Browse Topic: Construction vehicles and equipment

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Finite Element Analysis of Key Structures in Spider Cranes2026-99-08407/30/2026
In order to solve the problem of poor terrain adaptability of traditional cranes in the construction of transmission lines in mountainous areas, and to ensure the safe operation of light modular spider cranes in complex terrain, this study is modelled on spider cranes with a rated lifting capacity of 3 tons. According to the Crane Design Specification and the Crane Design Manual, the static finite element analysis of the core structure was carried out using UG and ANSYS Workbench software. Following the principle of balancing load-bearing accuracy and calculation efficiency, the upper and lower structures of the spider crane are simplified in layers. Subsequently, the reaction force, displacement and stress characteristics of the core structure were analysed under the condition of a rated load of 3 tons and the minimum working radius. The research results show that the strength and rigidity of the core structure of the spider crane meet the standard requirements to ensure that it can operate safely in mountainous environments.
Chen, Zhen, Qu, Honglei, Sun, Jian, Chen, Guang
Efficiency Modeling, Experimental Validation, and Machine Learning-Assisted Model Calibration of a Two-Speed E-Drive Transmission for Construction Equipment02-19-03-00197/27/2026
This study details the development and experimental validation of a high-fidelity one-dimensional (1D) simulation model for a two-speed transmission designed for off-road vehicles, such as tractors and backhoe loaders used in agricultural and civil engineering applications. The model, implemented in the AMESim platform from Siemens, integrates physics-based loss sub-models for all major components, including gears, bearings, seals, and fluid drag (churning) losses. After development, the model was rigorously validated against test bench data, with efficiency measurements taken across various speed, torque, and oil level combinations, demonstrating a strong correlation with experimental results. A detailed analysis enabled the quantification of the contribution of each loss mechanism, identifying the countershaft gears and input shaft bearings as the primary contributors. Furthermore, a Machine Learning (ML)–based calibration framework, employing Bayesian Optimization, was implemented to reduce discrepancies between simulation and experiment and to generate a synthetic dataset for the creation of fast-executing surrogate models. The study concludes that the proposed methodology constitutes an effective tool for efficiency analysis and optimization during early design stages, establishing a foundation for future integration with ML techniques and the development of digital twins.
Ferreira, Tiago Simao, Fallahi, Farzad, Kedziora, Slawomir, Hichri, Bassem, Kiefer, Jean-Daniel
Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization and Machine Learning Framework for Enhanced Prediction of Ground Settlement during Rectangular Pipe Jacking2026-99-16477/24/2026
Accurate prediction of ground settlement induced by rectangular pipe jacking, a prevalent trenchless technology in urban infrastructure development, remains a significant challenge. This study addresses this by developing and evaluating a robust machine learning (ML) framework. Leveraging 104 sets of field monitoring data from the Liuye Avenue West Extension rectangular pipe jacking project in Hunan, China, key construction parameters including jacking force, advance rate, and grouting pressure were utilized as inputs to predict ground settlement. A Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm was integrated for automated hyperparameter tuning of six distinct ML models: standalone Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LSSVM), Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN), Random Forest (RF), and their respective PSO-optimized counterparts. Comprehensive performance evaluation using Mean Squared Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Coefficient of Determination (R^2) revealed that the PSO-LSSVM hybrid model achieved superior predictive accuracy and generalization capability. Specifically, on the test dataset, the PSO-LSSVM model yielded an MSE of 0.367, MAE of 0.424, and an R^2 of 0.941. These findings demonstrate that the proposed PSO-enhanced LSSVM model significantly outperforms baseline models, offering a highly effective and reliable tool for predicting ground deformation in similar complex pipe jacking projects.
Hu, Shiwei, Hu, Rong, Zhang, Hong, Chen, Yi, Hu, Da
Experimental Investigation into Port Water Injection on the Transient Behavior of a Heavy-Duty Hydrogen Engine2026-01-07437/1/2026
Hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engines are a potential carbon-free propulsion solution for high-power applications such as construction machinery and heavy-duty commercial vehicles. However, compared to conventional diesel engines, hydrogen engines exhibit limitations in transient operation and at full load, primarily due to the high reactivity of hydrogen. In spark-ignited hydrogen engines, combustion anomalies represent the main constraint during performance-oriented operation, particularly during transient phases that require mixture enrichment to meet dynamic torque demands. Water injection is investigated in this study as a means to mitigate these limitations. The paper describes the implementation of a port water injection system on a heavy-duty commercial hydrogen engine and evaluates its influence on engine performance with a focus on transient operating conditions. A combustion anomaly evaluation method developed in-house is applied to quantify the effect of water injection on abnormal combustion behavior. The results show that water injection shifts the combustion anomaly limit toward richer air–fuel ratios, thereby enabling mixture enrichment up to stoichiometric conditions or under during transient load changes. Water is injected cyclically into each intake port to achieve a defined water-to-hydrogen ratio during load steps. Even at low water injection rates, a significant reduction in engine response time is observed, leading to transient torque response comparable to that of a diesel reference engine. Improved torque demand tracking is demonstrated in dynamic test cycles. In steady-state operation, the application of water injection also extends the achievable full-load operating range. Overall, the results indicate that port water injection is an effective measure for suppressing abnormal combustion in heavy-duty hydrogen engines and enables more aggressive yet stable engine calibration with minimal water consumption, contributing to diesel-like performance characteristics.
Schneider, David, Christoforetti, Paul, Kappacher, Peter, Kapeller, David, Schutting, Eberhard, Eichlseder, Helmut, Trapp, Christian
Self-Propelled Sweepers - Air Flow Performance - Part 2: Suction/Blower Fan PerformanceJ1792/2_202607 (Current)7/1/2026
This SAE Standard establishes a test method and a definition for disclosing the performance of suction/blower fans when applied to self-propelled sweepers that solely use a pneumatic conveyance means for the collection and transfer of “sweepings” into a collection hopper.
MTC2, Sweeper, Cleaner, and Machinery
Safety Alert Symbol for Agricultural, Construction, and Industrial EquipmentJ284_202606 (Current)6/29/2026
This SAE Recommended Practice covers the safety alert symbol intended for use on construction and industrial equipment as defined in SAE J1116 and on agricultural tractors and machinery as defined in ASABE S390.
HFTC2, Machine Displays and Symbols
Moog simplifies off-highway electrification26TOFHP06_076/1/2026
Moog Inc. introduced its new adaptive electrification management system (AEMS) at a press conference during CONEXPO 2026 in Las Vegas. Moog states that this system offers a path to electrify, automate and digitalize construction machinery more efficiently and cost-effectively. “End users in the off-highway market are demanding that their machines have higher productivity and a lower total cost of ownership,” said Dr. Nate Keller, Moog strategic business manager. “OEMs are working to solve this problem, and one of the particular ways is through electrification.”
