Browse Topic: Agricultural vehicles and equipment

Items (1,155)
Customers in off-highway industry are increasingly seeking high-performance capabilities for their tractors due to increasing penetration of mechanisation and labour scarcity. One effective solution to achieve enhanced performance is turbocharging of engines, while meeting emission and highly dynamic transient response of tractor field applications. The process of selecting and validating a suitable turbocharger for tractor field application suitability is significantly time and resources consuming activity due to extensive testbed and field trials. This study focuses on the selection of turbocharger for tractor engines through analytical calculations to freeze key parameters like lambda, boost pressure ratio & temperature within boundaries of exhaust temperature and turbo efficiency maps to deliver best field transient performance and fuel consumption. The selected parameters are further validated under real-world transient operating conditions, involving tractors and their implements
Kumar, Harish KumarRawat, SaurabhDogra, DaljitSinghSingh, SachleenSingh, Amarinder
Emission Regulations for NRMM in India have evolved significantly over past two decades. India has progressively adopted stricter standards to align with best practices carried out globally for curbing air pollution. The latest regulations have introduced stringent caps on nitrogen oxides (NOx), and other emission pollutants, ensuring compliance with environmental sustainability goals. Future legislative frameworks are expected to impose even more rigorous emission limits, while incorporating real-world emission monitoring. This will require powertrain manufacturers to integrate advanced after-treatment systems and adopt cleaner combustion technologies to meet compliance standards. To validate compliance with these stringent limits, rigorous testing methodologies are employed. Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS) have become a crucial tool for real-world emission assessment. PEMS technology allows for on-road and field testing of NRMM under actual operating conditions
Rastogi, AadharGarg, VarunRagot, Nicolas
Gear noise is a common challenge that all gear manufacturers must contend with. In tractors, while it is often sufficiently low in intensity to not pose a significant issue, there are instances where gear whine may occur which is noticeable. In such cases, identifying the source and effectively addressing the problem can prove to be particularly difficult. This paper addresses the root cause analysis carried out for the evaluation of factors influencing whine noise behavior of Spiral bevel gear pair (SO2) in a tractor transmission system. Numerous publications have been published on gear noise of spiral bevel gear pair, too many to list here. However, once the gearbox assembled into the transmission, such models are of limited practical value. The work explained in this paper is a typical example offers avenues in correcting the issue using more limited means.
P, BharathP, PriyadarshanJanarthanan, Devakumara RajaChavan, Amit
Software-Defined Vehicles (SDV) are fostered through initiatives like SOAFEE and Eclipse SDV promoting the use of cloud-native approaches, distributed workloads and service-oriented architectures (SOA). This means that in these systems each vehicle is connected to the cloud and functions are executed both inside the vehicle and in the cloud. So far, there are no established solutions for monitoring and diagnosing SDVs. In designing these solutions, the cost-sensitive nature of every component inside a vehicle must be considered since it makes it unlikely that significant resources will be provided just for diagnostics. Therefore, conventional data centre monitoring approaches that usually rely on transferring large amounts of data to dedicated servers are not directly applicable in this scenario. To illustrate the challenges in providing new solutions for diagnosing and monitoring SDVs, a SOA that has been defined and studied in research projects is introduced. In this architecture
Böhlen, BorisFischer, Diana
One of agricultural tractors most important aspects is operator comfort. In addition to working long hours, tractor operators may be at risk for health problems due to vibrations and mechanical shocks. The tactile vibrations of a tractor are a major consideration when choosing one for agricultural use. This project's mandate includes a study of tractor vibration control problems. It is essential to investigate the governing system in order to determine the cause of the problem. Evaluating the vibrations transmitted via the tractor and using the design of experiments (DOE) approach to lessen vibrations on particular tactile regions were the study's goals. There are several measures currently under investigation which can be used to reduce the vibrations caused by resonance in this paper, these include reducing the natural frequency so as to be able to avoid resonance with the second order engine frequency and the damping coefficient; this will ensure the amplitude of vibration at
Baviskar, Shreyasdhobale, VishwajeetBhangare, AmitKunde, SagarWagh, Sachin
