Browse Topic: Agricultural vehicles and equipment

Items (1,100)
This study employs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze airflow and thermal characteristics within an agricultural tractor, focusing on operator comfort and component safety. Initial simulations identified hotspots, such as the brake pedals, operator platform, and hand throttle, where temperatures exceeded acceptable limits (rise over ambient, ROA). A multi-step approach—including sealing air leaks, adding heat insulation materials, and optimizing the deflector guard—was implemented to mitigate excessive heat. While these modifications significantly improved temperature conditions on the right platform, the left brake pedal remained problematic. Further enhancements, such as sealing an electrical socket and modifying the shroud design, effectively reduced heat exposure. The improved shroud also led to a slight decrease in static pressure (2.21%) and an 8.61% reduction in power consumption, improving airflow efficiency. Although an alternative ring fan design reduced power
Mohan, AnandSoni, PeeyushSethuraman, SriramanGovindan, SenthilkumarSakthivel, AnanthBabu, Rathish Maller
This study presents a comprehensive techno-economic assessment (TEA) of an integrated e-methanol production system building upon previously published foundational research utilizing Aspen Plus modeling for e-methanol production from sugar cane and sugar beet biomass. The established integrated system converts biomass into ethanol through fermentation and synthesizes e-methanol using both captured CO2 and syngas derived from biomass residue gasification. This approach maximizes CO2 and biomass utilization, promoting a circular carbon economy. The TEA quantifies capital expenditures (CAPEX), operational expenditures (OPEX), and levelized costs of Methanol (LCOM), providing a detailed economic analysis of the potential for commercializing e-methanol. A sensitivity analysis evaluates the impact of feedstock prices and Technology Readiness Levels (TRL), identifying key leverage points affecting financial viability. The study aims to explore the potential of utilizing existing agricultural
Fernandes, Renston JakeShakeel, Mohammad RaghibNguyen, DucduyIm, Hong G.Turner, James W.G.
Continuous rubber track systems for heavy applications are typically designed using multiple iterations of full-scale physical prototypes. This costly and time-consuming approach limits the possibility of exploring the design space and understanding how the design space of that kind of system is governed. A multibody dynamic simulation has recently been developed, but its complexity (due to the number of model’s inputs) makes it difficult to understand and too expensive to be used with multi-objective optimization algorithms (approximately 3 h on a desktop computer). This article aims to propose a first design space exploration of continuous rubber track systems via multi-objective optimization methods. Using an existing expensive multibody dynamic model as original function, surrogate models (artificial neural networks) have been trained to predict the simulation responses. These artificial neural networks are then used to explore the design space efficiently by using optimization
Faivre, AntoineRancourt, DavidPlante, Jean-Sébastien
There is an increasing effort to reduce noise pollution across different industries worldwide. From a transportation standpoint, pass-by regulations aim to achieve this and have been implementing increasingly stricter emissions limits. Testing according to these standards is a requirement for homologation, but does little to help manufacturers understand why their vehicles may be failing to meet limits. Using a developed methodology such as Pass-by Source Path Contribution (SPC, also known as TPA) allows for identification of dominant contributors to the pass-by receivers along with corresponding acoustic source strengths. This approach is commonly used for passenger vehicles, but can be impractical for off-highway applications, where vehicles are often too large for most pass-by-suitable chassis dynamometers. A hybrid approach is thereby needed, where the same techniques and instrumentation used in the indoor test are applied to scenarios in an outdoor environment. This allows for
Freeman, ToddEngels, BretThuesen, Ben
Platform based vehicle development is standardized at John Deere. The challenges of frontloading the integration of individual components within different platforms using predictive methods is key to shortening the development cycle. Components are individually characterized on test benches and results cannot directly be used to evaluate system performance. Invariant characterization is needed instead, which is possible through techniques such as blocked loads estimation. To evaluate the applicability of such methods, the component-based loads and vehicle in-situ operational loads need to be compared. The confident use of these methods for obtaining structural and acoustic loads enables the use of hybrid system models, enhancing early NVH response predictions. The objective of this work was to enable the confident use of test stand measurements in predictive models across various vehicle platforms. This study compares a powertrain characterization in a vehicle against a test stand to
Vesikar, Prasad BalkrishnaEdgington, JasonDrabison II, John
Researchers from the Disruptive and Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision (DiSTAP) interdisciplinary research group of the Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), MIT’s research enterprise in Singapore, in collaboration with Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory (TLL) and MIT, have developed a groundbreaking near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent nanosensor capable of simultaneously detecting and differentiating between iron forms — Fe(II) and Fe(III) — in living plants.
