Browse Topic: Fuel systems

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Heavy Tracked Vehicles Preliminary Design for Mobility2025-01-8337To be published on 04/01/2025
Modern military operations prove that increased terrain mobility is critical for heavy tracked vehicles’ (HTVs) survivability and lethality. HTV major system packaging as a component of preliminary design with many physical constraints and assumptions poses great challenges for mobility. This paper develops an approach and a method that accounts for such constraints/assumptions and optimizes the packaging of the HTV system assembly, including vehicle armor, armament and munition, powertrain, and fuel tanks. The optimization purpose is to accommodate the center of gravity for improving ground pressure distribution and then reducing the sinkage. This work is based on a literature review and combines numerous techniques rooted in Western literature and Eastern Soviet- and post-Soviet-era literature. The optimization process is developed using a genetic algorithm. The Mean Relative Design (MRD) parameter is proposed to study the average system rearrangement (i.e., re-packing) that is
Vardi, Haggay, Vantsevich, Vladimir, Gorsich, David
Technical Paper
A Conjugate Heat Transfer Numerical Framework Applied to Energy-Assisted Ignition of Jet Fuel in a Rapid Compression Machine2025-01-8352To be published on 04/01/2025
Airborne compression ignition engines operating with aviation fuels are a promising option for reducing fuel consumption and increasing the range of hybrid-electric aircraft. However, the consistent ignition of Jet fuels at high-altitude conditions can be challenging. A potential solution to this problem is to ignite the fuel sprays by means of a glow-plug-based ignition assistant (IA) device. The interaction between the IA and the spray, and the subsequent combustion event result in thermal cycles that can significantly affect the IA's durability. Therefore, designing an efficient and durable IA requires detailed understanding of the influence that the IA temperature and insertion depth have on the complex physics of fuel-air mixture ignition and flame propagation. The objective of this study is to design a conjugate heat transfer (CHT) modeling framework that can numerically replicate F-24 Jet fuel spray ignition using a glow-plugbased IA device in a rapid compression machine (RCM
Oruganti, Surya Kaundinya, Lien, Hao-Pin, Torelli, Roberto, Motily, Austen, Lee, Tonghun, Kim, Kenneth, Mayhew, Eric, Kweon, Chol-Bum
Technical Paper
Experimental Study of Direct-Injection Compression-Ignition Hydrogen Combustion in An Opposed-Piston Two-Stroke (OP2S) Engine2025-01-8430To be published on 04/01/2025
The future heavy duty powertrain market is expected to be more diverse, with shifts gradually towards cleaner and more sustainable alternatives. Among various options, the hydrogen ICE holds the promise of significantly reducing emissions while leveraging existing ICE technology. However, it also faces substantial challenges related to engine performance, fuel storage and delivery, infrastructure development, economic feasibility, safety, and market acceptance. This paper focuses on performance challenges of hydrogen engine, including knock and pre-ignition, as well as low thermal efficiencies by introducing the opposed-piston two-stroke hydrogen ICE (OP2S H2ICE) as a potential solution. The study demonstrates that OP2S H2ICE can operate using direct injection, compression-ignition (CI) combustion solely with hydrogen, under various low-load conditions. Specifically, as the load increases, the combustion transitions from partial-premixed controlled CI combustion towards mixing
Huo, Ming, El-Hannouny, Essam, Longman, Douglas
Technical Paper
Research on the Control Strategy of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors with Reduced Rotor Stack Length in Hybrid System2025-01-8563To be published on 04/01/2025
The key issue in the electromagnetic design of permanent magnet synchronous motors is the design of the rotor structure form of the motor. To achieve the goal of reducing the cost of the motor, this paper conducts electromagnetic design, optimal control calibration of the motor, and performance analysis for reducing the rotor lamination structure, and obtains the characteristics of the permanent magnet synchronous motor under this rotor structure. For the permanent magnet synchronous motor with reduced rotor stack length and one less motor temperature sensor, starting from vector control, the conditions for obtaining the maximum electromagnetic torque and the highest rotational speed are derived. Based on these conditions, the vector control strategies for the system operating under different working conditions are designed. At low speeds, the thermal loss of the stator winding is reduced with the maximum torque current ratio to improve the motor efficiency; as the rotational speed of
Jing, Junchao, Zhang, Junzhi, Yu, Pengfei, Liu, Yiqiang, Chen, Yingchao, Dai, Zhengxing
Technical Paper
Effects of Injection Timing and Pressure on Combustion Performance and Emissions in Hydrogen Direct Injection Engine2025-01-8421To be published on 04/01/2025
As the demand for cleaner and more efficient propulsion systems increases, hydrogen internal combustion engines have emerged as a promising solution due to their high thermal efficiency and zero-carbon emissions potential. Achieving ultra-lean combustion conditions (lambda > 2.8) in hydrogen engines significantly improves thermal efficiency while maintaining combustion stability and reducing knock intensity. However, hydrogen injection timing and pressure are crucial factors influencing the combustion and emission characteristics of hydrogen engines. This study investigates the effects of hydrogen injection timing and pressure on the combustion performance and emission characteristics of a direct injection hydrogen engine under different load conditions. Experimental tests were conducted on a multi-cylinder engine equipped with a hydrogen direct injection system, focusing on part-load operation to explore the interplay between injection parameters and engine performance. Results show
Du, Jiakun, Wu, Guangquan, Chen, Hong, Sun, Fanjia, xie, Fangxi, Li, Yuhuai, Sun, Yao, Qi, Hongzhong, Li, Yong
Technical Paper
Experimental Investigation into Abnormal Combustion Behaviour in a Pure Hydrogen Spark-Ignition Engine2025-01-8399To be published on 04/01/2025
The hydrogen internal combustion engine technology, with its potential for almost full carbon emissions reduction and adaptability to a wide range of fossil fuel-based internal combustion engine (ICE) platforms, offers a promising future. This potential underscores the importance of the research, which aims to address the challenges, such as abnormal combustion phenomena, that come with this innovative technology. These challenges, including intake backfire in the port fuel injection (PFI) and preignition, require further investigation to fully understand and predict the engine's performance. This study comprehensively investigates the main abnormal combustion behaviour in a spark ignition (SI) downsized boosted hydrogen engine. It examines both direct and port fuel injection (DI and PFI) systems, evaluating in-cylinder, intake, and exhaust pressures in the crank domain. The study provides a direct comparison at steady-state conditions between abnormal and normal cycles over 200 cycles
Mohamed, Mohamed, Mirshahi, Milad, Wang, Xinyan, Zhao, Hua, Harrington, Anthony, Hall, Jonathan, Peckham, Mark
