Browse Topic: Trajectory control

Items (238)
To achieve accurate and stable path tracking for unmanned mining trucks in the face of changing paths and response delays in steering, this study raised a lateral control strategy for unmanned mining trucks based on MPC and considering steering delay response characteristics. Under the basis of deriving the state space equation from the commonly used two degrees of freedom truck dynamics model, this method introduces the dynamic relationship between steering angle issuance and actual response to form an augmented form of state vector to overcome the control instability caused by steering response delay. Then, based on the MPC method, a constrained objective function is constructed to solve for the optimal control law. In response to the problem of inaccurate selection of prediction and control time domains, this article proposes an adaptive selection method for prediction and control time horizon based on a modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) algorithm, which obtains the
Mao, LiboWu, GuangqiangGui, Yuhui
This article presents a path planning and control method for a cost-effective autonomous sweeping vehicle operating in enclosed campus. First, to address the challenges from perception, an effective obstacle filtering algorithm is proposed, considering the elimination of false detection and correction of object position. Based on it, the adaptive sampling–based path planner and pure pursuit controller are developed. Not only an adaptive cost-weighting mechanism is introduced by TOPSIS algorithm to determine the desired trajectory as a multi-objective optimization problem, but also the adaptive preview distance is designed according to the trajectory curvature and vehicle state. The real-vehicle tests are implemented in typical scenario. The results show that the 87.8% effective edge-following rate is achieved in curved paths, and 22.93% cleaning coverage is improved for cleaning coverage. Therefore, the proposed method is effective and reliable for cost-effective autonomous sweeping
Lei, WuKunYang, BoPei, XiaofeiZhang, YangZhou, HongLong
Autonomous vehicle motion planning and control are vital components of next-generation intelligent transportation systems. Recent advances in both data- and physical model-driven methods have improved driving performance, yet current technologies still fall short of achieving human-level driving in complex, dynamic traffic scenarios. Key challenges include developing safe, efficient, and human-like motion planning strategies that can adapt to unpredictable environments. Data-driven approaches leverage deep neural networks to learn from extensive datasets, offering promising avenues for intelligent decision-making. However, these methods face issues such as covariate shift in imitation learning and difficulties in designing robust reward functions. In contrast, conventional physical model-driven techniques use rigorous mathematical formulations to generate optimal trajectories and handle dynamic constraints. Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-Driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and
Zheng, Ling
Control-oriented models for vehicle systems are necessary to develop motion planning and path tracking controllers for active safety system development. While being mathematically elegant and simple enough for control design, such models must represent real-world phenomena associated with the vehicle’s kinematic and dynamic behavior. Specifically, articulated vehicles suffer from peculiarities like rearward amplification and offtracking in their kinematic behavior that are not found in single-unit passenger vehicles. In this paper, an iterative kinematic modeling algorithm for articulated truck-trailer vehicles with an arbitrary number of vehicle units having an arbitrary number of axles on each vehicle unit is evaluated using driver input data collected from an experimental passenger vehicle on eight real-world scenarios. The experimental vehicle is considered as the tractor vehicle unit for a simulation study in which multiple trailers of various geometries are considered. The yaw
Singh, YuvrajGiuliani, Pio MicheleJayakumar, AdithyaJaved, Nur UddinTan, ShengzheRizzoni, Giorgio
Autonomous driving technology enables new and innovative driverless vehicle concepts to emerge, like U-Shift. Designed from the ground up, the U-Shift II platform, called driveboard, exemplifies the advantages of separating a vehicle’s driving capability from the intended transportation task. It allows different so-called capsules, such as public transport or cargo, to be transported using the same U-shaped driving platform. The driveboard can change the capsules autonomously, thus providing high flexibility for fleet operators. This novel approach introduces new challenges to the task of autonomous driving. On one hand, changing sensor and vehicle configurations, e.g., when transporting a capsule with its own sensors to compensate for occlusions of the driveboard sensors by the capsule itself, requires an adaptive approach to environmental perception. On the other hand, different environments and driving tasks, as well as the augmented motion capabilities of the driveboard, require
Buchholz, MichaelWodtko, ThomasSchumann, OliverAuthaler, Dominik
The optimization and further development of automated driving functions offer significant potential for reducing the driver's workload and increasing road safety. Among these functions, vehicle lateral control plays a critical role, especially with regard to its acceptance by end customers. Significant development efforts are required to ensure the effectiveness and reliability of this aspect in real-world conditions. This work focuses on analyzing lateral vehicle control using extensive measurement data collected from a dedicated vehicle fleet at the Institute of Automotive Engineering at the Technical University of Braunschweig. Equipped with state-of-the-art measurement technology, the fleet has driven several hundred thousand kilometers, allowing for the collection of detailed information on vehicle trajectories under various driving conditions. A total of 93 participants, aged between 20 and 43 years, contributed to the dataset. These measurements have been classified into
Iatropoulos, JannesPanzer, AnnaArntz, MartinPrueggler, AdrianHenze, Roman
This paper deals with autonomous vehicle trajectory planning for avoidance maneuver. It introduces a trajectory planning approach that allows for static obstacle avoidance maneuvers. Specifically, this study proposes a generalized geometric formulation based on Sigmoid functions in order to generate a smooth path that guides the vehicle on a lateral deviation and returns to the initial lane. In addition, the method considers various geometrical and dynamic constraints to ensure vehicle stability while taking into account a safety area around the obstacle. The algorithm validation is conducted on the professional CarMaker simulator by associating the path generation module with a robust lateral tracking controller. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed planning method in the field of autonomous driving vehicle control.
