Browse Topic: Construction vehicles and equipment

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Development of a Comprehensive Predictive QD Knock Simulation Model for Hydrogen, Methanol, and an Ammonia–Hydrogen Blend2025-01-0528To be published on 11/25/2025
This work presents a comprehensive predictive 0D simulation model for the knock behavior of hydrogen, methanol, and an ammonia-hydrogen blend. With the increasing focus on carbon neutrality, synthetic fuels are gaining attention as viable alternatives to fossil fuels. Their potential applications include land and marine transport, construction machinery, and automotive powertrains, sectors with high carbon dioxide emissions. As their development requires extensive experimental validation, simulations offer a cost- and time-efficient alternative. In particular, 0D simulations offer a good balance between predictive capability and computational effort, making them well suited for concept evaluations and parametric studies. In spark-ignition engines, knock is a major limitation to achieving high thermal efficiency, emphasizing the need for accurate and fuel-specific knock prediction methods. The objective of this work is to enable a predictive and versatile 0D knock modeling framework for
Benzinger, Steffen, Yang, Qirui, Grill, Michael, Kulzer, Andre Casal, Plum, Lukas, Hermsen, Philipp, Günther, Marco, Pischinger, Stefan, Hurault, Florian, Foucher, Fabrice, Rousselle, Christine
Cybersecurity: Applying Threat Modeling to Sensor-Control Architectures in Autonomous Off-Highway Vehicles2025-28-0316To be published on 11/06/2025
The increasing autonomy and connectivity of off-highway vehicles—such as tractors, harvesters, and construction equipment—introduce new cybersecurity challenges, particularly within the sensor-to-control data flow that governs real-time decision-making and actuation. These architectures comprise a mix of embedded sensors, electronic control units (ECUs), communication buses (e.g., CAN, Ethernet), and actuators, all of which are susceptible to cyber-physical threats that can compromise safety, performance, and reliability. This paper proposes a systematic application of threat modeling, using the STRIDE framework, to assess and mitigate risks in sensor-control systems specific to autonomous off-highway machinery. It provides a practical methodology for identifying trust boundaries, constructing Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs), and mapping threats such as spoofing of GNSS/GPS inputs, CAN message injection, sensor data tampering, and control logic manipulation. By contextualizing threat
Kotal, Amit
Advanced Manufacturing Processes – Construction Equipment’s2025-28-0243To be published on 11/06/2025
With the global increase in demand for construction equipment, companies face immense pressure to produce more products in a competitive & sustainable way by utilizing advanced manufacturing technologies. Additionally, the need for data analytics and Industry 4.0 is increasing to take better decision early in the development cycles and during the production phase. Advanced manufacturing processes & adopting Industry 4.0 is the only viable solution to address these challenges. However, the implementation of advanced manufacturing processes in heavy fabrication and construction equipment factories has been slow. A significant challenge is that the products being produced were originally designed for conventional manufacturing processes. When factories are becoming smart and connected through Industry 4.0 solutions, companies must reconsider many established assumptions about advanced manufacturing processes and its benefits. To maximize efficiency gains, improve safety standards, and
Bhorge, Pankaj, Saseendran, Unnikrishnan, Rodge, Someshwar
Off-Highway Vehicles for Sustainable Development and Empowerment: Innovation and Technology2025-28-0230To be published on 11/06/2025
The growing demand for sustainable solutions in the off-highway vehicle sector has driven innovation in alternative fuels, significantly contributing to environmental conservation and economic empowerment. Off-highway vehicles, including construction equipment, agricultural machinery, and mining trucks, are traditionally powered by diesel engines, which contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and environmental degradation. Transitioning to alternative fuels such as biodiesel, hydrogen, compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), and electrification presents a viable solution to reduce the carbon footprint and promote sustainable development. This paper explores the advancements in alternative fuel technologies and their impact on the off-highway vehicle industry. It highlights how biofuels and hydrogen fuel cells are reducing dependency on fossil fuels, while electrification and hybrid powertrains are enhancing efficiency and lowering emissions. The integration of these
Mulla, Tosif, Thakur, Anil, Tripathi, Ashish
Design for Welding automation for Construction equipment.2025-28-0248To be published on 11/06/2025
Over the past 25 years, the heavy fabrication and construction equipment industry has experienced significant development. With the global increase in demand for construction equipment, companies face immense pressure to produce more products in less time and at competitive prices. Additionally, new challenges have emerged as the younger workforce is reluctant to acquire essential skills such as heavy metal fabrication, heat treatment, welding, and painting. The increased demand has forced companies to operate in three shifts, but they struggle to find workers willing to work the third shift. Recruiting and retaining a workforce to meet the heightened demand has become a major challenge. Automation in manufacturing processes is the only viable solution to address these challenges. However, the implementation of automation projects in heavy fabrication and construction equipment factories has been slow. A significant challenge is that the products being produced were originally designed
