Browse Topic: Fixed-wing aircraft
The scope of this SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is to discuss factors affecting visibility of aircraft navigation and anticollision lights, enabling those concerned with their use to have a better technical understanding of such factors, and to aid in exercising appropriate judgment in the many possible flight eventualities.
Direct debugging of a vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) fixed-wing aircraft’s control system can easily result in risk and personnel damage. It is effectively to employ simulation and numerical methods to validate control performance. In this paper, the attitude stabilization controller for VTOL fixed-wing aircraft is designed, and the controller performance is verified by MATLAB and visual simulation software, which significantly increases designed efficiency and safety of the controller. In detail, we first develop the VTOL fixed-wing aircraft’s six degrees of freedom kinematics and dynamics models using Simulink module, and the cascade PID control technique is applied to the VTOL aircraft’s attitude stabilization control. Then the visual simulation program records the flight data and displays the flight course and condition, which can validate the designed controller performance effectively. It can be concluded that the designed VTOL fixed-wing aircraft control visual simulation
Electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, which is used extensively in both military and civilian fields, has the advantages of good maneuverability, high cruising speed, and low requirements for the takeoff and landing modes. Robust and stable control is crucial to ensuring its safety because the dynamics model of an eVTOL aircraft will change significantly between fixed-wing and vertical takeoff and landing mode. In this paper, we first study the structural characteristics of the eVTOL aircraft and establish its dynamic model by considering typical flight modes and mechanical parameters. Then we design a closed-loop controller based on cascade PID technique. Finally, the effectiveness of the control algorithms is verified based on the semi-physical flight simulation platform, which can lower the development cost of control algorithms significantly. The simulation results demonstrate that the cascade PID control scheme accelerates the implementation of the robust
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) contains landing gear strength and rigidity requirements which, in combination with other applicable specifications, define the structural design, analysis, test, and data requirements for fixed wing piloted airplanes. These requirements include, but are not limited to, the following: a General specifications: 1 The shock-absorption characteristics and strength of landing-gear units and the strength and rigidity of their control systems and of their carry-through structures. Requirements for wheels, tires, and brakes as they affect air vehicle ground loads are also included. 2 The strength of structures integral with the airplane provided for transmitting catapulting forces to the airplanes, and for engaging shipboard and shore-based arresting gear, and barricades. 3 The strength of anchor-line clamps, and the airplane strength for hoisting, jacking, towing, tie-down, and other ground- or deck-handling conditions. 4 Structural design, analysis, and test
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides the qualification test procedure requirements for low wattage halogen lamps (less than 35 watts) intended for use primarily in aircraft applications. The purpose of these tests is to provide a laboratory means of determining the performance characteristics of lamps under airplane power and other environmental conditions and to verify the integrity of the lamp design and production processes.
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) contains the general requirements and test procedures for Dual Mode (NVIS Friendly visible and Covert) exterior lighting for most rotorcraft and fixed wing aircraft and could be applicable to ground vehicles that desire a Dual Mode lighting system.
This SAE Aerospace Recommend Practice (ARP) is intended to cover the external lights on fixed wing aircraft for illuminating the wing leading edge and engine nacelles and the upper surfaces of the wing. The addition of an ice detection system should be implemented when the areas to inspect are not visible from the aircraft cockpit. It is not intended that this recommended practice require the use of any particular light source such as halogen, LED, or other specific design of lamp.
The primary focus of this document is to provide information on the impacts hard landings and abnormal load conditions on landing gear and related systems. However, because hard landings potentially affect the entire aircraft, this document also includes information for non-landing gear areas. The document may be considered to be applicable to all types of aircraft. This document does NOT provide recommended practices for hard landing inspections, nor does it provide recommendations on the disposition of damaged equipment. Refer to ARP4915 and ARP5600 for information on dispositions relating to landing gear components or wheels involved in accidents/incidents.