This paper presents the development and evaluation of a passive regeneration Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) system for a 4-cylinder, 3.18-liter naturally aspirated agricultural tractor engine based on the mDI engine family. The primary objective is to significantly reduce particulate matter (PM) emissions while maintaining optimal engine performance and fuel economy. The passive regeneration DPF system leverages the engine's operating conditions to generate sufficient heat for the oxidation of trapped particulate matter, eliminating the need for active regeneration techniques. The paper details the design process, including the selection of DPF material, filter geometry, and integration into the exhaust system. Rigorous experimental testing was conducted to assess the performance of the DPF system under various engine load and speed conditions. Results demonstrate substantial reductions in PM emissions without compromising engine power, torque, or specific fuel consumption. This
Maddali, Varun SumanJidigonti, ShashankKannan, SRamesh, Natrajan
Agricultural operations in hilly, uneven & slopy terrains demands high levels of operator focus, effort and skill. However, todays farming ecosystem across the globe is affected by 2 major scenarios: the aging workforce in the agricultural sector and the ever-growing problem of distraction due to mobile device and social media use. These issues compromise safety during operations such as start stop maneuvers, parking on slopes, and maneuvering in confined & narrow areas. Stringent emission norms are also being mandated across developed and developing countries as a measure to reduce Global Greenhouse house gas emissions. These measures are indeed necessary for sustainability but has increased overall tractor purchase and operating costs without improving safety & operator comfort. There has been a trend seen around the world in terms of poor sales post Emission implementation. Registration of Older tractors without these stringent emission norms were also witnessed in Developed
M, RojerT, GanesanP, VelusamyNatarajan, SaravananV, Mathankumartripathi, ShankarNarni, KiranHaldorai, RajanDevakumar, Kiran
Noise quality at idle condition is an important factor which influences customer comfort. Modern diesel engines with stringent emission norms together with fuel economy requirements pose challenges to noise control. Common rail engine technology has advantage of precise fuel delivery and combustion control which needs optimization to achieve the conflicting requirements of noise, emission and fuel efficiency. Engine noise at low idle condition is dominated by combustion noise which depends on rate of pressure rise inside the cylinder during combustion. The important parameters which influence cylinder pressure rise are fuel injection timing, pilot injection quantity and its separation, rail pressure and EGR valve position. The study on effect of these parameters at varying levels demand large no of experiments. Taguchi design of experiments is a statistical technique which can be used to optimize these parameters by significantly reducing no of experiments needed to achieve the desired
P, PriyadarshanChavan, AmitA, KannanswamyPatil, SandeepChaudhari, Vishal V
In last two decades, Farm customer expectation on cabin comfort has been increased multifold. To provide the best-in-class customer experience in terms of comfort without adding cost and weight is bigger challenge for all NVH Engineers. It is evident from literature survey that cabin tractors with better comfort is well accepted by customers in US and European Market. Apart from engine excitation, customer has become more sensitive to customer-actuated-accessory noises due to overall reduction in cabin noise in last 2 decades. This paper presents the study conducted on HVAC blower noise in 30HP cabin tractor. Tactile vibrations and cabin noise is not acceptable when AC is switched on due to low frequency modulating nature in frequency range of ~65Hz and 130Hz. The investigation is carried out systematically considering each component of Source-Path-Receiver model. HVAC blower unit as source is diagnosed in detail to understand root cause. Strong dominance of first order of blower been
K, SomasundaramChavan, Amit
Global emission norms are getting very strict due to combat the harmful pollutants from internal combustion engine. Hence internal combustion engine (ICE)-based agricultural tractors need to introduce complex after-treatment systems and fuel optimization to provide same or higher value to farmers as cost of these systems drive the overall cost of the product. Engineers around the world are building Electric vehicles to combat the problem and has range issues due to design constraints & Hybrid tractors have emerged as a promising intermittent solution. It helps in combining the advantages of respective ICE and electrification solutions while reducing overall vehicle emissions and enhances operational flexibility. This paper presents a modular thermal modes system developed for a hybrid electric tractor platform where a downsized diesel engine operates at optimal efficiency DC generator used to charge the battery & DC converter is used to charge the auxiliary battery. Battery which is
K, SunilD, MariNatarajan, SaravananKumawat, Deepakrojamanikandan, ArumughamK, MalaV, SridharanMuniappan, BalakrishnanMakana, Mohan