A Northwestern University-led team of researchers has developed a new fuel cell that harvests energy from microbes living in dirt. About the size of a standard paperback book, the completely soil-powered technology could fuel underground sensors used in precision agriculture and green infrastructure. This potentially could offer a sustainable, renewable alternative to batteries, which hold toxic, flammable chemicals that leach into the ground, are fraught with conflict-filled supply chains and contribute to the ever-growing problem of electronic waste.
Traditional silicon-based solar cells are completely opaque, which works for solar farms and roofs but would defeat the purpose of windows. However, organic solar cells, in which the light absorber is a kind of plastic, can be transparent.
Urea SCR system, installed in diesel engine vehicles such as trucks and agricultural machinery, is widely used as an exhaust gas aftertreatment system that efficiently purifies NOx, an environmentally harmful substance. Furthermore, the Urea SCR systems may be installed in hydrogen/carbon-neutral fuel engines, and biofuel aircraft engines aiming to achieve carbon neutrality. However, an important problem is the degradation of NOx purification performance caused by urea crystallization due to an undesired reaction of urea water solution (UWS) and clogging of the exhaust pipe due to the formation of deposits caused by an unknown number of atomized UWS behaviors, mainly during idling and low-speed operation when the pipe temperature is relatively low. The problem is that the UWS behavior of the atomized UWS is not well understood. To solve these problems, it is necessary to clarify the complex two-phase flow phenomenon of gas and droplets in the exhaust pipe, which is still unknown. We
Ono, JoeNohara, TetsuoNara, ShotaroKawamoto, YukiFukushima, NaoyaOchiai, Masayuki
These general operator precautions apply to off-road work machines as defined in SAE J1116. These should not be considered as all-inclusive for all specific uses and unique features of each particular machine. Other more specific operator precautions not mentioned herein should be covered by users of this recommended practice for each particular machine application.
OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended to provide technicians with safe and efficient techniques and general equipment recommendations for servicing mobile air conditioning systems in off-road, self-propelled work machines as defined in SAE J1116 and tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry as defined in ASABE standard ANSI/ASAE S390. Both refrigerants HFC-134a (R-134a) and HFO-1234yf (R-1234yf) are covered. Many service procedures are similar for both refrigerants, but recovery, recycling, charging, and electronic leak detection tools can be unique to each refrigerant.