Technical Paper
Energy Conversion Efficacy of Neat Dimethyl Ether Combustion with Heat Release Characterization and Emission Analysis2025-01-8417To be published on 04/01/2025
Dimethyl ether (DME) is widely regarded as a suitable energy source for compression ignition power systems because of its high reactivity. It has been widely reported that DME possesses a significantly low propensity to form soot, hindering the innate NOx-soot trade-off encountered with diesel fuel operation. Beyond the fuel-borne oxygen content of DME, its unique physical properties present a contrasting combustion behavior which may be advantageous to direct injection systems, especially concerning the mixing-controlled combustion mode. This work aims to detail the energy conversion efficacy of DME through heat release characterization and exhaust emission speciation. The tests were controlled within a single-cylinder research engine with an off-board high-pressure injection system to handle liquified DME up to 1000bar. To mitigate interference in fuel additives over the combustion behavior, the high-pressure fuel system specifically managed neat DME. The in-cylinder pressure was the
Leblanc, Simon, Cong, Binghao, Leach, Jace, Yu, Xiao, Reader, Graham, Zheng, Ming
Technical Paper
Development of a 6.7L Direct Injection, Lean Burn H2 Spark Ignition Engine for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Commercial Vehicles2025-01-8393To be published on 04/01/2025
This work is part of a production-intent program at Cummins to develop a 6.7L direct injection (DI), lean burn H2 spark ignition (SI) engine for medium- and heavy-duty commercial vehicles that are intended to be complaint with global VII criteria pollutants emissions standards. The engine is featured with a low-pressure DI fuel injection system, a tumble-based combustion system with a pent-roof combustion chamber, two-stage boosting system without EGR, and dual overhead cams (DOHC) with cam phasers. The primary focus of this paper is on the performance system architecture development encompassing combustion system, air-handling system, and valve strategy. Comprehensive 3D-CFD guided design analysis has been conducted to define the tumble ports, injection spray pattern, and injection strategy to optimize charge homogeneity and turbulence kinetic energy (TKE). In addition, the boosting system architecture and the valve strategy have been thoroughly evaluated through 1-D system-level
Liu, Lei
Technical Paper
Development of Non-Road Spark Ignited H2-ICE with Port Fuel Injection for Fixed Speed Applications2025-01-8435To be published on 04/01/2025
The hydrogen internal combustion engine (H2-ICE) is an attractive solution for decarbonizing heavy duty equipment. The paper describes the development of a heavy-duty 6-cilinder spark ignited (SI) hydrogen internal combustion engine using port fuel injection (PFI) of hydrogen. The H2-ICE targets non-road application and STAGE V emission legislation. The paper presents a development methodology using results from experimental combustion research on a heavy-duty single-cylinder research engine combined with detailed numerical analysis. Single-cylinder experimental combustion research results are used to determine key engine design parameters, such as the compression ratio, together with base engine operating conditions. Here, focus is on extension of the low engine-out NOx load range. CFD simulations, considering PFI system configuration and injection strategy are used to optimize the in-cylinder charge mixture homogeneity. Results are used to define full engine hardware, such as piston
Seykens, Xander, Doosje, Erik, Bekdemir, Cemil, Wezenbeek, Peter
Technical Paper
Control-Oriented Statistical Model of In-Cylinder Pressure, Combustion Phasing, and Torque for Compression-Ignition Engines Operating with Low Cetane Fuels2025-01-8351To be published on 04/01/2025
Sustainable alternative fuels can reduce the carbon footprint of compression-ignition (CI) internal combustion engine powered vehicles. However, the diversity of ignition behavior in these fuels poses a challenge to achieving robust and efficient engine operation. Specifically, low cetane fuels with poor ignitability exhibit highly variable combustion phasing and torque production unless fuel is injected earlier during compression. The tradeoff is that earlier fuel injection may cause dangerously high in-cylinder pressure rise rates. Novel models that can simulate these competing behaviors are needed so that appropriate strategies may be developed for controlling combustion at low cetane fueling conditions. This work builds upon a previously developed model that simulates asymmetrical combustion phasing distributions as a function of fuel cetane, fuel injection timing, and electrical power supplied to an in-cylinder thermal ignition assist device. An extension of the model is presented
Ahmed, Omar, Middleton, Robert, Stefanopoulou, Anna, Kim, Kenneth, Kweon, Chol-Bum
Technical Paper
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Different Dilution Techniques in a High-Performance H2 - Fueled SI Engine2025-01-8424To be published on 04/01/2025
Nowadays Hydrogen (H2) fueled Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) can be considered a promising solution for high performance applications since it allows carbon free combustion process. At the same time, H2-ICE can reach similar performance and driving experience of gasoline engines. Compared to gasoline, Hydrogen combustion, in stoichiometric conditions, shows a higher flame speed, a lower ignition energy and a lower quenching distance. Mainly for these reasons H2 combustion is characterized by a high risk of abnormal combustion (Knock and Pre-Ignition), relevant NOx emissions and high heat losses. On the other hand, the high flammability range and high combustion stability of H2 allow the use of different techniques to reduce combustion reactivity. This work presents a combined approach experimental and numerical in order to assess the benefits and the disadvantages of each method. The experimental campaign, in different operating conditions, was carried out on a production derived
Tonelli, Roberto, Medda, Massimo, Gullino, Fabrizio, Silvestri, Nicola, Zaffino, Francesco, Mariconti, Roberto, Rossi, Vincenzo
Technical Paper
Comparative investigation on the performance of a heavy-duty spark ignition engine fueled with ethanol and natural gas2025-01-8433To be published on 04/01/2025
Since the obvious difficulties in realizing a lightweight long-range full electric powertrain, Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) are still the most suitable solution for heavy-duty mobility. In a fossil fuel free scenario, bio-ethanol is one of the most interesting alternative fuels. Its high-octane number, high latent heat of vaporization and high laminar flame speed guarantee high performance with reduced pollutant emissions compared to other Spark Ignition (SI) engine fuels. However, ethanol evaporation and corrosivity represent quite serious challenges. This work aims at investigating the actual performance of a heavy-duty turbocharged SI ICE fueled with ethanol at full load and different engine speeds. A 1-D numerical model that includes fuel evaporation sub-models was developed in order to evaluate the engine performance, ensuring ethanol evaporation in each operating condition. The 1-D numerical model was validated through an experimental campaign carried out with the above
Falbo, Biagio, Perrone, Diego, Castiglione, Teresa
Technical Paper