Controlling the source vibrations in internal combustion engines is a crucial approach to minimizing the vibration levels experienced by the driver. The driver's subjective perception of vibration is primarily dictated by the vehicle's low-frequency response (<100 Hz). In an IC engine used in agricultural tractor applications, the primary sources of vibration include (a) 1st order inertial force, (b) couples generated by rotating and reciprocating components such as the piston assembly, connecting rod, and crankshaft, and (c) in-cylinder combustion. In this study, an order ranking analysis was conducted on a single-cylinder, air-cooled, naturally aspirated tractor engine within the driver’s operating range to identify the dominant contributors to source vibrations. The 1st order inertial force was observed to be the dominant contributor to the engine's vibration levels. Subsequently, an attempt was made to mitigate the unbalanced forces by implementing counterweight-based balancing
Bhuntel, AjayRajput, SurendraRawat, Ashish
In agricultural tractors, braking actuation is usually done through control linkages consisting of a series of connected four-bar linkages with multiple pivots from the pedal to the brake pads. The quality of force transmission is critical as it directly affects the braking performance of the tractor. Forces measured at the end of the control linkage or brake pull rod often show deviation from theoretical values based on mechanical advantage calculations. This is due to various factors such as linkage transmission angle, elasticity, and friction losses in joints. A standardized simulation method needs to be developed and validated to predict the losses in the control linkage system. In this paper, the author proposes a simulation approach using multi-body dynamics, which includes contribution factors such as transmission angle, linkage elasticity, and friction in joints. MBS models for brake linkage systems for three different tractors were developed with flex bodies using ADAMS/View
Subbaiyan, Prasanna BalajiNizampatnam, BalaramakrishnaRedkar, DineshArun, GK, VinothR, SengottuPaulraj, Lemuel
In recent years, virtual validation using finite element analysis (FEA) has become a key step in designing an agricultural tractor roll over protective structure (ROPS). With the advancement of computation power and ability of finite element solver to handle bigger models; a higher fidelity model can be built to improve virtual validation accuracy. More & more advanced material model can be used to improve accuracy of the results. Along with ROPS, its mounting chassis and mounting bolts can also be validated. Virtual validation at the design phase not only saves time of new product development cycle; but also optimizes the weight & cost of the design. In this paper, majorly two material model has been used to analyze a real-life tractor ROPS, its mounting chassis and bolts. For the ROPS, conventional isotropic hardening model has been used using bilinear and piece-wise multilinear stress-strain curve. Additionally kinematic hardening model has been used using advanced multi-component
Pandey, Manoj KumarKumar, ArunRedkar, DineshThirugnanam, VivekanndanMagendran, GMANI, SURESH
The Indian farmers choice of agriculture tractor brand is driven by the ease of operation and fuel efficiency. However, the customer preference for operator comfort is driving many tractor OEMs for improvement in noise and vibration at the operator location. Also, the compliance to CMVR regulation for noise at operator ear location and vibration at operator touch point location are mandatory for all the tractors in India. NVH refinement development of the tractor plays a critical role in achieving the regulated noise level and improved tactile vibration In presented work, the airborne sources such as exhaust tail pipe, intake snorkel and cooling fan are quantified by at tractor level through elimination method. The detailed engine level testing in engine noise test cell (hemi anechoic chamber) is carried out to estimate the contribution of engine components to overall noise. The outcome of Noise source identification (NSI) has revealed silencer, timing gear cover and oil sump to be
Gaikwad, Atul AnnasahebHarishchandra Walke, NageshYadav, Prasad SBankar, Harshal
Conventional ICE (internal Combustion Engine) tractors have single mechanical drivetrain used for propulsion of wheels, hydraulic and PTO drive and are designed to deliver power across range of operational zones leading to power wastage, reducing efficiency. This happens during Low Power Mode or low load operation. Extensive validation in Mahindra tractors reveal that such operations contribute to overall loss of 18–20%. Out of all factors, losses due to hydraulics is predominant and is close to 7–10 % of total power loss. In contrast, Hybrid tractors with Engine for propulsion of wheels alone and a dedicated Electric motor for PTO, Hydraulic functions. We have designed the system to offer enhanced operational flexibility through three distinct modes: Low Power Mode, Lift Assist Mode, and Implement Drive Mode. These modes ensure delivery of optimised performance while reducing the hydraulic losses & increased efficiency of the overall system. Low Power mode - powers essential vehicle
Natarajan, SaravananP, ShanmugavelJoshi, PriyankaSundaram, PavithraSameer, KamatSingh, RubyArvind, KumaranT, Senthil Kumar