HFTC6, Operator Accommodation
In the United States (US), the off-road sector (i.e., agriculture, construction, etc.) contributes to approximately 10% of the country’s transportation greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, similar to the aviation sector. The off-road sector is extremely diverse; as the EPA MOVES model classifies it into 11 sub-sectors, which include 85 different types of equipment. These equipment types have horsepower ranging from 1 to greater than 3000 and have very different utilization, which makes decarbonization a complex endeavor. To address this, Argonne’s on-road vehicle fleet model, VISION, has been expanded to the off-road sector. The GHG emission factors for several energy carriers (biofuels, electricity, and hydrogen) have been incorporated from Argonne’s GREET model for a sector-wide well-to-wheel (WTW) GHG emissions analysis of the present and future fleet. Several technology adoption and energy decarbonization scenarios were modeled to better understand the appropriate actions required to
Tripathi, ShashwatKolodziej, ChristopherGohlke, DavidBurnham, AndrewZhou, YanLongman, Douglas
As the agricultural industry seeks to enhance sustainability and reduce operational costs, the introduction of mild hybrid technology in tractors presents a promising solution. This paper focuses on downsizing internal combustion (IC) engine, coupled with integration of electric motor, to reduce fuel consumption and meet stringent emission regulations while maintaining power requirement for agricultural applications in India. The hybridization aims to deliver instant power boosts during peak loads and capitalizes on energy recovery during part loads and braking. Furthermore, the idle avoidance feature minimizes fuel consumption during periods of inactivity thus improving fuel efficiency. The hybridization also aims to hybridize auxiliary systems for flexible power management, enabling operation of either engine, auxiliaries, or both as needed. A newly developed hybrid supervisory control prototype efficiently manages electric power and mechanical power, enabling intelligent management
Prasad, Lakshmi P.PS, SatyanarayanaPaygude, TejasGangsar, PurushottamThakre, MangeshChoudhary, NageshGitapathi, Ajinkya
Off-highway vehicles, with their unique requirements of durability, high power, and torque density, are typically powered by diesel ignition internal combustion engines (ICEs). This reliance on ICEs significantly contributes to greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions. For this reason, there is an urge to develop an energy-efficient powertrain architecture that produces fewer GHGs emissions while meeting the variable torque levels and variable speeds and performing various duty cycles with high efficiency. In order to select the energy-efficient powertrain architecture for the off-highway vehicle, different existing powertrain architectures (i.e., series hybrid, parallel hybrid, series-parallel hybrid, conventional) for off-highway applications have been studied to highlight their pros and cons. This is done considering the different duty cycles and applications along with Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). Off-highway vehicles operate under different road/surface conditions than on-road vehicles
Abououf, HendHanif, AtharDickson, JonChandramouli, NitishAhmed, Qadeer
Tractors, as agricultural machines consisting of various interconnected assemblies, work in unison to perform specific functions and achieve desired outputs. Among these assemblies, the Hood Assembly, Firewall Assembly, Scuttle Assembly, Fuel Tank Assembly, Fender Assembly, Floor Panel Assembly, and Footstep Assembly are all produced through sheet metal fabrication. The components of these assembly are made from sheet metal and are joined together using various techniques, such as bolts, welds, and others. The inherent characteristics of welding processes generally results in welded joints having lower fatigue strength compared to the individual parts being joined. Moreover, welds are commonly applied at geometric features or areas where the section changes within a structure. As a result, even in a structurally sound design, welded joints are often more vulnerable to fatigue failure. Hence, a comprehensive assessment of the durability of a welded structure requires placing
Kumar, ArunPandey, Manoj KumarThirugnanam, VivekanndanMani, SureshRedkar, Dinesh
On one hand population is increasing while on the other area under cultivation has been decreasing resulting in increased stress on the productivity to meet the needs. India in particular has been witnessing lot many challenges in terms of mechanization, availability of skilled manpower, urban shift and increased revenue to Agri households from non-Agri streams, lesser participation of women in mechanization. Likeability of younger generations to choose agriculture has declined due to need of strenuous manual works. This paper discusses about the system developed for automating monotonous agricultural tractor operations that offers increased operator comfort and productivity while minimizing operator fatigue. The system uses Electronic Depth & Draft Control (EDDC) system combined with Wheel angle sensors to offer key functions such as auto side braking, implement lift, lower and PTO disengagement during headland turns and automatic reengagement of the above controls. Field tests have