Vigne, BenoitGiuliani, Pio MicheleOrjuela, RodolfoBasset, Michel
Trajectory planning is a major challenge in robotics and autonomous vehicles, ensuring both efficient and safe navigation. The primary objective of this work is to generate an optimal trajectory connecting a starting point to a destination while meeting specific requirements, such as minimizing travel distance and adhering to the vehicle’s kinematic and dynamic constraints. The developed algorithms for trajectory design, defined as a sequence of arcs and straight segments, offer a significant advantage due to their low computational complexity, making them well-suited for real-time applications in autonomous navigation. The proposed trajectory model serves as a benchmark for comparing actual vehicle paths in trajectory control studies. Simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed method across various scenarios.
Soundouss, HalimaMsaaf, MohammedBelmajdoub, Fouad
Optimal control of battery electric vehicle thermal management systems is essential for maximizi ng the driving range in extreme weather conditions. Vehicles equipped with advanced heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems based on heat pumps with secondary coolant loops are more challenging to control due to actuator redundancy and increased thermal inertia. This paper presents the dynamic programming (DP)-based offline control trajectory optimization of heat pump-based HVAC aimed at maximizing thermal comfort and energy efficiency. Besides deriving benchmark results, the goal of trajectory optimization is to gain insights for practical hierarchical control strategy modifications to further improve real-time controllers’ performance. DP optimizes cabin inlet air temperature and flow rate to set the trade-off between thermal comfort and energy efficiency while considering the nonlinear dynamics and operating limits of HVAC system in addition to typically considered cabin
Cvok, IvanDeur, Josko
Trajectory tracking control is a critical component of the autopilot system, essential for achieving high-performance autonomous driving. This paper presents the design of a stable, reliable, accurate, fast, and robust trajectory tracking controller. Specifically, a lateral and longitudinal trajectory tracking controller based on a linear parameter time-varying model predictive control (LPV-MPC) framework is designed. Firstly, a three-degree-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model and a tracking error model are established. Secondly, a multi-objective function and constraints considering tracking accuracy and lateral stability are formulated, and the quadratic programming (QP) method is employed to solve the optimization problem. Finally, PID speed tracking control is introduced in the longitudinal control scheme for comparison with the proposed MPC longitudinal speed control. A step velocity tracking test validates the effectiveness of the MPC speed tracking controller. In the lateral
Pan, ShicongLu, JunYu, YinquanZeng, DequanYang, JinwenHu, YimingJiang, ZhiqiangLiu, Dengcheng
An efficient and safe aircraft scheduling scheme is of great significance to the construction of smart airports. The towbarless aircraft taxiing system (TLATS) is a common dispatching method, which is composed of the towbarless towing vehicle (TLTV) and the aircraft. The system’s trajectory planning and autonomous steering control are being researched in order to improve steering accuracy, dispatching efficiency, and safety. In this article, the towbarless aircraft taxiing system is transformed into tractor-trailer system, the kinematic model and the dynamic model of the aircraft-tractor are established. Taking TLTV as a virtual subsystem of TLATS, and it is regarded as the controlled object of path planning and tracking. In response to the operational requirements of TLTV, an advanced A-star(A*) path planning algorithm is proposed to perform collision avoidance and turn radius restrictions during path planning resulting in a reference path for TLATS. Considering the estimation
Zhu, HengjiaZhao, ZhouqiaoXu, YitongZhang, Wei
The current research landscape in path tracking control predominantly focuses on enhancing tracking accuracy, often overlooking the critical aspect of passenger comfort. To address this gap, we propose a novel path tracking control method that integrates vehicle stability indicators and road curvature variations to elevate passenger comfort. The core contributions are threefold: firstly, we conduct comprehensive vehicle dynamics modeling and analysis to identify key parameters that significantly impact ride comfort. By integrating human comfort metrics with vehicle maneuverability indices, we determine the optimal range of dynamics parameters for maximizing passenger comfort during driving. Secondly, inspired by human driving behavior, we design a path tracking controller that incorporates an anti-saturation algorithm to stabilize tracking errors and a curvature optimization algorithm to mimic human driving patterns, thereby enhancing comfort. Lastly, comparative simulations with two
Lu, JunZeng, DequanHu, YimingWang, XiaoliangLiu, DengchengJiang, Zhiqiang
