Browse Topic: Business and general aviation aircraft
This ARP covers three common light sources, incandescent, electroluminescent and light emitting diode that, when NVG filtered, can be used to illuminate NVG compatible aerospace crew stations. It is recognized that many other different light sources can also be used for this purpose. Also see 2.1.1 for other SAE documents that cover particular applications within the crew station environment. This ARP sets forth recommendations for the design of NVG compatible lighting, utilizing these light sources, that will meet the requirements of MIL-L-85762 Lighting, Aircraft, Interior, Night Vision Imaging System (NVIS) Compatible. This also includes the replacement document MIL-STD-3009: Lighting, Aircraft, Night Vision Imaging System (NVIS) Compatible. Although this ARP concentrates on lamp light sources for illumination, the information contained within this ARP may be directly applied to incandescent, electroluminescent and light emitting diode information display devices. Regardless of the
This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is limited in scope to the general consideration of environmental control system noise and its effect on occupant comfort. Additional information on the control of environmental control system noise may be found in 2.3 and in the documents referenced throughout the text. This document does not contain sufficient direction and detail to accomplish effective and complete acoustic designs.
The intent of this AIR is twofold: (1) to present descriptive summary of aircraft nosewheel steering and centering systems, and (2) to provide a discussion of problems encountered and “lessons learned” by various airplane manufacturers and users. This document covers both military aircraft (land-based and ship-based) and commercial aircraft. It is intended that the document be continually updated as new aircraft and/or new “lessons learned” become available.
This document establishes acceptable design criteria for instrument and cockpit illumination for general aviation aircraft.
This specification covers two types of two-component, epoxy, chemical and solvent resistant primer coatings formulated primarily for spray application. These coatings are compatible with epoxy and polyurethane topcoats.
There are four basic conditions requiring the dispensing of oxygen through oxygen masks to aircraft occupants in turbine powered aircraft during flight. The following conditions are derived from the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) as listed in Section 2.
Aircraft icing is a serious problem. There is a need for a passive durable solution for both commercial and general aviation aircraft. Scientists at NASA Langley have been developing passive solutions to this problem focusing on coatings for aircraft surfaces that will reduce the adhesion of impact ice.
The primary focus of this document is to provide information on the impacts hard landings and abnormal load conditions on landing gear and related systems. However, because hard landings potentially affect the entire aircraft, this document also includes information for non-landing gear areas. The document may be considered to be applicable to all types of aircraft. This document does NOT provide recommended practices for hard landing inspections, nor does it provide recommendations on the disposition of damaged equipment. Refer to ARP4915 and ARP5600 for information on dispositions relating to landing gear components or wheels involved in accidents/incidents.
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides design guidelines for aircraft mechanical control systems and components. Topics contained in this document include design requirements, system design and installation guidelines, and component design practices for primary flight controls, secondary flight controls, and utility controls.
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes methods that are known to have been used by aircraft manufacturers to evaluate aircraft aerodynamic performance and handling effects following application of aircraft ground deicing/anti-icing fluids (“fluids”), as well as methods under development. Guidance and insight based upon those experiences are provided, including: Similarity analyses. Icing wind tunnel tests. Flight tests. Computational fluid dynamics and other numerical analyses. This ARP also describes: The history of evaluation of the aerodynamic effects of fluids. The effects of fluids on aircraft aerodynamics. The testing for aerodynamic acceptability of fluids for SAE and regulatory qualification performed in accordance with AS5900. Additionally, Appendices A to E present individual aircraft manufacturers’ histories and methodologies which substantially contributed to the improvement of knowledge and processes for the evaluation of fluid aerodynamic effects.
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) relates considerations for design test procedures and test data evaluation for qualification of tire spray deflection devices.
This document provides information regarding ice detector technology and design. The SAE document AS5498 provides detailed information regarding the requirements, specifications, qualification, and certification of icing detection systems. This document is not meant to replace AS5498, but to enhance it by considering unique aspects of sensing technology and, in particular, those that may not be certificated at the time of this revision. To that end, an effort has been made not to duplicate information contained in AS5498. Icing rate information is included where applicable. The primary application is associated with ice forming on the leading edges of airfoils and inlets while the aircraft is in flight. Information related to detection of ice over cold fuel tanks and icing at low-velocity operation is included. The material is primarily applicable to fixed-wing aircraft. Unique requirements for engine inlets and rotorcraft are also provided.