Nitrogen Oxides Reduction Potential via Water Direct Injection in a Single-cylinder Hydrogen-fueled Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine2025-01-8427To be published on 04/01/2025
In hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine (H2ICE), there are some ways to reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. Using the wide flammability range of hydrogen, such as conducting lean combustion to reduce nitrogen oxides and employing exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), have been adopted. However, challenges exist in terms of load expansion and due to the absence of high heat capacity of carbon dioxides in the exhaust, EGR also struggles to exhibit significant effects. In such a scenario, there is growing interest in injecting water into the H2ICE as an alternative to augment the EGR effect. However, injecting water into the port can have drawbacks by adversely affecting volumetric efficiency. Therefore, in this study, the spark ignition (SI) single-cylinder engine equipped with two direct injectors was used to evaluate hydrogen and water dual direct injection combustion system. This system involved direct injection of hydrogen using wall-guided gasoline direct injector and direct
kim, Kiyeon, Lee, Seungil, kim, Seungjae, Lee, Seunghyun, Min, Kyoungdoug, Oh, Sechul, Son, Jongyoon, Lee, Jeongwoo
Technical Paper
Numerical Investigation of Fuel Injection Strategies for Ammonia-Diesel Dual-fuel Engine2025-01-8368To be published on 04/01/2025
This study numerically investigates ammonia-diesel dual fuel combustion in a heavy-duty engine. Detailed and reduced reaction mechanisms are validated against experimental data to develop injection timing maps aimed at maximizing indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) while mitigating environmental impacts using stochastic reactor model (SRM). The equivalence ratio, ammonia energy share (AES), injection timing, and engine load are varied to optimize combustion efficiency and minimize emissions. The results demonstrate that advancing injection timing reduces ITE due to heightened in-cylinder temperatures, resulting in increased heat losses through walls and exhaust gases. Maximum chemical efficiency is observed at an equivalence ratio near 0.9 but decreases thereafter, influenced by ammonia’s narrow flammability range. Emission analysis highlights significant reductions in Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Eutrophication Potential (EP) with higher AES, driven by decreased CO2 and nitrogen
Karenawar, Shivraj Anand, YADAV, Neeraj Kumar, Maurya, Rakesh Kumar
Technical Paper
Optical Investigation of DI Hydrogen Jets and Jet-Wall Interactions Under Engine-like Conditions2025-01-8456To be published on 04/01/2025
Direct injection (DI) hydrogen internal combustion engines are a promising technology for sustainable energy due to hydrogen's high energy content and potential for zero-carbon emissions. A key factor in improving the performance of these engines is understanding how hydrogen jets interact with the walls of the combustion chamber, as this affects fuel-air mixing and combustion efficiency. When hydrogen jets hit the walls, they undergo various processes like reflection and dispersion, which are influenced by factors such as injection pressure, wall temperature, and chamber design. To study these jet-wall interactions under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions, Schlieren shadowgraphy was used because it allows for real-time, high-resolution imaging of the jet behavior without interfering with the process. The experiment focused on how hydrogen jets interact with flat and curved metal surfaces placed at different heights inside a constant volume spray chamber
Gong, Miaoxin, Lundgren, Marcus, Eismark, Jan, Andersson, Mats
Technical Paper
Evaluating the Potential of a Turbocompound System for a Heavy-Duty Natural Gas Engine: A Modelling Study2025-01-8355To be published on 04/01/2025
Combining a low-carbon content fuel, such as natural gas, with a high-efficiency engine can reduce greenhouse gas emissions significantly in hard-to-electrify long-haul trucking applications. Turbocompounding, where an additional power turbine is added after the turbocharger turbine, can extract useful amounts of energy from diesel engine exhaust at high loads. This work assesses the net benefits of combining turbocompounding with a high-efficiency, natural gas fuelled heavy-duty engine. The effects on brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), greenhouse gas emissions, and engine-out emissions of nitrogen oxides are considered. The experimentally validated 1D model for a 13L diesel pilot- direct injection of natural gas, heavy-duty engine in GT-SUITETM is used to develop a series turbocompound model. The impact of turbine sizes and swallowing capacities in fixed-geometry turbocharging and power turbines is numerically assessed on the engine’s BSFC, considering the tradeoff between
Balazadeh, Navid, Munshi, Sandeep, Shahbakhti, Mahdi, McTaggart-Cowan, Gordon
Technical Paper
Research on motor Harmonic injection control in Hybrid System to Suppress the Torsional Vibration2025-01-8515To be published on 04/01/2025
Based on the harmonic current injection method used to suppress the torsional vibration of the electric drive system in this paper, and the exploration of the selection of the phase and amplitude of the harmonic current based on vibration and noise. Through the adoption of the active harmonic current injection method, additional torque fluctuations are generated by actively injecting harmonic currents of specific amplitudes and phases, and closed-loop control is carried out to counteract the torque fluctuations of the motor body. The selection of the magnitude of the injected harmonic current is crucial and plays a vital role in the reduction of torque ripple. Incorrect harmonic currents may not achieve the optimal torque ripple suppression effect or even increase the motor torque ripple. Since the actively injected harmonic current is used to counteract the torque ripple caused by the magnetic flux linkage harmonics of the motor body, the target harmonic current command is very
Jing, Junchao, Zhang, Junzhi, Liu, Yiqiang, Huang, Weishan, Dai, Zhengxing
Technical Paper
Nationally Scalable Hydrogen Fueling Infrastructure Deployment: A Megaregion Analysis and Optimization Approach2025-01-8608To be published on 04/01/2025
Decarbonizing regional and long-haul freight is challenging due to the limitations of battery-electric commercial vehicles and infrastructure constraints. Hydrogen fuel cell medium- and heavy-duty vehicles (MHDVs) offer a viable alternative, aligning with the decarbonization goals of the Department of Energy and commercial entities. Historically, alternative fuels like compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied propane gas (LPG) have faced slow adoption due to barriers like infrastructure availability. To avoid similar issues, planning and deploying zero-emission hydrogen fueling infrastructure effectively is crucial. This research develops deployment plans for affordable, accessible, and sustainable hydrogen refueling stations, supporting stakeholders in the decarbonized commercial vehicle (CV) freight system. It aims to benefit underserved and rural energy-stressed communities by improving air quality, reducing noise pollution, and enhancing energy resiliency. The research also
Sujan, Vivek, Sun, Ruixiao, Jatana, Gurneesh, Fan, Junchuan
Technical Paper