Saseendran, Unnikrishnan, Bhorge, Pankaj
Electric fan arrangement and performance predictions of an off-highway cooling system2025-28-0241To be published on 11/06/2025
Traditionally, off-highway vehicles like tractors and construction machinery have been using either hydraulic or viscous or fixed fan to meet the cooling demands of the diesel engine. These fans draw power from the engine, affecting fuel consumption and contributing to noise levels that impact operator comfort. Recently, the use of electric fans in off-highway applications has increased due to their energy efficiency, lower noise, and flexible design. Electric fans can be used to cool various components, such as radiators and condensers, and can be positioned for optimal performance. They are easy to select from established supplier catalogs based on application requirements like machine voltage, fan size, and type. This study examines different fan arrangements in relation to coolers and the engine, using pusher and puller types, and multiple electrical fans based on cooler zones to enhance cooling system performance without altering cooler size or specifications. A mathematical flow
Durairaj, Renganathan, Dewangan, Nitin, Anand, Ketan, Bhujbale, Sagar
Assessing Excavator Quick Couplers: A Customer-Centric Study to Application Suitability2025-28-0268To be published on 11/06/2025
In the fast-paced world of construction, the demand for machine Uptime is paramount. Various construction machines play crucial roles in applications such as digging, loading, landscaping, and demolition. One critical component that significantly enhances machine uptime for these operations is the quick coupler. This innovative attachment facilitates rapid tool changes, enabling operators to switch between attachments seamlessly. It also boosts operator safety by eliminating frequent interaction between the operator and the attachments. Additionally, the ease of replacing attachments ensures that operators can easily use the correct attachment for specific tasks optimizing overall attachment usage. This paper aims to study the trade-off between breakout force and productivity when using quick couplers. This research assists customers in determining whether to utilize quick couplers based on their specific application requirements. The findings of this study are designed to help
Bhosale, Dhanaji Haridas, PARAMESWARAN, SANKARAN, Narayanan, Arun
Environmental Factors and Off-Highway Vehicle Safety2025-28-0322To be published on 11/06/2025
Off Highway vehicles recreation has rapidly expanded across the globe hence it is important to consider the safety of off-highway vehicles which is significantly influenced by various environmental factors, which can pose unique challenges and risks. it is important to make sure that the entire vehicle operates safely and reliably even in the toughest conditions. This paper investigates the impact of environmental conditions on the safety and performance of off-highway vehicles, such as construction equipment, agricultural machinery, and mining vehicles. By examining factors such as terrain, weather conditions, visibility, and natural obstacles, the study aims to identify key hazards and propose strategies to mitigate them. The paper explores how advanced technologies, including digital twins and predictive analytics, can be leveraged to enhance safety measures and improve vehicle resilience in diverse environmental settings. Through comprehensive case studies and empirical data, we
Mogal, Masthanvali, Chennamalla, Chandra Shekar
Design and Implementation of a Portable Setup for Operator’s Field of Vision Testing on Construction Equipment Vehicles in accordance with ISO 5006:20172025-28-0270To be published on 11/06/2025
The Operator’s Field of Vision (FOV) test, conducted in accordance with ISO 5006:2017 for construction equipment vehicles / Earth Moving Machinery, is a crucial assessment to ensure the safety and comfort of operators. ISO 5006:2017 outlines precise guidelines for measuring the visibility of operators, seated in construction Equipment Vehicles / Earth Moving Machinery, with a particular focus on the Filament Position Centre Point (FPCP), which is determined by the Seat Index Point (SIP) coordinates. The test also evaluates Masking in the specific areas, such as the Visibility Test Circle (at ground level on a 24 m diameter around the machine) and on the Rectangular Boundary (at a specific height based on machine type and its operating mass), effectively simulating real-world conditions. This paper presents a portable setup developed for conducting the Operator’s FOV test, which not only verifies the X and Y coordinates of the seat index point (SIP) but also includes a high-intensity
Ghodke, Dhananjay Sunil, Tambolkar, Sonali Ameya, Belavadi Venkataramaiah, Shamsundara
Significance of EMC tests for Construction Equipment Vehicles2025-28-0256To be published on 11/06/2025
Requirement for Construction Equipment Vehicles (CEVs) in India is continuously growing as India being fastest growing country in the world in terms of Infrastructure. The technology in the automotive industry is evolving rapidly in recent times. Thus, with the development of new technologies, the challenges are also ever-increasing from an Electromagnetic Interference, Susceptibility (EMI/EMC) and Safety perspective. EMC and Safety requirements of CEVs are internationally governed by ISO 13766-1, 2. This paper provides importance of each test specified in standard. EMC and Safety are perspective come hand in hand and hence it is important to understand significance of each test. All CEVs work with heavy weights and lot of personals were working around it. Any malfunction of electrical and electronics system will lead to an accident. There are some additional tests included in ISO 13766-1,2 but those are not applicable to automotive vehicle. This paper will include it's know how with