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) documents a common understanding of terms, compliance issues, and design criteria to facilitate certification of seat installations specific to Part 25 aircraft. This ARP provides general guidance for seats to be installed in Part 23 aircraft and Parts 27 and 29 rotorcraft and does not specify specific designs or design methods for such certification.
This document contains minimum operational performance specification (MOPS) of active on-board INFLIGHT ICING DETECTION SYSTEMS (FIDS). This MOPS specifies FIDS operational performance which is the minimum necessary to satisfy regulatory requirements for the design and manufacture of the equipment to a minimum standard and guidance towards acceptable means of compliance when installed on an AIRCRAFT. Detection of ICE accreted on the AIRCRAFT during ground operations is not considered in this document. This MOPS was written for the use of FIDS on AIRCRAFT as defined in 1.3 and 2.3. Expected minimum performance specifications for FIDS and their functions are provided in Section 3. The minimum performance requirements as defined in Section 3 do not consider SYSTEM performance as installed on the AIRCRAFT. Performance in excess of the minimum performance may be required by the SYSTEM installed on an AIRCRAFT in order to meet regulatory or operational requirements. This topic is considered
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides guidance for the design and location of cabin crew stations, including emergency equipment installations at or near such stations, so as to enable the cabin crew to function effectively in emergency situations, including emergency evacuations. Recommendations regarding design of cabin crew stations apply to all such stations; recommendations regarding location apply to those stations located near or adjacent to floor level exits.
The intent of this SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is to inform the aerospace industry about various systems available to monitor the inflation pressure and/or temperature of an aircraft tire. The tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS), with cockpit display, is the most widely used of all aircraft tire monitoring systems, and is detailed in this document more than other systems.
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR), is intended to provide a continuum on historical development of aircraft tires.
This document discusses the history and development of endurance requirements, provides an analysis of test contaminant material and includes a discussion of future requirements.
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides a framework for establishing methods and stakeholder responsibilities to ensure that seats with integrated electronic components (e.g., actuation system, reading light, inflatable restraint, inflight entertainment equipment, etc.) meet the seat TSO minimum performance standard. These agreements will allow seat suppliers to build and ship TSO-approved seats with integrated electronic components. The document presents the roles and accountabilities of the electronics manufacturer (EM), the seat supplier, and the TC/ATC/STC applicant/holder in the context of AC 21-49 Section 7.b (“Type Certification Using TSO-Approved Seat with Electronic Components Defined in TSO Design”). This document applies to all FAA seat TSOs C39( ), C127( ), etc. The document defines the roles and responsibilities of each party involved in the procurement of electronics, their integration on a TSO-approved seat, and the seat’s installation on an aircraft
The trend of powertrain electrification is quickly spreading from the automotive field into many other sectors. For ultra-light aircraft, needing a total installed propulsion power up to 150 kW, the combination of a specifically developed internal combustion engine (ICE) integrated with a state-of-the-art electric system (electric motor, inverter and battery) appears particularly promising. The dimensions and weight of ICE can be strongly reduced (downsizing), so that it can operate at higher efficiency at typical cruise conditions; a large power reserve is available for emergency maneuvers; in comparison to a full electric airplane, the hybrid powertrain makes possible to fly at zero emissions for a much longer time, or with a much heavier payload. On the other hand, the packaging of a hybrid powertrain into existing aircraft requires a specific design of the thermal engine, that must be light, compact, highly reliable and fuel efficient. The last aspect has a direct impact on the
There are four basic conditions requiring the dispensing of oxygen through oxygen masks to aircraft occupants in turbine powered aircraft during flight. The following conditions are derived from the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) as listed in Section 2.
This standard defines the minimum requirement for the design, construction and performance of continuous flow oxygen masks for crew and passengers of general aviation civil aircraft.
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes the minimum design and performance requirements for galleys to be certified and installed in transport category airplanes.