Evaluation of the Effect of Image Processing Methodology on Vapor Length and Spray Angle in a Constant Volume Combustion Chamber2025-01-8465To be published on 04/01/2025
In direct injected engines the spray formation is important for both combustion performance and emission formation. Thus, being able to compare how the spray formation is affected by changes in nozzle design, injection pressure or fuel formulation is an important area of research for all engine sizes. This becomes especially important for the introduction of new sustainable fuels, or for fuel injection optimization to increase efficiencies and minimize the formation of emissions such as particles. High-speed imaging of the fuel spray using the schlieren technique is well established for this purpose, and the Engine Combustion Network (ECN) has developed multiple guidelines to ensure that a similar experimental approach is used in different laboratories around the world. For the initial image processing, the ECN provides a procedure based on an image-temporal-derivative approach. Many researchers however rely on intensity-based thresholding, preceded by contrast adjustment, background
Sileghem, Victor, Larsson, Tara, Dejaegere, Quinten, Verhelst, Sebastian
Technical Paper
A DEM-FEM Coupled Analysis of Ultrasonic Shot Peening Dynamics and Surface Modification Parameters in Aluminum Alloys2025-01-8239To be published on 04/01/2025
The significant mechanical features of aluminum alloy, including cost-effectiveness, lightweight, durability, high reliability, and easy maintenance, have made it an essential component of the automobile industry. Automobile parts including fuel tanks, cylinder heads, intake manifolds, brake elements, and engine blocks are made of aluminum alloy. The primary causes of its engineering failure are fatigue and fracture. Aluminum alloys' fatigue resistance is frequently increased by surface strengthening methods like ultrasonic shot peening (USP). This article discusses the shot peening dynamics analysis and the influence of ultrasonic shot peening parameters on material surface modification using the DEM-FEM coupling method. Firstly, the projectile motion characteristics under different processes are simulated and analyzed by EDEM. The projectile dynamics characteristics are imported into Ansys software to realize DEM-FEM coupling analysis, and the surface modification characteristics of
Adeel, Muhammad, Azeem, Naqash, Xue, Hongqian, Hussain, Muzammil
Technical Paper
Research on the Combustion Properties of Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI) Engine Based on Quasi-Homogeneous Mixture Charge Activity Regulation2025-01-8409To be published on 04/01/2025
High-octane fuel presents significant potential for enhancing the efficient and clean combustion of small GCI engines. To achieve both efficient and stable combustion during low load scenarios, this study employs the combination of simulation and experimental methodologies. By coordinating the mixing rate and chemical reaction rate, as well as optimizing the equivalent ratio, temperature inhomogeneity and other parameters. It introduces a control strategy termed "oil-gas" control coupling quasi-homogeneous mixture multi-pulse charge activity control. The findings indicate that a quasi-homogeneous mixture can be achieved through single direct injection of gasoline during the suction stroke, with low injection pressure enhancing charge activity and promoting stable combustion. The optimal injection timing is identified at approximately -315 CA ATDC, which corresponds to peak thermal efficiency. The multi-pulse charge activity control strategy effectively regulates the heat release rate
Nie, JinLong, Yi, Yucheng
Technical Paper
Design of a high-pressure fuel system for use with Dimethyl Ether2025-01-8441To be published on 04/01/2025
The paper documents the modeling and experimental work on a Common Rail fuel injection system for Dimethyl Ether, a potential Diesel substitute with a low Carbon Intensity signature. The DME fuel system is deployed on a light duty 2.2L compression ignition engine. The paper describes the injector optimization to shift to higher flows to account for the lower heating value and density of the DME when compared to Diesel. The type of the injection system used for the DME application is an advanced rendering of the Common Rail noted for a one-piece piston-needle injector construction, a solenoid driven spill valve featuring a pressure balanced poppet, and, a high-pressure fuel pump capable to effectively pressurize DME. The impact of these design features is a fast acting open and close injection event, reduced leakage, and, a low cavitation design. Design parameters studied include fill and spill orifices, needle lift, bias spring, and injector hole size. The model provides good
De Ojeda, William, Wu, Simon (Haibao)
Technical Paper
Operating The Tour Split-Cycle Engine on Hydrogen/Methane Fuel Blends to Achieve High Efficiency and Reduction of Both GHG and NOx Emissions2025-01-8422To be published on 04/01/2025
Decarbonized or low carbon fuels, such as hydrogen/methane blends, can be used in internal combustion engines to support ambitious greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction goals worldwide, including potentially carbon neutrality by 2045. However, as the volumetric concentration of hydrogen in these fuel blends surpasses 30%, the in-cylinder flame propagation and combustion rates increase significantly, causing an unacceptable increase in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, which is known to have substantial negative effects on human health and the environment. This rise in engine-out NOx emissions is a major concern, limiting the use of hydrogen fuels as a means to reduce GHG emissions from both mobile and stationary power generation engines. In this study, an experimental investigation of the combustion performance and emissions characteristics of a fourth generation Tour split-cycle engine was undertaken while operating on 100% methane and various hydrogen/methane fuel blends (30%, 40
Bhanage, Pratik, Cho, Kukwon, Anderson, Bradley, Kemmet, Ryan, Tour, Gilad, Atkinson, Chris, Tour, Hugo, Tour, Oded
Technical Paper
DME-to-Propane Mixture Effects on a Light Duty Compression Ignition Engine2025-01-8415To be published on 04/01/2025
Study examines the energy breakdown from the combustion of a compression ignition, 4-cylinder, 2.2L engine running with mixtures of DME-to-Propane ranging of 100%-0%, 85%-15%, 75%-25%, and 65%-35% by weight. The paper focuses on one the operating point of 2000rpm - 100Nm, important representative points in the FTP certification cycle. For each fuel mixture, conditions tested include sweep of boost, EGR and injection pressure. Tests are conducted at same combustion timing, of CA10 at -1 deg ATDC, with the engine controller operating with a real-time combustion feedback based on in-cylinder sampling of pressure. Trends of NOx, HC, and CO, are similar for range of DME-to-Propane, from 100%-0% to 75%-25%. Boost and injection pressures had the most notable impact on the heat release traces. Higher boost, from stoichiometric to lean resulted in about 3-5% increase on cycle efficiency. Fuel injection pressures resulted in about 1% gain per 200bar. EGR is effective in reducing NOx but has
De Ojeda, William, Wu, Simon (Haibao), Hall, Carrie, Ankobea-Ansah, King, Hassan, Hafiz Ahmad, Harrison, Christopher
Technical Paper
A Computational Investigation of Hydrogen Pre-Chamber and Spark-Ignition Combustion Engines at Different Load Conditions2025-01-8406To be published on 04/01/2025
