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This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of investment castings homogenized and solution and precipitation heat treated to 180 ksi (1241 MPa) tensile strength.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Automotive displays have become an essential part of modern vehicles, not just for aesthetics but also for improving safety and user interaction. As cars get smarter, the industry is leaning heavily into advanced display technologies to provide drivers and passengers with clearer, more responsive visuals. Technologies like Active Matrix LCDs (AMLCDs) and AMOLEDs are now common in dashboards, infotainment systems, digital clusters, and even head-up displays. These display types are popular because they offer great brightness, vibrant color, and wide viewing angles — all of which are important in a car, where lighting conditions can change constantly. But to make these displays work effectively, a solid backplane is critical. That’s where technologies like amorphous silicon (a-Si) and low-temperature polysilicon (LTPS) come in. Among these, LTPS has gained popularity due to its ability to support high-resolution, high-refresh-rate screens, thanks to its higher carrier mobility. Still
Sinha Roy, DebarghyaDuggal, AnanyaSingh, Ujjwal Kumar
With increasing demand for improving the vehicle Ride and Handling (R&H) performance, the synergy between vehicle subsystems such as suspension, chassis, brakes & tyres play a major role towards it. In this regard, the interaction between wheel rim width and tyre performance characteristics is a key focus area in vehicle development process. Detailed research is being conducted worldwide to understand their dynamics of interaction and based on the tested data, vehicle manufacturers make the design selection. In this context, the proposed study aims to provide a in-depth analysis of how variations in wheel rim width affect key tyre performance parameters such as lateral force characteristics, damping property, tyre footprint, and pinch cut resistance. Also, the subsequent influence on vehicle-level performance parameters such as R&H, braking, steering, and durability is captured. Based on these analysis, appropriate wheel rim size selection is done which is most optimal for the project
Singh, Ram KrishnanPaua, KetanSundaramoorthy, RagasruobanLenka, Visweswaraahire, ManojAdiga, Ganesh N
The invention tackles the main drawback of traditional electric vehicle charge ports which use Vehicle Control Unit (VCU) communication intensively and tend to have separate actuators to fulfill the locking function and requirements. These existing systems do not only limit autonomous operation of the charging lid in ignition-off condition but they also add mechanical complexity and packaging space, as well. To overcome these limitations, this research work introduces a Smart Charge Port Housing (CPH), which combines a rotary actuator with an onboard microcontroller and single shaft self-locking device, which allows intelligent and autonomous control of the flaps without relying on vehicle wide control networks. The actuator can remember the last position that the charging lid was in so it can be operated even while the VCU is in the inactive state. The integrated self-locking functionality is achieved by using a specially designed hinge shaft that allows a certain free play for
Mohunta, SanjayKhadake, Sagar
This paper presents the design and implementation of a Semi-Autonomous Light Commercial Vehicle (LCV) capable of following a person while performing obstacle avoidance in urban and controlled environments. The LCV leverages its onboard 360-degree view camera, RTK-GNSS, Ultrasonic sensors, and algorithms to independently navigate the environment, avoiding obstacles and maintaining a safe distance from the person it is following. The path planning algorithm described here generates a secondary lateral path originating from the primary driving path to navigate around static obstacles. A Behavior Planner is utilized to decide when to generate the path and avoid obstacles. The primary objective is to ensure safe navigation in environments where static obstacles are prevalent. The LCV's path tracking is achieved using a combination of Pure Pursuit and Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers. The Pure Pursuit controller is utilized as lateral control to follow the generated path, ensuring
Ayyappan, Vimal RajDhanopia, RashmiAli, AshpakN, RageshSato, Hiromitsu
Highway Pilot (HWP) systems, classified as SAE Level 3 Automated Driving Systems (ADS), represent a potential advancement for safer and more efficient highway drives. In this work, the development of a connected HWP prototype is presented. The HWP system is deployed in a real test vehicle and designed to operate autonomously in highway environments. The implementation presented in this paper covers the complete setup of the vehicle platform, including sensor selection and placement, hardware integration and communication interfaces for both autonomous functionality and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) connectivity. The software architecture follows a modular design, composed of modules for perception, decision-making and motion control to operate in real-time. The prototype integrates Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication, such as Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAM), to enhance situational awareness and improve the overall system behaviour. The modular structure allows new functionalities
Domingo Mateu, BernatLeiva Ricart, GiselaFacerias Pelegri, MarcPerez, Marc