Path tracking is a key function of intelligent vehicles, which is the basis for the development and realization of advanced autonomous driving. However, the imprecision of the control model and external disturbances such as wind and sudden road conditions will affect the path tracking effect and even lead to accidents. This paper proposes an intelligent vehicle path tracking strategy based on Tube-MPC and data-driven stable region to enhance vehicle stability and path tracking performance in the presence of external interference. Using BP-NN combined with the state-of-the-art energy valley optimization algorithm, the five eigenvalues of the stable region of the vehicle β−β̇ phase plane are obtained, which are used as constraints for the Tube-MPC controller and converted into quadratic forms for easy calculation. In the calculation of Tube invariant sets, reachable sets are used instead of robust positive invariant sets to reduce the calculation. Simulation results demonstrates that the
Zhang, HaosenLi, YihangWu, Guangqiang
To ensure the safety and stability of road traffic, autonomous vehicles must proactively avoid collisions with traffic participants when driving on public roads. Collision avoidance refers to the process by which autonomous vehicles detect and avoid static and dynamic obstacles on the road, ensuring safe navigation in complex traffic environments. To achieve effective obstacle avoidance, this paper proposes a CL-infoRRT planning algorithm. CL-infoRRT consists of two parts. The first part is the informed RRT algorithm for structured roads, which is used to plan the reference path for obstacle avoidance. The second part is a closed-loop simulation module that incorporates vehicle kinematics to smooth the planned obstacle avoidance reference path, resulting in an executable obstacle avoidance trajectory. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, four static obstacle test scenarios and four RRT comparison algorithms were designed. The implementation results show that all five
Wu, WeiLu, JunZeng, DequanYang, JinwenHu, YimingYu, QinWang, Xiaoliang
To address the issue of poor yaw stability in distributed drive electric vehicles under extreme trajectory tracking conditions, this paper proposes a novel control approach that coordinates upper-layer trajectory tracking and stability control with lower-layer active front steering (AFS) and direct yaw moment control (DYC). Firstly, a stability domain boundary is defined in the β−β̇phase plane, and the instability factor is derived based on boundary line characteristics. This factor is used as a weight in the objective function to establish a model predictive control (MPC) for trajectory tracking and handling stability, thereby adjusting the control target weights for both objectives. Secondly, fuzzy logic is used to change the boundary of the phase plane transition field according to the vehicle state to dynamically adjust the intervention timing of the stability control, while AFS and DYC control are used to modify the front wheel steering angle and yaw moment control in the MPC
Dou, JingyangWu, JinglaiZhang, Yunqing
Objective: This study aims to evaluate the biofidelity of the Advanced Chinese Human Body Model (AC-HUMs) by utilizing a generic sedan buck model and post-mortem human surrogates (PMHS) test data. Methods: The boundary conditions of the simulation were derived from the PMHS test with the buck vehicle. The methodology involved the pose adjustment of the upper and lower extremities of AC-HUMs, executed through a pre-simulation approach. Subsequently, a 200 milliseconds whole body pedestrian crash simulation was conducted using the buck vehicle and the AC-HUMs pedestrian model. The trajectories of AC-HUMs during the period from initial position to head impact were recorded, including the Head CG, T1, T8 and pelvis. Based on the knee joint, the corridors of trajectories from the PMHS test were scaled to match the Chinese 50th percentile male to evaluate the biofidelity of AC-HUMs's kinematic response. Furthermore, the biomechanical responses were compared with the PMHS tests, including
Qian, JiaqiWang, QiangLiu, YuWu, XiaofanHuida, ZhangBai, Zhonghao
As the autonomy of ADAS features are moving from SAE level 0 autonomy to SAE level 5 autonomy of operation, reliance on AI/ML based algorithms in ADAS critical functions like perception, fusion and path planning are increasing predominantly. AI/ML based algorithms offer exceptional performance of the ADAS features, at the same time these advanced algorithms also bring in safety challenges as well. This paper explores the functional safety aspects of AI/ML based systems in ADAS functions like perception, object fusion and path planning, by discussing the safety requirements development for AI/ML systems, dataset safety life cycle, verification and validation of AI systems, and safety analysis used for AI systems. Among all the safety aspects listed above, emphasis is put on dataset safety lifecycle as that is not only the most important element for training ML based algorithms for ADAS usage, but also the most cumbersome and expensive. The safety characteristics associated with dataset
Mudunuri, Venkateswara RajuAlmasri, HossamFan, Hsing-HuaChandrasekaran, Mukund
The slope and curvature of spiral ramps in underground parking garages change continuously, and often lacks of predefined map information. Traditional planning algorithms is difficult to ensure safety and real-time performance for autonomous vehicles entering and exiting underground parking garages. Therefore, this study proposed the Model Predictive Path Integral (MPPI) method, focusing on solving motion planning problems in underground parking garages without predefined map information. This sample-based method to allows simultaneous online autonomous vehicle planning and tracking while not relying on predefined map information,along with adjusting the driving path accordingly. Key path points in the spiral ramp environment were defined by curvature, where reducing the dimensionality of the sampling space and optimizing the computational efficiency of sampled trajectories within the MPPI framework. This ensured the safety and computational speed of the improved MPPI method in motion