Efficient powertrains are now critical in the pursuit of a net-zero emissions future. Hydrogen has emerged as a leading alternative fuel due to its superior combustion characteristics, such as fast flame speed, and its potential to support clean, sustainable energy systems. In hydrocarbon premixed combustion, pre-chamber technology has shown significant potential by improving system ignitability, enhancing turbulence and mixing, and mitigating knock tendency. However, in the context of hydrogen combustion—where the inherent fast flame speed may overshadow these advantages—the effectiveness of pre-chamber technology remains unclear. As a result, its application must be carefully scrutinized and compared with conventional spark ignition systems. Direct injection is the preferred fueling method for hydrogen, as it maximizes power density while addressing safety concerns. However, strong stratification in fuel-air distribution can arise, where the enhanced mixing from highly-turbulent pre
Menaca, Rafael, Liu, Xinlei, Im, Hong, Mohan, Balaji, Cenker, Emre, AlRamadan, Abdullah
Technical Paper
A Transient Friction Rig Capable of Showing Lubricant Differentiation Effects for High Pressure Fuel Pump Friction in Gasoline Engines; with Friction Comparisons Using the Same Engine Running a Standard Internal Combustion Engine Transient Cycle, alongside Two Types of Hybrid Electric2025-01-8467To be published on 04/01/2025
As the global energy transition moves to increased levels of electrification for passenger cars, then the number and role of hybrid electric vehicles, (HEVs) are currently increasing rapidly. For these, the power reaches the road from an internal combustion engine ICE and/or an electric motor, with several switches between these three modes, over a typical drive-cycle. Consequently, this comes with a large increase in the number of significant engine stop and start events. Such events are potentially challenging for the HEV engine lubricant, as by comparison, for standard ICE cycles there is almost continuous relative movement of the two lubricated surfaces, for most areas of the engine. Based on both field and test cell observations, a challenging area for the lubricant within the gasoline direct injection engine (GDI) is the high pressure (HP) fuel pump, typically driven by a cam and follower, whilst lubricated by engine oil. From engine start, the speeds are low and the pump loads
Butcher, Richard, Bradley, Nathan, Lambert, Bertie
Technical Paper
Investigation of Dimethyl Ether Injection Characteristics in High-Pressure Direct Injection Systems2025-01-8464To be published on 04/01/2025
The majority of transportation systems continue to rely on internal combustion engines powered by fossil fuels. Heavy-duty applications, in particular, depend on diesel engines due to their high brake efficiency, power density, and robustness. Despite significant advancements in diesel engine technology that have reduced emissions and improved efficiency, complex and costly after-treatment systems remain necessary to meet the stringent emission regulations. Dimethyl ether (DME), which can be produced from various renewable feedstocks and possesses high chemical reactivity, is a promising alternative for heavy-duty applications, particularly in compression ignition direct injection engines. Its high reactivity, volatility, and oxygenated composition offer significant potential to address emission challenges while reducing reliance on after-treatment systems. However, DME’s lower energy density requires adjustments in injection parameters (such as injection pressure and duration) or
Cong, Binghao, Leblanc, Simon, Reader, Graham, Yu, Xiao, Zheng, Ming
Technical Paper
Impact of Injector Geometry and Parcel Injection Location on Flash Boiling Spray Simulations of the ECN Spray G Injector2025-01-8462To be published on 04/01/2025
Near nozzle regions of fuel injectors are exposed to rapid phase changes due to flash boiling at ambient condition below fuel’s saturation pressure. So, it is crucial to understand the influence of spray boundary conditions on parcel-based simulations for improved predictions of fuel spray behavior in engine applications. This study builds upon previous research investigating the impact of detailed injector tip geometry on parcel simulations of non-flash boiling condition. Flash boiling spray interaction with these boundary conditions were not considered previously. Four key parameters were varied individually on baseline spray simulation model which resulted in total five cases. The four key parameter variation against baseline model were the presence of detailed injector tip geometry versus simplified flat surface, parcel initialization at the nozzle exit versus the counterbore exit, the use of experimental rate of injection versus one-way coupling with internal nozzle Volume of
Kumar, Aman, Van Dam, Noah
Technical Paper
Novel Test Method for Accelerated Fatigue Testing of Engine Camshaft2025-28-0055To be published on 02/07/2025
In some IC engines, fuel injection pump is driven by camshaft; thus, these camshafts are designed for bending and torsional loads. Conventionally, camshafts are built-to-specification. Typically, durability assessment of camshafts happens at engine level, this calls for proto or calibration engine to be made and available for testing. As there are limited number of engine level proto testing, the overall scatter in camshafts due to manufacturing/process variations is not possible to be covered. This poses a risk of camshaft failures in the final stages of product development. To mitigate this risk, a component level standard test method is needed for quickly validating design and manufacturing process of camshafts for second source suppliers. The current paper discusses the process followed for arriving at a standard test setup and the challenges in terms of capturing the appropriate physics. Camshaft rear end experiences bending load due to FIP operation, and this bending load is
Chakraborty, Abhirup, S, Aravamuthan, K, Karthikeyan
Technical Paper
Experimental Investigation of Spray Characteristics Direct Injected in Atmospheric Ambient Conditions by a Multi-Hole Injector2024-36-015612/20/2024
The aim of the present work was to characterize macroscopic spray parameters of a multi-hole direct injection injector for spark ignition engine applications. The geometry, the position of spray boundaries the overall cone angle, the spray vertical penetration and the vertical spray length were evaluated by processing the spray images recorded at 3300 frames per second. The frequency of recording images was suitable for capturing all the spray developments in all tested conditions. The tested fluid was EXXSOL D60 for simulating ethanol spray characteristics due to its similar properties and due to security reasons. The injector was tested outside the engine and into an open acrylic chamber being injected into atmospheric air conditions of the laboratory. The injection pressure was set up in 100 bar and the simulated engine speed were set up in MOTEC ECU in 3000 rpm, 3600 rpm and 4000 rpm. The injection durations were set up in 3,0 ms for 3000 rpm and 2.3 ms for 3600 rpm and 4000 rpm
Guzzo, Márcio Expedito, Fonseca, Lucas Guimarães, Duarte, Thales Henrique Ramos, Baeta, José Guilherme Coelho, Huebner, Rudolf, Pujatti, Fabrício José Pacheco
Technical Paper
Performance and Emissions Analysis Using Ducted Fuel Injection in Compression Ignition Engine with Load Variation2024-36-015412/20/2024
