Browse Topic: Electronic equipment
With the increasing demand for material microimaging analysis, there is a growing need for advanced precision grinding and polishing equipment, especially for metals, ceramics, and composites. Existing automated systems struggle with handling complex material challenges. This paper presents a fully automated adaptive grinding and polishing machine based on an STM32 microcontroller that handles multi-material samples. The system includes modules for sample access, cleaning, pad replacement, human-computer interaction, and equipment communication. The STM32 microcontroller executes grinding and polishing tasks based on instructions from the host computer while dynamically adjusting PID control parameters using an improved weighted average optimization algorithm. This approach enhances control accuracy, stability, and overall surface treatment quality compared to traditional PID control methods.
To solve a problem that ignition anomaly can’t be detected in time, based on the thermal equilibrium equation, the space heat flow, heater heating, propellant combustion, and thermal radiation to cryogenic space are considered to build an accurate ignition temperature method for the 10 N thruster by using on-orbit true temperature. Further, considering the error of measuring the thermistor, an envelope model for the 10 N thruster ignition temperature is established. Based on the above, a detection method for the 10 N thruster ignition anomaly of on-orbit satellites is proposed. The accuracy of the method is relatively high, and the absolute error is less than 3 degrees Celsius. An anomaly can be quickly detected when the 10N thruster ignition temperature deviates from the normal trend by 3–5 degrees celsius. The method is applied to a DFH-3 satellite, and the maximum difference of 10 N thruster ignition temperature between the theoretical values calculated by the proposed method and the measured values is only 2.72 degrees celsius. It has been proven that the prediction accuracy of the proposed method is high. It plays an important role in discovering the 10N thruster ignition anomaly in time and ensuring the success of satellite orbit or attitude control.
The detection of free space plays a fundamental role in ensuring the safe and efficient operation of heavy-duty vehicles, particularly in environments where the available area to maneuver is severely constrained, such as construction zones, rest areas, or loading docks. An accurate estimation of free space is essential to prevent collisions, maintaining operational continuity and minimizing vehicle downtime. As observed from the reviewed literature, despite the large number of proposed free-space detection methods, there is no concise and established definition about how free space should be determined, represented, and inferred, nor agreement on the semantic classes to be considered. This heterogeneity complicates systematic comparison and benchmarking across approaches. This paper presents a structured survey and methodological analysis of recent free-space detection and semantic segmentation approaches across automotive LiDAR-, camera-, and radar-based perception systems, as well as multimodal sensor fusion. The review spans classical geometric and occupancy-based techniques together with deep-learning methods, along with datasets commonly used for evaluation. The main contributions are (i) a structured taxonomy and comparative analysis of existing free-space definitions and detection strategies, categorized by their assumptions, representation forms, and sensing modalities; and (ii) a unified and application-independent definition of free space together with the required semantic classes. These contributions aim to provide a consistent conceptual foundation to support future research and to aid the systematic evaluation of upcoming free-space detection systems.
Acoustic user interfaces and audio experiences are among the leading comfort factors in new vehicle interior designs. OEMs are more and more focusing on loudspeaker design and positioning, to provide the most immersive experience to the customers. The industrial target is to be able to predict the performance of an audio system in early design phases. This paper presents an integrated vibro-acoustic methodology enabling early-stage prediction of loudspeaker performance in real vehicle conditions. The approach combines electromechanical characterization, a hybrid loudspeaker calibrated model valid across the audible range and coupled FEM/BEM/SEA simulations to capture the loudspeaker response in the vehicle’s cabin considering door-installation effects and cabin acoustics. The method is validated experimentally on a rear-door loudspeaker installed in a production vehicle, showing strong correlation with measured SPL. A final application case demonstrates its capability to assess the impact of alternative speaker mounting positions during the design phase.
Researchers at the University of California, Irvine, and New York’s Columbia University have embedded transistors in a soft, conformable material to create a biocompatible sensor implant that monitors neurological functions through successive phases of a patient’s development.
