in turning the wheels more easily. The high-pressure hydraulic pipeline in the power steering system is a vital component for ensuring optimal performance. During warranty analysis, leakage incidents were observed at the customer end within the warranty period. The primary factors contributing to these failures include pipe material thickness, material composition, mechanical properties, and engine-induced vibrations. This study investigates fatigue-related failures through detailed material characterization and Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) based on real world usage road load data collected. The objective is to identify the root causes by examining the influence of varying pipe thickness on fatigue life
Survade, LalitKoulage, Dasharath BaliramBiswas, Kaushik
Tire wear progression is a nonlinear and multi-factor degradation phenomenon that directly influences vehicle safety, handling stability, braking performance, rolling resistance, and fleet operational cost. Global accident investigations indicate that accelerated or undetected tread depletion contributes to nearly 30% of highway tire blowouts, highlighting the limitations of conventional wear indicators such as physical tread wear bars, mileage-based service intervals, and periodic manual inspections. These manual and threshold-based approaches fail to capture dynamic driving loads, compound ageing, pressure imbalance effects, or platform-specific wear behaviours, thereby preventing timely intervention in real-world conditions. This work presents an Indirect Tire Wear Health Monitoring System that employs an advanced Machine Learning + Transfer learning architecture to infer tread wear level and Remaining Useful Life (RUL) without relying on any tire-mounted sensors. The system ingests
Imteyaz, ShahmaIqbal, Shoaib
With the increasing complexity and connectivity in modern vehicles, cybersecurity has become an indispensable technology. In the era of Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs) and Ethernet-based architectures, robust authentication between Electronic Control Units (ECUs) is critical to establish a trust. Further, the cloud connected ECUs must perform authentication with backend servers. These authentication requirements often demand multiple certificates to be provisioned within a vehicle, ensuring secure communication between various combinations of ECUs. As a result, a single ECU may end up storing multiple certificates, each serving a specific purpose. This work proposes a method to limit the number of certificates required in a given ECU without compromising security. We introduce a Cross-Intermediate Certificate Authority (Cross-ICA) Trust Architecture, which enables the use of a single certificate per ECU for inter-ECU communication as well as backend server authentication. In this
Venugopal, VaisakhGoyal, YogendraRaja J, SolomonRai, AjayRath, Sowjanya
There is rapidly increasing advancement in Connectivity, Autonomous, Subscription and Electrification features in vehicles which are being developed. These trends have resulted in an increase in attack surface and security risks on vehicles. To handle these growing risks, it has become important to include passive security systems such as Intrusion detection systems (IDS) which can detect successful or possible attempts of intrusion into vehicle systems compromising their security. In vehicles based on Zonal Architecture, two types of IDS can be implemented, Network based IDS (NIDS) and Host Based IDS (HIDS). The NIDS is implemented in Gateway Electronic Control Unit (ECU) and can monitor multiple networks connected to Gateway, whereas the HIDS usually monitors one single host ECU. Extensive research material is available on NIDS for CAN Networks. For example, the CAN Network in a vehicle is monitored for various abnormal behaviours such as increased busload and invalid signal values
E L, Nanda KumarMutagi, MeghaSonnad, PreetiSharma, Dhiraj
With the rapid advancement of connected vehicle technologies, infotainment Electronic Control Units (ECUs) have become central to user interaction and connectivity within modern vehicles. However, this enhanced functionality has introduced new vulnerabilities to cyberattacks. This paper explores the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in enhancing the cybersecurity framework of infotainment ECUs. The study introduces AI-powered modules for threat detection and response, presents an integrated architecture, and validates performance through simulation using MATLAB, CANoe, and NS-3. This approach addresses real-time intrusion detection, anomaly analysis, and voice command security. Key benefits include zero-day exploit resistance, scalability, and continuous protection via OTA updates. The paper references real-world automotive cyberattack cases such as OTA vulnerability patches, Connected Drive exploits, and Uconnect hack, emphasizing the critical need for AI-enabled proactive
More, ShwetaKulkarni, ShraddhaKumar, PriyanshuGhanwat, HemantJoshi, Vivek
Accurate range estimation in battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is essential for optimizing performance, energy efficiency, and customer expectations. This study investigates the discrepancies between physical test data and simulation predictions for the BEV model. A detailed range delta analysis identifies key contributors to the observed deviations, including regenerative braking inefficiencies, increased propulsion demand, auxiliary loads, and estimated drivetrain losses within the Electric Drive Module (EDM) during traction and regen. Results indicate that the test vehicle exhibits lower regenerative braking efficiency, higher traction forces and lower regen energy than predicted by simulations, primarily due to EDM inefficiencies and friction brake usage during regeneration. The study underscores the importance of refining simulation methodologies by integrating real-world, test based EDM loss maps to improve accuracy and better align predictive models with actual vehicle
Mahajan, PrasadKesarkar, SidheshAli, Shoaib
In the development of the automotive electronic control unit (ECU), to keep performance at the desired level, what remains constant is to verify, evaluate, and validate electronic control units. Nowadays, Cars have multiple ECUs even in the range of fifty. Software is validated by a tester using a target ECU, Controller Area network (CAN) communication, and some Input/Output simulation techniques. Also, in some applications, a virtual environment is created for testing. In this paper, the method of Integration testing of Automotive Open System Architecture (AUTOSAR) modules is presented with AUTOSAR software specification as its input. This makes standard test cases as SWS remains the same for AUTOSAR standard release. It enables a platform to efficiently test all layers of AUTOSAR base software (BSW) modules after integration. For the demonstration, TriCore micro controller TC377TX from Infineon is used. Same controllers are usually used in the development of automotive ECUs for
Kelkar, RenuPatil, Vardhman
This study investigates the phenomenon of receptacle icing during Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) refueling at filling stations, attributing the issue to excessive moisture content in the gas. The research examines the underlying causes, including the Joule-Thomson effect, filter geometries, and their collective impact on flow interruptions. A comprehensive test methodology is proposed to simulate real-world conditions, evaluating various filter types, seal materials and moisture levels to understand their influence on icing and flow cessation. The findings aim to offer ideas for reducing icing problems. This will improve the reliability and safety of CNG refueling systems.