Wolfe, Matt
Kubota's SVL110-3 brings new tech and service features to CTL segment26TOFHP06_136/1/2026
Kubota introduced the new SVL110-3 compact track loader at CONEXPO 2026 in Las Vegas. The SVL110-3 delivers 112.7 gross horsepower (84.0 kW), an increased torque output of 279 lb-ft (378 Nm) compared to previous models and a rated operating capacity of 3,700 lb (1,678 kg). The SVL110-3 is capable of 45 GPM (170 L/min) of auxiliary flow while operating with the same traveling speed and compact footprint as its predecessor, the SVL97-3. Kubota states that this increase in auxiliary capacity enables contractors to operate high-demand attachments like trenchers, cold planers and skid cutters at full performance without compromise.
Wolfe, Matt
Using a System Reliability Model to Optimize Maintenance Costs A Best Practices GuideJA6097_201905 (Current)5/26/2026
SAE JA6097 (“Using a System Reliability Model to Optimize Maintenance”) shows how to determine which maintenance to perform on a system when that system requires corrective maintenance to achieve the lowest long-term operating cost. While this document may focus on applications to Jet Engines and Aircraft, this methodology could be applied to nearly any type of system. However, it would be most effective for systems that are tightly integrated, where a failure in any part of the system causes the entire system to go off-line, and the process of accessing a failed component can require additional maintenance on other unrelated components.
HM-1 Integrated Vehicle Health Management Committee
Braking Performance - Rubber-Tired, Self-Propelled CranesJ1977_202604 (Current)4/25/2026
This SAE Standard applies to machines as defined in Appendix A. Some of these machines can travel on-highway but function primarily off-highway.
Cranes and Lifting Devices Committee
A Proposed Methodology for Human Operator Modeling and Development of a Virtual Operator Model for Control of a Simulated Compact Track Loader2026-01-01464/7/2026
A methodology for performing Human Operator Modeling (HOM) using a Caterpillar Model 299D3 XE Compact Track Loader (CTL) is presented. The proposed method uses task analysis techniques to decompose material excavation and moving tasks into smaller, individual tasks presented in a task list. A method for verifying and refining the task list is presented, along with a procedure for identifying relevant human operator sensory information and analyzing human decision making in the context of CTL operation. This methodology is then partially verified through the analysis of a non-expert human operator in Vortex Studio, a realistic construction equipment simulator. A modified test course is executed by a non-expert human operator in the simulation environment, and the recorded data is used to create a quantitative Human Operator Model. From this, a Virtual Operator Model (VOM) feedback controller simulating the performance of the human operator is developed. The VOM is implemented using a state machine to transition between individual tasks. Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC), is implemented for each task to control bucket tilt, arm lift, and throttle, with controller parameters calculated from the quantitative HOM data. The VOM controller is verified using the same test course performed by the human operator. The performance of the human operator is compared to that of the VOM controller in order to validate the HOM and VOM methodology for a simulation environment.
Wang, Orson R., Norris, William R., Patterson, Albert E., Soylemezoglu, Ahmet, Nottage, Dustin S.
Protection of Megawatt-Scale DC Fast Charging Infrastructure for Heavy-Duty Vehicles: Ultra-Fast DC Breaker Development, Testing, and Future Roadmap2026-01-04004/7/2026
Direct Current (DC) fast charging enables supply of megawatt (MW) scale DC power to the large battery systems of Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicles (HDEVs), such as electric trucks, buses, ferry and construction machinery. This contrasts with Alternating Current (AC) charging, which is limited by the capacity of the On-Board Charger (OBC) that converts AC to DC to charge the battery. In DC fast charging, however, the Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) delivers DC power directly to the HDEVs, bypassing the OBC. The feasibility of fast DC charging has been driven by advancements in semiconductor technology offering higher voltage and current handling capabilities as well as improvements in battery energy density. Ongoing research indicates continued growth in both semiconductor power handling and battery storage capacity, further strengthening the case for fast DC charging. Key benefits include significantly higher charging efficiency, drastically reduced charging times, and lower driver fatigue. However, unlike AC systems, DC based charging infrastructure presents unique protection challenges. These challenges arise from the absence of natural current zero-crossings of DC current and the limited commercial availability of pure DC breakers. This paper presents a concise review of existing protection technologies applicable to DC fast-charging infrastructure, identifying critical gaps in current approaches and evaluating potential solutions for Low Voltage (LV, <1.5 kV) and Medium Voltage (MV, 1.5–35 kV) DC applications. Then a downsized 10 kW prototype of an Ultra-Fast Active Resonance Current Source-Based Hybrid DC Circuit Breaker (UFRDCB) has been developed and experimentally validated as a proof of concept. The prototype successfully interrupts a 1 kA continuous DC current in less than 500 μs, and the corresponding test results are presented and discussed. Finally, the paper outlines a forward-looking roadmap for advancing protection technologies that are critical to the safe and reliable operation of megawatt-scale DC fast-charging infrastructure for HDEVs in the United States and globally.
Rahman, Md Rakib-Ur, Dobrzynski, Daniel
Control Strategy Optimization to Improve Energy Efficiency of Electric Wheel Loader Wheel Drive System02-19-02-00113/27/2026
Driven by the dual-carbon goals of “peak carbon emissions” and “carbon neutrality,” improving energy efficiency in electric construction machinery has become a key focus. This study proposes an energy-saving torque control strategy for the traction motor of electric wheel loaders, aiming to reduce drive system energy consumption. The innovation lies in coupling parameter optimization of the pedal–torque mapping and regenerative braking to enhance overall efficiency. An electric model was built using Cruise and validated against real-world V-cycle test data, showing good agreement with an average relative error of 4.08%. Based on the model, two optimized control strategies were developed and evaluated through simulations and field tests. The results showed energy savings of 7.08% and 16.18% in simulation, and 6.83% and 15.51% in tests, respectively, demonstrating the effectiveness and practical value of the proposed method.
Ming, Qiaohong, Wang, Yangyang, Wang, Feng
Cantilevered Boom Crane Structures - Method of TestJ1063_202603 (Current)3/13/2026
This SAE Standard applies to mobile, construction-type lifting cranes utilizing cantilevered boom crane structures and associated jibs (see Figure 1).
Cranes and Lifting Devices Committee
Q&A26TOFHP02_112/1/2026
The advanced construction equipment packing the convention center halls and surrounding lots will understandably be the stars of the triennial CONEXPO trade show, taking place March 3-7 in Las Vegas. But the latest technologies in fluid power and motion control that help those machines operate efficiently will also command attention from showgoers. The Bosch Rexroth mobile hydraulics team will be on-site in a joint booth with partner HydraForce (Booth S80245), showcasing their current product portfolio. Rafael Cardoso, Bosch Rexroth engineering manager, mobile systems and software, expects to have conversations about advanced control and automation, “focused on the demand for smarter, software-driven control strategies that enhance precision, productivity, downtime reduction and operator assistance features.”