This paper examines the challenges and opportunities in homologating AI-driven Automated Driving Systems (ADS). As AI introduces dynamic learning and adaptability to vehicles, traditional static homologation frameworks are becoming inadequate. The study analyzes existing methodologies, such as the New Assessment/Test Methodology (NATM), and how various institutions address AI incorporation into ADS certification. Key challenges identified include managing continuous learning, addressing the "black-box" nature of AI models, and ensuring robust data management. The paper proposes a harmonized roadmap for AI in ADS homologation, integrating safety standards like ISO/TR 4804 and ISO 21448 with AI-specific considerations. It emphasizes the need for explainability, robustness, transparency, and enhanced data management in certification processes. The study concludes that a unified, global approach to AI homologation is crucial, balancing innovation with safety while addressing ethical
Lujan Tutusaus, CarlosHidalgo, Justin
Controlling the source vibrations in internal combustion engines is a crucial approach to minimizing the vibration levels experienced by the driver. The driver's subjective perception of vibration is primarily dictated by the vehicle's low-frequency response (<100 Hz). In an IC engine used in agricultural tractor applications, the primary sources of vibration include (a) 1st order inertial force, (b) couples generated by rotating and reciprocating components such as the piston assembly, connecting rod, and crankshaft, and (c) in-cylinder combustion. In this study, an order ranking analysis was conducted on a single-cylinder, air-cooled, naturally aspirated tractor engine within the driver’s operating range to identify the dominant contributors to source vibrations. The 1st order inertial force was observed to be the dominant contributor to the engine's vibration levels. Subsequently, an attempt was made to mitigate the unbalanced forces by implementing counterweight-based balancing
Bhuntel, AjayRajput, SurendraRawat, Ashish
The noise generated by pure electric vehicles (EVs) has become a significant area of research, particularly due to the increasing adoption of electrified propulsion systems aimed at meeting OEM fleet CO₂ reduction targets. Unlike internal combustion engines, which mask many drivetrain noises, EVs expose new challenges due to the quieter operation of electric motors. In this context, the transmission system and gear structures have emerged as primary contributors to noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) in EVs. The present study provides an NVH study that focuses on the gear whine noise issue that is seen at the vehicle level and cascades to the powertrain level. Comprehensive root cause identification, focusing on the transmission system's structural and dynamic behavior. The research emphasizes modifications to both the gearbox housing and gear structures to reduce noise level, and model validation was all part of the study, which was accompanied by physical test results. Using MBS
Baviskar, ShreyasKamble, PranitGhale, GuruprasadBendre, ParagPrabhakar, ShantanuKunde, SagarThakur, SunilWagh, Sachin
Damping materials exhibit advantageous mechanical and acoustic characteristics that enhance the structural integrity of systems. These materials find extensive applications across various industries, including automotive, aerospace, and building acoustics, and are widely employed in the development of soundproofing materials. The damping characteristics of materials primarily pertain to the dissipation of vibrational energy, the reduction of oscillations, and the controlling and subsequent attenuation of vibration-induced noise emanating from structures. To improve both structural integrity and acoustic performance, it is crucial to accurately assess the damping properties of these materials. The Oberst bar test method is a standard method used in the automotive, railway and building industry for initial optimization of damping material However, questions have arisen about the degree to which the outcomes of the Oberst test truly reflect real-world applications. Numerous experimental
Kamble, Prashant PrakashJoshi, ManasiJain, SachinkumarHarishchandra Walke, Nagesh
When the flow of fluid within a high-pressure line is abruptly halted, pressure pulsations are generated. This phenomenon is known as the water hammer effect. This may lead to significant stress and, in the worst-case scenario, results in various types of failures within the highly pressurized system. Similar issues are observed in diesel high pressure fuel line where pressure is well above 1600 bar. Due to multiple injections on-off events, pressure pulsation gets created inside high pressure fuel lines (HPFL) which leads to problems such as high strain on high pressure fuel lines, mechanical damage, uneven fuel injected quantity, vibration beyond specification limits for rail pressure sensors or in worst case extreme noise. This is due to high pressure pulsation which occurs when fluid/fuel natural frequency resonates with structural HPFL natural frequency. In this work, A comparative FEA analysis is conducted to evaluate strain in two distinct high-pressure fuel lines, with pressure
Bawache, Krushna RameshSethy, Girija Kumari
The Indian farmers choice of agriculture tractor brand is driven by the ease of operation and fuel efficiency. However, the customer preference for operator comfort is driving many tractor OEMs for improvement in noise and vibration at the operator location. Also, the compliance to CMVR regulation for noise at operator ear location and vibration at operator touch point location are mandatory for all the tractors in India. NVH refinement development of the tractor plays a critical role in achieving the regulated noise level and improved tactile vibration In presented work, the airborne sources such as exhaust tail pipe, intake snorkel and cooling fan are quantified by at tractor level through elimination method. The detailed engine level testing in engine noise test cell (hemi anechoic chamber) is carried out to estimate the contribution of engine components to overall noise. The outcome of Noise source identification (NSI) has revealed silencer, timing gear cover and oil sump to be