Virmani, NishantSawant, Shivraj MadhukarC R, Abhijith
In modern automotive manufacturing, ensuring the integrity of suspension joints under real-world driving conditions is a critical aspect of vehicle safety and performance. These joints endure substantial transverse loads and large vibrations due to irregular road surfaces, dynamic maneuvers, and varying environmental factors. As a result, bolt loosening becomes a significant concern, compromising joint integrity and overall vehicle reliability. This paper delves into the challenges associated with maintaining joint integrity, specifically focusing on pre-load determination, torque application, and production-related issues. The pre-load generated during torquing is the primary factor that ensures a suspension joint remains securely fastened under dynamic road conditions. This pre-load is derived using road load data acquisition (RLDA) inputs, which capture the forces acting on the joint during actual driving scenarios. RLDA inputs provide critical insights into the forces experienced
Kumar, SabeeshVasant Kumar, Jesse DanielMishra, HarshitSenthil Raja, TNayak, BhargavM, SudhanNamani, PrasadVibhute, Shekhar
This definitive study investigates the variation of churning losses occurring with hypoid ring and pinion gear sets and factors that determine energy dissipation in these mechanisms. An in-depth investigation confirms that viscosity is critical, particularly because of its significant temperature-dependent variations. Furthermore, the study rigorously analyzes the data's experimental parameters to examine churning losses. These losses result from the interaction between the rotating gears and the lubricating oil, contributing to notable inefficiencies in the overall drivetrain. A robust and highly effective model has been developed to address this issue comprehensively. It accounts for variable oil viscosity with temperature and integrates key empirical parameters that reflect observed behaviours in gear systems. The study employs a multidimensional approach to examine how oil density impacts hydrodynamic resistance, which is key to understanding lubricant flow under varying conditions
Khan, Aliya JavidPraveen, AbhinavKanagaraj, PothirajJain, Saurabh KumarAP, Baaheedharan
This paper contains theoretical and experimental studies of the measurement accuracies of two methods commonly used by vehicle industries and other stakeholders to determine vehicle center of gravity (CG) height. The two methods, which both appear in international standards, are the Axle Lift method and the Stable Pendulum method. The Stable Pendulum method requires a dedicated swinging platform mechanism*, but it is generally considered to be more accurate than the Axle Lift method. Both methods rely on equations for computing CG height that are based on static balance models of a vehicle tested at various pitch angles. For each method, the accuracy of the resulting CG height computations is a function of the individual measurements needed in the model equations. The individual measurements needed depend on the method used, but they include weights, angles, and distance measurements. A theoretical error analysis study is presented that provides insight into the accuracy of both
Heydinger, GaryZagorski, ScottBartholomew, MeredithAndreatta, Dale
A primary focus of an automotive architecture development is to efficiently distribute the mass, energy, and stiffness throughout the body structure. The car body structure is integrated with load carrying members, pillar structures, panels, and joints. These structural members play a significant role in meeting the body in white (BIW) performance within weight targets. The initial development stage of the vehicle architecture has a flexibility to change the sections and joints as compared to the later stages. An effective utilization of the primary stage of the design will minimize the efforts during the later stage of the performance improvements. One of the critical performance metrics of the BIW is noise vibration and harshness (NVH). For better NVH performance, the BIW must meet certain stiffness and mass requirement that is specific to the vehicle configuration and type. A good design strategy of the section parameters of structural members along with stiffer joints will assist
Senthilkumar, VibeeshRaghuvanshi, JayeshkumarLakshe, Shailesh