Browse Topic: Steering systems

Items (2,114)
Identification of different types of turns during field operation of off-road vehicles is critical in the overall vehicle development as it is helpful in identifying & optimizing machine performance, correct duty cycle, fuel economy, stability analysis, accurate path planning, customer usage pattern & designing the critical components, etc. In this study, a machine learning (ML) based methodology has been developed to detect the off-road vehicle turns using vehicle & GPS parameters. Three most common types of off-road vehicles turn conditions e.g., Straight line, Bulb turn, and Three-Point turn have been considered. Different vehicle parameters (like latitude & longitude, compass bearing, yaw rate, vehicle speed, swash plate angle, engine speed, percent load at vehicle speed, raise lower front & PTO channels) generated during field test have been used here. These vehicle parameters are further processed, analysed and used in ML learning model building. Four ML models e.g., SVM, K-NN
Gangsar, Purushottam
A futuristic vehicle chassis rendered in precise detail using state-of-the-art CAD software like Blender, Autodesk Alias. The chassis itself is sleek, low-slung, and aerodynamic, constructed from advanced materials such as high-strength alloys or carbon-fibre composites. Its polished, brushed-metal finish not only exudes performance but also emphasizes the refined form and engineered details. Underneath this visually captivating structure, a sophisticated system of self-hydraulic jacks is seamlessly integrated. These jacks are situated adjacent to the four shock absorber mounts. These jacks are designed to lift the chassis specifically at the tyre areas, and the total vehicle, ensuring that underbody maintenance is efficient and that, in critical situations, vital adjustments or emergency lifts can be performed quickly and safely. The design also incorporates an intuitive control system where the necessary buttons are strategically placed to optimize driver convenience. Whether
Gogula, Venkateswarlu
The reliability of vehicle steering systems is extremely important to ensure safety, vehicle performance and gain customer satisfaction. Life data analysis conducted to analyze how the steering systems are performing in the field and assess whether the steering systems can meet the reliability target when deployed in the field. This article discusses about the systematic process to conduct the field data analysis of Hydraulic Powered Steering System (HPS) from the warranty claim data, usage of Weibull distribution to derive the life characteristic parameters. Based on the process described in this article, the statistical analysis of the warranty claim data performed and identified that, “the Hydraulic Power Steering Gears demonstrated more than 99% reliability in the field with statistical confidence of 90% and able meet the ZF’s Internal target for the HPS Systems”.
Ravindran, MohanSugumar, Ganesh
Tippers transporting loose bulk cargo during prolonged descents are subject to two critical operational challenges: cargo displacement and rear axle lifting. Uncontrolled cargo movement, often involving loose aggregates or soil, arises due to gravitational forces and insufficient restraint systems. This phenomenon can lead to cabin damage, loss of control, and hazardous discharge of materials onto roadways. Simultaneously, load imbalances during descent can cause rear axle lift, increasing stress on the front steering axle, resulting in tire slippage and compromised maneuverability. This study proposes a dynamic control strategy that adjusts the tipper lift angle in real time to align with the descent angle of the road. By synchronizing the trailer bed angle with the slope of the terrain, the system minimizes cargo instability, maintains rear axle contact, and enhances braking performance, including engine and exhaust braking systems. Computational modelling is employed to assess the
Vijeth, AbhishekBhosle, Devidas AshokCherian, RoshniDash, Prasanjita
Four-wheel independent steering four-wheel independent drive electric vehicles have an independent steering motor and an independent driving motor for each wheel, for a total of eight motors. About 28 works in this emerging field have shown path-tracking control algorithms for these vehicles, 18 of them explicitly or implicitly aspire for a condition known as optimal tire usage. This article first defines this optimality condition and explains its significance. Second, this article identifies three indicators of tire usage that aid in assessing the existing algorithms. Third, this article performs block diagram examination of four of the 18 works, revealing significant commonalities across the 28 works and identifying areas for improvement in three of the four algorithms. Lastly, this article suggests motor control systems to fill these gaps. Furthermore, it employs these motor control systems in one of the four algorithms, and illustrates path-tracking and achievement of the
Kumar, DileepPotluri, Ramprasad
