Browse Topic: Fuel systems

Items (7,063)

Novel Test Method for Accelerated Fatigue Testing of Engine Camshaft

2025-28-0055To be published on 02/07/2025

In some IC engines, fuel injection pump is driven by camshaft; thus, these camshafts are designed for bending and torsional loads. Conventionally, camshafts are built-to-specification. Typically, durability assessment of camshafts happens at engine level, this calls for proto or calibration engine to be made and available for testing. As there are limited number of engine level proto testing, the overall scatter in camshafts due to manufacturing/process variations is not possible to be covered. This poses a risk of camshaft failures in the final stages of product development. To mitigate this risk, a component level standard test method is needed for quickly validating design and manufacturing process of camshafts for second source suppliers. The current paper discusses the process followed for arriving at a standard test setup and the challenges in terms of capturing the appropriate physics. Camshaft rear end experiences bending load due to FIP operation, and this bending load is

Chakraborty, Abhirup, S, Aravamuthan, K, Karthikeyan

Techno-Economic Analysis of the Implementation of a Dual-Fuel ENGINE for Agricultural Applications

2024-36-0044

12/20/2024

The growing demand for decarbonization and reduction of emissions from internal combustion engines used in the agricultural sector is mainly responsible for the utilization of alternative or low-carbon fuels. In this context, in situ biogas production and Dual-fuel technology bring an important opportunity for farmers to use gas with diesel or biodiesel in the agricultural machinery, reducing production costs and carbon emissions. To this end, this work evaluates efficiency, emissions, and economic performance in an internal combustion engine equipped with a Dual-fuel injection for diesel and methane. The tests were carried out on a four-cylinder turbocharged Agrale tractor, model BX6110, with modifications for run on diesel-NGV blends under operating conditions with engine speed from 1500 to 2150 rpm, fuel injection times of 80 to 200, at full load. The results showed that the diesel flow was constant during the tests, therefore, power increases depending on the NGV injected. Maximum

Rincon, Alvaro Ferney Algarra, Alvarez, Carlos Eduardo Castilla, Filho, Aldir Carpes Marques, Oliveira Faria, Rafael, Volpato, Carlos Eduardo Silva, Oliveira Notório Ribeiro, Jéssica

Performance and Emissions Analysis Using Ducted Fuel Injection in Compression Ignition Engine with Load Variation

2024-36-0154

12/20/2024

Despite the increasing electrification of current vehicles, Diesel engines will continue to be used for several decades to come. There is still a need to introduce emission control technologies, especially those that show good potential and do not require extensive engine modifications. The increasing focus on reducing pollutant emissions and improving energy efficiency has prompted engine manufacturers to continuously strive for technological progress. The aim is to ensure compliance with environmental regulations and the fulfillment of social expectations. Specifically, new Diesel engine projects face the challenge of minimizing both nitrogen oxides (NOx) and soot emissions, which requires significant investiment in research to develop innovative combustion methods and exhaust gas treatment. One of these innovative methods is Ducted Fuel Injection (DFI), which aims to reduce emissions by improving spray development to obtain a better mixture at flame upstream. This study presents an

Dias, Fábio Jairo, dos Santos, Leila Ribeiro, Rufino, Caio, Garcia, Ezio Castejon, Lomonaco, Raphael, Argachoy, Celso, Lacava, Pedro Teixeira

Experimental Investigation of Spray Characteristics Direct Injected in Atmospheric Ambient Conditions by a Multi-Hole Injector

2024-36-0156

12/20/2024

The aim of the present work was to characterize macroscopic spray parameters of a multi-hole direct injection injector for spark ignition engine applications. The geometry, the position of spray boundaries the overall cone angle, the spray vertical penetration and the vertical spray length were evaluated by processing the spray images recorded at 3300 frames per second. The frequency of recording images was suitable for capturing all the spray developments in all tested conditions. The tested fluid was EXXSOL D60 for simulating ethanol spray characteristics due to its similar properties and due to security reasons. The injector was tested outside the engine and into an open acrylic chamber being injected into atmospheric air conditions of the laboratory. The injection pressure was set up in 100 bar and the simulated engine speed were set up in MOTEC ECU in 3000 rpm, 3600 rpm and 4000 rpm. The injection durations were set up in 3,0 ms for 3000 rpm and 2.3 ms for 3600 rpm and 4000 rpm