Gehm, Ryan
CONEXPO 2026: Volvo CE to reveal new articulated hauler and short-swing, compact and wheeled excavators26TOFHP02_092/1/2026
Volvo Construction Equipment livestreamed on January 15 a preview of its plans for the CONEXPO 2026 trade show in Las Vegas from March 3-7. Its booth will showcase 14 new or first-look machines along with services such as machine control systems, site solutions and advanced telematics. Among the new models announced by Volvo CE that will be revealed at CONEXPO are several new excavators, including the first compact and wheeled machines in its latest excavator series and a new mid-size crawler. The company also announced that the 60-ton A60 articulated hauler has joined its new-generation ADT lineup. Volvo CE says that additional product launches will happen at the show.
Gehm, Ryan
Noise Reduction of Construction Equipment Vehicle Through Structure-Borne and Air-Borne Noise Reduction Strategy2026-26-03181/16/2026
One can witness the constant development and redevelopment of cities throughout the world. Construction equipment vehicles (CEVs) are commonly used on the construction site. However, the noise pollution from construction sites due to the use of CEV has become a major problem for many cities. The construction equipment employed is one of the main causes of these elevated noise levels. The construction workers face a potential risk to their auditory health and well-being due to the noise levels they are exposed to. Different countries have imposed exterior and operator’s ear noise limits for construction equipment vehicles, enabling them to control noise pollution. In this study, three vehicles were selected and checked for NVH performance and found that the operator ear noise level of the identified vehicle is 6 dB(A) higher than the benchmark vehicle level in dynamic conditions, when tested as per ISO 6396. Similarly, there was another vehicle having exterior noise 2 dB(A) higher than the benchmark vehicle, when tested as per ISO 6395. It was a tough time for the NVH engineer to reduce the interior and exterior noise level of the vehicle. The steering unit and radiator fan were identified as the major dominant sources rather than typical conventional sources like powertrain, intake, and exhaust. Initially, the noise source identification technique was used to identify the dominant sources for increasing the interior and exterior noise of the test vehicle. The primary concern identified with the vehicles was the transmission of structure-borne noise into the cabin and air-borne noise to the exterior. It was foremost required to address the issues without compromising the overall performance of the vehicle other than NVH. Individual sources of noise were analysed in detail and optimizations were made to minimize the vehicle interior and exterior noise. As a result, the significant noise reduction was achieved at operator ear level and exterior sound power level.
Shinde, Gaurav, Jawale, Pradeep, Jain, Sachinkumar, Harishchandra Walke, Nagesh
Monitoring and Diagnosing Software-Defined Vehicle Architectures2026-26-06771/16/2026
Software-Defined Vehicles (SDV) are fostered through initiatives like SOAFEE and Eclipse SDV promoting the use of cloud-native approaches, distributed workloads and service-oriented architectures (SOA). This means that in these systems each vehicle is connected to the cloud and functions are executed both inside the vehicle and in the cloud. So far, there are no established solutions for monitoring and diagnosing SDVs. In designing these solutions, the cost-sensitive nature of every component inside a vehicle must be considered since it makes it unlikely that significant resources will be provided just for diagnostics. Therefore, conventional data centre monitoring approaches that usually rely on transferring large amounts of data to dedicated servers are not directly applicable in this scenario. To illustrate the challenges in providing new solutions for diagnosing and monitoring SDVs, a SOA that has been defined and studied in research projects is introduced. In this architecture, every vehicle function is implemented by an independent service while an orchestrator manages them. The ASAM SOVD (ISO 17978) standard was introduced as a successor for existing diagnostic protocols such as UDS specifically to support diagnosing SDVs. Though it already goes beyond UDS in functionality and supports diagnosing more complex issues, e.g. by allowing to access log files, it does not yet provide functionality specifically related to diagnosing problems that can arise in an SOA. This would require functionality such as validating service quality, chain-of-effects, or dynamic resource usage. Additionally, as services can be distributed between the vehicle and the cloud, diagnostic functions must take that into account. By transferring established IT solutions for monitoring and diagnostics to vehicles and extending the SOVD standard, the paper proposes a solution that fills current gaps: on-board monitoring of services including their chain-of-effects, fault generation for erroneous conditions, analysis of historical data, etc. With SOVD progressing toward ISO standardisation, its adoption extends beyond automotive passenger vehicles into industries such as off-highway and agricultural machinery, which are also introducing Automotive Ethernet and HPC architectures. These developments not only influence diagnostic architectures in SDVs but also have strategic implications for production processes and aftersales service models, as discussed in the concluding section.
Böhlen, Boris, Fischer, Diana
Legislative Framework and Emission Testing using PEMS for NRMM (Non-Road Mobile Machinery) in India: A Technological Perspective2026-26-01391/16/2026
Emission Regulations for NRMM in India have evolved significantly over past two decades. India has progressively adopted stricter standards to align with best practices carried out globally for curbing air pollution. The latest regulations have introduced stringent caps on nitrogen oxides (NOx), and other emission pollutants, ensuring compliance with environmental sustainability goals. Future legislative frameworks are expected to impose even more rigorous emission limits, while incorporating real-world emission monitoring. This will require powertrain manufacturers to integrate advanced after-treatment systems and adopt cleaner combustion technologies to meet compliance standards. To validate compliance with these stringent limits, rigorous testing methodologies are employed. Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS) have become a crucial tool for real-world emission assessment. PEMS technology allows for on-road and field testing of NRMM under actual operating conditions, providing a comprehensive analysis of pollutant levels. The setup consists of advanced gas analyzers and data acquisition systems installed directly on the machinery. These systems continuously measure CO, CO2, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and other emission pollutants, ensuring precise monitoring. The installation involves strategic placement of sensors and exhaust sampling systems, allowing real-time data collection. The testing process involves preconditioning the equipment, executing a predefined test-cycle under operational conditions, and analyzing the collected emission data against regulatory standards. This methodology ensures that emission control strategies are effectively validated in real-world applications. Post-processing of test data is critical for interpreting results and assessing compliance. Advanced data analytics techniques are used to refine raw measurements, filter anomalies, and generate comprehensive emission reports. In this paper, as we go forth, focus has been placed on the real time application of PEMS system for CEV/TREM, covering important points like setup installation, components involved, technology used, test procedure criterion based on emission norms, data accumulation and analysis, report generation, etc. And all this is done using the indigenous state of the art AVL PEMS setup.
Rastogi, Aadhar, Garg, Varun, Ragot, Nicolas
A Comprehensive Strategy for Diesel Particulate Filter Calibration to Address the Diverse Applications of Stage V Construction Equipment Vehicles2026-26-01431/16/2026
The legislation of CEV Stage V emission norms has necessitated advanced Diesel Particulate Filter calibration strategies to ensure optimal performance across diverse construction equipment applications in the Indian market. Considering the various duty cycles of cranes, backhoe loaders, forklifts, compactors, graders, and other equipment, different load conditions and operational environments require a comprehensive strategy to enhance DPF efficiency, minimize regeneration frequency, and maintain compliance with emission standards. The DPF, as an after-treatment system in the exhaust layout, is essential for meeting emission standards, as it effectively traps particulate matter. Regeneration occurs periodically to burn the soot particles trapped inside the DPF through ECU management. Therefore, understanding soot loading and in-brick DPF temperature behavior across various applications is key. This paper explores the challenges in DPF calibration for CEV Stage V and provides a comprehensive approach to address these challenges, including optimizing soot loading and thermal management for different duty cycles across various applications within a unified calibration framework. The frugal Off-Highway Vehicle market expects a leaner Exhaust Gas Treatment approach, which increases the challenges of thermal management and soot loading. Additionally, the market is moving towards extracting maximum BMEP from their engines, which impacts passive regeneration and DPF thermal stability, among other parameters.