In the context of intelligent transportation systems and applications such as autonomous driving, it is essential to predict a vehicle’s immediate future states to enable precise and timely prediction of vehicles’ movements. This article proposes a hybrid short-term kinematic vehicle prediction framework that integrates a novel object detection model, You Only Look Once version 11 (YOLOv11), with an unscented Kalman filter (UKF), a reliable state estimation technique. This study provides a unique method for real-time detection of vehicles in traffic scenes, tracking and predicting their short-term kinematics. Locating the vehicle accurately and classifying it in a range of dynamic scenarios is achievable by the enhanced detection capabilities of YOLOv11. These detections are used as inputs by the UKF to estimate and predict the future positions of the vehicles while considering measurement noise and dynamic model errors. The focus of this work is on individual vehicle motion prediction
Pahal, SudeshNandal, Priyanka
Aiming at the dynamic customer demand for multiple products in different cycles, with the lowest total cost of the distribution system as the goal, taking into account distribution centre capacity, vehicle loading and other resource constraints, vehicle loading and other resource constraints, we constructed a two-layer objective planning model of distribution centre siting-vehicle path optimization. The upper model is solved by Gurobi to obtain the distribution centre location and customer division scheme, the greedy algorithm will be applied to solve the initial vehicle path planning, and then uses the particle swarm algorithm for optimisation to obtain the corresponding location scheme and vehicle scheduling scheme. Taking an automotive aftermarket spare parts data as an example, the distribution centre site selection and vehicle path scheme are determined in t1and t2 cycles respectively, and the findings indicate that the model can be effective in reducing the possible waste of the
Zhu, JunrongZhang, Liping
It is essential to plan ship refuge paths for safety of ship and reduction of accident loss considering many marine accidents have happened. This paper presents improved artificial potential field (APF) method for generating ship refuge paths planning along the coast. Relying on the APF model, this new approach takes into account the challenges brought by dynamic surroundings and obstacles in the coastal waters. The introduced model develops a multi-level potential field organization, the influence of the gravitational and the repulsive forces can be adjusted adaptively based on the real time environment data. Simultaneously, adaptive algorithm is integrated to adaptively modify the parameters of potential field and improve the convergence speed of the algorithm and avoid the popular local minimum problem in traditional APF methods. Additionally, the model includes a risk ranking functionality that provides prioritization of the evacuation route according to the distance of the ship to
Bai, ChunjiangGou, ZhijianSui, Hongbin
This research addresses the issues of permanent - magnet synchronous motor parameter matching and sudden - load compensation in four - wheel independent steering systems and proposes a composite control strategy. By analyzing their dynamic characteristics, it is found that traditional rotational inertia identification methods and existing load observers have deficiencies. The research uses the gradient correction algorithm to construct an online rotational inertia identification model, achieving real - time parameter identification with the characteristics of adjustable parameters and low computational complexity. At the same time, a load observer is designed based on the terminal sliding - mode control theory to solve the problem of observation lag in sudden - load conditions and provide timely compensation. Simulation and experimental results show that after a sudden load is applied, the angle - tracking error of this method is reduced to ±0.12°, the convergence time of rotational
Zhou, LitaoHuang, YanLi, Huichen
To solve the problems of trajectory prediction and obstacle avoidance of self-vehicles in autonomous driving, a obstacle avoidance algorithm that combines trajectory prediction and vehicle motion planning is proposed. Firstly, in this paper, Unscented Kalman filter and constant acceleration model, namely UKF + CA, as well as Hidden Markov model, namely HMM, are combined together. Predict the trajectory of the vehicle in front and integrate the prediction results obtained by these two methods, which can improve the accuracy of the prediction. Then, in the Frenet coordinate system, this paper adopts the methods of dynamic programming and quadratic programming to generate the planning trajectory of the self-aircraft. After that, this paper conducts collision detection between the fusion trajectory of the preceding vehicle and the planning trajectory of the self-vehicle. If there is a risk of collision, a virtual obstacle will be generated and the path will be re-planned to avoid the
Cao, ZhengShen, Yong-FengHu, Hao-DongOuyang, Le-Wen
How to realize the intelligent collision avoidance of inland waterway ships has become a hot issue in the field of transportation. The navigation status, position information and speed of inland vessels can be obtained by using the shipborne Beidou terminal and AIS, so as to realize the real-time monitoring of the ship’s operation status and the real-time optimization of collision avoidance path planning. In the process of track classification and prediction, it is necessary to use deep learning algorithms to train and learn historical track data, so as to generate a model that can accurately predict future tracks, and make collision avoidance path planning decisions on this basis, so as to realize the intelligence of water traffic organization and ship collision avoidance.