Gaikwad, Atul AnnasahebHarishchandra Walke, NageshYadav, Prasad SBankar, Harshal
The scale of worldwide population presents its own set of difficulties, especially in densely populated cities. Almost every individual has some form of personal transport, which leads to congestion and limited parking space. Automotive manufacturers are scaling down the size of vehicles to resolve these issues to some extent. This paper is based on the NVH development of a single cylinder diesel engine vehicle. It provides an insight into the comprehensive vehicle level NVH refinement approaches adopted. The NVH characteristics of benchmark two-cylinder diesel and baseline vehicle were measured and analyzed for target setting. The performance of each subsystem such as engine mounting, vehicle structure, intake and exhaust was evaluated, and gap analysis was performed against set targets. It was found that the engine mounting system and vehicle structure were inefficient in isolating the excitation forces. The design and location of the mounting system was evaluated using CAE and
Ghale, Guruprasad ChandrashekharBaviskar, ShreyasBendre, ParagKamble, PranitBhangare, AmitTHAKUR, SUNILKunde, SagarWagh, Sachin
Special vehicles such as off-road vehicles and planetary rovers frequently operate on complex, unpaved road surfaces with varying mechanical parameters. Inaccurate estimation of these parameters can cause subsidence or rollover. Existing methods either lack proactive perception or high precision. This article proposes a fusion framework integrating a visual classifier and a dynamics observer for stable, accurate estimation of road surface parameters. The visual classifier uses an adaptive segmentation system for unpaved roads, leveraging a large-scale vision model and a lightweight network to classify upcoming road surfaces. The dynamics observer employs an online wheel-–ground interaction model using stress approximation, integrating strong tracking theory into an unscented Kalman filter for real-time parameter estimation. The fusion framework performs integration of the classifier and observer outputs at data, feature, and decision levels. An adaptive fading factor and recursive
Zhang, ChenhaoXia, GuangZhang, YangZhou, DayangShi, Qin
The world is moving towards data driven evolution with wide usage tools & techniques like Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Digital Twin, Cloud Computing etc. In automotive sector, the large amount of data being generated through physical and digital test evaluations. Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) is one of the highest contributors for data generation as physical testing involves high cost due to prototypes & test set-up. The Automotive Noise, Vibration & Harshness (NVH) field is advancing exponentially due to new stringent regulatory norms & customer preferences towards comfort, where digitally advanced techniques are playing a key role in the revolution of NVH. Data generation through CAE tool is a crucial aspect of Engineer’s daily activities and selecting such appropriate CAE software and solvers is critical, as it influences user interface experience, accuracy, solution time, hardware requirements, variability expertise, Design of Experiments ability, and integration
Hipparge, VinodMasurkar, NikitaArabale, VinandBillade, Dayanand
Nowadays, digital instrument clusters and modern infotainment systems are crucial parts of cars that improve the user experience and offer vital information. It is essential to guarantee the quality and dependability of these systems, particularly in light of safety regulations such as ISO 26262. Nevertheless, current testing approaches frequently depend on manual labor, which is laborious, prone to mistakes, and challenging to scale, particularly in agile development settings. This study presents a two-phase framework that uses machine learning (ML), computer vision (CV), and image processing techniques to automate the testing of infotainment and digital cluster systems. The NVIDIA Jetson Orin Nano Developer Kit and high-resolution cameras are used in Phase 1's open loop testing setup to record visual data from infotainment and instrument cluster displays. Without requiring input from the system being tested, this phase concentrates on both static and dynamic user interface analysis
Lad, Rakesh PramodMehrotra, SoumyaMishra, Arvind
Heavy tipper vehicles are primarily utilized for transporting ores and construction materials. These vehicles often operate in challenging locations, such as mining sites, riverbeds, and stone quarries, where the roads are unpaved and characterized by highly uneven elevations in both the longitudinal and lateral directions of vehicle travel. During the unloading process, the tipper bodies are raised to significant heights, which increases the vehicle's centre of gravity, particularly if the payload material does not discharge quickly. Such conditions can lead to tipper rollover accidents, causing severe damage to life and substantial vehicle breakdowns. To analyse this issue, a study is conducted on the vehicle design parameters affecting the rollover stability of a 35-ton GVW tipper using multi-body simulations in ADAMS software. The tilt table test was simulated to determine the table angle at which wheel lift occurs. Initially, simulations are performed with the rigid body model
Vichare, Chaitanya AshokPatil, SudhirGupta, Amit