Mohanty, Subham, Chaudhari, Kuldeepak, Patil, Lalit, Mahajan, Atish, Madhukar, Prahlad
Development of a New Methodology for Measuring the Dimensions of Lighting Components in Construction Equipment Vehicles (CEVs) as per IS/ISO 12509:2004 using 3-Dimensional Planar Laser2026-26-01451/16/2026
The light and light signaling devices installation test as per as per IS/ ISO 12509:2004 & IS/ISO 12509:2023 for Earth Moving Machinery / Construction Equipment Vehicles is a mandatory test to ensure the safety and comfort of both road users and operators. Considering the shape and size of construction equipment vehicles, accurate measurement of lighting installation requirements is crucial for ensuring safety and regulatory compliance. The international standard IS/ISO 12509:2004 & IS/ISO 12509:2023 outlines specific criteria for these installation requirements of lighting components, including the precise measurement of various dimensions to ensure optimal visibility and safety. Among these dimensional requirements, the dimension 'E' i.e., the “distance between the outer edges of the machine and the illuminating surface of the lighting device” plays a critical role in the performance of vehicle lighting systems. Traditional methods of measuring this dimension, such as using a measuring tape and long straight rod, in another method Using Rope, Plumb and Measuring tape have limitations in terms of precision and consistency due to machine size and shape. This paper presents a method development approach utilizing a 3-Dimensional planar laser for measuring dimension 'E' in Construction Equipment Vehicles (CEVs). Measurement through the planar laser method is found to offer significantly higher accuracy compared to conventional measuring techniques, particularly when applied to the complex shapes and sizes of CEV’s such as Motor Graders, Wheel Loaders and Backhoe Loaders. This approach not only enhances the measurement accuracy but also improves the efficiency of the testing process. The paper discusses the methodologies, results, comparison of 3 measuring methods and potential applications of Planar laser in the context of IS/ISO 12509:2004 & IS/ISO 12509:2023, offering a promising alternative method for future testing and certification of Construction Equipment Vehicle’s lighting systems.
Ghodke, Dhananjay Sunil, Belavadi Venkataramaiah, Shamsundara, Tambolkar, Sonali Ameya
Thermal Management and Engine Calibration Strategies for Enhanced Passive DPF Regeneration in CEV Stage V CI Engines2026-26-01411/16/2026
Meeting the stringent emissions norms of CEV stage V for medium BMEP engines, CI engines present significant challenges. These stringent norms call for a highly efficient DPF. With the increasing demands for high-performance DPFs, the issue of soot accumulation and cleaning presents significant hurdles for DPF longevity. This paper explores the potential of passive DPF regeneration, which leverages naturally occurring exhaust gas conditions to oxidize accumulated soot, offering a promising approach to minimize fuel penalty and system complexity compared to active regeneration methods. The study investigates engine calibration techniques aimed at enhancing passive regeneration performance, emphasizing the optimization of thermal management strategies to sustain DPF temperatures within the passive regeneration range. Furthermore, the paper aims to expand the applicability of passive regeneration across diverse engine loads common in off-highway applications with effective passive regeneration significantly contributing to overall system efficiency, reduced fuel consumption, and ensuring long-term emissions compliance for CEV Stage V engines.
Saxena, Harshit, Gandhi, Naresh, Lokare, Prasad, Shinde, Prashant, Patil, Ajit, Raut, Ashish
EMC Regulations of Construction Equipment Vehicles in India: Challenges and Solutions2026-26-01461/16/2026
Requirement for Construction Equipment Vehicles (CEVs) in India is continuously growing as India being fastest growing country in the world in terms of Infrastructure. The technology in the automotive industry is evolving rapidly in recent times. Thus, with the development of new technologies, the challenges are also ever-increasing from an Electromagnetic Interference, Susceptibility (EMI/EMC) and Safety perspective. Recently CEVs include various types of machines including Compactor, Wheel Loader, Crane, Paver, Truck Crane, Cement Mixer etc. EMC requirements of all these types are internationally governed by ISO 13766-1, 2. This paper provides insights about various considerations to be taken during EMC Tests of each type of machines. It also includes guidelines related to antenna positioning, reference point calculations, Narrow Band and Broad band considerations. It will also provide general EMC guidelines and precautions related to component selection and placement along with typical EMC Failures and its remedies. Considering CMVR requirement in India, AIS 160 (for Diesel Engine CEVs) & AIS 174 (for Electric Power Train CEVs) is already notified and above research will certainly help OEMs to mitigate their EMC problems at early stage and will smoothen their development cycle.
Yeola, Mayur, Shinde, Avinash
Influence of Tipping Angles and Body Shapes on Payload Discharge Efficiency in Dump Trucks2026-26-04931/16/2026
The payload retention and material outflow pattern during the unloading process of dump trucks are critical factors influencing the efficiency and effectiveness of operations in construction and mining industries. This paper investigates the impact of tipping angles and the shape of the dump truck body on payload retention and outflow characteristics. Using FEA methodology, we explore the material outflow pattern for different body geometries such as box body, scoop body etc. for comparative analysis in order to optimize the shape for better & effective unloading. The results demonstrate a comparative estimation for an optimal body shape configuration to effectively unload payload and correlation of payload retention at various tipping angles. The current study also describes the effect of high cohesive forces between the payload particles on the discharge efficiency, and the pattern of mass flow rate is mapped against the tipping angle for various types of material properties for comparison. The paper also highlights the outflow pattern for various material types due to gravity when the body is kept at a particular tipping angle.
Phukan, Prerna, Sahu, Hemant, Dave, Rajeev
Real Drive Emission Measurement on CEV Machinery- Study of Testing Challenges and Different Machine Duty Cycles2026-26-02281/16/2026
To conduct RDE (Real-Drive Emission) test on CEV (Construction Equipment Vehicle), the first step is to study the requirements set forth in the regulation [1, 2] for data collection, post-processing of data and emission calculation along with certain requirements for vehicle operation. Conducting tests on CEV machines poses a different set of challenges compared to on-road vehicles, the major one being the placement of PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement Equipment) on the machine under test. No singular method or mechanism can be specified to suit all types of machinery, although certain guidelines can be set for best practices. The requirement of running the machine on an actual duty cycle or a reference duty cycle requires a thorough study of the intended machine operation and also awareness on the multi-functionality setups offered for such machines by manufacturers, before deciding on a duty cycle to run during actual emission testing. Measurement of emission components such as Carbon Monoxide (CO), Total Hydrocarbons (THC), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is required along with Exhaust flow and ECU parameters like engine speed, torque (Actual, Friction, Reference), fuel flow and coolant temperature are required for conducting a valid test. Exploring the impact on emission values of different machine applications, machine duty cycles, environmental and geographical conditions is also of utmost importance to ensure robust engine calibration which will meet future conformity limits irrespective of these factors. Tests on same CEV machinery within same geographical and ambient conditions but under different duty cycle may have variation in emission results [3], this study will delve deeper into this impact of duty cycle on emission value.