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides design guidelines for aircraft mechanical control systems and components. Topics contained in this document include design requirements, system design and installation guidelines, and component design practices for primary flight controls, secondary flight controls, and utility controls.
Gust load alleviation is an increasing concern for the design of fixed-wing aircraft with ultra-high aspect wings. It may have detrimental impacts on flight including increased structural and aerodynamic loads, structural deformation, and decreased flight dynamic performance. Innovators at NASA's Langley Research Center have developed a mechanical solution to control gust-load on fixed plane wings enabling significant improvement over alleviation devices currently in use.
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) covers the recommended criteria and performance requirements for the design and installation of land-based aircraft emergency and operational arresting hooks for use on runway arresting systems. Design criteria for fully operational hooks and for carrier-based aircraft hook installations are contained in specification MIL-A-18717.
Consideration for the damaging effects to aircraft from the failure of wheels and tires should be evaluated. This document discusses the types of problems in-service aircraft have experienced and methodology in place to assist the designers when evaluating threats for new aircraft design. The purpose of this document is to provide a history of in-service problems, provide a historical summary of the design improvements made to wheels and tires during the past 40 years, and to offer methodology which has been used to help designers assess the threat to ensure the functionality of systems and equipment located in and around the landing gear and in wheel wells.
This document provides information regarding ice detector technology and design. The SAE document AS5498 provides detailed information regarding the requirements, specifications, qualification, and certification of icing detection systems. This document is not meant to replace AS5498, but to enhance it by considering unique aspects of sensing technology and, in particular, those that may not be certificated at the time of this revision. To that end, an effort has been made not to duplicate information contained in AS5498. Icing rate information is included where applicable. The primary application is associated with ice forming on the leading edges of airfoils and inlets while the aircraft is in flight. Information related to detection of ice over cold fuel tanks and icing at low-velocity operation is included. The material is primarily applicable to fixed-wing aircraft. Unique requirements for engine inlets and rotorcraft are also provided.
This document contains minimum operational performance specification (MOPS) of active on-board INFLIGHT ICING DETECTION SYSTEMS (FIDS). This MOPS specifies FIDS operational performance which is the minimum necessary to satisfy regulatory requirements for the design and manufacture of the equipment to a minimum standard and guidance towards acceptable means of compliance when installed on an AIRCRAFT. Detection of ICE accreted on the AIRCRAFT during ground operations is not considered in this document. This MOPS was written for the use of FIDS on AIRCRAFT as defined in 1.3 and 2.3. Expected minimum performance specifications for FIDS and their functions are provided in Section 3. The minimum performance requirements as defined in Section 3 do not consider SYSTEM performance as installed on the AIRCRAFT. Performance in excess of the minimum performance may be required by the SYSTEM installed on an AIRCRAFT in order to meet regulatory or operational requirements. This topic is considered
Over the last decade the numbers, types, and capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) available to military forces, domestic security forces, non-state actors, commercial interests, and even private citizens have grown substantially. Offerings range from large, expensive fixed-wing high-altitude/long- endurance UAVs, which are affordable only to nation states, down to low-cost, low-flying small and micro vertical take-off- and-landing (VTOL) models available to everyone. Both armed and unarmed models are marketed. Some unarmed models are being upgraded with aftermarket lethal capabilities by third parties or private individuals using do-it-yourself techniques.
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides descriptions of trimmable horizontal stabilizer actuators that are installed on a variety of transport and business aircraft systems.
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes minimum performance standards for new equipment position lights. This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines minimum and maximum light intensity in terms of candelas in vertical and horizontal directions about the longitudinal, vertical, and lateral axes of the aircraft. It also defines color tolerances in terms of limiting chromaticities for the light emitted from the position lights. It is not intended that this standard require the use of any particular light source such as quartz-halogen, incandescent, or any other specific design of lamp.