Calibration of measuring instruments is of utmost importance in the field of metrology. It is a mandatory pre-requisite for establishing the fidelity of the measurements as well as to lend confidence. Even more critical is the requirement for the master equipment deployed to calibrate the devices in use. This entails that high accuracy needs to be guaranteed in the calibration process, and that the uncertainty be quantified precisely. The widely used conventional least squares polynomial regression formulation for load cell calibration is based on the non-normalized residual, which is the difference between the measured and master values. The nature of this formulation is such that it imparts more weightage on measured values at higher ranges resulting in good accuracy. However, there is a limitation of this same formulation that results in lesser accurate fit at lower values especially if the instrument is to be used in operation over a wide range including lower ranges of the
S Thipse, Yogesh
Generally, in an electric sports utility vehicle with rear mounted powertrain the mass distribution is greater in the rear compared to front. This higher rear to front weight distribution results in oversteer behavior during high-speed cornering deteriorating vehicle handling & risking passenger safety. To compensate this inherent oversteer nature of such vehicles & produce understeer behavior, the steering rack is placed frontwards of the front wheel center for toe-out behavior due to lateral compliance during cornering. This compensation measure results in lower Ackermann percentage resulting in higher turning circle diameter deteriorating vehicle maneuverability. This paper proposes a design to obtain ideal understeer gradient with minimal turning circle diameter through utilization of split link technology with a McPherson Strut based suspension framework & frontwards placed steering rack. This suspension is utilized in our Mahindra Inglo platform. This paper elaborates on how
Nadkarni, Ameya RavindraMhatre, NitijPatnala, AvinashNAYAK, Bhargav
Increasing ethanol blending in gasoline is significant from both financial (reducing dependency on crude oil) and sustainability (overall CO2 reduction) points of view. Flex Fuel is an ethanol-gasoline blend containing ethanol ranging from 20% to 85%. Flex Fuel emerges as an exceptionally advantageous solution, adeptly addressing the shortcomings associated with both gasoline and ethanol. Performance optimization of Flex Fuel is a major challenge as fuel properties like knocking tendency, calorific value, vapour pressure, latent heat, and stoichiometric air-fuel ratio change with varying ethanol content. This paper elaborates on the experimental results of trials conducted for optimizing engine performance with Flex Fuel for a 2-cylinder engine used in a small commercial vehicle. To derive maximum benefit from the higher octane rating of E85, the compression ratio is increased, while ignition timing is optimized to avoid knocking with E20 fuel. For intermediate blends, ignition timing
Kulkarni, DeepakMalekar, Hemant AUpadhyay, RajdipKatkar, SantoshUndre, Shrikant
This paper elucidates the implementation of software-controlled synchronous rectification and dead time configuration for bi-directional controlled DC motors. These motors are extensively utilized in applications such as robotics and automotive systems to prolong their operational lifespan. Synchronous rectification mitigates large current spikes in the H-bridge, reducing conduction losses and improving efficiency [1]. Dead time configuration prevents shoot-through conditions, enhancing motor efficiency and longevity. Experimental results demonstrate significant improvements in motor performance, including reduced thermal stress, decreased power consumption, and increased reliability [2]. The reduction in power consumption helps to minimize thermal stress, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency and longevity of the motor.
Patil, VinodKulkarni, MalharSoni, Asheesh Kumar
Any agricultural operation (such as cultivation, rotavation, ploughing, and harrowing) includes both productive and non-productive activities (like transportation, stops, and idling) in the field. Non-productive work can mislead the actual load profile, fuel consumption, and emissions. In this project, a machine learning-based methodology has been developed to differentiate between effective operations and non-productive activities, utilizing data collected in the field from data loggers installed on the machinery. Measurements were conducted on various machines across the country in all major applications to minimize the influence of any individual sample deviation and to account for variability in customer operating practices. Few critical parameters such as Engine Speed, Exhaust Gas Temperature, Actual Engine Percentage Torque, GPS Speed etc.) were selected after screening and analyzing more than 100 CAN and GPS parameters. The critical parameters were subsequently integrated with
Maharana, Devi prasadGangsar, Purushottamgokhale, VarunPandey, Anand Kumar
This paper delivers a forward-looking data-driven assessment of the transformative innovation in electric vehicle motor systems with targeting breakthroughs in the power density, energy efficiency, thermal robustness, manufacturability & better intelligent control. A rigorous Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) framework is done to systematically evaluate and defining the rank of emerging motor technologies across eight weighted performance indicators. The findings reveal that which design strategies & material advancements offering the greatest potential for redefine propulsion performance that enabling lighter more compact & more efficient drivetrain capable of sustained high power operation. High ranking solution exhibit strong alignment with the industry's push toward scalable, low cost & rare earth-independent systems while other are identified as high risk/high reward pathway requiring targeted research to overcome critical problems. By integrating engineering performance
Jain, GauravPremlal, PPathak, RahulGore, Pandurang