Chauhan, Pratyush, Kulkarni, S D, More, Manoj, Joshi, Monal Vishwas
Study on Evolution of Surrounding Rock Stability and Structural Mechanical Behavior During In-Situ Expansion of Existing Tunnels in Weak Rock Mass2025-99-020712/23/2025
To address the escalating traffic demands and tackle the complex mechanical challenges inherent in in-situ tunnel expansion, this study, grounded in the Huangtuling Tunnel project in Zhejiang Province, China, focuses on the stability evolution of surrounding rock and the mechanical characteristics of structures during the in-situ expansion of existing tunnels under weak surrounding rock conditions. By systematically comparing core post-excavation features—such as surrounding rock displacement fields, ground pressure distribution pat-terns, and mechanical responses of support structures—between newly constructed tunnels and in-situ expanded tunnels, the research reveals key mechanical principles governing the construction of large-section tunnels in weak rock formations. Specifically, the findings are as follows: (1) Both newly constructed and in-situ expanded large-section tunnels exhibit significant spatial heterogeneity in surrounding rock deformation. The vault-spandrel zones serve as the primary deformation-concentrated areas, with displacement magnitudes 3 to 5 times those of the sidewalls, where displacement is near-ly negligible. This pronounced spatial differentiation in deformation patterns confirms the necessity of treating vault deformation monitoring and control as core indicators in formulating stability evaluation criteria for large-section tunnels. This has direct implications for optimizing construction methods, such as prioritizing the reinforcement of initial support for the vault during stepwise excavation. (2) The overall stability of surrounding rock in in-situ expanded tunnels is inferior to that of newly constructed large-section tunnels, accompanied by distinct asymmetric deformation characteristics. However, the peak additional displacement induced by expansion excavation is significantly smaller than the initial displacement during new tunnel construction, potentially attributed to the pre-constraining effect of the existing tunnel structure on the surrounding rock. (3) Stress redistribution during tunnel in-situ expansion leads to a significant pressure difference within the surrounding rock. The surrounding rock pressure on the expansion side is 30%-40% higher than on the opposite side, resulting in a strongly asymmetric distribution. This biased pressure subjects support structures on the expansion side to greater axial forces and bending moments, increasing the risk of structural damage due to uneven loading. This highlights the need to enhance the stiffness of support systems on the expansion side in design, such as extending anchor lengths or increasing the density of steel arches.
Zheng, Xiaoqing, Kang, Xiaoyue, Xu, Kai, Chen, Tao, Huo, Xinwang, Chen, Chuan
Key Construction Technology of Subway Station In Urban Narrow Area2025-99-035812/17/2025
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Liu, Yao
Directional Drilling Planning and Mapping NomenclatureJ2583_202512 (Current)12/10/2025
This SAE Standard applies to planning and mapping various types of information associated with directional boring/drilling machines. This type of planning and mapping information is typically used with horizontal directional drilling (HDD) machines as defined by ISO 21467:2023.
MTC9, Trenching and Horizontal Earthboring Machines
Development of a Comprehensive Predictive QD Knock Simulation Model for Hydrogen, Methanol, and an Ammonia–Hydrogen Blend2025-01-052811/25/2025
To support the transition toward climate-neutral mobility and power generation, internal combustion engines (ICEs) must operate efficiently on renewable, carbon-neutral fuels. Hydrogen, methanol, and ammonia-hydrogen blends are promising candidates due to their favorable production pathways and combustion properties. However, their knock behavior differs significantly from conventional fuels, requiring dedicated simulation tools. This work presents a modeling framework based on quasi-dimensional (QD) engine simulation, including two separate knock prediction models. The first model predicts the knock boundary of a given operating point and combines an auto-ignition model with a knock criterion. The overall methodology was originally developed for gasoline and is here adapted to hydrogen, methanol, and ammonia-hydrogen blends. For this purpose, the relevant fuel properties were incorporated into the auto-ignition model, and a suitable knock criterion was identified that applies to all investigated fuels. The model was validated using experimental data from single-cylinder engine tests. In addition, two entirely new modeling approaches were developed to predict statistical knock values, specifically knock frequency and knock intensity. Each model was calibrated once per fuel and subsequently validated across a wide range of conditions. The results show that the adapted knock boundary model and the new statistical model accurately capture the knock behavior of hydrogen, methanol, and ammonia-hydrogen blends. The methodology enables predictive knock analysis using QD simulation and supports the development of robust, high-efficiency ICEs for future carbon-neutral applications.
Benzinger, Steffen, Yang, Qirui, Grill, Michael, Kulzer, Andre Casal, Plum, Lukas, Hermsen, Philipp, Günther, Marco, Pischinger, Stefan, Hurault, Florian, Foucher, Fabrice, Rousselle, Christine
Cybersecurity: Applying Threat Modeling to Sensor-Control Architectures in Autonomous Off-Highway Vehicles2025-28-031611/6/2025
The rapid evolution of autonomy in Off-Highway Vehicles (OHVs)—spanning agriculture, mining, and construction—demands robust cybersecurity strategies. Sensor-control systems, the cognitive core of autonomous OHVs, operate in harsh, connectivity-limited environments. This paper presents a structured approach to applying threat modeling to these architectures, ensuring secure-by-design systems that uphold safety, resilience, and operational integrity.