Any agricultural operation (such as cultivation, rotavation, ploughing, and harrowing) includes both productive and non-productive activities (like transportation, stops, and idling) in the field. Non-productive work can mislead the actual load profile, fuel consumption, and emissions. In this project, a machine learning-based methodology has been developed to differentiate between effective operations and non-productive activities, utilizing data collected in the field from data loggers installed on the machinery. Measurements were conducted on various machines across the country in all major applications to minimize the influence of any individual sample deviation and to account for variability in customer operating practices. Few critical parameters such as Engine Speed, Exhaust Gas Temperature, Actual Engine Percentage Torque, GPS Speed etc.) were selected after screening and analyzing more than 100 CAN and GPS parameters. The critical parameters were subsequently integrated with
Maharana, Devi prasadGangsar, Purushottamgokhale, VarunPandey, Anand Kumar
The deployment of autonomous trucks in off-road environments poses significant engineering challenges due to terrain variability and dynamic operating conditions. While recent advancements in perception, planning, and control architectures have improved vehicle autonomy, experimental validations comparing autonomous and manual control particularly regarding propulsion efficiency remain limited. This study addresses this gap by conducting structured field experiments to evaluate the performance of a heavy-duty truck operating in autonomous and manual modes. Tests were performed on a dedicated proving ground using a multi-sensor autonomous system. Key performance indicators included vehicle speed stability, engine speed regulation, and fuel consumption. The results show that autonomous driving achieved a 4.5% reduction in fuel consumption compared to manual operation. This gain is attributed to the system’s ability to maintain lower speed variance and more consistent engine behavior
Paula Silva, CiriloYoshioka, Leopoldo RidekiKitani, Edson CaoruAndré, Fatec SantoSilva, Nouriandres Liborio
Agrícola Cana Caiana and Grunner have developed an innovative vehicle for sugarcane harvesting, focused on reducing fuel consumption. This optimization is vital and relevant for similar operations in the largest global producers: Brazil (724 mi t - 37%), India (439 mi t - 22%), China (103 mi t - 5.3%), Thailand (92 mi t - 4.7%), Pakistan (88 mi t - 4.5%), Mexico (55 mi t - 2.8%), Colombia (35 mi t - 1.8%), Indonesia (32 mi t - 1.6%), USA (31 mi t - 1.6%), and Australia (28 mi t - 1.4%). In Brazil, São Paulo leads with 383.4 mi t (54.1% of the 23/24 harvest), followed by Minas Gerais (81.3 mi t). This innovative agricultural machinery, a result of the owners' experience, has already sold over a thousand units, proving its impact on the efficiency of the sugar-alcohol sector. The Belei family's expertise generated this solution that optimizes resources and increases harvesting productivity, with the potential to advance sustainability and profitability globally, driving agricultural
Ferreira, Antonio Eustáquio Sirolli
Automating harvesters started out as a necessary solution to a severe labor shortage in 1990, Trebro Manufacturing states on its website. The Billings, Montana-based manufacturer has been producing turf harvesting machines since 1999, and its automated sod harvesters and entire harvesting process feature self-driving, automated-control functions. The company's tag line, “The Future of Turf Harvesting,” refers to its position of being the first in the industry to offer automated turf harvesting products. Trebro's AutoStack 3 harvester is an automated combine for turf that steers itself while an operator monitors and performs quality control actions when needed. The harvesting process combines several automated control processes.
As countries race to expand renewable energy infrastructure, balancing clean electricity production with land use for food remains a pressing challenge — especially in Japan, where mountainous terrain limits space. A recent study led by researchers from the University of Tokyo explores a promising solution: integrating solar panels with traditional rice farming in a practice known as agrivoltaics.
This study aims to assess how alternative electrified powertrain technologies affect energy use for agricultural tractors in the Autonomie simulation tool. The goal of this study is also to assess the feasibility and performance of hydrogen internal combustion engines as a suitable alternative for the agricultural tractor powertrains. The energy consumption and efficiencies of alternative powertrains and fuel options are analyzed and compared across a variety of duty cycles using modeling and simulation methodologies. The considered alternative powertrains are series, parallel, power-split hybrid electric, fuel cell, and battery electric powertrains. The alternative fuel and powertrains are evaluated for their energy efficiency as well as their potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve overall tractor performance in a variety of agricultural applications. Following a methodology developed by Argonne National Laboratory and Aramco Americas, the study applied prospective
Kim, NamdooYan, ZimingVijayagopal, RamJung, JaekwangHe, Xin