The aging of the population has been a key issue worldwide, with mobility and fall of the elderly an important problem to be solved. In this paper, we propose an elderly mobility assist system based on the intelligent power-assisted device consisting of an assistive cane and an intelligent companion. It has the functions of standing support after falling, daily support and on-site rest. The assistive cane adopts a two-stage expansion mechanism of crank and slider structure, which forms a stable triangular support after unfolding, so that the patient can stand safely. The intelligent companion platform is driven by drive wheels, equipped with pushrod motors and vacuum suction devices, it can automatically approach the user and form an stable support column when the cane is in the out-of reach range; the control system is designed by combining microcontroller, camera object recognition, wristband remote control, to realize automatic steering and autonomous navigation at differential speed. The overall design satisfies the requirements of safety and strength through mechanical verification and stress analysis. The proposed system can help the elderly people to recover from falls better and enhance their independence and safety in their daily walks.
This paper presents a study of gunshot acoustic signal detectability in the near field of propeller noise, with a focus on the isolation of external gunshot signatures masked by propeller-induced noise. Controlled measurements were conducted in a Recirculation Delayed Anechoic Chamber (RDAC), where acoustic data were collected across varying rotor speeds, source locations, and propagation distances. Propeller noise characteristics were verified using UCD-QuietFly. The recorded signals were analyzed for the acoustic pressure, sound pressure level, and overall sound pressure level directivity to quantify masking effects. Results show that RPM is the dominant factor governing signal detectability. At 3000 RPM, the gunshot signal remains clearly identifiable within the low frequency range of 200–2000 Hz. At 4000 RPM, the signal becomes partially masked, while at 5000 RPM, propeller noise fully dominates and the gunshot signal becomes undetectable. Detectability is further reduced with increasing propagation distance. In-plane microphone locations provide improved detectability. A machine learning-based spectral separation framework was developed to suppress propeller noise and enhance the visibility of impulsive gunshot signatures in multichannel spectrograms. Experimental results show that learning-based denoising is effective at lower RPMs where the signal-to-noise ratio remains favorable, but performance degrades as broadband masking intensifies at higher rotor speeds.
On a clear afternoon over a contested airspace, a drone suddenly appears on radar. Within seconds, more follow, and they're small, fast, and unpredictable. For the U.S. Army's air and missile defense operators, every moment counts. The difference between mission success and mission failure is measured in milliseconds. During that brief window, sensors must connect instantly, embedded systems must process floods of data at the edge, and command links must hold steady even under electronic interference.
The automotive industry is evolving from a reactive, independently self-determined approach to cybersecurity, complicated by a complex supply chain. Over time, this has resulted in a fragmented industry comprised of any number of proprietary solutions verses a standardized, regulated paradigm to facilitate a platform-oriented approach. This document, an update on collaborative work from the SAE Vehicle Electrical Hardware Security Task Force (TEVEES18B) and GlobalPlatform Automotive Task Force, outlines this transition strategy. An extensible number of additional examples of use cases of Global Platform Technologies are explored in this document.
Passenger expectations for quiet and acoustically comfortable vehicle interiors have increased significantly, driven by advancements in electric vehicles and premium audio systems. Acoustic comfort affects perceived quality, communication ease, and overall driving experience. This paper presents a simulation-driven methodology to predict and optimize interior noise performance during the early design phase, focusing on high-frequency acoustic transfer functions and trim material absorption properties. Traditional NVH development relies heavily on physical testing, which is time-consuming and costly. Early-stage predictive tools are essential to evaluate acoustic performance before prototype availability. High-frequency noise (1kHz–12kHz) is particularly challenging due to complex reflections and absorption behavior. Acoustic trims play a critical role in shaping the cabin’s sound field, and their properties must be optimized to achieve desired sound quality. A novel simulation approach is developed using Raytracing (Beam + Particle) to model sound propagation within the vehicle cabin. The method calculates ATFs between point sources (e.g., door panels) and receiver positions (passenger ears), enabling spatially resolved acoustic analysis. This supports early design evaluations by predicting how changes in geometry and materials affect perceived noise levels. Using HEEDS, a DOE-based optimization is performed on frequency-dependent absorption properties of acoustic trims. The trim package includes carpet, headliner, seats, doors, and firewall. The optimization targets mid-to-high frequency ranges where material behavior significantly influences sound quality. Multiple design iterations are evaluated to identify configurations that minimize intrusive noise and enhance tonal balance. A full-vehicle correlation study is conducted to validate the simulation results. Measured ATFs from a physical prototype are compared with simulated data. The acoustic trim package used in the prototype includes all major components. The Raytracing-based ATF model shows strong correlation with measured data. The methodology enables early identification of design choices that degrade or enhance acoustic comfort.