Kotal, Amit
Advanced Manufacturing Processes – Construction Equipment’s2025-28-024311/6/2025
With the global increase in demand for construction equipment, companies face immense pressure to produce more products in a competitive and sustainable way by utilizing advanced manufacturing technologies. Additionally, the need for data analytics and Industry 4.0 is increasing to take better decisions early in the development cycles and during the production phase. Advanced manufacturing processes & adopting Industry 4.0 is the only viable solution to address these challenges. However, the implementation of advanced manufacturing processes in heavy fabrication and construction equipment factories has been slow. A significant challenge is that the products being produced were originally designed for conventional manufacturing processes. When factories are becoming smart and connected through Industry 4.0 solutions, companies must reconsider many established assumptions about advanced manufacturing processes and their benefits. To maximize efficiency gains, improve safety standards, and enhance the reliability of automated manufacturing systems, engineers must adopt machine connectivity, advanced welding processes, sustainable welding, etc. This paper aims to investigate the requirements of the latest technologies in manufacturing and highlight the applications in construction equipment manufacturing. Key Projects 1. Weld Machine Connectivity (WMC) 2. High Deposition Welding (HDW) 3. High Frequency Mechanical Impact (HFMI)
Bhorge, Pankaj, Saseendran, Unnikrishnan, Rodge, Someshwar
Design for Welding Automation for Construction Equipment2025-28-024811/6/2025
Over the past 25 years, the heavy fabrication and construction equipment industry has experienced significant transformation. Driven by a global surge in demand for construction machinery, manufacturers are under increasing pressure to deliver higher volumes within shorter timelines and at competitive costs. This demand surge has been compounded by workforce-related challenges, including a declining interest among the new generation in acquiring traditional manufacturing skills such as welding, heat treatment, and painting. Furthermore, the industry faces difficulties in staffing third-shift operations, which are essential to meet production targets. The adoption of automation technologies in heavy fabrication and construction equipment manufacturing has been gradual and often hindered by legacy product designs that were optimized for conventional manufacturing methods. As the industry transitions toward smart, connected manufacturing environments under the industry 4.0 paradigm, it becomes imperative to re-evaluate existing design and production strategies. This paper aims to establish a framework for aligning product and process design with emerging automation capabilities and strategic business objectives. It advocates for a design-for-automation approach, wherein components are engineered to be compatible with robotic handling, automated guided vehicles (AGVs), conveyors, and other intelligent systems. By doing so, manufacturers can enhance operational efficiency, improve safety and reliability, and reduce time-to-market for new products.
Saseendran, Unnikrishnan, Bhorge, Pankaj
Electric Fan Arrangement and Cooling System Performance Predictions for Off Highway Vehicles2025-28-024111/6/2025
Traditionally, off-highway vehicles like tractors and construction machinery have relied on hydraulic, viscous, or fixed fans to meet the cooling demands of diesel engines. These fans draw power from the engine, impacting fuel consumption and contributing to noise levels that affect operator comfort. Recently, the adoption of electric fans in off-highway applications has increased due to their energy efficiency, lower noise, and flexible design. Electric fans can cool various components, such as radiators and condensers, and can be positioned for optimal performance. They are easily selected from established supplier catalogs based on application requirements like machine voltage, fan size, and type. This study explores various fan arrangements, including pusher and puller types, and multiple electrical fan banking based on cooler zones to improve cooling system performance without changing cooler size or specifications. A mathematical flow model was developed for both setups: the puller fan draws cold air through the cooler cores, while the pusher fan pushes air through them. This paper analyzes different use cases of these models to evaluate system airflow and distribution, considering additional mechanical requirements. The study also highlights the benefits of adjusting cooler placement and optimizing the spacing between fans to minimize interactions, which can significantly improve airflow and overall cooling performance without the need to modify the size or specifications of the coolers. By strategically positioning the coolers and fans, the system can achieve more efficient thermal management. Additionally, the paper includes in-depth discussions on model-based design and predictive analysis, providing valuable insights into how these approaches can inform and enhance the development of effective cooling solutions.
Durairaj, Renganathan, Dewangan, Nitin, Anand, Ketan, Bhujbale, Sagar
Significance of EMC Tests for Construction Equipment Vehicles2025-28-025611/6/2025
Requirement for Construction Equipment Vehicles (CEVs) in India is continuously growing due to India’s focus on infrastructure development. Technology in the automotive industry has evolved rapidly in recent times and it is also adding new dimensions to the compliance to Electromagnetic Interference, Susceptibility (EMI/EMC) and Safety. EMC and Safety requirements of CEVs are internationally governed by ISO 13766, Part 1 & Part 2. This paper discusses the significance of each aspect specified in these standards and its applicability. Due to nature of work carried out by construction equipment, there is absolutely no scope for compromise on safety for the same. Although Construction equipment standards are based on automotive standards, there are few additional tests which are part of ISO 13766, Part 1 and 2. This paper explains each aspect with practical case study. It also provides general EMC guidelines and precautions to be followed during design validation and product validation. It also provides information on basic “thumb-rules” related to component selection, placement, shielding, grounding, etc. Considering current CMVR requirement in India, AIS 160 (for ICE CEVs) & AIS 174 (for Electric Power Train CEVs) are already published and this paper can help OEMs to mitigate their EMC problems at early stage and to shorten their development cycle.
Yeola, Mayur, Nigade, Mahesh, Mulay, Abhijit B
Environmental Factors and Off-Highway Vehicle Safety Abstract2025-28-032211/6/2025
Off Highway vehicles recreation has rapidly expanded across the globe hence it is important to consider the safety of off-highway vehicles which is significantly influenced by various environmental factors, which can pose unique challenges and risks. it is important to make sure that the entire vehicle operates safely and reliably even in the toughest conditions. This paper investigates the impact of environmental conditions on the safety and performance of off-highway vehicles, such as construction equipment, agricultural machinery, and mining vehicles. By examining factors such as terrain, weather conditions, visibility, and natural obstacles, the study aims to identify key hazards and propose strategies to mitigate them. The paper explores how advanced technologies, including digital twins and predictive analytics, can be leveraged to enhance safety measures and improve vehicle resilience in diverse environmental settings. Through comprehensive case studies and empirical data, we demonstrate the critical role of environmental factors in shaping safety protocols and maintenance practices for off-highway vehicles. The findings underscore the importance of proactive safety management and the adoption of innovative technologies to ensure the reliable and safe operation of off-highway vehicles in challenging environments.
Mogal, Masthanvali, Chennamalla, Chandra Shekar
Design and Implementation of a Portable Setup for Operator’s Field of Vision Testing on Construction Equipment Vehicles in accordance with IS/ISO 5006:20172025-28-027011/6/2025
The Operator’s Field of Vision (FOV) test, conducted in accordance with IS/ISO 5006:2017, is a vital assessment to ensure the safety and operational comfort of personnel operating Construction Equipment Vehicles (CEVs) / Earth-Moving Machinery. IS/ ISO 5006:2017 defines rigorous guidelines for evaluating the operator’s visibility from the driver's seat, with particular emphasis on the Filament Position Centre Point (FPCP), determined from the Seat Index Point (SIP) coordinates. The test includes assessment of masking areas, focusing on the Visibility Test Circle (a 24-meter diameter ground-level circle around the machine), and on the Rectangular Boundary on which a vertical test object is placed at a height specific to the machine type and its operating mass. These parameters are designed to simulate real-world operating conditions. This paper introduces a portable testing setup developed specifically for conducting the Operator’s FOV test as per IS/ISO 5006:2017. The setup facilitates include accurate verification of X and Y coordinates of the SIP, Integration of a high-intensity light system to project and assess masking areas, and Quick & repeatable deployment in field conditions, enhancing usability across various types of CEVs and earth moving machinery. The portable design ensures adaptability, reduces overall testing time, and upholds the accuracy requirements stipulated by IS/ISO 5006:2017. This solution not only enables more efficient visibility assessments but also supports enhanced safety compliance for manufacturers and operators. It presents a cost-effective, field-deployable solution for ensuring visibility requirements in construction equipment vehicles / earth-moving equipment.
