Browse Topic: Electronic equipment
SAE J1979-2 describes the communication between the vehicle’s OBD systems and test equipment required by OBD regulations. OBD regulations require passenger cars and light-, medium-, and heavy-duty trucks to support a minimum set of diagnostic information to external (off-board) “generic” test equipment. To achieve this, SAE J1979-2 is based on the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Basic Reference Model in accordance with ISO/IEC 7498-1 and ISO/IEC 10731, which structures communication systems into seven layers. When mapped on this model, the services specified are broken into: Diagnostic services (layer 7), specified in: ISO 14229-1 SAE J1979-2 OBDonUDS Presentation layer (layer 6), specified in: SAE J1930, SAE J1930DA SAE J1979DA SAE J2012, SAE J2012DA SAE J1939DA, SAE J1939-73 Session layer services (layer 5), specified in: ISO 14229-2 Transport layer services (layer 4), specified in: DoCAN: ISO 15765-2 Transport protocol and network layer services ISO 15765-4 Requirements for
This document applies to the development of Plans for integrating and managing COTS assemblies in electronic equipment and Systems for the commercial, military, and space markets, as well as other ADHP markets that wish to use this document. For purposes of this document, COTS assemblies are viewed as electronic assemblies such as printed wiring assemblies, disk drives, servers, printers, laptop computers, etc. There are many ways to categorize COTS assemblies1, including the following spectrum: At one end of the spectrum are COTS assemblies whose design, internal parts2, materials, configuration control, traceability, reliability, and qualification methods are at least partially controlled, or influenced, by ADHP customers (either individually or collectively) or by industry standards. An example at this end of the spectrum is a VME circuit card assembly. At the other end of the spectrum are COTS assemblies whose design, internal parts, materials, configuration control, and
The automotive industry is evolving from a reactive, independently self-determined approach to cybersecurity, complicated by a complex supply chain. Over time, this has resulted in a fragmented industry comprised of any number of proprietary solutions verses a standardized, regulated paradigm to facilitate a platform-oriented approach. This document, an update on collaborative work from the SAE Vehicle Electrical Hardware Security Task Force (TEVEES18B) and GlobalPlatform Automotive Task Force, outlines this transition strategy. An extensible number of additional examples of use cases of Global Platform Technologies are explored in this document.
Software-defined vehicles (SDVs) are reshaping automotive control architectures by shifting intelligence to embedded systems, where computational efficiency is paramount. This paper presents a systematic evaluation of control strategies (PID, LQR, MPC) for the classical control problem involving inverted pendulum on a cart under strict embedded constraints representative of software-defined vehicle ECUs. The objective is to evaluate and compare the performance of advanced control algorithms under varying control objectives when deployed on microcontrollers with constrained computational and memory resources, representative of the limitations encountered in embedded platforms used for SDVs. Furthermore, the study illustrates systematic optimization strategies that enable these algorithms to achieve real-time execution within such resource-constrained environments. Each control strategy is implemented with careful consideration of algorithmic complexity, real-time responsiveness, and
Passenger expectations for quiet and acoustically comfortable vehicle interiors have increased significantly, driven by advancements in electric vehicles and premium audio systems. Acoustic comfort affects perceived quality, communication ease, and overall driving experience. This paper presents a simulation-driven methodology to predict and optimize interior noise performance during the early design phase, focusing on high-frequency acoustic transfer functions and trim material absorption properties. Traditional NVH development relies heavily on physical testing, which is time-consuming and costly. Early-stage predictive tools are essential to evaluate acoustic performance before prototype availability. High-frequency noise (1kHz–12kHz) is particularly challenging due to complex reflections and absorption behavior. Acoustic trims play a critical role in shaping the cabin’s sound field, and their properties must be optimized to achieve desired sound quality. A novel simulation approach
The Audio system is an important part of the design of a vehicle cabin. In the vehicle development process, the audio system needs to be tuned for optimal acoustic performance. Traditionally, this process is performed physically on vehicles. In this paper, a methodology is developed to numerically simulate the acoustic performance of the audio system across the full audible frequency range. To provide validation of the method, the p/v acoustic transfer functions (ie., the sound pressure p at the passengers’ ears divided by the voltage inputs v) are measured for different speakers in a production vehicle. As the sound perceived by the passengers depends on both the source and the path, the method development is split into two parts: (a) characterization of parameters that describe the loudspeaker as a source and (b) representation of the vehicle cabin as a path. The speaker parameters are characterized from sound radiation data measured in a 2pi chamber. To represent the vehicle cabin
Defense Advaned Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Arlington, VA
The evolution of wireless communications and the miniaturization of electrical circuits have fundamentally reshaped our lives and the digital landscape. However, as we push toward higher-frequency communications in an increasingly connected world, engineers face growing challenges from multipath propagation — a phenomenon where the same radio signal reaches receiving antennas through multiple routes, usually with time delays and altered amplitudes. Multipath interference leads to many reliability issues, ranging from “ghosting” in television broadcasts to signal fading in wireless communications.