M, Rojer DennyNatarajan, SaravananBaskar, Augustin
In the Agricultural tractor- transmission system plays major role to transfer power from Engine to final drive through gear box enabling Forward/Reverse (F/R) movements during field operations and transportation conditions. The F/R retainer plate with idler gear, shaft is located between clutch housing and transmission gear box housing. If the retainer housing plate gets failure, then power will not be able to transfer from engine to transmission gear box main drive. In one of the tractor model retainer plate failures was observed during field testing. To simulate the failure mode from field to lab condition, the resultant forces and angle were calculated based on the drive line assembly. Resultant loads were applied on Idle gear shaft assembly through servo actuator in cyclic mode at lab. The failure was observed in the retainer plate and the location of failure was matching with field failure. CAE virtual simulation was carried out for measured load as per the laboratory boundary
V, SaravananMani, SureshKumar, SasiMore, AmitDumpa, Mahendra Reddy
This paper discusses the design and analysis of the Three-point linkage of an agricultural tractor for uncommon abusive usage practices during haulage applications. Some operators use the Three-point linkage for generating additional traction to navigate gradient surfaces, which requires additional wheel torque to overcome road slope when the trailer is attached. These maneuvers induce higher loads on Three-point linkage components, such as the lower link, lift rod, and powertrain components, which may lead to structural failures. A virtual simulation and lab-level test methodology need to be established to simulate the usage pattern upfront and predict potential failures. Multi-body dynamics (MBD) simulation was deployed to simulate the physics and extract realistic loads for Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) analysis. Data acquisition was carried out to record the strain levels during the uncommon haulage usage practices, which will be used for further studies. CAE analysis has been
Kumar, YuvarajPerumal, SolairajV, Ashok KumarSavsani, SmitkumarSubbaiyan, Prasanna BalajiBhandwalkar, AnandV V H Krishna Prasad, Tadikamalla
Today’s agriculture demands increased productivity due to the higher cropping intensities. Agricultural field readiness for cultivation requires various operation in field resulting in delay in cultivation which lower down productivity. Therefore, field operation needs to be more efficient in terms of both input cost and time consumption. One way to achieve this is by performing multiple operations in a single tractor pass, utilizing the increased power available in modern Tractors. In some agricultural operations, implements need to be mounted on the front of the tractor. Therefore, designing a front three-point hitching system for the tractor is essential to meet various farming needs, allowing customers to perform multiple operations simultaneously. The use of a front three-point linkage better utilizes the potential of four-wheel drive, higher horsepower tractors. This paper focuses on the comprehensive design process for developing and validating a front hitch system for both
Kumar, YuvarajV, Ashok KumarPerumal, SolairajGaba, RahulRamdebhai, KaravadaraSubbaiyan, Prasanna BalajiM, Kalaiselvan
Hydrogen fuel is becoming a popular choice in many energy applications because of its innovative green technology, which produces zero carbon emissions. It also offers better efficiency than fossil fuels. Current research focuses on obtaining hydrogen energy from agricultural waste using a gasification process. This process involves heating the waste at gasification temperatures 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700°C, maintaining a residence time of 60 minutes, and applying a gasification pressure of 20 bar. The effects of gasification temperature on the effectiveness of hydrogen production are examined. At a high gasification temperature of 700°C and a residence time of 60 minutes, the processed agro feedstock showed impressive results. It achieved a molar fraction of 12% carbon dioxide (CO2), 31% methane (CH4), and 55% hydrogen (H2), leading to an improved hydrogen yield of 15.2 mol/kg. Additionally, it demonstrated better hydrogen selectivity at 8.1 and a higher gasification efficiency of 61
Venkatesh, R.De Poures, Melvin VictorRaguraman, B.Marimuthu, S.Devanathan, C.Baranitharan, BalakrishnanMadhu, S.Kaliyaperumal, GopalManickaraj, Pethuraj