The Audio system is an important part of the design of a vehicle cabin. In the vehicle development process, the audio system needs to be tuned for optimal acoustic performance. Traditionally, this process is performed physically on vehicles. In this paper, a methodology is developed to numerically simulate the acoustic performance of the audio system across the full audible frequency range. To provide validation of the method, the p/v acoustic transfer functions (ie., the sound pressure p at the passengers’ ears divided by the voltage inputs v) are measured for different speakers in a production vehicle. As the sound perceived by the passengers depends on both the source and the path, the method development is split into two parts: (a) characterization of parameters that describe the loudspeaker as a source and (b) representation of the vehicle cabin as a path. The speaker parameters are characterized from sound radiation data measured in a 2pi chamber. To represent the vehicle cabin, a hybrid BEM-SEA model is utilized in which the cabin is fully deterministic below 1kHz and is statistical between 1 kHz and 20 kHz. The speaker model is then integrated into the cabin model in order to predict the acoustic transfer functions. This model accounts for two-way coupling between the speakers and the cabin. The results show that the predicted transfer functions are in very good agreement with the data from acoustic measurements. Therefore, performing the audio tuning virtually by numerical simulation is a feasible solution for the industry.
Software-defined vehicles (SDVs) are reshaping automotive control architectures by shifting intelligence to embedded systems, where computational efficiency is paramount. This paper presents a systematic evaluation of control strategies (PID, LQR, MPC) for the classical control problem involving inverted pendulum on a cart under strict embedded constraints representative of software-defined vehicle ECUs. The objective is to evaluate and compare the performance of advanced control algorithms under varying control objectives when deployed on microcontrollers with constrained computational and memory resources, representative of the limitations encountered in embedded platforms used for SDVs. Furthermore, the study illustrates systematic optimization strategies that enable these algorithms to achieve real-time execution within such resource-constrained environments. Each control strategy is implemented with careful consideration of algorithmic complexity, real-time responsiveness, and resource utilization. Performance is evaluated across key metrics, enabling a comparative analysis that highlights trade-offs between control fidelity and hardware efficiency. By demonstrating how advanced control logic can be effectively deployed on constrained hardware, this work supports the broader goal of enabling intelligent, responsive vehicle behavior through software-centric design. The findings are particularly relevant for automotive and embedded engineers developing control systems for SDVs, where balancing performance and resource constraints is critical to achieving scalable, safe, and adaptive vehicle functionality.
Microchip Technology and Hyundai Motor Group recently announced a collaboration to test 10BASE-T1S Single Pair Ethernet (SPE) technology for advanced in-vehicle networks to provide improved ADAS and connected-vehicle features. HMG told SAE Media it is working with multiple technology partners to review the overall applicability of 10BASE-T1S technology and hopes 10BASE-T1S can help optimize the deployment of gateways and switches. The technology's ethernet-based networking concepts might also contribute to simplifying network design and implementation for future zonal architectures. We also spoke with Matthias Kaestner, corporate vice president of Microchip Technology's data center, networking and automotive business units, about the partnership, via email.
Defense Advaned Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Arlington, VA
Microchip's PIC64 is a new portfolio of microprocessors that the Chandler, Arizona-based company claims could enable a generational leap in embedded processing performance for aerospace and defense applications. The new MPU technology is supported by a 64-bit reduced instruction set computer (RISC-V) architecture with an embedded Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) Ethernet switch.
The evolution of wireless communications and the miniaturization of electrical circuits have fundamentally reshaped our lives and the digital landscape. However, as we push toward higher-frequency communications in an increasingly connected world, engineers face growing challenges from multipath propagation — a phenomenon where the same radio signal reaches receiving antennas through multiple routes, usually with time delays and altered amplitudes. Multipath interference leads to many reliability issues, ranging from “ghosting” in television broadcasts to signal fading in wireless communications.
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