Microchip's PIC64 is a new portfolio of microprocessors that the Chandler, Arizona-based company claims could enable a generational leap in embedded processing performance for aerospace and defense applications. The new MPU technology is supported by a 64-bit reduced instruction set computer (RISC-V) architecture with an embedded Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) Ethernet switch.
For music producers, engineers, and musicians, the studio is a sacred place. It's a place where creativity can be recorded and eventually shared with fans. Whether that music is being recorded in the studio or at an event, the process of properly mixing the files can be time-consuming. This is doubly true now that artists can release music mixed with Dolby's Atmos technology, a surround sound system that, among other things, takes into account the height of a speaker. This immersive technology produces music that surrounds the listener, but involves a complex backend that producers and engineers tap into from audio tools like Logic and Pro Tools. They typically do this from a professional studio filled with high-end gear and expensive speakers. Mercedes-Benz wants to give these producers and engineers the opportunity to do this work on the go via a new “Crafted in Mercedes” partnership with Dolby and the Universal Music Group.
A new study from NC State University combines three-dimensional embroidery techniques with machine learning to create a fabric-based sensor that can control electronic devices through touch.
RF and fiber have long co-existed within modern military and aerospace systems, with each medium dedicated to separate, mission-critical roles. Increasingly, however, system designers are turning to RF-over-fiber (RFoF) architectures to bridge the gap between over-the-air RF interfaces and the long, interference-resistant transport advantages of fiber. When it comes to over-the-air communications uses like tactical radio or satellite communications terminals, radio frequency (RF) is still the dominant signal format. RF is also commonly used at the front end of radar and electronic warfare, supporting search, tracking, fire control radar, missile seekers, jammers and electronic support measures.
Scientists used a “smart” shirt equipped with an electrocardiogram to track participants’ heart-rate recovery after exercise and developed a tool for analyzing the data to predict those at higher or lower risk of heart-related ailments.
This study introduces a novel in-cabin health monitoring system leveraging Ultra-Wideband (UWB) radar technology for real-time, contactless detection of occupants' vital signs within automotive environments. By capturing micro-movements associated with cardiac and respiratory activities, the system enables continuous monitoring without physical contact, addressing the need for unobtrusive vehicle health assessment. The system architecture integrates edge computing capabilities within the vehicle's head unit, facilitating immediate data processing and reducing latency. Processed data is securely transmitted via HTTPS to a cloud-based backend through an API Gateway, which orchestrates data validation and routing to a machine learning pipeline. This pipeline employs supervised classifiers, Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Random Forest (RF) to analyze features such as temporal heartbeat variability, respiration rate stability, and heart rate. Empirical
Electric vehicles present unique challenges in electromagnetic compatibility testing due to compact packaging, high-frequency switching systems. This paper presents a systematic debugging methodology for identifying radiated emission and radiated immunity issues in these EV platforms. A comprehensive approach is outlined, covering radiated emission measurement; Bulk Current Injection based immunity simulation, and near-field probing techniques. For RI evaluation, BCI testing in the 20 to 400 MHz range is used to simulate radiated threats on the vehicle's power and signal harnesses and handy transmitter near field injections for higher frequency simulation. For RE diagnosis, conducted emission measurements on vehicle harnesses are performed using current probes to capture high-frequency currents. Additionally, near-field electric probes are used at the component to identify dominant noise sources such as DC-DC converters, Motor control unit, and improperly grounded shielding. Case
The rapid advancement of electric vehicle (EV) technology has created a demand for reliable and Thermal - efficient electronic components for power electronics and control systems on printed circuit boards (PCBs). The research looks at the overall simulation and study of a PCB for Electric Vehicles, including how it handles heat, stress, and reliability in real working conditions like considering casing (Heat Sink) in which PCB is held, into the simulation. We have used numerical based methods (reliability), Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods to simulate heat performance looking at steady-state and changing load profiles common in EV powertrains. We ran structural and thermal simulations to check the PCB's toughness against heat expansion and shaking loads often seen in cars. We also did a reliability check looking at heat cycling life for PCB components, and possible ways it could break to guess long-term toughness. The results show critical
Engineers have developed a next-generation wearable system that enables people to control machines using everyday gestures — even while running, riding in a car, or floating on turbulent ocean waves.
Researchers from Harbin Institute of Technology and their collaborators have developed a multifunctional polyelectrolyte hydrogel reinforced with aramid nanofibers (ANFs) and MXene nanosheets, achieving outstanding performance in absorption-dominated electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and wearable sensing. This innovative hydrogel addresses the long-standing challenge of balancing electrical conductivity and effective EMI absorption in flexible electronic materials. The research was published in the journal Nano-Micro Letters. 1
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