Yeola, Mayur, Nigade, Mahesh, Mulay, Abhijit B
Study of Power Optimization Using Electrical Driven Fan in Off-Highway Diesel Engine Cooling System2025-28-042110/30/2025
Internal combustion (IC) engines experience several parasitic losses at the vehicle level, including those from cooling fans, hydraulic pumps, air compressors, and alternators. These losses limit the available output power for various applications. By replacing a conventional mechanical or hydraulic fan—typically driven by the engine crankshaft or hydraulic motor—with an electrically operated fan, engine frictional losses (fan drag) can be reduced, resulting in a gain in power. The fuel conserved due to the absence of fan drag contributes to usable power for applications. Mechanical fans operate at a fixed drive ratio that is directly proportional to engine speed, while hydraulic fans rely on a hydraulic motor, drawing power from the engine's alternator. In contrast, electric fans can run at constant speeds, independent of engine RPM, providing higher airflow at maximum torque speeds, which mechanical fans cannot achieve. The cooling performance of the engine remains uncompromised, as
Dewangan, Nitin, Kattula, Nitin, Kamal, Ankit
Research and Calculation Method of Road Maintenance Carbon Emission in Expressway Operation Period2025-99-006710/17/2025
In recent years, the greenhouse effect has become a major challenge for sustainable development, with carbon dioxide emissions playing a significant role. In 2022, China’s carbon dioxide emissions reached 12,667,430 tons [1], the highest globally, with the transportation sector contributing about 8% of this, and road transportation accounting for 90% of the sector’s emissions. To promote green development, the Chinese government emphasizes efficient resource use, energy conservation, and emissions reduction, aiming to build a strong transport system by 2035. Understanding carbon emissions in expressway construction is crucial for green development. Studies on highway carbon emissions focus on emissions from road construction and vehicle operation. For example, Chen et al. used a “bottom-up” method to account for emissions during construction, while Tu et al. created a vehicle carbon emission model during operation. With the expanding highway network, maintenance has become essential
You, Shuting, Xu, Ziheng, Gao, Yihan, Zhang, Zhishuo, Li, Zihao
Improving the Performance of Asphalt Paver Machine Based on the Experiment Analysis and Control of Excitation Forces02-19-02-000809/30/2025
The excitation forces of the tamper pairs in the vibrational screed system not only affect the road density but also affect the road surface quality. Thus, to enhance the performance of the asphalt paver machine, an experimental study of an asphalt paver machine is carried out to evaluate in detail the effect of the excitation frequencies of the tamper pairs and vibrator screed on the density and quality of the road surface. From the actual structure of the vibrational screed system of the asphalt paver machine used in the experiment, its mathematical model is then built to calculate the vibration equations. The fuzzy controller is then applied to control the deflection angles between the tamper pairs to enhance the working performance of the vibrational screed system. The study result shows that both the excitation frequencies of the tamper pairs (ftp ) and vibrator screed (fvs ) greatly affect the density and quality of the road surface. To increase the compression density of the
Song, Fengxiang, Ren, Shage, Nguyen, Vanliem
Schaeffler optimizes rolling bearings for hydraulic and axle drives25TOFHP08_0608/01/2025
Rolling bearings with optimized friction and performance characteristics can have a significant influence on reducing the power loss, design envelope and weight of hydraulic motors and pumps, gearboxes and axles in construction machinery. If correctly designed, rolling bearings can make a significant contribution to reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Most construction machinery is still operated conventionally, using diesel engines and hydraulic components. In the widely used adjustable axial piston pumps and motors, the input and output shaft are usually supported by two tapered roller bearings that are adjusted against each other. When designing the bearing support, it is advisable to reduce the preload to precisely the required minimum allowed by the load spectrum. The lower bearing preload leads to permanently lower axial forces between the tapered roller end face and inner ring rib and, therefore, to a corresponding reduction in frictional torque.
Scharting, Stefan
Q&A25TOFHP08_1308/01/2025
Volvo Construction Equipment made a big statement at Bauma 2025 by displaying an all-EV lineup and revealing a new electric articulated hauler to boot. The company has come a long way since the 2019 event when it unveiled its first two commercial electric machines, said Melker Jernberg, president of Volvo CE. “Today we are leaders in many different segments when it comes to electrification,” he said. Jernberg helped to drop the curtain on a claimed “world first” EV, the A30 electric hauler. Five “cubes” of 600V Liion batteries provide 270 kWh of usable energy (450 kWh installed) and a runtime of 4 to 4.5 hours. A 350-kW charger can charge the machine to between 20-80% in one hour. Delivery of A30 and A40 electric haulers will start in Europe in 2026 for selected customers, “then we'll ramp up for all other markets in 2027 and 2028,” he said. Jernberg answered questions about Volvo CE's electrification and product strategy during a Bauma press conference.