This document deals with ground and flight test of airplane installed Environmental Control Systems (ECS), Figure 1. The ECS provide an environment, controlled within specified operational limits of comfort and safety, for humans, animals, and equipment. These limits include the following: pressure, temperature, humidity, ventilation air velocity, ventilation rate, wall temperature, audible noise, vibration, and environment composition (ozone, contaminants, etc.). The ECS are composed of equipment, controls, and indicators that supply, distribute, recycle and exhaust air to maintain the desired environment.
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is intended to cover all external lights on the tanker and fixed wing receiver airplanes used to accomplish aerial refueling. This ARP describes lights used for two basic types of aerial refueling: the probe and drogue, and the boom/receptacle method.
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) sets forth criteria for the installation, inflation, inspection, and maintenance of aircraft tires and the maintenance of the operating environment to ensure the safety of support personnel and the safe operation of the aircraft.
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) reviews the basics of NVIS compatibility and discusses the specific illuminated pushbutton switch and indicator requirements for sunlight readability, color, luminance, and NVIS radiance when used in NVIS compatible cockpits. The recommendations and special considerations set forth in this document are made to give the design engineer a better understanding of MIL-L-85762A and MIL-STD-3009 NVIS compatibility requirements and to provide information on the visual characteristics of NVIS compatible pushbutton switch and indicators. The recommendations are primarly for military aircraft since civilian aircraft FAR requirements typically do not cover NVIS applications with the exception of those covered by RTCA/DO-275.
This document is applicable to civil aerospace airframe structural applications where stakeholders are seeking guidance on the definition, development, and certification of structural health monitoring (SHM) technologies for aircraft health management applications. Inputs to the structural health management are obtained from SHM equipment and/or from onboard sensors, delivering the detection and characterization of damage, load, or environmental parameters for operational and damage monitoring. For the purpose of this document, SHM is defined as “the process of acquiring and analyzing data from on-board sensors to characterize the health of a structure.” The suite of on-board sensors could include any presently installed aircraft sensors, as well as new sensors to be defined in the future.
The intent of this SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is to document the design requirements and approaches for the crashworthy design of aircraft landing gear. This document covers the field of commercial and military airplanes and helicopters. This summary of crashworthy landing gear design requirements and approaches may be used as a reference for future aircraft.
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) sets forth design and operational recommendations concerning the human factors/crew interface considerations and criteria for vertical situation awareness displays. This is the first of two recommended practice documents that will address vertical situation awareness displays (VSAD). This document will focus on the performance/planning types of display (e.g., the map display) and will be limited to providing recommendations concerning human factored crew interfaces and will not address architecture issues. This document focuses on two types of VSAD displays: a coplanar implementation of a profile display (side projection) and a conventional horizontal map display; and a 3D map display (geometric projection). It is intended for head down display applications. However, other formats or presentation methods, such as HUDs, HMDs and 3D audio presentations may become more feasible in the future. Even though the relationship of the vertical
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) sets forth design and operational recommendations concerning the human factors issues and criteria for cockpit display of traffic information systems. The visual and aural characteristics are covered for both the alerting components and traffic depiction/situation components. The display system may contain any one or a combination of these components Although the system functionality assumed for this document exemplifies fixed-wing aircraft implementation, the recommendations do not preclude other aircraft types. The recommendations contained in this document address both near and far term technology directed toward providing in flight traffic awareness, although the present version remains primarily focused on near term applications. Since this document provides recommendations, the guidance is provided in the form of “should” statements as opposed to the “shall” statements that appear in standards and requirements. The assumptions about
This Glossary is designed to serve persons who need to know the accepted meanings, within specific contexts, of the terminology used in reports, articles, regulations, and other materials dealing with aviation safety -- with particular reference to terms specific to human factors in aviation safety. It is assumed that some users of the Glossary will be familiar with the nomenclature of aviation, but will need information on the language of human factors in engineering as they apply to aviation safety. Others (for example, engineers and psychologists) will have fairly extensive knowledge of the terminology of their own and related disciplines, but will need authoritative definitions of technical terms specific to aviation. Within the foregoing general framework, the following guidelines for the inclusion of terms to be defined have been observed:
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