Ghodke, Dhananjay Sunil, Tambolkar, Sonali Ameya, Belavadi Venkataramaiah, Shamsundara
Assessing Excavator Quick Couplers: A Customer-Centric Study to Application Suitability2025-28-026811/6/2025
In the fast-paced world of construction, the demand for machine uptime is paramount. Various construction machines play crucial roles in applications such as digging, loading, landscaping, and demolition. One critical component that significantly enhances machine uptime for these operations is the quick coupler. This attachment facilitates rapid tool changes, enabling operators to switch between attachments seamlessly. It also boosts operator ease and reduces fatigue by eliminating frequent interaction between the operator and the attachments. Additionally, the ease of replacing attachments ensures that operators can easily use the correct attachment for specific tasks optimizing overall attachment usage. This paper aims to study the trade-off between breakout force and productivity when using quick couplers. This research assists customers in determining whether to utilize quick couplers based on their specific application requirements. The findings of this study are designed to help customers make informed decisions about whether to add quick couplers or not.
Bhosale, Dhanaji Haridas, PARAMESWARAN, SANKARAN, Narayanan, Arun
Decarbonizing Off-Highway Vehicles: Fuel Alternatives and Implementation Strategies2025-28-023011/6/2025
Off-Highway Vehicles (OHVs) — including mining trucks, construction machinery, and agricultural equipment — contribute significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and local air pollutants due to their dependence on fossil diesel. Achieving sustainable development goals in off-highway sectors requires transitioning toward alternate fuels that can reduce CO₂, NOₓ, and particulate matter (PM) emissions while maintaining performance and reliability. This paper comprehensively evaluates alternate fuels such as biodiesel, renewable diesel, compressed and liquefied natural gas (CNG/LNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), hydrogen, and alcohol-based blends. Using insights from Service Bulletins, fuel standards, and the Worldwide Fuel Charter, it discusses fuel properties, engine compatibility, operational challenges, sustainability impacts, economic feasibility, safety considerations, and regulatory aspects. Case studies of alternate fuel deployment in OHVs illustrate practical challenges and successes. Recommendations are made for fuel selection, system modifications, and future research to support sustainable operation of OHVs.
Mulla, Tosif, Thakur, Anil, Tripathi, Ashish
Study of Power Optimization Using Electrical Driven Fan in Off-Highway Diesel Engine Cooling System2025-28-042110/30/2025
Internal combustion (IC) engines experience several parasitic losses at the vehicle level, including those from cooling fans, hydraulic pumps, air compressors, and alternators. These losses limit the available output power for various applications. By replacing a conventional mechanical or hydraulic fan—typically driven by the engine crankshaft or hydraulic motor—with an electrically operated fan, engine frictional losses (fan drag) can be reduced, resulting in a gain in power. The fuel conserved due to the absence of fan drag contributes to usable power for applications. Mechanical fans operate at a fixed drive ratio that is directly proportional to engine speed, while hydraulic fans rely on a hydraulic motor, drawing power from the engine's alternator. In contrast, electric fans can run at constant speeds, independent of engine RPM, providing higher airflow at maximum torque speeds, which mechanical fans cannot achieve. The cooling performance of the engine remains uncompromised, as the electric fan can be strategically positioned in the optimal airflow zone through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. Unlike mechanical fans, which operate in a single direction, both hydraulic and electric fans can rotate clockwise or counterclockwise. Electric fans have the added advantage of functioning with reverse polarity in the electrical circuit. This capability allows them to act as blowers, helping to keep heat exchange cores clear of debris during dusty applications for the construction machines on the site, which can restrict airflow when using a conventional puller-type fan. The replacement of electric fans resulted in a significant power saving which resulted in lesser load on hydraulic oil cooler in the case of hydraulic fan.
Dewangan, Nitin, Kattula, Nitin, Kamal, Ankit
Research and Calculation Method of Road Maintenance Carbon Emission in Expressway Operation Period2025-99-006710/17/2025
In recent years, the greenhouse effect has become a major challenge for sustainable development, with carbon dioxide emissions playing a significant role. In 2022, China’s carbon dioxide emissions reached 12,667,430 tons [1], the highest globally, with the transportation sector contributing about 8% of this, and road transportation accounting for 90% of the sector’s emissions. To promote green development, the Chinese government emphasizes efficient resource use, energy conservation, and emissions reduction, aiming to build a strong transport system by 2035. Understanding carbon emissions in expressway construction is crucial for green development. Studies on highway carbon emissions focus on emissions from road construction and vehicle operation. For example, Chen et al. used a “bottom-up” method to account for emissions during construction, while Tu et al. created a vehicle carbon emission model during operation. With the expanding highway network, maintenance has become essential, but carbon emissions from highway maintenance are often overlooked. Lu et al. divided emissions into material production, transportation, and construction stages, calculating the total emissions from these factors. Yang Yuanyuan et al. divided emissions into six parts and proposed maintenance methods for different conditions. Zheng et al. used a life-cycle approach to assess maintenance carbon emissions and compared methods to identify the least carbon-intensive option. Zhang added congestion and detour emissions to the transportation stage. This paper divides highway construction emissions into four categories: construction machinery, material transportation, construction materials, and recycled materials. It calculates emissions for each stage separately, making the method applicable to all types of expressways. The results of these calculations will contribute to assessing carbon reduction measures in expressway projects.
You, Shuting, Xu, Ziheng, Gao, Yihan, Zhang, Zhishuo, Li, Zihao
Improving the Performance of Asphalt Paver Machine Based on the Experiment Analysis and Control of Excitation Forces02-19-02-00089/30/2025
The excitation forces of the tamper pairs in the vibrational screed system not only affect the road density but also affect the road surface quality. Thus, to enhance the performance of the asphalt paver machine, an experimental study of an asphalt paver machine is carried out to evaluate in detail the effect of the excitation frequencies of the tamper pairs and vibrator screed on the density and quality of the road surface. From the actual structure of the vibrational screed system of the asphalt paver machine used in the experiment, its mathematical model is then built to calculate the vibration equations. The fuzzy controller is then applied to control the deflection angles between the tamper pairs to enhance the working performance of the vibrational screed system. The study result shows that both the excitation frequencies of the tamper pairs (ftp ) and vibrator screed (fvs ) greatly affect the density and quality of the road surface. To increase the compression density of the road, the excitation of ftp from 15 to 17 Hz combined with the excitation of fvs should be applied. Conversely, the excitation of ftp from 5 to 11 Hz should be used while the excitation of fvs should be ignored to optimize the quality of the road surface. By controlling the deflection angles in the tamper pairs, the working efficiency of the asphalt paver machine is significantly improved under all different working conditions compared to that without the control.