Gehm, Ryan
Excavator Exterior Noise Contribution Analysis using Angle-Based Operational Acoustic Load Synthesis2025-01-006205/05/2025
Exterior noise (EN) regulations for earth-moving machines (EMMs) require original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to develop noise mitigation solutions early in the design process. Predicting the effectiveness of these solutions at this stage, however, is challenging. Excavators differ from other EMMs due to their rotating upper frame, which operates atop a fixed lower frame. Regulations such as ISO 6395 and EC/2000/14 mandate specific operating maneuvers, where noise sources dynamically change their position, directivity, and speed throughout the operating cycle. This complexity makes noise contribution analysis more difficult, as it must account for variations in angular position and operating conditions. While previous studies successfully applied Acoustic Source Quantification (ASQ) and contribution analysis to linearly moving EMMs, the angular motion of an excavator’s cab with respect to fixed target microphones introduces additional data processing challenges. This study addresses
Vesikar, Prasad Balkrishna, Chaduvula, Prasanna, Aquino Arriaga, Adrian Antonio, Haynes, Timothy, Drabison II, John
Volumetric Rating of Excavator Mounted, Bucket Linkage Operated GrapplesJ2754_202504 (Current)04/28/2025
MTC1, Earthmoving Machinery
AUTONOMOUS QUARRY HAULAGE in high demand25TOFHP04_0304/01/2025
Komatsu works with Pronto to upfit a growing fleet of haul trucks operating at Komatsu's Arizona Proving Grounds and customer sites. At Komatsu's Quarry Days 2025 event at its Arizona Proving Grounds (AZPG) outside of Tucson, dealers, customers and media got the opportunity to operate Komatsu mining and construction equipment, learn about its latest technology innovations and talk to product experts. A highlight of the event was the first public demonstration of Komatsu's HD605-10 haul truck outfitted with Pronto's Autonomous Haulage System (AHS), spotlighting the equipment maker's partnership with the AI tech startup to pilot autonomous quarry haulage operations. Several HD605-10 trucks have been equipped with AHS as part of this program currently being tested by quarry operators in Texas. The AZPG site currently has just the one automated truck.
Gehm, Ryan
Monitoring Compaction Of cement Stabilized Macadam Using Smart Aggregate Sensor2025-01-715103/19/2025
Monitoring changes in pavement material compaction degree and analyzing the interaction mechanism between particles are essential for improving compaction quality. In this paper, an on-site intelligent compaction test was carried out using intelligent sensor, the correlation between the in-situ test results and the intelligent compaction measurement value (ICMV) was written, and the influences of moisture content on the correlations were discussed. Further, the gyratory compaction tests were carried out using smart aggregate (SA) sensors to investigate the characteristics of the sensing results during the gyratory compaction of mixtures with different moisture contents, revealing the interaction mechanism between particles. Finally, the compaction characteristic indexes CEI, CDI and CSI were proposed using the SA sensing results, which were used to characterize the flow, compaction degree and stability characteristics of the mixtures, respectively. The conclusions of the study are of
Wang, Ning, Li, Qiang, Wang, Jiaqing
Crane Hoist Line Speed and Power test ProcedureJ820_202503 (Current)03/05/2025
This document applies primarily to mobile cranes that lift loads by means of a drum and hoist line mechanism. It can be used to determine the hoist line speed and power of other hoist line mechanisms if the load can be held constant and hoist line travel distance is sufficient for the accuracy of the line speed measurements prescribed. This recommended practice applies to all mechanical, hydraulic, and electric powered hoist mechanisms.
Cranes and Lifting Devices Committee
Drain, Fill, and Level Plugs for Off-Road, Self-Propelled Work MachinesJ371_202501 (Current)01/21/2025
This SAE Recommended Practice applies to off-road, self-propelled work machine categories of earthmoving, forestry, road building and maintenance, and specialized mining machinery as defined in SAE J1116.,
Machine Technical Steering Committee
TOC99-06-06-0TOC12/16/2024
TOC
Tobolski, Sue
Product Safety Signs for Ready Mixed Concrete TrucksJ3024_202412 (Current)12/12/2024
This document presents a catalog of safety sign text and artwork that can be used by any ready mixed concrete truck manufacturer to warn of common hazards.