This study’s objective is to examine the combustion and performance of mosambi waste peel biodiesel (MWPB) combined with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) nanoparticles as a substitute fuel for diesel engines. It also aims to assess the impact of this blend on engine combustion, such as in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate (HRR), ignition delay (ID), combustion duration (CD) and mass fraction burnt (MFB) and performance indicators, including brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC), engine torque, exhaust gas temperature (EGT), indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), air-fuel ratio (A/F ratio) and volumetric efficiency, while also considering the feasibility of employing waste materials in fuel generation. The experimental configuration utilized a research diesel engine functioning under standard conditions, emphasizing the maintenance of uniform injection pressure to ensure optimal fuel atomization and combustion. The test fuels are diesel, MWPB, MWPB
Jayabal, RavikumarMadhu, S.Devarajan, YuvarajanDomian, Christopher Selvam
This SAE Recommended Practice applies to off-road, self-propelled work machine categories of earthmoving, forestry, road building and maintenance, and specialized mining machinery as defined in SAE J1116.,
Machine Technical Steering Committee
The exponential growth of the agribusiness market in Brazil combined with the high receptivity among farmers of new technological solutions has driven the study and implementation of high technology in the field. This work aimed to apply servo-assisted driving technology to enable autonomous mobility in an off-road sugarcane truck responsible for harvesting sugarcane. The technology consists of a conventional hydraulic steering with a motor, ECU and torque and angle sensors responsible for reading input data converted from GPS signals and previously recorded tracking lines. The motor responsible for replacing 100% of the physical force generated by the driver acts in accordance with the required torque demand, and the sensors combined with the ECU correct the course to meet the follow-up line through external communication ports. The accuracy of the system depends exclusively on the accuracy of the GPS signal, in this case reaching 2,5 cm, which is considered extremely high accuracy
Oliveira Santos Neto, AntídioLara, VanderleiSilva, EvertonDestro, DanielMoura, MárcioBorges, FelipeHaegele, Timo
The growing demand for decarbonization and reduction of emissions from internal combustion engines used in the agricultural sector is mainly responsible for the utilization of alternative or low-carbon fuels. In this context, in situ biogas production and Dual-fuel technology bring an important opportunity for farmers to use gas with diesel or biodiesel in the agricultural machinery, reducing production costs and carbon emissions. To this end, this work evaluates efficiency, emissions, and economic performance in an internal combustion engine equipped with a Dual-fuel injection for diesel and methane. The tests were carried out on a four-cylinder turbocharged Agrale tractor, model BX6110, with modifications for run on diesel-NGV blends under operating conditions with engine speed from 1500 to 2150 rpm, fuel injection times of 80 to 200, at full load. The results showed that the diesel flow was constant during the tests, therefore, power increases depending on the NGV injected. Maximum
Rincon, Alvaro Ferney AlgarraAlvarez, Carlos Eduardo CastillaFilho, Aldir Carpes MarquesOliveira Faria, RafaelVolpato, Carlos Eduardo SilvaOliveira Notório Ribeiro, Jéssica
This SAE Recommended Practice applies to technical publications which present instructions for the proper unloading, set-up, installations, pre-delivery inspection, operation, and servicing of off-road self-propelled work machines as categorized in SAE J1116. Advertising/marketing and other pre-purchase publications are not included.
Machine Technical Steering Committee
The cumulative accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) historically has resulted in the current problem of global warming. This is further compounded by developed nations, therefore, to fill this gap enhanced global actions are decided. Considering Country’s development need, available resources, government boost for agriculture, A holistic approach for 4W PVs is taken considering well to wheel emissions, as there are other ways to reduce tank to wheel emissions but may not be very effective for overall country’s GHG reduction. Major emissions in vehicle use are calculated based on Carbon intensity of various fuels & optimum pathway for Indian scenario is prepared & discussed in the paper considering all aspects CO2 reduction, development & motorization need. This paper explains multiple pathways for Passenger Vehicle (PV) Sector to be considered to meet country’s GHG needs.
Sarna, NishantJaiswal, HarshRani, AbhaDwivedi, VipinVashisth, AjayBhat, AnoopAggarwal, Tarun
Conventional robotic grippers struggle with the unique shapes, properties, and delicate nature of different crops. Consequently, there has been an increasing demand for more versatile robots that can adapt to objects with various shapes, sizes, and textures.