(TC)The paper presents a designed and evaluated optimal traction control (TC) strategy for unmanned agriculture vehicle, where onboard sensors acquire various real-time information about wheel speed, load sharing, and terrain characteristics to achieve the precise control of the powertrain by establishing an optimal control command; moreover, the developed AMT-adaptive SMC combines the AMT adaptive control algorithm and the SMC to implement the dynamic gear shifting, torque output, and driving mode switching to obtain an optimal power distribution according to different speed demand and harvest load. Based on the establishment of models of the autonomous agriculture vehicle and corresponding tire model, a MATLAB/Simulink method based on dynamic simulation is adopted to simulate the unmanned agricultural vehicle traversing different terrains conditions. The results from comparison show that the energy saving reaches 19.0%, rising from 2. 1 kWh/km to 1. 7 kWh/km, an increase in
Feng, ZhenghaoLu, YunfanGao, DuanAn, YiZhou, Chuanbo
Measuring the volume of harvested material behind the machine can be beneficial for various agricultural operations, such as baling, dropping, material decomposition, cultivation, and seeding. This paper aims to investigate and determine the volume of material for use in various agricultural operations. This proposed methodology can help to predict the amount of residue available in the field, assess field readiness for the next production cycle, measure residue distribution, determine hay readiness for baling, and evaluate the quantity of hay present in the field, among other applications which would benefit the customer. Efficient post-harvest residue management is essential for sustainable agriculture. This paper presents an Automated Offboard System that leverages Remote Sensing, IoT, Image Processing, and Machine Learning/Deep Learning (ML/DL) to measure the volume of harvested material in real-time. The system integrates onboard cameras and satellite imagery to analyze the field
Singh, Rana ShaktiStallin, Saravanan
The knuckle boom loader machine experiences a significant issue where rapidly retracting the joystick to the neutral (0) position causes the machine’s legs to lift momentarily. This unintended momentarily lifting occurs when the joystick is moved back quickly, while gradual movements do not trigger this effect. Addressing this problem is crucial for operational efficiency. The primary objective of this project is to develop a machine learning model to predict jerk based on joystick movements. This prediction will aid in creating a model predictive controller (MPC) that suggests optimal joystick positions, thereby reducing unintended lifting. To simulate the knuckle boom loader’s response to joystick inputs, a high-fidelity Simulink model developed using Simscape Multibody was utilized. Data were collected through a Design of Experiments (DOE), logging key parameters such as head side pressure, jerk, jerk rate, and lift levels across various joystick positions. The input features for
Kamaraj, Keerthi VallarasuBayyavarapu, ChanduGotmare, AkashPandey, Prashant
To provide growing needs of food, clothing and infrastructure for growing population of the world, off-highway vehicles such as those in construction, agriculture and commercial landscaping are moving towards electrification for enhanced precision, productivity, efficiency and sustainability. It has also paved a way to adopt autonomy of these vehicles to address challenges like skilled labor shortage for timely and efficient execution. Despite the tremendous advantages of electrification, be it through completely replacing engines in vehicles or efficiency improvements using hybrid architecture for powertrain and auxiliary power demands, safety remains a significant challenge and critical requirement for off-highway electric vehicles. This paper explains the concept and importance of functional safety in electric off-highway vehicles, and shows how different standards like ISO 26262, ISO 25119, ISO 13849 can be utilized to achieve state of the art in functional safety for different off
Mujumdar, Chaitanya GajananBachhav, KiranDeshpande, Chinmay
The evolution of Autonomous off-highway vehicles (OHVs) has transformed mining, construction, and agriculture industries by significantly improving efficiency and safety. These vehicles operate in high dust, uneven terrain, and potential communication failures, where safety is challenged. To guarantee vehicle safety in such situations, a robust architecture that combines AI-driven perception, fail-safe mechanisms, and conformance to many ISO standards is required. In unstructured environments, AI-driven perception, decision-making, and fail-safe mechanisms are not fully addressed by traditional safety standards like ISO26262 (road vehicles), ISO19014 (earth-moving machinery and it is replacing withdrawn ISO 15998), ISO12100 (Safety of machinery) and ISO25119 (agriculture), ISO 18497 (safety of highly automated agricultural machinery), and ISO/CD 24882 (cybersecurity for machinery).These standards mainly concentrate on the reliability of mechanical and electric/electronic systems
Muthusamy, Sugantha
The rapid evolution of autonomy in Off-Highway Vehicles (OHVs)—spanning agriculture, mining, and construction—demands robust cybersecurity strategies. Sensor-control systems, the cognitive core of autonomous OHVs, operate in harsh, connectivity-limited environments. This paper presents a structured approach to applying threat modeling to these architectures, ensuring secure-by-design systems that uphold safety, resilience, and operational integrity.