Guzzo, Márcio Expedito, Fonseca, Lucas Guimarães, Duarte, Thales Henrique Ramos, Baeta, José Guilherme Coelho, Huebner, Rudolf, Pujatti, Fabrício José Pacheco

Large-Bore HFO Engine Gas Conversion for Power Plants – Part A: Numerical Assessment

2024-36-0160

12/20/2024

In the global scenario marked by the increasing environmental awareness and the necessity on reducing pollutant emission to achieve the decarbonization goals, action plans are being proposed by policy makers to reduce the impact of the climate change, mainly affecting the sectors that most contribute to CO2 emissions such as transportation and power generation. In this sense, by virtue of the National Energy Plan 2050, the Brazilian market will undergo the decommissioning of thermal power plants fueled by diesel and heavy fuel oil (HFO) by 2030, compromising about 6.7 GW of power capacity according to the Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (ANEEL) database. An alternative to the scrapping of these engine power plants is their conversion to operate with fuels with a lower carbon footprint, such as the natural gas. This work, therefore, aims to numerically assess the conversion feasibility of a HFO large bore four-stroke turbocharged engine to operate with natural gas by means of a

Gonçalves, Vinícius Fernandez, Zabeu, Clayton Barcelos, Antolini, Jácson, Salvador, Roberto, Almeida, Rogério, Valiati, Allan Soares, Filho, Guenther Carlos Krieger

Design and Manufacture of a Bench for Testing Fuel under High Injection Pressure

2024-36-0186

12/20/2024

A bench was developed with the aim of making it possible to test direct injection fuel system of low-displacement engines (up to 2,000cc) outside of a conventional test bench. It has adjustable supports that make it possible to install various engines of different manufacturers. In addition, the bench has features an electric motor, an external oil pumping system and a programmable ECU. These accessory systems were necessary because the engine for which the bench was initially designed has undergone various adaptations that required external systems such as those mentioned above. The project was designed to provide great ease, agility and low manufacturing costs, so the entire bench chassis was manufactured using just one standardized steel profile that is easily found on the market. Still about manufacturing, the concept of the prototype was also developed around the need for it to be compact and easy to transport so that the tests could be carried out in different environments in an

Zabeu, Clayton Barcelos, Pires, Gustavo Cassares, Jesus, Renato Vieira, Oliveira Polízio, Yuri Alves

Experimental Determination of the Residual Torque Range in a Plastic Connector of the Fuel Pump Module at End of Life

2024-36-0129

12/20/2024

The study of residual torque is necessary in various fields to ensure the safety and reliability of bolted joints. The present study aims to determine, experimentally, the decrease in torque applied to a nut used in the assembly of two polymeric components (POM - Polyoxymethylene). These components are part of the fuel supply module, responsible for supplying fuel from the tank to the engine. This reduction in torque initially applied is mapped to the end-of-life of the components and is used as an approval criteria in the audit procedures of the Robert Bosch company. The first component features an overmolded metallic screw, injected into POM. The mating part is also injection molded from POM and is assembled onto the first part, secured by tightening a metal nut. Due to the plastic-to-metal interface, it’s expected that there will be a reduction in the initially applied torque required to fasten the pieces together. The study was based on 5 steps: 1 Theoretical study on residual

Spitaletti, Laís Scotelari, da Fonseca, Márcio Ghiraldelli

Combustion of Hydrated Ethanol and Gasoline RON95 Ultra-High Pressure Direct Injection in Optical Access SI Engine