Liu, XingchenCui, JianzhangKong, Lingqi
Trajectory tracking and lateral stability under extreme conditions are critical yet conflicting control objectives due to nonlinear tire dynamics and road adhesion limitation, where accurate characterization of vehicle dynamics for each objective is essential to enable coordinated performance. This article proposes a coordinated control strategy based on switched envelope and composite evaluation to improve both tracking accuracy and stability. Unlike previous stability envelope methods that rely solely on the vehicle’s rear tire saturation boundary to prevent instability, the switched envelope approach incorporates both front and rear tire saturation boundaries to simultaneously mitigate steering loss and instability in trajectory tracking. A critical steering angle, derived from tire slip dynamics and phase plane stability analysis, is formulated as the switching criterion. Additionally, a composite stability evaluation is developed by combining a future disturbance resistance index
Shi, WenboWang, JunlongDing, HaitaoXu, Nan
When the vehicle system performs trajectory tracking control, it presents relatively complex nonlinear coupling dynamics characteristics. The traditional coordination algorithm relying on a simplified linear model is mostly unable to deal well with the actual nonlinear dynamic behaviors. In contrast, reinforcement learning (RL) method will derive the optimal strategy by means of interaction with the environment. This eliminates the need for accurate vehicle modeling. These methods use all of the nonlinear approximation capabilities of deep neural networks and can effectively reflect the complex relationship between vehicle state and control actions. The framework itself supports multidimensional input processing and continuous operation space optimization because of the development of parallel processing architectures. In order to reduce the motion jitter caused by the direct generation of front and rear wheel angles by the network, this article uses steering angle increments as
Ren, GaotianWang, Yangyang
This paper presents a methodology for optimizing the steering system of a multi-purpose agricultural vehicle (MPAV) equipped with four-wheel steering (4WS) and a symmetrically configured double-wishbone suspension on both axles. The MPAVs are often prone to bump steer issues due to their narrow track width and the need for long suspension travel. The objective is to define and dimension the steering geometry while maintaining the existing suspension kinematics and preserving the hard points of the wheel hubs. In the scientific literature, this issue is typically addressed by adjusting the hard points of both the steering mechanism and the suspension kinematics. The proposed optimization framework begins with a sensitivity analysis of key design parameters: the position and length of the steering actuator. Based on this analysis, the problem is formulated as an optimization task with two different objective functions, whose solutions are then compared. The functions aim to minimize bump
Belloni, MattiaVignati, MicheleSabbioni, Edoardo
To achieve accurate and stable path tracking for unmanned mining trucks in the face of changing paths and response delays in steering, this study raised a lateral control strategy for unmanned mining trucks based on MPC and considering steering delay response characteristics. Under the basis of deriving the state space equation from the commonly used two degrees of freedom truck dynamics model, this method introduces the dynamic relationship between steering angle issuance and actual response to form an augmented form of state vector to overcome the control instability caused by steering response delay. Then, based on the MPC method, a constrained objective function is constructed to solve for the optimal control law. In response to the problem of inaccurate selection of prediction and control time domains, this article proposes an adaptive selection method for prediction and control time horizon based on a modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) algorithm, which obtains the
Mao, LiboWu, GuangqiangGui, Yuhui
The motion control system, as the core executive component of the automatic hierarchical framework, directly determines whether autonomous vehicles can reliably and stably follow planned trajectories, making it crucial for driving safety. This article focuses on steering lock faults and proposes a cross-system fault-tolerant control (C-FTC) algorithm based on dynamic model reconstruction. The algorithm uses a classic hierarchical collaborative architecture: the upper-level controller employs an MPC algorithm to solve lateral velocity and yaw rate reference values in real-time, while the lower-level controller, designed based on the reconstructed dynamic model, uses an MPC algorithm to adaptively adjust actuator control quantities. In cases where four-wheel steering vehicles lose steering ability due to locked steering axles, the locked axle’s steering angle is treated as a state variable, and healthy actuator outputs are used as control variables to dynamically reconstruct the vehicle
Hu, HongyuTang, MinghongChen, GuoyingGao, ZhenhaiWang, XinyuGao, Fei