Song, Fengxiang, Ren, Shage, Nguyen, Vanliem
Q&A25TOFHP08_138/1/2025
Volvo Construction Equipment made a big statement at Bauma 2025 by displaying an all-EV lineup and revealing a new electric articulated hauler to boot. The company has come a long way since the 2019 event when it unveiled its first two commercial electric machines, said Melker Jernberg, president of Volvo CE. “Today we are leaders in many different segments when it comes to electrification,” he said. Jernberg helped to drop the curtain on a claimed “world first” EV, the A30 electric hauler. Five “cubes” of 600V Liion batteries provide 270 kWh of usable energy (450 kWh installed) and a runtime of 4 to 4.5 hours. A 350-kW charger can charge the machine to between 20-80% in one hour. Delivery of A30 and A40 electric haulers will start in Europe in 2026 for selected customers, “then we'll ramp up for all other markets in 2027 and 2028,” he said. Jernberg answered questions about Volvo CE's electrification and product strategy during a Bauma press conference.
Gehm, Ryan
Schaeffler optimizes rolling bearings for hydraulic and axle drives25TOFHP08_068/1/2025
Rolling bearings with optimized friction and performance characteristics can have a significant influence on reducing the power loss, design envelope and weight of hydraulic motors and pumps, gearboxes and axles in construction machinery. If correctly designed, rolling bearings can make a significant contribution to reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Most construction machinery is still operated conventionally, using diesel engines and hydraulic components. In the widely used adjustable axial piston pumps and motors, the input and output shaft are usually supported by two tapered roller bearings that are adjusted against each other. When designing the bearing support, it is advisable to reduce the preload to precisely the required minimum allowed by the load spectrum. The lower bearing preload leads to permanently lower axial forces between the tapered roller end face and inner ring rib and, therefore, to a corresponding reduction in frictional torque.
Scharting, Stefan
Excavator Exterior Noise Contribution Analysis using Angle-Based Operational Acoustic Load Synthesis2025-01-00625/5/2025
Exterior noise (EN) regulations for earth-moving machines (EMMs) require original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to develop noise mitigation solutions early in the design process. Predicting the effectiveness of these solutions at this stage, however, is challenging. Excavators differ from other EMMs due to their rotating upper frame, which operates atop a fixed lower frame. Regulations such as ISO 6395 and EC/2000/14 mandate specific operating maneuvers, where noise sources dynamically change their position, directivity, and speed throughout the operating cycle. This complexity makes noise contribution analysis more difficult, as it must account for variations in angular position and operating conditions. While previous studies successfully applied Acoustic Source Quantification (ASQ) and contribution analysis to linearly moving EMMs, the angular motion of an excavator’s cab with respect to fixed target microphones introduces additional data processing challenges. This study addresses these challenges by employing frequency-domain ASQ for operational noise source quantification. The source strengths calculated in ASQ are treated as invariant due to its weak coupling with the surrounding air medium. The invariant nature of the source strengths allows its use in ‘what if” scenarios of machine topologies. Following ASQ, a frequency-domain virtual prototype sub structuring (VPA) approach was used for contribution analysis. The VPA method enables source swapping and “what-if” scenario simulations, allowing OEMs to evaluate potential noise mitigation strategies. To demonstrate the potential use of simulation approach for front loading of design effort for mitigation studies, an acoustic model of the excavator was developed. Source-to-target transfer functions were computed as a function of angular position of cab’s upper frame. These synthesized Acoustic-acoustic AA-FRFs (AA-FRF) were validated against test data. These validated transfer functions in conjunction with computed acoustic source strengths were then used to demonstrate noise contribution analyses and the practical applicability of the proposed methods. The study was conducted on a stationary excavator following an ISO 6395 required operating condition when the cab and boom follows a 90 degrees cyclic motion on one side of machine. The results highlight the practical potential of the proposed methods in advancing noise mitigation strategies early in the design process.
Vesikar, Prasad Balkrishna, Chaduvula, Prasanna, Aquino Arriaga, Adrian Antonio, Haynes, Timothy, Drabison II, John
Volumetric Rating of Excavator Mounted, Bucket Linkage Operated GrapplesJ2754_202504 (Current)4/28/2025
MTC1, Earthmoving Machinery
AUTONOMOUS QUARRY HAULAGE in high demand25TOFHP04_034/1/2025
Komatsu works with Pronto to upfit a growing fleet of haul trucks operating at Komatsu's Arizona Proving Grounds and customer sites. At Komatsu's Quarry Days 2025 event at its Arizona Proving Grounds (AZPG) outside of Tucson, dealers, customers and media got the opportunity to operate Komatsu mining and construction equipment, learn about its latest technology innovations and talk to product experts. A highlight of the event was the first public demonstration of Komatsu's HD605-10 haul truck outfitted with Pronto's Autonomous Haulage System (AHS), spotlighting the equipment maker's partnership with the AI tech startup to pilot autonomous quarry haulage operations. Several HD605-10 trucks have been equipped with AHS as part of this program currently being tested by quarry operators in Texas. The AZPG site currently has just the one automated truck.
Gehm, Ryan
Monitoring Compaction Of cement Stabilized Macadam Using Smart Aggregate Sensor2025-01-71513/19/2025
Monitoring changes in pavement material compaction degree and analyzing the interaction mechanism between particles are essential for improving compaction quality. In this paper, an on-site intelligent compaction test was carried out using intelligent sensor, the correlation between the in-situ test results and the intelligent compaction measurement value (ICMV) was written, and the influences of moisture content on the correlations were discussed. Further, the gyratory compaction tests were carried out using smart aggregate (SA) sensors to investigate the characteristics of the sensing results during the gyratory compaction of mixtures with different moisture contents, revealing the interaction mechanism between particles. Finally, the compaction characteristic indexes CEI, CDI and CSI were proposed using the SA sensing results, which were used to characterize the flow, compaction degree and stability characteristics of the mixtures, respectively. The conclusions of the study are of great significance for optimizing the compaction process and improving the compaction efficiency; meanwhile, it is helpful for revealing the interaction mechanism between particles under the compaction load.
Wang, Ning, Li, Qiang, Wang, Jiaqing
Crane Hoist Line Speed and Power test ProcedureJ820_202503 (Current)3/5/2025
This document applies primarily to mobile cranes that lift loads by means of a drum and hoist line mechanism. It can be used to determine the hoist line speed and power of other hoist line mechanisms if the load can be held constant and hoist line travel distance is sufficient for the accuracy of the line speed measurements prescribed. This recommended practice applies to all mechanical, hydraulic, and electric powered hoist mechanisms.
Cranes and Lifting Devices Committee
Drain, Fill, and Level Plugs for Off-Road, Self-Propelled Work MachinesJ371_202501 (Current)1/21/2025
This SAE Recommended Practice applies to off-road, self-propelled work machine categories of earthmoving, forestry, road building and maintenance, and specialized mining machinery as defined in SAE J1116.,
Machine Technical Steering Committee
TOC99-06-06-0TOC12/16/2024
TOC
Tobolski, Sue
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