Ready-Mix Concrete Truck Safety Committee
Validation of under Hood Thermal CFD Simulation for After-Treatment System with Off-Highway Application Test Data2024-28-017412/05/2024
Over the past few years, drastic steps have been taken to regularize emission norms for various segments in India. One of the major reforms done was separating construction equipment and agricultural vehicles to differentiate and define regulations effectively. Transition Emission Measure TREM IV emission norms have been implemented in India, and TREM V will also be launched soon. These changes to emission norms have increased the need for the implementation of after-treatment systems (ATS) in off-highway vehicle applications. Earlier, these systems were widely used for on highway vehicles. These emission norms target hydrocarbons, particulate matter, nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide. Due to which, the demand for diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC) and diesel particulate filters (DPF) has increased in construction equipment and agricultural vehicles. Although ATS has been in use for a long time, there are certain challenges associated with its integration into vehicles. As the space
Sharma, Sachin, Joshi, Kailash
Optimizing the Capacity of Dozer Blade with Hydraulic Foldable Wings to Enhance Productivity2024-28-026812/05/2024
Crawler Dozers play a critical role in global construction, mining and industrial sectors, performing essential tasks like pushing the material, grading, leveling and scraping. In the highly competitive dozer market, meeting the growing demand for increased productivity requires strategies to enhance blade capacity and width. Dozer operations involve pushing the material and dozing, where blade capacity significantly influences performance. Factors such as mold board profile, blade height, and width impact the blade capacity which are crucial for productivity in light weight applications such as snow removal and dirt pushing. Blade width is also pivotal for grading and leveling tasks. Traditional blade designs, like straight or fixed U-type blades, constrain operator flexibility, limiting overall productivity. The integration of hydraulic-operated foldable wings on both sides of the blade offers the adaptability to adjust blade capacity which also helps to reduce material spillage
Sahoo, Jyoti Prakash, Sarma, Neelam Kumar
ASV rolls out a pair of new compact track loaders24TOFHP10_1110/01/2024
ASV has introduced a pair of compact track loaders, the VT-75 and RT-65. Both models feature a Yanmar Tier 4 Final rated diesel engine. The VT-75 is equipped with a 74.3-hp (55.4-kW) engine, while the RT-65 is fitted with a 67.1-hp (50-kW) unit. “The VT-75 truly allows our ASV customers to do more,” said Peter Ovrebo, product management director at Yanmar North America. “It fits right into the heart of the construction market where operators can make the best use of it.” Ovrebo also stated the RT-65 is “redesigned from top to bottom, making it an entirely new model that promises to allow operators an easier and more productive time on the jobsite in virtually every way.”
Wolfe, Matt
Case launches ‘industry first’ electric backhoe loader24TOFHP10_0910/01/2024
Case Construction Equipment launched its first electric vehicle (EV) products last year - the CX15EV mini excavator and the SL22EV small articulated loader - and the company has more in store for 2024, starting with the commercial release of the industry's first purpose-built electric backhoe loader. After years of design and development, the new 580EV retains the dimensional loading and digging specifications and delivers the same breakout forces as the four-wheel-drive, 97-hp (72-kW) 580SN diesel model. Case first debuted its Project Zeus electric backhoe concept at CONEXPO in 2020 (www.sae.org/news/2020/03/conexpo---case-580-ev-backhoe), but the production 580EV is a vastly different machine than what was on display in Las Vegas.
Gehm, Ryan
HD Hyundai introduces new dozer and a bevy of excavators24TOFHP10_1010/01/2024
HD Hyundai recently announced several new additions to its portfolio of off-highway machines. The expansion includes the HD100 dozer, the HX355A excavator, and a quartet of new models for its HX-A series of compact excavators. The HD100 is Hyundai's first new crawler dozer model. “The new HD100 dozer will be a great addition to the equipment fleets of earthmoving contractors, forestry, waste handlers and other customers who already enjoy the benefits of using Hyundai wheel loaders and excavators,” said Mike Ross, senior VP, HD Hyundai Construction Equipment North America.
Wolfe, Matt
Numerical Analysis and Design Optimization of Cooling System for Construction Vehicles2024-28-011609/19/2024
A well-designed cooling system is crucial in construction machines for efficient heat dissipation from vital components, including the Radiator(RAD), Oil Cooler (OC) and Intercooler (IC). The radiator ensures optimal engine performance and longevity by maintaining a stable operating temperature. Oil Coolers preserve hydraulic system efficiency. Inter Coolers optimize engine performance through denser intake air. The robust cooling system enhances system reliability, reduces downtime, avoid overdesigned system, and increases operator safety in demanding construction environments. The size and location of heat exchangers are critical in cooling system design. Using 1D simulation tool KULI for cooling system design offers the benefits of comprehensive system simulation, optimization of thermal management, reduced development time and costs, enhanced system reliability, improved integration with other systems, and real-world testing and validation. The tool enables time and cost-effective
Dewangan, Nitin, Kattula, Nitin, Goklani, Mohit
Evaluation and Prediction of Vibration Comfort in Engineering Machinery Cabs Using Random Forest with Genetic Algorithm10-08-04-002709/11/2024
Vibration comfort is a critical factor in assessing the overall performance of engineering machinery, with significant implications for operator health and safety. However, current evaluation methods lack specificity for construction machinery, impeding accurate prediction of vibration comfort and hindering the optimization of noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) performance. To address this challenge, this article proposes a model that combines a random forest with a genetic algorithm (GA-RF) to enable rapid and accurate prediction of vibration comfort in construction machinery cabins. The approach begins with an improved objective evaluation methodology for extracting key features from vibration signals at five measurement points: seat, floor, back, and left and right armrests. Additionally, subjective evaluation technology, combining semantic differential and rating scales, is employed to capture operators’ personal comfort perceptions. The implementation of the GA-RF model
Zhao, Jian, Yin, Yingqi, Chen, Jiangfei, Zhao, Weidong, Ding, Weiping, Huang, Haibo
Braking Performance - Asphalt PaversJ2118_202408 (Current)08/12/2024
This SAE Standard specifies brake system performance and test criteria to enable uniform evaluation of the braking capability of self-propelled, rubber-tired and tracked asphalt pavers. Service, secondary, and parking brakes are included.