This article presents a path planning and control method for a cost-effective autonomous sweeping vehicle operating in enclosed campus. First, to address the challenges from perception, an effective obstacle filtering algorithm is proposed, considering the elimination of false detection and correction of object position. Based on it, the adaptive sampling–based path planner and pure pursuit controller are developed. Not only an adaptive cost-weighting mechanism is introduced by TOPSIS algorithm to determine the desired trajectory as a multi-objective optimization problem, but also the adaptive preview distance is designed according to the trajectory curvature and vehicle state. The real-vehicle tests are implemented in typical scenario. The results show that the 87.8% effective edge-following rate is achieved in curved paths, and 22.93% cleaning coverage is improved for cleaning coverage. Therefore, the proposed method is effective and reliable for cost-effective autonomous sweeping
Lei, WuKunYang, BoPei, XiaofeiZhang, YangZhou, HongLong
Power steering pumps are the heart of any hydraulic power steering system. They provide the heavy lifting power required in the form of high-pressure fluid flow that is utilized in powered steering gears or steering racks to assist drivers in vehicle maneuvers, specifically in low-speed situations. Failure of the power steering pump will inevitably increase work needed from the driver to steer a vehicle and decrease the driver comfort at the same time. This article covers investigations into a customer return issue, affecting more than 20% of pumps, for one particular failure mode, pump input shaft seal leakage, and how the failure is not caused by failure at the input shaft nor by failure of the input shaft seal. It was found that internal damage to the pump rotating assembly allows high-pressure oil to overcome the input shaft seal sealing effect. The cause of the failure was determined to be rooted in the manufacturing process, which was re-ordered to reduce the failure rate to an
Bari, Praful RajendraKintner, Jason
Innovators at NASA Johnson Space Center have developed a programmable steering wheel called the Tri-Rotor, which allows an astronaut the ability to easily operate a vehicle on the surface of a planet or moon despite the limited dexterity of their spacesuit. This technology was originally conceived for the operation of a lunar terrain vehicle (LTV) to improve upon previous Apollo-era hand controllers. In re-evaluating the kinematics of the spacesuit, such as the rotatable wrist joint and the constant volume shoulder joint, engineers developed an enhanced and programmable hand controller that became the Tri-Rotor.
Autonomous vehicle motion planning and control are vital components of next-generation intelligent transportation systems. Recent advances in both data- and physical model-driven methods have improved driving performance, yet current technologies still fall short of achieving human-level driving in complex, dynamic traffic scenarios. Key challenges include developing safe, efficient, and human-like motion planning strategies that can adapt to unpredictable environments. Data-driven approaches leverage deep neural networks to learn from extensive datasets, offering promising avenues for intelligent decision-making. However, these methods face issues such as covariate shift in imitation learning and difficulties in designing robust reward functions. In contrast, conventional physical model-driven techniques use rigorous mathematical formulations to generate optimal trajectories and handle dynamic constraints. Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-Driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and
Zheng, Ling
The differential steering-by-wire (DSBW) system eliminates the need for steering gear, i.e., rack and pinion, while preserving a trapezoidal steering structure with knuckles. This design offers significant advantages for vehicles equipped with in-wheel motors, primarily due to reduced vehicle weight and the maintenance of front wheel alignment parameters. However, the noise force acting on one steering wheel will directly transmit to the other in this differential steering mechanism due to a lack of mechanical connection to the vehicle body through the steering gear, which increases the risk of steering wheel shimmy (SWS). This article qualitatively analyzes the shimmy characteristics of the steering wheel based on a three-degrees-of-freedom (3-DOF) DSBW shimmy model established using Lagrange’s equation and the Hopf bifurcation theorem. The results indicate the vehicle range that this steering system will shimmy, and the maximum steady amplitude is [4.80 m/s, 31.57 m/s] and 0.1516 rad
Zhao, HuiyongLiang, GuocaiWang, BaohuaFeng, Ying
The optimization and further development of automated driving functions offer significant potential for reducing the driver's workload and increasing road safety. Among these functions, vehicle lateral control plays a critical role, especially with regard to its acceptance by end customers. Significant development efforts are required to ensure the effectiveness and reliability of this aspect in real-world conditions. This work focuses on analyzing lateral vehicle control using extensive measurement data collected from a dedicated vehicle fleet at the Institute of Automotive Engineering at the Technical University of Braunschweig. Equipped with state-of-the-art measurement technology, the fleet has driven several hundred thousand kilometers, allowing for the collection of detailed information on vehicle trajectories under various driving conditions. A total of 93 participants, aged between 20 and 43 years, contributed to the dataset. These measurements have been classified into