Liu, ZuyangShen, YanhuaWang, Kaidi
A large-scale logistics transport vehicle composed of two skateboard chassis is investigated in this paper. This unmanned vehicle with dual-modular chassis (VDUC) is suitable for transporting varying size of goods. The two chassis can be used jointly or driving separately as needed, which enhancing the reconfigurability of transport vehicle. Considering the road environment uncertainty and the rollover safety problem associated with large transport vehicle, this paper proposes the path planning of VDUC using the Artificial Potential Field(APF)+Model Predictive Control(MPC) while incorporating the rollover stability index. Due to the independent operation of the two modular chassis, based on the hierarchical control approach, the path following controller of the two modular chassis are designed separately according to the vehicle’s planned path. Distributed model predictive control is applied to coordinate the front and rear modular chassis, so it can realize the path following for the
Liu, ZuyangShen, YanhuaWang, Kaidiwang, Haoshuai
The advent of autonomous vehicles (AVs) marks a revolutionizing transformation in transportation, with the potential to significantly enhance safety and efficiency through advanced trajectory planning and optimization capabilities. A crucial component in realizing these benefits is the use of optimization-based control strategies for real-time path planning. Among these, model predictive path integral (MPPI) control algorithms stand out as a sampling-based stochastic control method, offering precise control in dynamic environments through random sampling. While the MPPI control has shown promising results, there has been limited investigation into the effects of different prediction horizon times on control performance of these algorithms. This paper seeks to address this gap by proposing a multi-input MPPI control method for AVs using a single-track vehicle dynamic model. Our research focuses on the influence of various prediction horizon times on trajectory optimization during lane
Yang, YanwenNegash, NatnaelYang, James
Since the introduction of ABS (1978), TCS (1986) and ESC (1995) in series production, the number of modern vehicle dynamics control functions and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) has been continuously increasing. Meanwhile, many functions are available that influence vehicle motion (vehicle dynamics). Since these are only partially and not hierarchically coordinated, the control of vehicle motion is still suboptimal. Current megatrends (automated driving, electromobility, software-defined vehicles) and new key technologies (steer-by-wire, brake-by-wire, domain-based E/E architectures) lead to an increasing number of electrified, motion-relevant components being introduced into series production. These components enable the development of an integrated chassis control (ICC) that controls all motion-relevant components, networks them with each other and coordinates them holistically to optimally control the vehicle motion regarding an adjustable desired driving behavior. Vehicle
Wielitzka, MarkAhrenhold, TimVocht, MoritzRawitzer, JonasSchrader, Jonas
To further optimize the automatic emergency braking for pedestrian (AEB-P) control algorithm, this study proposes an AEB-P hierarchical control strategy considering road adhesion coefficient. First, the extended Kalman filter is used to estimate the road adhesion coefficient, and the recursive least square method is used to predict the pedestrian trajectory. Then, a safety distance model considering the influence factor of road adhesion coefficient is proposed to adapt to different road conditions. Finally, the desired deceleration is converted into the desired pressure and desired current to the requirements of the electric power-assisted braking system. The strategy is verified through the hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) platform; the simulation results show that the control algorithm proposed in this article can effectively avoid collision in typical scenarios, the safe distance of parking is between 0.61 m and 2.34 m, and the stop speed is in the range of 1.85 km/h–27.64 km/h.
Wang, ZijunWang, LiangMa, LiangSun, YongLi, ChenghaoYang, Xinglong
Aiming at the problem of insufficient capacity of taxiways in hub airports, which combine the safety interval, conflict resolution and fair principles, a taxiway planning model is established by taking the shortest taxiway as the optimisation goal, considering fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. Dijkstra algorithm is used to transform the taxiing path into an adjacency matrix, and conflict resolution is carried out in a weighted way. Under the premise of ensuring zero conflict of taxiways, the total taxiing distance is reduced. Based on actual operational data from a hub airport in China, the results show that the proposed taxiing path planning method is feasible, shortening the aircraft taxiing distance and improving the surface taxiing efficiency.