OPTC2, Braking
Wiring Distribution Systems for Off-Road, Self-Propelled Work MachinesJ1614_202407 (Current)07/19/2024
This SAE Standard specifies requirements and design guidelines for electrical wiring systems of less than 50 V and cable diameters from 0.35 to 19 mm2 used on off-road, self-propelled earthmoving machines as defined in SAE J1116 and agricultural tractors as defined in ASAE S390.
CTTC C2, Electrical Components and Systems
Rating Lift Cranes on Fixed Platforms Operating in the Ocean EnvironmentJ1238_202407 (Current)07/15/2024
The scope of this SAE Recommended Practice is limited to cranes mounted on a fixed platform lifting loads from a vessel alongside. The size of the vessel is assumed not to exceed that of a work boat as defined in 3.14.
Cranes and Lifting Devices Committee
Rating Lift Cranes Operating on Platforms in the Ocean EnvironmentJ1366_202407 (Current)07/15/2024
The scope of this SAE Information Report is limited to a lift crane mounted on a fixed or floating platform, lifting loads from a vessel alongside. The size of the vessel is assumed not to exceed that of a workboat as defined in 3.15.
Cranes and Lifting Devices Committee
Potential of Serial Hybrid Powertrain Concepts towards Decarbonizing the Off-Highway Machinery2024-37-001806/12/2024
Today’s engines used in Agriculture, Mining and Construction are designed for robustness and cost. Here, the Diesel powertrain is the established mainstream solution, offering long operation times without refueling at any desired power rating. In view of the steps towards Carbon Neutrality by 2050, this segment of the Transportation Sector needs to reduce its CO2 emissions. Currently, the EU and US emissions legislations (EU Stage V / EPA Tier4) do not include a CO2 reduction scheme, but this is expected to change with the next update towards EU Stage VI / EPA Tier5 coming into effect 2030 and after. Applications demanding high power or long operational range still require the use of renewable, liquid fuels or hydrogen. The cost-up of such fuels could be counterbalanced by more efficient engines in combination with a hybridized powertrain. The current paper therefore introduces a serial HEV solution for a large wheel loader application of 12t tipping load, which is an example of a
Weber, Jost, Schatorje, Jesper, Frekers, Yona, Herrmann, Olaf, Gries, Rafael
An Investigation in the Control Effectiveness of the Driving Wheel Slip Prevention System of a Diesel Engine Dump Truck10-08-03-001705/27/2024
This article proposes the structure and algorithm to design a PID controller for the driving wheel slip prevention system (DWSPs) of a dump truck using a diesel engine, which is equipped just only with a traditional high-pressure pump (HPP) under low-adhesion coefficient conditions. First, a longitudinal dynamic model, and a dynamic model of the wheel and powertrain of a dump truck are, respectively, established, and an experiment in the torque determination of a diesel engine is set up to investigate longitudinal vehicle dynamics as well. Then, a control system structure of the DWSPs for a dump truck using a diesel engine with a high-pressure inline fuel pump is proposed. Finally, based on performance analysis of other types of controllers, a PID controller is selected to control actual load level of a diesel engine. The criteria representing the vehicle’s acceleration such as the vehicle speed, vehicle acceleration, total slip time, and time to reach vehicle speed are selected to
Van Thoan, Tran, Vu, Le Anh, Van Nguyen, Khong, Hai, Ho Huu, Phuc, Dam Hoang, Khanh, Duong Ngoc, Quynh, Le Van
Analysis of Loads Applied to Wheels of Heavy Vehicles and Study on Loosening of Hub Bolts and Nuts2024-01-225104/09/2024
Heavy vehicles such as construction machinery generally require a large traction force. For this reason, axle components are equipped with a final reduction gear to provide a structure that can generate a large traction force. Basic analysis of vertical load, horizontal load (traction force), centrifugal force, and torsional torque applied to the wheels of heavy vehicles such as construction machinery and industrial vehicles, as well as actual working load analysis during actual operations, were conducted and compiled into a load analysis diagram. The loosening tendency of wheel bolts and nuts that fasten the wheel under actual working load was measured, and the loosening analysis method was presented. The causes of wheel fall-off accidents in heavy trucks, which have recently become a problem, were examined. Wheel bolts are generally tightened by the calibrated wrench method using a torque wrench. The method is susceptible to variations in friction coefficient and tightening torque
Hareyama, Soichi, Manabe, Ken-ichi, Kobayashi, Satoshi
Wheels/Rims - Performance Requirements and Test Procedures Agriculture and Light ConstructionJ3229_202402 (Current)02/23/2024
This SAE Recommended Practice provides the minimum performance requirements and uniform laboratory procedures for fatigue testing of ferrous wheels and demountable rims intended primarily for off road use on agricultural machines (e.g., agricultural tractors, harvesters, trailers, and implements) and light construction machines (e.g., wheel loaders, backhoe loaders, dumpers, mobile excavators, and telehandlers). For other wheels intended for normal highway use and temporary use on passenger cars, light trucks, and multipurpose vehicles, refer to SAE J328. For wheels used on trailers drawn by passenger cars, light trucks, or multipurpose vehicles, refer to SAE J1204. For wheels intended for normal highway use on trucks, buses, truck-trailers, and multipurpose vehicles, refer to SAE J267. For bolt together military wheels, refer to SAE J1992. This document does not cover other special application wheels and rims.