Iatropoulos, JannesPanzer, AnnaArntz, MartinPrueggler, AdrianHenze, Roman
Control-oriented models for vehicle systems are necessary to develop motion planning and path tracking controllers for active safety system development. While being mathematically elegant and simple enough for control design, such models must represent real-world phenomena associated with the vehicle’s kinematic and dynamic behavior. Specifically, articulated vehicles suffer from peculiarities like rearward amplification and offtracking in their kinematic behavior that are not found in single-unit passenger vehicles. In this paper, an iterative kinematic modeling algorithm for articulated truck-trailer vehicles with an arbitrary number of vehicle units having an arbitrary number of axles on each vehicle unit is evaluated using driver input data collected from an experimental passenger vehicle on eight real-world scenarios. The experimental vehicle is considered as the tractor vehicle unit for a simulation study in which multiple trailers of various geometries are considered. The yaw
Singh, YuvrajGiuliani, Pio MicheleJayakumar, AdithyaJaved, Nur UddinTan, ShengzheRizzoni, Giorgio
Steer-by-wire actuators represent a transformative advancement in chassis control, opening up new potential for optimizing driving behavior across the entire range of driving dynamics - including driver-dependent automatic counter steering in critical driving situations. However, from a functional safety perspective, the increased potential also introduces new risks with respect to possible system failures. To mitigate these risks, sophisticated monitoring functions are essential to ensure vehicle controllability at all times. Current research approaches for monitoring functions use safe driving envelopes. This set of safe driving states is often found by open-loop simulations, which provide a phase portrait of the nonlinear system under control and from which stability limits can be derived. However, it remains open how these open-loop stability limits correspond to the stabilization capability of a real human driver in the loop. And secondly, how these closed-loop stability limits
Birkemeyer, JanickNaidu P.M, TarunBorkowski, LukasMüller, Steffen
Autonomous driving technology enables new and innovative driverless vehicle concepts to emerge, like U-Shift. Designed from the ground up, the U-Shift II platform, called driveboard, exemplifies the advantages of separating a vehicle’s driving capability from the intended transportation task. It allows different so-called capsules, such as public transport or cargo, to be transported using the same U-shaped driving platform. The driveboard can change the capsules autonomously, thus providing high flexibility for fleet operators. This novel approach introduces new challenges to the task of autonomous driving. On one hand, changing sensor and vehicle configurations, e.g., when transporting a capsule with its own sensors to compensate for occlusions of the driveboard sensors by the capsule itself, requires an adaptive approach to environmental perception. On the other hand, different environments and driving tasks, as well as the augmented motion capabilities of the driveboard, require
Buchholz, MichaelWodtko, ThomasSchumann, OliverAuthaler, Dominik
This paper deals with autonomous vehicle trajectory planning for avoidance maneuver. It introduces a trajectory planning approach that allows for static obstacle avoidance maneuvers. Specifically, this study proposes a generalized geometric formulation based on Sigmoid functions in order to generate a smooth path that guides the vehicle on a lateral deviation and returns to the initial lane. In addition, the method considers various geometrical and dynamic constraints to ensure vehicle stability while taking into account a safety area around the obstacle. The algorithm validation is conducted on the professional CarMaker simulator by associating the path generation module with a robust lateral tracking controller. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed planning method in the field of autonomous driving vehicle control.
Vigne, BenoitGiuliani, Pio MicheleOrjuela, RodolfoBasset, Michel
The article introduces the air springs, CDC, rear-wheel steering system, braking system, front-wheel steering system, and electric drive system in the vehicle’s central coordinated motion control system. It explores achieving more comfortable shock absorption by adjusting the CDC (Continuously Variable Damping system) damping and other means. By combining open-loop and closed-loop rear-wheel steering control, the turning radius in small-radius steering mode is reduced by up to 10%, enabling crab-walking, optimizing the moose test entering speed up to 90.9 kph, and improving vehicle behavior on split-friction surfaces. Through the cooperation of IBS (Intelligent Brake System) and VMC, an extremely comfortable braking process is achieved.
Zhou, YuxingLi, Wen
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