Feng, BochengQi, XinyueZhang, Hongbin
Path planning algorithms are critical technologies for intelligent ship systems, as scientifically optimized paths enable safe navigation and efficient avoidance of waterborne obstacles. To address the limitations of current ship path planning models, which often fail to adequately consider the combined effects of wind, current, and the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGS), this study proposes an enhanced path planning method. The method integrates environmental factors, such as wind and current, and COLREGS into an improved Artificial Potential Field(APF) framework. Specifically, the influence of wind and current is modeled as "environmental forces," while the navigation constraints imposed by COLREGS are transformed into virtual obstacles, generating corresponding repulsive forces to refine the algorithm. Simulation experiments conducted under both single-ship and multi-ship scenarios validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach
Shangqing, FengJinli, XiaoLangxiong, GanGeng, ChenHui, LiGuanliang, Zhou
Nowadays, the rapidly developing Connected and Autonomous Vehicle (CAV) provides a new mode of intersection vehicle cooperative control, which can optimize vehicle trajectories and signal phases in real time and reduce intersection delays through the advantages of vehicle-road cooperative information interaction and the high controllability of CAV. In this paper, the intersection of Jintong West Road and Guanghua Road in Beijing is taken as the research object, and the vehicle trajectory constraints, acceleration constraints, speed constraints, safe driving constraints, signal switch constraints and traffic signal control constraints are set up with the minimization of traffic delay as the objective function. The DQN deep reinforcement learning network is constructed based on vehicle states, vehicle actions, reward functions, and update rules, and starts learning and updating to generate the target network. Then, SUMO software is used to simulate and test and compare the trajectory
Xu, YutingZhang, YongWu, Xianyu
Intelligent vehicles can utilize a variety of sensors, computing, and control technologies to autonomously perceive the environment and make decisions to achieve safe, efficient, and automated driving. If the speed planning of intelligent vehicles ignores the vehicle dynamics state, it leads to unreasonable planning speed and is not conducive to improving the accuracy of trajectory tracking control. Meanwhile, trajectory tracking usually does not consider the road and speed information beyond the prediction horizon, resulting in poor tracking precision that is not conducive to improving driving comfort. To solve these problems, this study proposes a new longitudinal speed planning method based on variable universe fuzzy rules and designs the piecewise preview model predictive control (PPMPC) to realize the vehicle trajectory tracking. First, the three-degrees-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model and trajectory tracking model are established and verified. Then, the variable universe fuzzy
Zhang, JieTeng, ShipengGao, JianjieZhou, XingxingZhou, Junchao
In this work, the large-angle rotational movement and vibration suppression of a flexible spacecraft are carried out based on an adjustable system. First the spacecraft model is transformed into a canonical affine control form, then two fuzzy systems are used: The first (of Takagi–Sugeno type) estimates the feedback linearization control law as a whole, while the second (of Mamdani type) adjusts and stabilizes the control parameters using the gradient descent technique and based on the minimization of the control error rather than the tracking error. Stability results are presented in terms of Lyapunov’s theory, and simulation tests illustrate the significant transient robustness of the closed-loop system against perturbations, the accurate trajectory control, and vibration suppression of the flexible spacecraft. Consequently, as will be shown later, the error will stay confined and converges quickly to zero, confirming the smoothing property of the proposed method using fuzzy logic
Bahita, Mohamed
To improve the real-time performance and safety of intelligent bus lane-changing and obstacle avoidance in complex road environments, this study proposes a multi-objective optimization algorithm called LMCTS. L-MCTS integrates a lane-changing benefit model, an LSTM network, and Monte Carlo Tree Search. First, the NGSIM dataset was utilized to filter lane-changing intention points and surrounding traffic flow information, and classification rules were established to process lane-changing behaviors. Based on these decision outcomes, a multi-objective trajectory planning method was designed, taking into account factors such as comfort, safety, and smoothness. The proposed algorithm was validated on the CARLA simulation platform and compared with traditional MCTS and DP+QP algorithms. Results indicated that, in actual driving scenarios, the safety evaluation of L-MCTS improved by 10.71% compared to MCTS and by 17.72% compared to DP+QP. Additionally, L-MCTS enhanced comfort by 4.94% over
Jin, JianfengSong, KangXie, HuiYan, Long
To address the issues of unreasonable collision avoidance path planning algorithms and inadequate safety in high-speed scenarios, a trajectory prediction-based collision avoidance path planning algorithm has been proposed. First, a trajectory prediction model is constructed using the long–short-term memory (LSTM) network, and the trajectory prediction model is trained and tested with the HighD dataset. Second, the future trajectory of the obstacle car is predicted, the future trajectory information of the two cars is combined to generate the lane-changing decision, and the three-times B-spline curves are used to generate the collision avoidance path clusters. The optimal collision avoidance paths are generated based on the multi-objective optimization function. Finally, build a MATLAB/CarSim simulation platform to verify the reasonableness and safety of the planned paths by taking the three scenarios of the continuous overtaking, preceding car pulling out, and the neighboring car
Liu, Xiao LongZhang, LeiLi, Peng KunXie, RuWang, QingLi, Ran Ran
Accurate and responsive trajectory tracking is a critical challenge in intelligent vehicle control system. To improve the adaptability and real-time performance of intelligent vehicle trajectory tracking controllers, we propose a genetic algorithm adaptive preview (GAAP) scheme that offline optimizes the preview distance based on vehicle speed and reference path curvature. The goal is to obtain the optimal preview distance that balances tracking accuracy, stability, and real-time performance. By establishing a relationship between optimal preview distance, speed, and curvature, we enhance real-time performance through online table checking during trajectory tracking. Our trajectory tracking error model takes into account not only position errors but also heading errors. A feedback–feedforward trajectory tracking controller is then designed to achieve rapid responses without compromising robustness. Simulation tests conducted under straight circular arc condition and double lane change