Clean-burning fuels, aftertreatment and other innovations place the heavy-duty combustion engine on a low-carbon emissions trajectory. Agriculture, industrial, mining, construction, freight transport and other major global economy sectors rely on vehicle power to thrive. “Internal combustion engines - those powered by gasoline, diesel, natural gas or propane - really are key to our current economy, and we see [the ICE] as a key part of our energy future,” Allen Schaeffer, executive director of the Engine Technology Forum, a U.S.-based educational organization, said during a September webinar. Hosted by the Engine Technology Forum, the “Taking Internal Combustion Engines to the Next Level” session focused on current and under-development innovations aimed at increasing engine efficiency and lowering emissions.
Buchholz, Kami
A digital twin is a digital representation of a real physical system, product, or process that functions as its practically identical digital counterpart for tasks such as testing, integration, monitoring, and maintenance. Creating digital twins allows the ‘digital system’ or ‘digital product’ to be tested at faster-than-real-time which improves overall program efficiency and shortens the programme duration. The HORIBA Intelligent Lab virtual engineering toolset was used to generate an Empirical Digital Twin (EDT) of a contemporary off-highway diesel Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) from physical testing, accounting for the effects of altitude and combustion air temperature. The EDT was subsequently used to predict engine performance and emissions for several synthetic off-highway machine cycles at sea-level and 3000m altitude. The synthetic agricultural cycles which included ploughing, seeding, spraying, fertilising, and roading were generated using a machine simulation programme
Roberts, PhilBates, LukeWhelan, SteveMaroni, ClaudioLeo, ElisabettaPezzola, Marco EzioChild, Steven
The objective of the project was to evaluate the energy efficiency of a hybrid electric tractor-semi-trailer combination prototype. The prototype was developed for log hauling application by integrating an existing tractor with an electric semi-trailer to improve fuel consumption and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. One of the conventional axles of the quad axle semi-trailer was replaced with a drive axle powered by an electric motor. Tests were conducted on a 105 km test route with a maximum difference in elevation of 355 m, including a hilly section with a length of 89 km. The results indicated fuel savings ranging from 10.5% to 14% per test run, with an average fuel savings of 12% when the electric drive axle was engaged. The hybrid electric tractor semi-trailer consumed 17.5% less fuel up-hill and 9.4% less down-hill. Throughout each test run, the battery’s state of charge fluctuated, averaging between 88% at the start and 52% at the end. Prior to each run, the batteries were
Surcel, Marius-DorinMercier, SteveBonsi, Adime Kofi
The electrification of agricultural machinery, such as tractors, presents an opportunity to mitigate environmental impacts associated with traditional diesel-powered equipment. Central to this transition are the battery packs that power electric tractors, the choice of which can significantly influence the tractor's overall environmental footprint. This paper conducts a comparative case study to assess the environmental impacts of different battery pack configurations in a low-profile, full-electric tractor model tailored for orchard and vineyard applications. Parametric analysis is conducted using a one degree-of-freedom 4WD tractor model to assess power needs for traction across varied working conditions, including slope, speed, and terrain characteristics. Also, by integrating life cycle optimization, dynamic modeling, and scenario analysis this study evaluates the environmental performance of various battery pack options, considering factors such as raw material extraction
Mendecka, Barbara MalgorzataTribioli, LauraLombardi, SimoneFederici, LeonardoBella, Gino
HD Hyundai recently announced several new additions to its portfolio of off-highway machines. The expansion includes the HD100 dozer, the HX355A excavator, and a quartet of new models for its HX-A series of compact excavators. The HD100 is Hyundai's first new crawler dozer model. “The new HD100 dozer will be a great addition to the equipment fleets of earthmoving contractors, forestry, waste handlers and other customers who already enjoy the benefits of using Hyundai wheel loaders and excavators,” said Mike Ross, senior VP, HD Hyundai Construction Equipment North America.