Kotal, Amit
Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) is framework for electrical/mechanical components in heavy machines represents a transformative approach that harnesses cutting-edge sensing technologies and analytics to predict and elevate reliability and efficiency of agricultural/construction machinery. By using advanced data collection and sophisticated analytics, PHM achieves real-time monitoring of critical performance parameters such as voltage, current, temperature, and operational cycles, along with field data mapped with GPS coordinates as well as environmental conditions. This capability allows for the early detection of anomalies and potential failures, thereby enhancing operational reliability. Data collected from the machine will be pushed to the server periodically and whenever any failure is detected advanced AI algorithms on machine and server will analyze the information and link to collected data which will be used to identify possible failures or assess the safety of the
Shinde, Ketan Kishor
Off-highway vehicles (OHVs) in sectors such as mining, construction, and agriculture contribute significantly to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOₓ). Despite the growth of alternative fuels and electrification, diesel engines remain dominant due to their superior torque, reliability, and adaptability in harsh environments. This paper introduces a novel onboard exhaust capture and carbon sequestration system tailored for diesel-powered OHVs. The system integrates nano-porous filters, solid-state CO₂ adsorbents, and a modular storage unit to selectively capture CO₂ and NOₓ from exhaust gases in real time. Captured CO₂ is then compressed for onboard storage and potential downstream utilization—such as fuel synthesis, carbonation processes, or industrial sequestration. Key innovations include: A dual-function capture mechanism targeting both CO₂ and NOₓ Lightweight thermal-regenerative adsorption materials Integration with
Vashisht, Shruti
To provide needs of food, clothing and infrastructure for growing population of the world, off-highway vehicles such as those in construction, agriculture and commercial landscaping are moving towards electrification for enhanced precision, productivity, efficiency and sustainability. It has also paved way to adopt autonomy of these vehicles to address challenges like skilled labour shortage for timely and efficient execution. There are many challenges and opportunities of electrification in off-highway domain, be it through completely replacing engine in vehicles or efficiency improvements using hybrid architecture for powertrain and auxiliary power demands, electrification being key enabler precision and speed of the complex operations, automation of complex operation. This paper explains the need of electrification in electric off-highway vehicles and shows how the electrification solves the current challenges faced by off-highway heroes like farmers, construction site owners and
Deshpande, Chinmay VasudevMujumdar, ChaitanyaBachhav, Kiran
Off-highway vehicles (OHVs) are essential in heavy-duty industries like mining, agriculture, and construction, as equipment availability and efficiency directly affect productivity. In these harsh settings, conventional maintenance plans relying on set intervals frequently result in either early component replacements or unexpected breakdowns. This document presents a Connected Aftermarket Services Platform (CASP) that utilizes real-time data analysis, predictive maintenance techniques, and unified e-commerce functionalities to evolve OHV fleet management into a proactive and smart operation. The suggested system integrates IoT-enabled telematics, cloud-based oversight, and AI-powered diagnostics to gather and assess machine health indicators such as engine load, vibration, oil pressure, and usage trends. Models for predictive maintenance utilize both historical and real-time data to produce advance notifications for component failures and maintenance requirements. Fleet managers get
Vashisht, Shruti
Recent advancements in energy efficient wireless communication protocols and low powered digital sensor technologies have led to the development of wireless sensor network (WSN) applications in diverse industries. These WSNs are generally designed using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), ZigBee and Wi-Fi communication protocol depending on the range and reliability requirements of the application. Designing these WSN applications also depends on the following factors. First, the environment under which devices operate varies with the industries and products they are employed in. Second, the energy availability for these devices is limited so higher signal strength for transmission and retransmission reduces the lifetime of these nodes significantly and finally, the size of networks is increasing hence scheduling and routing of messages becomes critical as well. These factors make simulation for these applications essential for evaluating the performance of WSNs before physical deployment of
Periwal, GarvitKoparde, PrashantSewalkar, Swarupanand
Large farms cultivating forage crops for the dairy and livestock sectors require high-quality, dense bales with substantial nutritional value. The storage of hay becomes essential during the colder winter months when grass growth and field conditions are unsuitable for animal grazing. Bale weight serves as a critical parameter for assessing field yields, managing inventory, and facilitating fair trade within the industry. The agricultural sector increasingly demands innovative solutions to enhance efficiency and productivity while minimizing the overhead costs associated with advanced systems. Recent weighing system solutions rely heavily on load cells mounted inside baling machines, adding extra costs, complexity and weight to the equipment. This paper addresses the need to mitigate these issues by implementing an advanced model-based weighing system that operates without the use of load cells, specifically designed for round baler machines. The weighing solution utilizes mathematical
Kadam, Pankaj
Agricultural tractors require self-cleaning and cooling technology, especially in hot and dusty environments. This study introduces a novel reversible fan system designed which is incorporating a manually operated lever-type connection mechanism as an alternative to conventional pneumatic systems. Traditional reversible fans often rely on pneumatic actuators for blade rotation control, which can introduce complexity, maintenance challenges, and energy inefficiency. The proposed design replaces pneumatic components with a mechanically optimized lever linkage system, enabling users to manually reverse the fan’s airflow direction with minimal effort. This innovation enhances operational simplicity, reduces dependency on compressed air systems, and low costs as compared to conventional type reversible fan. The lever mechanism, engineered for ergonomic usability, ensures rapid switching between sucker and pusher modes, optimizing the fan’s utility in applications such as dust removal
Debbarma, RespectParwal, MahendraBaghel, Anand
In the electrical machines, detrimental effects resulted often due to the overheating, such as insulation material degradation, demagnetization of the magnet and increased Joule losses which result in decreased lifetime, and reduced efficiency of the motor. Hence, by effective cooling methods, it is vital to optimize the reliability and performance of the electric motors and to reduce the maintenance and operating costs. This study brings the analysis capability of CFD for the air-cooling of an Electric-Motor (E-Motor) powering on Deere Equipment's. With the aggressive focus on electrification in agriculture domain and based on industry needs of tackling rising global warming, there is an increasing need of CFD modeling to perform virtual simulations of the E-Motors to determine the viability of the designs and their performance capabilities. The thermal predictions are extremely vital as they have tremendous impact on the design, spacing and sizes of these motors.