Cheng, KehanZhang, HuanhuanHu, ShengliNing, Qianjia
This research, path planning optimization of the deep Q-network (DQN) algorithm is enhanced through integration with the enhanced deep Q-network (EDQN) for mobile robot (MR) navigation in specific scenarios. This approach involves multiple objectives, such as minimizing path distance, energy consumption, and obstacle avoidance. The proposed algorithm has been adapted to operate MRs in both 10 × 10 and 15 × 15 grid-mapped environments, accommodating both static and dynamic settings. The main objective of the algorithm is to determine the most efficient, optimized path to the target destination. A learning-based MR was utilized to experimentally validate the EDQN methodology, confirming its effectiveness. For robot trajectory tasks, this research demonstrates that the EDQN approach enables collision avoidance, optimizes path efficiency, and achieves practical applicability. Training episodes were implemented over 3000 iterations. In comparison to traditional algorithms such as A*, GA
Arumugam, VengatesanAlagumalai, VasudevanRajendran, Sundarakannan
Autonomous driving technology has indeed become a focal point of research globally, with significant efforts directed towards enhancing its key components: environment perception, vehicle localization, path planning, and motion control. These components work together to enable autonomous vehicles to navigate complex environments safely and efficiently. Among these components, environment perception stands out as critical, as it involves the robust, real-time detection of targets on the road. This process relies heavily on the integration of various sensors, making data fusion an indispensable tool in the early stages of automation. Sensor fusion between the camera and RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) has advantages because they are complementary sensors, where fusion combines the high lateral resolution from the vision system with the robustness in the face of adverse weather conditions and light invulnerability of RADAR, as well as having a lower production cost compared to the
Cury, Hachid HabibTeixeira, Evandro Leonardo SilvaSilva, Rafael Rodrigues
Single lane changing is one of the typical scenarios in vehicle driving. Planning an appropriate lane change trajectory is crucial in autonomous and semi-autonomous vehicle research. Existing polynomial trajectory planning mostly uses cubic or quintic polynomials, neglecting the lateral jerk constraints during lane changes. This study uses seventh-degree polynomials for lane change trajectory planning by considering the vehicle lateral jerk constraints. Simulation results show that the utilization of the seventh-degree method results in a 41% reduction in jerk compared to the fifth-degree polynomial. Furthermore, this study also proposes lane change trajectory schemes that can cater to different driving styles (e.g., safety, efficiency, comfort, and balanced performance). Depending on the driving style, the planned lane change trajectory ensures that the vehicle achieves optimal performance in one or more aspects during the lane change process. For example, with the trajectory that
Lai, FeiHuang, Chaoqun
Learning-based motion planning methods such as reinforcement learning (RL) have shown great potential of improving the performance of autonomous driving. However, comprehensively ensuring safety and efficiency remain a challenge for motion planning technology. Most current RL methods output discrete behavioral action or continuous control action, which lack an intuitive representation of the future motion and then face the problems with unstable or reckless driving behavior. To address these issues, this work proposes an interaction-aware reinforcement learning approach based on hybrid parameterized action space for autonomous driving in lane change scenario. The proposed method can output high-level feasible trajectory and low-level actuator control command to control the vehicle’s motion together. Meanwhile, the reward functions for the local traffic environment are designed to evaluate the effect of the interaction between ego vehicle and surrounding vehicles. The contributions of
Li, ZhuorenJin, GuizheYu, RanLeng, BoXiong, Lu
Path planning in parking scenarios for vehicles with Ackermann steering characteristics is a well studied problem in the literature. However, the recent emergence of four-wheel steering (4WS) chassis has brought new opportunities to the field of motion planning. Compared with front-wheel steering (2WS), 4WS vehicles offer higher flexibility and new maneuver modes such as CrabWalk. To utilize such new potential to further improve parking efficiency, this paper proposes a four-wheel steering oriented planning algorithm for parking scenarios. First, Hybrid A*-4WS is proposed to search for a coarse trajectory from the starting pose to the parking slot, with improved node expansion mechanism to incorporate four-wheel steering characteristics. Then a nonlinear programming (NLP) problem is formulated with four-wheel steering kinematic model to fully utilize the maneuver capability of 4WS vehicles, with OBCA used for collision avoidance constraints. Finally, the two algorithms are sequentially
Song, YufeiLiu, YuanzhiXiong, LuTang, Chen
The application trend of automated driving is gaining significant concern, making it increasingly crucial to validate automated driving within the stochastic simulated traffic flow environment from both time and cost perspectives. The stochastic traffic flow model attempts to encapsulate the variability inherent in traffic conditions through a stochastic process. This approach is particularly important as it accounts for the unpredictable nature of traffic, which is often not fully captured by traditional deterministic testing scenarios. However, while stochastic traffic flow models have made strides in simulating the behavior of traffic participants, there remains a significant oversight in the simulation of vehicles’ driving trajectories, leading to unrealistic portrayals of their behaviors. The trajectories of vehicles are a critical component in the overall behavior of traffic flow, and their accurate representation is essential for the simulation to reflect real-world driving
Gao, YiboCao, PengYang, Aixi