Despite the increasing electrification of current vehicles, Diesel engines will continue to be used for several decades to come. There is still a need to introduce emission control technologies, especially those that show good potential and do not require extensive engine modifications. The increasing focus on reducing pollutant emissions and improving energy efficiency has prompted engine manufacturers to continuously strive for technological progress. The aim is to ensure compliance with environmental regulations and the fulfillment of social expectations. Specifically, new Diesel engine projects face the challenge of minimizing both nitrogen oxides (NOx) and soot emissions, which requires significant investiment in research to develop innovative combustion methods and exhaust gas treatment. One of these innovative methods is Ducted Fuel Injection (DFI), which aims to reduce emissions by improving spray development to obtain a better mixture at flame upstream. This study presents an
Dias, Fábio Jairo, dos Santos, Leila Ribeiro, Rufino, Caio, Garcia, Ezio Castejon, Lomonaco, Raphael, Argachoy, Celso, Lacava, Pedro Teixeira
Technical Paper
Techno-Economic Analysis of the Implementation of a Dual-Fuel ENGINE for Agricultural Applications2024-36-004412/20/2024
The growing demand for decarbonization and reduction of emissions from internal combustion engines used in the agricultural sector is mainly responsible for the utilization of alternative or low-carbon fuels. In this context, in situ biogas production and Dual-fuel technology bring an important opportunity for farmers to use gas with diesel or biodiesel in the agricultural machinery, reducing production costs and carbon emissions. To this end, this work evaluates efficiency, emissions, and economic performance in an internal combustion engine equipped with a Dual-fuel injection for diesel and methane. The tests were carried out on a four-cylinder turbocharged Agrale tractor, model BX6110, with modifications for run on diesel-NGV blends under operating conditions with engine speed from 1500 to 2150 rpm, fuel injection times of 80 to 200, at full load. The results showed that the diesel flow was constant during the tests, therefore, power increases depending on the NGV injected. Maximum
Rincon, Alvaro Ferney Algarra, Alvarez, Carlos Eduardo Castilla, Filho, Aldir Carpes Marques, Oliveira Faria, Rafael, Volpato, Carlos Eduardo Silva, Oliveira Notório Ribeiro, Jéssica
Technical Paper
Design and Manufacture of a Bench for Testing Fuel under High Injection Pressure2024-36-018612/20/2024
A bench was developed with the aim of making it possible to test direct injection fuel system of low-displacement engines (up to 2,000cc) outside of a conventional test bench. It has adjustable supports that make it possible to install various engines of different manufacturers. In addition, the bench has features an electric motor, an external oil pumping system and a programmable ECU. These accessory systems were necessary because the engine for which the bench was initially designed has undergone various adaptations that required external systems such as those mentioned above. The project was designed to provide great ease, agility and low manufacturing costs, so the entire bench chassis was manufactured using just one standardized steel profile that is easily found on the market. Still about manufacturing, the concept of the prototype was also developed around the need for it to be compact and easy to transport so that the tests could be carried out in different environments in an
Zabeu, Clayton Barcelos, Pires, Gustavo Cassares, Jesus, Renato Vieira, Oliveira Polízio, Yuri Alves
Technical Paper
Large-Bore HFO Engine Gas Conversion for Power Plants – Part A: Numerical Assessment2024-36-016012/20/2024
In the global scenario marked by the increasing environmental awareness and the necessity on reducing pollutant emission to achieve the decarbonization goals, action plans are being proposed by policy makers to reduce the impact of the climate change, mainly affecting the sectors that most contribute to CO2 emissions such as transportation and power generation. In this sense, by virtue of the National Energy Plan 2050, the Brazilian market will undergo the decommissioning of thermal power plants fueled by diesel and heavy fuel oil (HFO) by 2030, compromising about 6.7 GW of power capacity according to the Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (ANEEL) database. An alternative to the scrapping of these engine power plants is their conversion to operate with fuels with a lower carbon footprint, such as the natural gas. This work, therefore, aims to numerically assess the conversion feasibility of a HFO large bore four-stroke turbocharged engine to operate with natural gas by means of a
Gonçalves, Vinícius Fernandez, Zabeu, Clayton Barcelos, Antolini, Jácson, Salvador, Roberto, Almeida, Rogério, Valiati, Allan Soares, Filho, Guenther Carlos Krieger
Technical Paper
Experimental Investigation of Spray Characteristics Direct Injected in Atmospheric Ambient Conditions by an Inwardly-Opening Pressure Swirl Injector2024-36-014212/20/2024
An inwardly-opening pressure swirl injector for direct injection spark ignition engine applications was used in this work for injecting EXXSOL D60 into laboratory gaseous atmospheric conditions into an open chamber. The EXXSOL D60 fluid was used due to its some similar physical properties to Ethanol fuel. Four injection pressures were used in this work: 50 bar, 60 bar, 70 bar and 80 bar and the simulated engine speed was set up in 2000 rpm in all cases using the injector outside the engine. Shadowgraph technique associated to a filming process with a rate of acquisition of 3300 frames per second was used for acquiring the spray images. The spray images were treated running scripts in Matlab software. The scripts were written for this present analysis. The injector used in this work produced hollow cone sprays. With the image treatment performed in Matlab software, the vertical penetration length and the external cone angle were obtained. The main results showed that penetration length
Guzzo, Márcio Expedito, Fonseca, Lucas Guimarães, Baeta, José Guilherme Coelho, Filho, Fernando Antonio Rodrigues, Pujatti, Fabrício José Pacheco
Technical Paper
Experimental Determination of the Residual Torque Range in a Plastic Connector of the Fuel Pump Module at End of Life2024-36-012912/20/2024
The study of residual torque is necessary in various fields to ensure the safety and reliability of bolted joints. The present study aims to determine, experimentally, the decrease in torque applied to a nut used in the assembly of two polymeric components (POM - Polyoxymethylene). These components are part of the fuel supply module, responsible for supplying fuel from the tank to the engine. This reduction in torque initially applied is mapped to the end-of-life of the components and is used as an approval criteria in the audit procedures of the Robert Bosch company. The first component features an overmolded metallic screw, injected into POM. The mating part is also injection molded from POM and is assembled onto the first part, secured by tightening a metal nut. Due to the plastic-to-metal interface, it’s expected that there will be a reduction in the initially applied torque required to fasten the pieces together. The study was based on 5 steps: 1 Theoretical study on residual
Spitaletti, Laís Scotelari, da Fonseca, Márcio Ghiraldelli
Technical Paper
Combustion of Hydrated Ethanol and Gasoline RON95 Ultra-High Pressure Direct Injection in Optical Access SI Engine2024-36-015212/20/2024