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) defines a means of assessing the credibility of computer models of aircraft seating systems used to simulate dynamic impact conditions set forth in Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) Parts 23.562, 25.562, 27.562, and 29.562. The ARP is applicable to lumped mass and detailed finite element seat models. This includes specifications and performance criteria for aviation specific virtual anthropomorphic test devices (v-ATDs). This document provides a recommended methodology to evaluate the degree of correlation between a seat model and dynamic impact tests. This ARP also provides best practices for testing and modeling designed to support the implementation of analytical models of aircraft seat systems. Supporting information within this document includes procedures for the quantitative comparison of test and simulation results, as well as test summaries for data generated to support the development of v-ATDs and a sample v-ATD
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides guidelines to document the functional and physical interface requirements for the electrical systems (including an Electronic Engine Control System (EECS) and its components) between a given propulsion system and the aircraft on which the system is installed. The Interface Control Document (ICD) is considered to be a subset of the Engine Installation Manual, with interface considerations between the Airframer and Engine manufacturer. Although it can be developed concurrently with the Airframer and Engine manufacturer, its format and content result from an agreement between the Engine and Aircraft Type Certificate Holders, using the Certification Guidelines. Within this document, the following definitions are adapted from the AC33.28-1 and CS-Definitions: “Engine Control System” means any system or device which is part of the Engine Type design, which controls, limits, or monitors Engine operation and is necessary for continued
The scope of this ARP embraces the description of a configuration for a ground-plane microphone installation that may be used to determine sound pressure levels equivalent to those which would have been measured in an acoustic freefield at the microphone location. The one-third - octave-band center-frequency range over which equivalent freefield sound pressure levels may be obtained is from as low as 50 Hz to at least as high as 10,000 Hz. The specific application of the measurement technique described in this ARP is the determination of the equivalent freefield sound pressure levels of the noise produced by propeller-driven light aircraft, in flight, for sound incidence angles within 30 degrees of the normal to the ground. For larger angles to the normal, additional adjustments may be necessary which are outside the scope of this ARP. Caution needs to be exercised, therefore, if the recommended configuration is used to measure the noise from aircraft other than those driven by
This ARP defines recommended flight crew interface design processes and methods for new flight deck designs as well as modifications to the flight crew interface of existing flight decks of transport category aircraft (Part 25), which includes commercial transport aircraft, regional and business aircraft. These processes and methods are intended to be utilized by the design engineers of manufacturers of transport category aircraft or any modifiers to the flight deck system. Modifiers include equipment suppliers, avionics manufacturers, aircraft operators, original equipment manufacturers (OEM), regulatory authorities, or anyone seeking a supplemental type certificate (STC), type certificate (TC), amended TC, field approval, or equivalent approval. The processes and methods described in this ARP address the integration of human factors/ergonomics, engineering, and flight operations in the design and/or modification of flight crew interfaces. These interfaces provide the flight crew
This Glossary is designed to serve persons who need to know the accepted meanings, within specific contexts, of the terminology used in reports, articles, regulations, and other materials dealing with aviation safety -- with particular reference to terms specific to human factors in aviation safety. It is assumed that some users of the Glossary will be familiar with the nomenclature of aviation, but will need information on the language of human factors in engineering as they apply to aviation safety. Others (for example, engineers and psychologists) will have fairly extensive knowledge of the terminology of their own and related disciplines, but will need authoritative definitions of technical terms specific to aviation. Within the foregoing general framework, the following guidelines for the inclusion of terms to be defined have been observed:
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines minimum performance standards, qualification requirements, and minimum documentation requirements for passenger and crew seats in civil rotorcraft, transport aircraft, and general aviation aircraft. The goal is to achieve comfort, durability, and occupant protection under normal operational loads and to define test and evaluation criteria to demonstrate occupant protection when a seat/occupant/restraint system is subjected to statically applied ultimate loads and to dynamic impact test conditions set forth in Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) parts 23, 25, 27, or 29 (as applicable to the seat type, see Table 1). Guidance for test procedures, measurements, equipment, and interpretation of results is also presented to promote uniform techniques and to achieve acceptable data. While this document addresses system performance, responsibility for the seating system is divided between the seat supplier and the installation applicant. The
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides recommendations for design and test requirements for a generic “passive” side stick that could be used for fly-by wire transport and business aircraft. It addresses the following: The functions to be implemented The geometric and mechanical characteristics The mechanical and electrical interfaces The safety and certification requirements
This work aims to present a methodology for the design of conventional control surfaces for light aircraft. Based on renowned aeronautical engineering references and standards, the theoretical framework presents the concepts of calculation for each flight phase particularity for each control surface in addition to a database with intervals of surfaces and their respective deflections of various aircraft. The methodology used takes into account the suggested steps for the aircraft design, where the dimensions are present in the preliminary design, according to the characteristics intended in the conceptual stage to develop conventional control surfaces aiming at the simplicity of design and the optimal response of control. The use of MATLAB and CFD software for data calculation and iterations are essential for the correct observance and evaluation of the obtained results. A comparative table and graphs will be elaborated for better visualization of the efficiency and behavior of each
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