MTC8, Tire and Rim
Structural Development and Improvement of SCR Assembly Design for Exhaust after Treatment System of a Construction Equipment off Highway Vehicle2024-26-009101/16/2024
Construction equipment off highway vehicles are heavy industry vehicles that run on diesel engines. To meet the emission norms, these engines have the Exhaust After Treatment System (EATS) which includes two primary subassemblies, i.e., a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) subassembly to reduce the HC and CO emissions and a Selective catalytic Reduction (SCR) subassembly to reduce NOx emissions. Because of the excessive vibrations in the engine and continuous heavy-duty usage of the Construction equipment, any failures in the EATS system leading to escape of exhaust gas is a statuary non-compliance. Hence, understanding the effect of engine vibrations and proposing a cost-effective solution is paramount in designing the EATS system including the SCR assembly. A field-testing failure of an SCR assembly has been taken in consideration for this study. Several use-cases were simulated for the baseline design using real world acceleration data and Frequency Response Function (FRF) Analysis was
Rahman, Shahzer, Chakraborty, Abhirup, Perumal, Solairaj, Redkar, Dinesh, Usulamarthi, Ramwarun, Singh, Rajendra
Regulatory Framework of Construction Equipment Vehicles in India2024-26-008901/16/2024
The Construction & Mining field is continuously upgrading, reshaping under the stimulus of technical enhancement. India is considered one of fastest growing country in the word. Requirement for Construction Equipment Vehicles in India is continuously growing due increased rate infrastructure development. To promote development of the Construction Equipment Vehicles (CEV’s) manufacturing sector it was also necessary to build a new governance architecture. Every vehicle plying on road has to comply with Central Motor Vehicle Regulatory requirements as per CMVR act 1989. Earlier 2021 CEV’s were required to go through performance trials like brake, steering effort, turning circle measurement, speedometer calibration as dynamic tests as per regulations. It was need of the time to come with stringent norms or for better safety of operators & take CEV compatible international regulation. this paper puts forward the basic principles & safety requirements improved for CEV’s over the time
Babar, Sagar, Akbar Badusha, A
Teleo debuts autonomous materials hauling on active jobsites23TOFHP12_0712/01/2023
Teleo announced that Florida-based Tomahawk Construction will become the first customer to deploy its autonomous capabilities on an active jobsite. Starting in December, Tomahawk Construction's articulated dump trucks will use autonomous functions to move material to build a residential community in Naples, Florida. Teleo also announced deals with eight new construction customers, including Ajax Paving Industries in Florida. The new customers have placed orders for 42 machines to be retrofitted with Teleo's autonomous and remote-operated technology. In addition, the tech company expanded its global dealer partner network to include Ozark Laser, Murphy Tractor and Position Partners. The expanded network covers an additional seven states across the U.S. Midwest and in Australia.
Gehm, Ryan
‘Electronification’ of working hydraulics in compact machines23TOFHP12_0512/01/2023
Compact off-highway machines should be as maneuverable, versatile and energy-efficient as possible. Key to achieving these goals is the electronification of the working hydraulics. New mini excavators, wheel loaders and track loaders from the Eurocomach brand, which is part of the Italian Sampierana Group, demonstrates the improvements that can be gained by utilizing electrohydraulic pump control and software. Sampierana first launched the electronification of its working hydraulics on its six-ton mini excavators. “Our compact construction machines are used for a wide variety of jobs,” said Giuseppe Fabbri, technical manager at Sampierana. “Loading, excavating or digging should be very accurate or quick and productive to perform, as needed, and also support a wide range of tools - from shovels to hammers or mowers.”
Malimpensa, Mattia
Optimization of Energy Management Strategy for Multi-Mode Hybrid Transmission Based on Condition Prediction2023-01-703210/30/2023
Since there are no typical working conditions in the field of engineering vehicles, this paper implements the construction of driving conditions based on Markov stochastic model and energy management strategy of a multi-mode hybrid mine dump truck based on dynamic programming algorithm under this background. Firstly, on the basis of existing vehicle driving data, we calculate the velocity transfer probability matrix with the Markov stochastic model, and then construct the vehicle driving condition after predicting the velocity. The constructed working conditions are applied to the energy management strategy of dynamic programming algorithm to calculate the energy consumption of the hybrid mining truck. It is proved that this construction method can be applied to the hybrid electric mine dump truck, and the DP based energy management strategy has lower energy consumption.