Singh, BhuvaneshwarTirumala, BhaskarBadgujar, SwapnilHK, Shashikiran
The reliability and durability of off-highway vehicles are crucial for industries like construction, mining, and agriculture. Failures in such machines not only disrupt operations but can also lead to significant economic losses and safety concerns. Effective failure and warranty analysis processes are essential to improve customer support, minimize downtime, and enhance equipment life cycle. This paper outlines a comprehensive 7-step failure analysis methodology tailored for off-highway vehicles, accompanied by warranty analysis using Weibull, 6MIS, and 12MIS IPTV. It details the process from problem identification through permanent solution implementation, emphasizing tools and techniques necessary for sustainable improvements. The structured approach provides an actionable blueprint for OEMs and service teams to enhance customer satisfaction, support sustainable development goals, and maintain regulatory compliance.
Mulla, TosifThakur, AnilTripathi, Ashish
Transmission tuning involves adjusting parameters within a vehicle's transmission control unit (TCU) or transmission control module (TCM) to optimize performance, efficiency, and driving experience. Transmission tuning is beneficial for optimizing performance, improving fuel efficiency, smoother shifting and enhancing drivability particularly when a vehicle's power output is increased or for specific driving conditions. Especially in offroad and agricultural machines, transmission tuning is vital to significantly improve vehicle performance during different operations. The process of transmission tuning is quite time consuming as multiple tuning iterations are required on the actual vehicle. A significant reduction in tuning time can be achieved using a simulation environment, which can mimic the actual vehicle dynamics and the real time vehicle behavior. In this paper, tuning during the forward and reverse motion of the tractor is described. A two-level PI control-based shift strategy
Varghese, Nithin
An agricultural tractor comprises a tightly packed underhood compartment, which poses distinct challenges in managing airflow through its heat exchangers. The intricate design results in uneven airflow patterns, as the fan-driven system draws air from the front, top, and side openings. This work presents a methodology to measure the cooling airflow volume in the tractor and establishing a correlation between test airflow and CFD simulated airflow values. A handheld anemometer and 3x3 matrix type anemometer used for airflow measurement. Measurements were taken at front and back of heat exchanger. It was concluded that, measuring airflow through the heat exchanger with a matrix-type anemometer positioned behind it can enhance the correlation with CFD results to 84%.
A, BoopalshanmugamGanesan, ThanigaivelReddy, LakkuSateesh, TadiGopinathan, Nagarajan
Tillage, a fundamental agricultural practice involving soil preparation for planting, has traditionally relied on mechanical implements with limited real-time data collection or adjustment capabilities. The lack of real-time data and implement statistics results in fleet managers struggling to track performance, driver behavior, and operational efficiency of the implements. Lack of data on vehicle performance can result in unexpected breakdowns and higher maintenance costs, ensuring compliance with regulations is challenging without proper data tracking, potentially leading to fines and legal issues. Bluetooth-enabled mechanical implements for tillage operations represent an emerging frontier in precision agriculture, combining traditional soil preparation techniques with modern wireless technology. Implement mounted battery powered BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) modules operated by solar panel based rechargeable batteries to power microcontroller. When Implement is operational turns
Kaniche, OnkarRajurkar, KartikGokhale, SourabhaVadnere, Mohan
Off-Highway Vehicles (OHVs) — including mining trucks, construction machinery, and agricultural equipment — contribute significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and local air pollutants due to their dependence on fossil diesel. Achieving sustainable development goals in off-highway sectors requires transitioning toward alternate fuels that can reduce CO₂, NOₓ, and particulate matter (PM) emissions while maintaining performance and reliability. This paper comprehensively evaluates alternate fuels such as biodiesel, renewable diesel, compressed and liquefied natural gas (CNG/LNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), hydrogen, and alcohol-based blends. Using insights from Service Bulletins, fuel standards, and the Worldwide Fuel Charter, it discusses fuel properties, engine compatibility, operational challenges, sustainability impacts, economic feasibility, safety considerations, and regulatory aspects. Case studies of alternate fuel deployment in OHVs illustrate practical challenges and
Mulla, TosifThakur, AnilTripathi, Ashish
Operating tractors on inclined & uneven terrains for prolonged operations presents safety and ergonomic challenges. Applications such as shuttle operations, loader use, or long-duration implement usage prove to be highly critical based on field observations across Mahindra tractor platforms and it requires skill & experience for maneuvering at ease across usage. We identified the need to offload these repeatable tasks from the operator to improve control & offer comfort. This paper explains the role of Advanced drive assistance features developed for Mahindra tractors suited for all prime mover types – ICE, Alternate Fuels including electric. These features include Hill Hold, Electronic parking brake, Cruise control & Creep mode. Each feature is designed to offload frequent manual tasks from the operator and ensure smoother, safer operation. Hill hold and electronic parking brake work in tandem to offer unparalleled safety by eliminating the fear of tractor roll back in uneven terrain
M, RojerSundaram, PavithraNatarajan, SaravananDevakumar, KiranMuniappan, Balakrishnan
Off-highway vehicles (OHVs) are vital for India’s construction, mining, agriculture, and infrastructure sectors. With growing demand for productivity and sustainability, the need for efficient customer support and precise diagnostic techniques has become paramount. This paper presents a comprehensive study of challenges faced in India, current and emerging diagnostic technologies, troubleshooting techniques, and strategies for effective customer support. Case studies, tables, and diagrams illustrate practical solutions.