High and ultra-high pressure direct injection (UHPDI) can enhance efficiency gains with flex-fuel engines operating on ethanol, gasoline, or their mixtures. This application aims to increase the engine’s compression ratio (CR), which uses low CR for gasoline due to the knocking phenomenon. This type of technology, involving injection pressures above 1000 bar, permits late fuel injection during the compression phase, preventing auto-ignition and allowing for higher compression ratios. UHPDI generates a highly turbulent spray with significant momentum, improving air-fuel mix preparation, and combustion, resulting in even greater benefits while minimizing particulate matter emissions. This study aims to develop ultra-high-pressure injection systems using gasoline RON95 and hydrated ethanol in a single-cylinder engine with optical access. Experimental tests will be conducted in an optically accessible spark ignition research engine, employing thermodynamic, optical, and emission results
Malheiro de Oliveira, Enrico R., Mendoza, Alexander Penaranda, Martelli, Andre Luiz, Dias, Fábio J., Weissinger, Frederico F., dos Santos, Leila Ribeiro, Lacava, Pedro Teixeira
Technical Paper
Response Surface Methodology-Based Multi-Objective Optimization for Biofuel-Powered Engine Response Map Development under the Steady-State Operating Conditions03-17-08-006312/20/2024
The twin challenges of the automotive industry namely petroleum dependence and environmental pollution paved way for the development of an environmentally friendly and feasible substitute for diesel, possessing power characteristics equivalent to those of a diesel engine. Biofuel has potential as a renewable energy source, offering a more sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuels. However, it does come with some challenges, such as varying quality and combustion properties. To enhance its performance, engines can be fine-tuned by adjusting fuel injection parameters, such as timing, pressure, and duration. Accordingly, this research article focuses on optimizing the fuel injection parameters for a CRDi engine powered by D+LPO (20% lemon peel oil and 80% diesel) biofuel, with the goal of improving both performance and emission characteristics. The experimental design matrix was generated using Design Expert-13 software, employing the I-optimal technique. Utilizing response
Saiteja, Pajarla, Ashok, B.
Journal Article
Development and Analysis of Hybrid Electric Two-Wheeler for City Driving2024-01-521612/10/2024
In highly populated countries two-wheelers are the most convenient mode of transportation. But at the same time, these vehicles consume more fuel and produces emissions in urban driving. This work is aimed at developing a hybrid two-wheeler for reducing fuel consumption and emissions by incorporating electric vehicle technology in a conventional two-wheeler. The hybrid electric scooter (HES) made consisted of an electric hub motor in the front wheel as the prime mover for the electrical system. The powertrain of the HES was built using a parallel hybrid structure. The electric system is engaged during startup, low speeds, and idling, with a simple switch facilitating the transition between electric and fuel systems. The HES was fabricated and tested through trial runs in various operating modes. Before conversion to a hybrid system, the two-wheeler achieved a mileage of 34 km/liter. After conversion, the combined power sources resulted in an overall mileage of 55 km. It was observed
Rajesh, K., Chidambaranathan, Bibin, Raghavan, Sheeja, Ashok Kumar, R., Arunkumar, S., Soundararajan, Gopinath, Madhu, S.
Technical Paper
Performance Evaluation of Common Rail Direct Injection Engine Run on Biodiesel of Used Temple Oil Using Response Surface Methodology03-17-08-006212/06/2024
Diesel engines produce more smoke and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. Hence, one has to develop a new technique that reduces these emissions besides works satisfactorily with alternative fuels in place of diesel. In this work, used temple oil biodiesel (BTO) is a candidate to replace diesel to run diesel engine. Also, common rail direction injection (CRDi) is a technique that injects fuel at a higher pressure than conventional injectors of diesel engines that produce fine fuel droplets suitable for highly viscous biodiesel. This work also uses the design of experiments (DOE) and response surface methodology (RSM) modeling approach to evaluate the performance of CRDi engine with three operating parameters namely injection timing (IT), injection pressure (IP), and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). From the study, it could be concluded that CRDi engine showed better performance at IT of 9°bTDC, IP of 855 bar with EGR of 20% but with little reduction in thermal efficiency. The study has
Shaikh, Sardar Mansoor, Khandal, Sanjeevkumar V.
Journal Article
Simulation Methodology for Hydrogen Concentration and Dilution Strategy in a Hydrogen Fueled Internal Combustion Engine2024-28-022012/05/2024
Manufacturers of internal combustion engines are changing their focus to non-conventional fuels like hydrogen in response to the worrying global warming situation. When compared to conventional fuels like gasoline or diesel, the use of gaseous hydrogen fuel in an internal combustion engine powered by hydrogen can lessen the engine's negative environmental effects. But occasionally, hydrogen can leak from the high-pressure fuel injection system to the engine top cover and as blowby within the crankcase. Static zones may emerge because of these H2 leaks. Potential explosion or fire can result when the H2 concentration in these stagnation zones is more than 4% and triggers a minimum ignition energy of 0.02 mJ. A CFD simulation methodology incorporating multi-species model, piston, and crank motion to estimate the H2 concentration within crankcase is developed. The simulation development phases has been presented in the paper. The blowby values are determined from the experimental
Sahu, Abhay Kumar, Nagawade, Shubham, Veerbhadra, Swati
Technical Paper
A Review of Hydrogen Storage System (HSS) and Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (H2-ICE) for the Potential H2-ICE Vehicle2024-28-012912/05/2024
The different energy policies and legislations across the globe, unions, or country wise are the key influencer for evaluation of Transport Industry in both advancement of Technologies and Ecosystem development. Accordingly, European Climate law is focusing to achieve net zero greenhouse (or carbon neutral) gas emissions for EU (European Union) countries by 2050. Similarly in India, National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM) by Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is aiming for significant decarbonization and to become market leader in Green Hydrogen Transition. Hydrogen is potential fuel for H2-FCEV (Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric vehicle) and H2-ICE (Hydrogen -Internal combustion Engine) due to its carbon free molecule and other properties. This review paper is focusing on comprehensive study of different aspects of H2- ICE vehicle. Key study areas are mainly Hydrogen (H2) as fuel, Hydrogen Storage System (HSS), H2-ICEs, Hydrogen storge pressure and H2-ICE vehicle architecture. The
Biswas, Sanjoy, Naik, Amit Kumar, Kashyap, Krishna
Technical Paper
The Ranking of Major Noise Sources of a Multi Cylinder Diesel Engine2024-28-013112/05/2024