Jiang, Y.T., Zhao, Xinxin, Zhang, J.G.
SAE Truck & Off-Highway Engineering: October 202323TOFHP1010/12/2023
Fuel cells ready for commercial deployment GM Hydrotec boss says hydrogen fuel cells now are a viable zero-emissions choice for work trucks, other transportation modes. Battery chemistries for construction EVs NMC and LFP lithium-ion batteries find favor in different regions as OEMs move to electrify larger excavators and loaders. Betting big on LFP battery cells for electric CVs Accelera by Cummins, Daimler Truck and Paccar collaborate to establish a 21-GWh dedicated factory in the U.S. with technology partner EVE Energy. Editorial Smart engineering for sustainability Perkins expands power generation powertrain lineup Yanmar develops H2 fuel cell system for marine use Altair honors innovations in lightweighting and sustainability Digital transformation of the construction jobsite Liebherr deploys autonomous mining truck fleet GM Defense adapts Hummer EV for military concept vehicle SPOTLIGHTS: Power Generation/Gensets; Connectors Q&A Volvo's ambitious goal: 50% zero-emission trucks by
Excavator and Backhoe Hand SignalsJ1307_202310 (Current)10/05/2023
This SAE Recommended Practice applies to excavators and backhoe loaders, as defined in ISO 6165.
MTC1, Earthmoving Machinery
PRODUCT BRIEFS23TOFHP10_1110/01/2023
Battery chemistries for CONSTRUCTION EVs23TOFHP10_0210/01/2023
NMC and LFP lithium-ion batteries find favor in different regions as OEMs move to electrify larger excavators and loaders. The success of electric vehicles in the construction industry will largely be determined by battery prices being low enough that the total cost of ownership is cheaper than diesel alternatives. IDTechEx's new report, “Electric Vehicles in Construction 2023-2043,” shows that there is a battery price tipping point, under which it will be cheaper over the vehicle lifetime to operate an EV. Selecting the right chemistry will be imperative for getting a low enough vehicle price. So why is a clear dichotomy seen between the batteries being deployed in China compared to Europe? Electric vehicles in construction are an emerging market. IDTechEx has built a database of more than 100 example makes and models across seven different construction-vehicle categories: mini excavators, excavators (>6 tonne), compact loaders, backhoe loaders, wheel loaders, telehandlers and mobile
Jeffs, James
Holistic Process-Oriented Approach to Test Bench Control for Mobile Machines2023-24-017708/28/2023
The requirements for modern drivetrains are increasing across all industries. Even mobile working machines such as agricultural and construction machinery are subject to increasingly higher demands in terms of efficiency and CO2 emissions. To verify these requirements and drive further development, it is necessary for testing processes to comprehensively evaluate the machine and its operational processes. For this purpose, the MOBiL testing approach was developed at the Institute of Mobile Machines. This approach incorporates parallel drivetrains, information flow and the environment of the driving and working task. To implement this approach in a complete vehicle testbench, a framework was developed that enables fully individual driving and working tasks of a mobile working machine to be replicated on a test bench. The basis for this framework is the Robot Operating System (ROS), which runs various nodes. Individual nodes control the different testing subsystem, such as the 4-WD
Herr, Stefan, Becker, Simon
Evaluating the Isolation Performance of Three Seat Suspension Models of Off-Road Vehicles10-07-04-002907/26/2023
Three suspension structures including the parallel vertical suspension (PVS), the horizontal parallel suspension (HPS), and the negative stiffness element added into suspension (NSES) of the driver’s seat are proposed to improve the driver’s ride comfort of off-road vehicles. Based on the dynamic models of the PVS, HPS, and NSES established and simulated under the same random excitations of the cab floor, the effect of the design parameters of the proposed models is analyzed, and the design parameters are then optimized to evaluate their isolation performance. The indexes of the root-mean-square (r.m.s) accelerations of the vertical seat direction, pitching seat angle, and rolling seat angle are used as the objective functions. The study results indicate that the dynamic parameters of the PVS, HPS, and NSES greatly affect the driver’s ride comfort while their geometrical dimensions insignificantly affect the driver’s ride comfort. With the dynamic parameters of the PVS, HPS, and NSES
Ye, Tianfeng, Li, Hongwei, Lu, Wei, Nguyen, Vanliem, Mei, Yundong
Requirements for Composite Lighting Assemblies Used on Construction and Industrial MachineryJ2121_202307 (Current)07/12/2023
This SAE Standard provides general design performance requirements and related test procedures for composite lighting unit assemblies, other than signaling and marking devices, used on earthmoving and road building and maintenance off-road work machines as defined in SAE J1116.
OPTC3, Lighting and Sound Committee
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