Mulla, TosifThakur, AnilTripathi, Ashish
Off Highway vehicles recreation has rapidly expanded across the globe hence it is important to consider the safety of off-highway vehicles which is significantly influenced by various environmental factors, which can pose unique challenges and risks. it is important to make sure that the entire vehicle operates safely and reliably even in the toughest conditions. This paper investigates the impact of environmental conditions on the safety and performance of off-highway vehicles, such as construction equipment, agricultural machinery, and mining vehicles. By examining factors such as terrain, weather conditions, visibility, and natural obstacles, the study aims to identify key hazards and propose strategies to mitigate them. The paper explores how advanced technologies, including digital twins and predictive analytics, can be leveraged to enhance safety measures and improve vehicle resilience in diverse environmental settings. Through comprehensive case studies and empirical data, we
Mogal, MasthanvaliChennamalla, Chandra Shekar
This paper studies an important industrial controls engineering problem statement on mitigating vibrations in a mechanical boom structure for an off-highway agricultural vehicle. The work discusses the implementation of an active force control concept to efficiently dampen out vibrations in a boom. Through rigorous simulation comparison with respect to an existing PID mechanism, the efficacy of the AFC is demonstrated. A notable reduction of 60 % to 70 % in the boom vibrations was observed.
Patil, BhagyeshBawankar, Shubham
In the agricultural industry, the logistics of transporting and storing bales, used as cattle feed, pose significant challenges for large scale farms. Traditional storage of bales in barns is labor-intensive, high in capital expenditure and requires multiple trips of transport vehicle on and off the field. Improper handling during this transition can lead to substantial losses in time, resources and loss of hay. This development aims to eliminate the last-mile transportation step, by enabling year-round storage of bales directly in the field. A patented wrapping material, along with strategic orientation of wrapped bales, enhances their resistance to weather conditions. Field experiments demonstrated that this innovative material not only protects the bales from adverse environmental factors but also effectively retains their nutrient and moisture content. A critical aspect of this solution is ensuring the correct orientation of the wrap seams, as the bales are continuously rotated
Kadam, Pankaj
To ensure the effective operation of engine cooling systems in agricultural tractors, several critical parameters must be considered, including grille opening area and location, grille resistance, front-end blockage, fan speed, and coolant flow rate. While grille design has been moderately explored for highway vehicles, research specific to grille configuration in agricultural tractors remains limited. This study investigates the influence of grille location, grille resistance (modeled using porous inertial and viscous resistance coefficients) front-end blockage, fan speed, and coolant flow rate on radiator top tank temperature (TTT) using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The analysis is conducted in two phases: first, the effects of grille opening area and location, grille resistance, and front-end blockage are evaluated under fixed fan speed and coolant flow rate; second, an orthogonal array design of experiments is employed to rank the influence of grille opening area, fan speed
Subramani, SridharanBaskar, SubramaniyanGopinathan, Nagarajan
Off-highway vehicles (OHVs) routinely navigate unstable and varied terrains—mud, sand, loose gravel, or uneven rock beds—causing increased rolling resistance, reduced traction, and high energy expenditure. Traditional rigid chassis systems lack the flexibility to adapt dynamically to changing surface conditions, leading to inefficiencies in vehicle stability, maneuverability, and fuel economy. This paper proposes an adaptive terrain morphing chassis (ATMC) that can actively modify its structural geometry in real-time using embedded sensors, hydraulic actuators, and soft robotic elements. Drawing inspiration from nature and recent advances in adaptive materials, the ATMC adjusts vehicle ground clearance, track width, and load distribution in response to terrain profile data, thereby optimizing fuel efficiency and performance. Key contributions include: A multi-sensor fusion system for real-time terrain classification Hydraulic actuators and morphing polymers for variable chassis
Vashisht, Shruti
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