Hypersonic platforms provide a challenge for flight test campaigns due to the application's flight profiles and environments. The hypersonic environment is generally classified as any speed above Mach 5, although there are finer distinctions, such as “high hypersonic” (between Mach 10 to 25) and “reentry” (above Mach 25). Hypersonic speeds are accompanied, in general, by a small shock standoff distance. As the Mach number increases, the entropy layer of the air around the platform changes rapidly, and there are accompanying vortical flows. Also, a significant amount of aerodynamic heating causes the air around the platform to disassociate and ionize. From a flight test perspective, this matters because the plasma and the ionization interfere with the radio frequency (RF) channels. This interference reduces the telemetry links' reliability and backup techniques must be employed to guarantee the reception of acquired data. Additionally, the flight test instrumentation (FTI) package needs
Navigating Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in urban airspace poses significant challenges for fast and efficient path planning due to the environment's complexity and dynamism. However, the existing research on UAV path planning has ignored the speed of algorithmic convergence and the smoothness of the generated path, which are critical for adapting to the dynamic changing of the urban airspace as well as for the safety of ground personnel, and the UAV itself. In this study, we propose an enhanced Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm that incorporates two heuristic functions: the compass heuristic and the inertia heuristic. These functions guide the ant agents in their movement towards the destination, aiming for faster convergence and smoother trajectories. The algorithm is evaluated using a gray-scale lattice map generated from ground personnel risk data in Suzhou City. The results indicate that the improved ACO path planning algorithm demonstrates both efficiency and quality
Wang, BofanZhao, ZhouyeHu, BoyaLiu, YufanRu, XiaoyuTong, ZiyueJia, Qing
Internet of vehicles (IoV) system as a typical application scenario of smart city, trajectory planning is one of the key technologies of the system. However, there are some unstructured spaces such as road shoulders and slopes pose challenges for trajectory planning of connected-automated vehicle (CAV). Therefore, this paper addresses the problem of CAV trajectory planning affected by unstructured space. Firstly, based on cyber-physical system (CPS), the cyber-physical trajectory planning system (CPTPS) framework was built. A high-precision digital twin CAV is established based on the physical properties and geometric constraints of CAV, and the digital model is mapped to cyber space of the CPTPS. In order to further reduce the energy consumption of the CAV during driving and the time spent from the start to the end, a model was established. Further, based on the sand cat swarm hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm (SCSHPSO), global path planning for connected-automated vehicles
Ma, ShiziMa, ZhitaoShi, YingYang, ZhongkaiLai, DaoyinQi, Zhiguo
Geometric methods based on Reeds–Shepp (RS) curves offer a practical approach for the parking path planning of unmanned mining truck, but discontinuous curvature can cause tire wear and road damage. To address this issue in mine scenario, a continuous curvature parking path planning method based on transition curve and model predictive control (MPC) is proposed for mine scenarios. Initially, according to the shovel position information issued by the cloud dispatching platform, a reference line is planned using RS curves. In order to mitigate the wear and tear of the tires and the damage to unstructured roads due to the in situ steering caused by the sudden change of the curvature, a transition curve consisting of clothoid–arc–clothoid that satisfies the kinematics of continuous vehicle steering is designed on the basis of RS curves to achieve the continuity of road curvature, which will contribute to the economy of tire and handling performance. The calculation of Fresnel integral
Zhang, HaosenChen, QiushiWu, Guangqiang
Autonomous vehicle technologies have become increasingly popular over the last few years. One of their most important application is autonomous shuttle buses that could radically change public transport systems. In order to enhance the availability of shuttle service, this article outlines a series of interconnected challenges and innovative solutions to optimize the operation of autonomous shuttles based on the experience within the Shuttle Modellregion Oberfranken (SMO) project. The shuttle shall be able to work in every weather condition, including the robustness of the perception algorithm. Besides, the shuttle shall react to environmental changes, interact with other traffic participants, and ensure comfortable travel for passengers and awareness of VRUs. These challenging situations shall be solved alone or with a teleoperator’s help. Our analysis considers the basic sense–plan–act architecture for autonomous driving. Critical components like object detection, pedestrian tracking
Dehghani, AliSalaar, HamzaSrinivasan, Shanmuga PriyaZhou, LixianArbeiter, GeorgLindner, AlisaPatino-Studencki, Lucila
In recent years, autonomous vehicles (AVs) have been receiving increasing attention from investors, automakers, and academia due to the envisioned potentials of AVs in enhancing safety, reducing emissions, and improving comfort. The crucial task in AV development boils down to perception and navigation. The research is underway, in both academia and industry, to improve AV’s perception and navigation and reduce the underlying computation and costs. This article proposes a model predictive control (MPC)-based local path-planning method in the Cartesian framework to overcome the long computation time and lack of smoothness of the Frenet method. A new equation is proposed in the MPC cost function to improve the safety in path planning. In this regard, an AV is built based on a 2015 Nissan Leaf S by modifying the drive-by-wire function and installing environment perception sensors and computation units. The custom-made AV then collected data in Norman, Oklahoma, and assisted in the
Arjmandzadeh, ZibaAbbasi, Mohammad HosseinWang, HanchenZhang, JiangfengXu , Bin
Model predictive control (MPC) plays a crucial role in advancing intelligent vehicle technologies. Controllers designed based on various vehicle reference models, including kinematic and dynamic models (both linear and nonlinear), often demonstrate significant differences in control performance. This study contributes by comparing three different MPC control methods and proposing a comprehensive evaluation criterion that considers tracking accuracy, stability, and computational efficiency across various MPC designs. Joint simulations using CarSim and MATLAB/Simulink reveal distinct performance characteristics among the MPC variants. Specifically, kinematic MPC (KMPC) exhibits superior performance at low speeds, linear model predictive control (LMPC) performs best at moderate speeds, and nonlinear MPC (NMPC) achieves optimal performance at high speeds. These findings highlight the adaptive nature of MPC strategies to varying vehicle dynamics and operational conditions, emphasizing the