Wolfe, Matt
Southwest Research Institute has developed off-road autonomous driving tools with a focus on stealth for the military and agility for space and agriculture clients. The vision-based system pairs stereo cameras with novel algorithms, eliminating the need for LiDAR and active sensors.
India is a diverse country in terms of road conditions, road maintenance, traffic conditions, traffic density, quality of traffic which implies presence of agricultural tractors, bullock carts, autos, motor bikes, oncoming traffic in same lane, vulnerable road users (VRU) walking in the same lanes as vehicles, VRU’s crossing roads without using zebra crossings etc. as additional traffic quality deterrents in comparison to developed countries. The braking capacity of such vivid road users may not be at par with global standards due to their maintenance, loading beyond specifications, driver behavior which includes the tendency to maintain a close gap between the preceding vehicle etc. which may lead to incidents specifically of rear collisions due to the front vehicle going through an emergency braking event. The following paper provides a comprehensive study of the special considerations or intricacies in implementation of Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEBS) feature into Indian traffic
Kartheek, NedunuriKhare, RashmitaSathyamurthy, SainathanManickam, PraveenkumarKuchipudi, Venkata Sai Pavan
Airplane manufacturers running noise tests on new aircraft now have a much cheaper option than traditional wired microphone arrays. And it’s sensitive enough to help farmers with pest problems. The wireless microphone array that one company recently created with help from NASA can locate crop-threatening insects by listening for sound they make in fields. And now, it’s making fast, affordable testing possible almost anywhere.
Air spring systems are challenging to mathematically model due to the complexity of their nonlinear dynamic characteristics. Numerous air spring mechanical and thermodynamic models have been proposed, but this study focused on the development and analysis of a new thermodynamic air spring model under a polytropic thermodynamic process that could accurately represent the force output in a multibody dynamics (MBD) virtual suspension subsystem. This model considered function inputs of sprung mass, un-sprung mass, and design height to efficiently generate updated air spring properties for new vehicle configurations, specifically for a self-propelled sprayer application. After this model was validated against physical ground-truth sensor data, it was utilized in a sensitivity study to experimentally test an alternative air spring component and to understand the resulting performance effect on an operator comfort key performance indicator.
Adams, Bailey
Today’s engines used in Agriculture, Mining and Construction are designed for robustness and cost. Here, the Diesel powertrain is the established mainstream solution, offering long operation times without refueling at any desired power rating. In view of the steps towards Carbon Neutrality by 2050, this segment of the Transportation Sector needs to reduce its CO2 emissions. Currently, the EU and US emissions legislations (EU Stage V / EPA Tier4) do not include a CO2 reduction scheme, but this is expected to change with the next update towards EU Stage VI / EPA Tier5 coming into effect 2030 and after. Applications demanding high power or long operational range still require the use of renewable, liquid fuels or hydrogen. The cost-up of such fuels could be counterbalanced by more efficient engines in combination with a hybridized powertrain. The current paper therefore introduces a serial HEV solution for a large wheel loader application of 12t tipping load, which is an example of a
Weber, JostSchatorje, JesperFrekers, YonaHerrmann, OlafGries, Rafael
Bringing a construction project from planning on the page to execution in the real world is replete with challenges. Whether a company is building a sprawling solar farm or laying lines on the road, precision is paramount. Misfires of just a few inches can have massive implications, and that often leads to a plodding layout process. But, in partnership with Point One, Civ Robotics is ensuring that precise construction layouts won’t be at odds with efficiency.
Deutronic is not alone in developing and integrating thermal-management solutions to meet the specific demands of off-highway EVs. Modine, for example, in 2023 launched a new edition of its EVantage battery thermal-management system with a liquid-cooled condenser (L-CON BTMS) that combines proprietary heat-exchanger technology with smart controls and electronics. The system is designed to withstand harsh environments found in mining, construction, agriculture, specialty and transportation applications, according to Mike Kis, Director of Advanced Thermal Systems at Modine.