In the present problem, we have studied mechanical & aero dynamic induced noise. Mechanical noise refers to noise generated by the vibrating surface of the engine structure, engine components and engine accessories after excitation by reciprocating or rotary components. Aero dynamic noises are due to air intake and exhaust of the gases. In the present study, the identification of the engine sources such as Engine Structural Noise, Fuel Pump Noise, Oil Pan Noise, Air Suction Noise and Exhaust Noise has been performed. These four noise sources like Fuel pump, oil pan, Suction noise and Exhaust noise were isolated through wooden/plastic/steel ducts by acoustical duct method for a 80.85 kW diesel engine coupled with a hydraulic dynamo meter at different speeds and load conditions. The results were compared with the overall/structural Sound Pressure Level (SPL). The SPL of engine sources like oil Pan, fuel pump & Air intake are also plotted to show the ranking of all sources and also
Goel, Arunkumar, Meena, Avadhesh Kumar
Technical Paper
A Hybrid Model for Mitigation of Automotive Fuel Tank Slosh Noise2024-28-027112/05/2024
Slosh, a phenomenon occurring in a vehicle's tank during movement, significantly contributes to noise and vibration, often exceeding idle levels. Existing methods for evaluating NVH performance of fuel tanks primarily rely on subjective assessment, highlighting the need for a quantifiable approach to address this dynamic noise. This paper introduces a hybrid methodology to standardize the slosh phenomenon by establishing vehicle-level acceleration, braking, and driving profiles. Noise and vibration data capture, combined with defined boundary conditions, categorizes slosh noise into Impact and Roll noise, differentiated by distinct driving profiles and frequency content. Vehicle level performance is then cascaded down to subsystem level. A dedicated test rig is designed that replicates these conditions at the subsystem level where vehicle speed and braking profiles are translated into rig-specific acceleration and deceleration profiles, enabling consistent data capture for correlation
Titave, Uttam Vasant, Zalaki, Nitin, Vardhanan K, Aravindha Vishnu, Naidu, Sudhakara, Virmani, Nishant
Technical Paper
A Novel Friction Mean Effective Pressure Model for a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine by Neural Network and Its Applications to Heat Release Rate Profile Optimization03-18-01-000812/04/2024
The prediction of friction mean effective pressure (FMEP) is important when engine performance is estimated in the model-based development process. The Chen–Flynn model as a function of the maximum in-cylinder pressure (Pmax) and mean piston speed (Cm) is often used to predict FMEP because of its simplicity to utilize; however, this study inferred from the results of multiple regression analysis between FMEP and factors related to combustion phase and rate of heat release profile (ROHR) that the Chen–Flynn model may be difficult to accurately estimate FMEP in a modern diesel engine with common rail fuel injection system, which allows the control of fuel injection pressure (Pinj) and combustion phase. In this study, a neural network with machine learning was applied to predict FMEP based on the expectation that the ROHR profile, which allows the reduction of FMEP may be possible to be found. 7666 points experimental results that include FMEP and combustion parameters in the heavy-duty
Yamaguchi, Takuya, Uchida, Noboru, Watanabe, Kazumasa, Hattori, Yuki
Journal Article
UCF’s Hypersonic Technology AdvancesTBMG-5219612/01/2024
Hypersonic propulsion would allow for air travel at speeds of Mach 6 to 17, or more than 4,600 to 13,000 miles per hour, and has applications in commercial and space travel
Magazine Article
‘First of Its Kind’ Composite Material to Help Space Vessels Travel Longer DistancesTBMG-5212612/01/2024
The future of space travel is seemingly changing by the day and a Coventry University academic is doing his bit to stay at the front of the space race
Magazine Article
Investigating Contact Pressure in Combustion Seal Designs for Injectors: Experimental and Finite Element Analysis03-18-01-000711/22/2024
This study investigated the contact pressure distribution of three combustion seal designs for fuel injectors using both experimental techniques and finite element analysis (FEA). The designs tested included the baseline seal (Design #1), a conical seal (Design #2), and the current production seal (Design #3). In phase 1, a 2D axisymmetric FEA was conducted under worst-case torque conditions (67.8 Nm) to simulate contact pressure, with an axial load of 10 kN and combustion pressure of 21.3 MPa applied to the injector assembly. Phase 2 employed Fuji films to measure the pressure distribution at higher torques (89.5 and 115.2 Nm) in a more realistic scenario, incorporating challenges such as misalignment and eccentric loading. During this phase, Fuji film shearing was a significant challenge, complicating the accurate assessment of pressure profiles. Design #1 failed to maintain the minimum threshold contact pressure of 70 MPa over a 1 mm length, leading to potential leakage. Design #2
Kaliyanda, Aneesh
Journal Article
Performance Requirements for Fuel System Tubing AssembliesJ2045_202411 (Current)11/22/2024
This SAE Standard encompasses the recommended minimum requirements for non-metallic tubing and/or combinations of metallic tubing to non-metallic tubing assemblies manufactured as liquid- and/or vapor-carrying systems designed for use in gasoline, alcohol blends with gasoline, or diesel fuel systems. This SAE Standard is intended to cover tubing assemblies for any portion of a fuel system which operates above −40 °C (−40 °F) and below 115 °C (239 °F), and up to a maximum working gage pressure of 690 kPa (100 psig). The peak intermittent temperature is 115 °C (239 °F). For long-term continuous usage, the temperature shall not exceed 90 °C (194 °F). It should be noted that temperature extremes can affect assemblies in various manners and every effort must be made to determine the operating temperature to which a specific fuel line assembly will be exposed, and design accordingly. The applicable SAE standards should be referenced when designing liquid-carrying and/or vapor-carrying
Fuel Systems Standards Committee
Technical Standard
Tailoring of Acoustic, Smoke and Thermal Signatures from Diesel-Powered Unmanned Ground Vehicles2024-01-327411/15/2024
ABSTRACT This work investigates non-traditional operating modes of a diesel engine that allow the tailoring of acoustic, smoke and thermal signatures for unique unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) military applications. A production, air-cooled single-cylinder diesel engine having a mechanical fuel injection system has been retrofit with a flexible common-rail injection and electronic control system. The experimental domain explores the effects of the injection timing and pressure on the engine’s acoustic, smoke and heat signatures through analysis of the in-cylinder combustion processes. Surface maps of loudness, exhaust temperature and exhaust smoke density over the range of fuel injection strategies are presented, illustrating the degree to which each signature may be controlled. Trade-offs between the signature modes are presented and discussed. The results demonstrate the possibility of providing military UGVs the capability to tailor their acoustic, infrared and smoke signatures
Jansons, Marcis, Khaira, Sukhbir, Bryzik, Walter
Technical Paper
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