Lai, FeiXiao, HaoLiu, JunboHuang, Chaoqun
Efficient fire rescue operations in urban environments are critical for saving lives and reducing property damage. By utilizing connected vehicle systems (CVS) for firefighting vehicles planning, we can reduce the response time to fires while lowering the operational costs of fire stations. This research presents an innovative nonlinear mixed-integer programming model to enhance fire rescue operations in urban settings. The model focuses on expediting the movement of firefighting vehicles within intricate traffic networks, effectively tackling the complexities associated with collaborative dispatch decisions and optimal path planning for multiple response units. This method is validated using a small-scale traffic network, providing foundational insights into parameter impacts. A case study in Sioux Falls shows its superiority over traditional “nearest dispatch” methods, optimizing both cost and response time significantly. Sensitivity analyses involving clearance speed, clearance time
Wei, ShiboGu, YuLiu, Han
Nowadays, electrification is largely acknowledged as a crucial strategy to mitigate climate change, especially for the transportation sector through the transition from conventional vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs). As the demand for EVs continues to rise, the development of a robust and widespread charging infrastructure has become a top priority for governments and decision-makers. In this context, innovative approaches to energy management and sustainability, such as Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), are gradually being employed, leading to new challenges, like grid service integration, charge scheduling and public acceptance. For instance, the planned use scenario, the user’s behavior, and the reachability of the geographical position influence the optimal energy management strategies both maintain user satisfaction and optimize grid impact. Firstly, this paper not only presents an extensive classification of charging infrastructure and possible planning activities related to different
Innocenti, EleonoraBerzi, LorenzoKociu, AljonDelogu, Massimo
Today’s space programs are ambitious and require increased level of onboard autonomy. Various sensing techniques and algorithms were developed over the years to achieve the same. However, vision-based sensing techniques have enabled higher level of autonomy in the navigation of space systems. The major advantage of vison-based sensing is its ability to offer high precision navigation. However, the traditional vision-based sensing techniques translate raw image into data which needs to be processed and can be used to control the spacecraft. The increasingly complex mission requirements motivate the use of vision-based techniques that use artificial intelligence with deep learning. Availability of sufficient onboard processing resources is a major challenge. Though space-based deployment of deep learning is in the experimental phase, but the space industry has already adopted AI on the ground systems. Deep learning technique for spacecraft navigation in an unknown and unpredictable
Avanashilingam, Jayanth BalajiThokala, Satish
A GE Aviation Systems report for a project, conducted under the CLEEN Program to develop the Flight Management System Weather Input Optimizer (FWIO), documents that the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) provided weather forecast data has a bias of 15 knots and a standard deviation of 13.3 knots for the 40 flights considered for the research. It also had a 0.47 bias in the temperature with a standard deviation of 0.27. The temperature errors are not as significant as the wind. There is a potential opportunity to reduce the operational cost by improving the weather forecast. The flight management system (FMS) currently uses the weather forecast, available before takeoff, to identify an optimized flight path with minimum operational costs depending on the selected speed mode. Such a flight plan could be optimum for a shorter flight because these flight path planning algorithms are very less susceptible to the accuracy of the weather forecast. However, the flight plan
Kushwaha, DineshKottackal, Sebin K
With the modernization of agriculture, the application of unmanned agricultural special vehicles is becoming increasingly widespread, which helps to improve agricultural production efficiency and reduce labor. Vehicle path-tracking control is an important link in achieving intelligent driving of vehicles. This paper designs a controller that combines path tracking with vehicle lateral stability for four-wheel steer/drive agricultural special electric vehicles. First, based on a simplified three-degrees-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model, a model predictive control (MPC) controller is used to calculate the front and rear axle angles. Then, according to the Ackermann steering principle, the four-wheel independent angles are calculated using the front and rear axle angles to achieve tracking of the target trajectory. For vehicle lateral stability, the sliding mode control (SMC) is used to calculate the required direct yaw moment control (DYC) of the vehicle, and wheel torque distribution
Huang, BinYang, NuorongMa, LiutaoWei, Lexia
In order to improve the obstacle avoidance ability of autonomous vehicles in complex traffic environments, speed planning, path planning, and tracking control are integrated into one optimization problem. An integrated vehicle trajectory planning and tracking control method combining a pseudo-time-to-collision (PTC) risk assessment model and model predictive control (MPC) is proposed. First, a risk assessment model with PTC probability is proposed by considering the differentiation of the risk on the relative motion states of the self and front vehicles, and the obstacle vehicles in the lateral and longitudinal directions. Then, a three-degrees-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model is established, and the MPC cost function and constraints are constructed from the perspective of the road environment as well as the stability and comfort of the ego-vehicle, combined with the PTC risk assessment model to optimize the control. Finally, a complex multi-vehicle obstacle avoidance scenario is
Yang, TaoLiu, LiangXu, Zhaoping
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