Modine exec says EV thermal management systems have evolved significantly from the technology used by ICE vehicles just five years ago. A rarity only a few years ago, electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming part of the daily lives of constantly increasing numbers of drivers. In the first quarter of 2024 alone, passenger EV sales soared by about 25% compared to the same period in 2023, according to the IEA's annual Global EV Outlook. While the passenger EV market charges ahead toward widespread adoption, the off-highway vehicle segment lags in electrification. The burly and rugged workhorses that do the heavy lifting in construction and agriculture have been slower in embracing electrification due to their heavier workloads and duty cycles. In addition to larger batteries, traction motors and countless other components, the electrification of this class of vehicles also requires a steep learning curve, all of which impact stakeholders up and down the value chain. For example, navigating
Bonini, Gina Maria
This research effort is to optimize the conditions to minimize carbon monoxide (CO) gas emissions utilizing activated carbon derived from rice husks, an abundant agricultural waste. In the automobile industry, addressing vehicular emissions is crucial due to environmental ramifications and stringent regulatory mandates. This study presents an innovative and potentially cost-effective solution to capture CO emissions, mainly from motorcycles. The eco-friendly nature of using rice husks and the detailed findings on optimal conditions (20 m/s gas flow rate, 0.47 M citric acid concentration, and 30 g mass of activated carbon) make this research invaluable. These conditions achieved a commendable CO adsorption rate of 54.96 ppm over 1250 s. Essentially, the insights from this research could spearhead the development of sustainable automobile exhaust systems. By integrating activated carbon into these systems, there’s potential to capture CO and possibly other detrimental gases, reducing the
Natrayan, L.Seeniappan, Kaliappan
With the modernization of agriculture, the application of unmanned agricultural special vehicles is becoming increasingly widespread, which helps to improve agricultural production efficiency and reduce labor. Vehicle path-tracking control is an important link in achieving intelligent driving of vehicles. This paper designs a controller that combines path tracking with vehicle lateral stability for four-wheel steer/drive agricultural special electric vehicles. First, based on a simplified three-degrees-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model, a model predictive control (MPC) controller is used to calculate the front and rear axle angles. Then, according to the Ackermann steering principle, the four-wheel independent angles are calculated using the front and rear axle angles to achieve tracking of the target trajectory. For vehicle lateral stability, the sliding mode control (SMC) is used to calculate the required direct yaw moment control (DYC) of the vehicle, and wheel torque distribution
Huang, BinYang, NuorongMa, LiutaoWei, Lexia
This SAE Standard characterizes grapple skidders and identifies the major components and parts most commonly associated therewith. Illustrations used herein are not intended to include all existing commercial machines or to be exactly descriptive of any particular machine. They have been included to facilitate application of this document
null, null
In the last decades, the locomotion of wheeled and tracked vehicles on soft soils has been widely investigated due to the large interest in planetary, agricultural, and military applications. The development of a tire-soft soil contact model which accurately represents the micro and macro-scale interactions plays a crucial role for the performance assessment in off-road conditions since vehicle traction and handling are strongly influenced by the soil characteristics. In this framework, the analysis of realistic operative conditions turns out to be a challenging research target. In this research work, a semi-empirical model describing the interaction between a tire and homogeneous and fine-grained soils is developed in Matlab/Simulink. The stress distribution and the resulting forces at the contact patch are based on well-known terramechanics theories, such as pressure-sinkage Bekker’s approach and Mohr-Coulomb’s failure criterion. The force exerted by the soil on the sidewall of the
Zerbato, LucaVella, Angelo DomenicoGalvagno, EnricoVigliani, AlessandroData, SilvioSacchi, Matteo Eugenio
Items per page:
1 – 50 of 1100