2024-36-0152

12/20/2024

High and ultra-high pressure direct injection (UHPDI) can enhance efficiency gains with flex-fuel engines operating on ethanol, gasoline, or their mixtures. This application aims to increase the engine’s compression ratio (CR), which uses low CR for gasoline due to the knocking phenomenon. This type of technology, involving injection pressures above 1000 bar, permits late fuel injection during the compression phase, preventing auto-ignition and allowing for higher compression ratios. UHPDI generates a highly turbulent spray with significant momentum, improving air-fuel mix preparation, and combustion, resulting in even greater benefits while minimizing particulate matter emissions. This study aims to develop ultra-high-pressure injection systems using gasoline RON95 and hydrated ethanol in a single-cylinder engine with optical access. Experimental tests will be conducted in an optically accessible spark ignition research engine, employing thermodynamic, optical, and emission results

Malheiro de Oliveira, Enrico R., Mendoza, Alexander Penaranda, Martelli, Andre Luiz, Dias, Fábio J., Weissinger, Frederico F., dos Santos, Leila Ribeiro, Lacava, Pedro Teixeira

Response Surface Methodology-Based Multi-Objective Optimization for Biofuel-Powered Engine Response Map Development under the Steady-State Operating Conditions

03-17-08-0063

12/20/2024

The twin challenges of the automotive industry namely petroleum dependence and environmental pollution paved way for the development of an environmentally friendly and feasible substitute for diesel, possessing power characteristics equivalent to those of a diesel engine. Biofuel has potential as a renewable energy source, offering a more sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuels. However, it does come with some challenges, such as varying quality and combustion properties. To enhance its performance, engines can be fine-tuned by adjusting fuel injection parameters, such as timing, pressure, and duration. Accordingly, this research article focuses on optimizing the fuel injection parameters for a CRDi engine powered by D+LPO (20% lemon peel oil and 80% diesel) biofuel, with the goal of improving both performance and emission characteristics. The experimental design matrix was generated using Design Expert-13 software, employing the I-optimal technique. Utilizing response

Saiteja, Pajarla, Ashok, B.

Experimental Investigation of Spray Characteristics Direct Injected in Atmospheric Ambient Conditions by an Inwardly-Opening Pressure Swirl Injector

2024-36-0142

12/20/2024

An inwardly-opening pressure swirl injector for direct injection spark ignition engine applications was used in this work for injecting EXXSOL D60 into laboratory gaseous atmospheric conditions into an open chamber. The EXXSOL D60 fluid was used due to its some similar physical properties to Ethanol fuel. Four injection pressures were used in this work: 50 bar, 60 bar, 70 bar and 80 bar and the simulated engine speed was set up in 2000 rpm in all cases using the injector outside the engine. Shadowgraph technique associated to a filming process with a rate of acquisition of 3300 frames per second was used for acquiring the spray images. The spray images were treated running scripts in Matlab software. The scripts were written for this present analysis. The injector used in this work produced hollow cone sprays. With the image treatment performed in Matlab software, the vertical penetration length and the external cone angle were obtained. The main results showed that penetration length

Guzzo, Márcio Expedito, Fonseca, Lucas Guimarães, Baeta, José Guilherme Coelho, Filho, Fernando Antonio Rodrigues, Pujatti, Fabrício José Pacheco

Development and Analysis of Hybrid Electric Two-Wheeler for City Driving

2024-01-5216

12/10/2024

In highly populated countries two-wheelers are the most convenient mode of transportation. But at the same time, these vehicles consume more fuel and produces emissions in urban driving. This work is aimed at developing a hybrid two-wheeler for reducing fuel consumption and emissions by incorporating electric vehicle technology in a conventional two-wheeler. The hybrid electric scooter (HES) made consisted of an electric hub motor in the front wheel as the prime mover for the electrical system. The powertrain of the HES was built using a parallel hybrid structure. The electric system is engaged during startup, low speeds, and idling, with a simple switch facilitating the transition between electric and fuel systems. The HES was fabricated and tested through trial runs in various operating modes. Before conversion to a hybrid system, the two-wheeler achieved a mileage of 34 km/liter. After conversion, the combined power sources resulted in an overall mileage of 55 km. It was observed

Rajesh, K., Chidambaranathan, Bibin, Raghavan, Sheeja, Ashok Kumar, R., Arunkumar, S., Soundararajan, Gopinath, Madhu, S.

Performance Evaluation of Common Rail Direct Injection Engine Run on Biodiesel of Used Temple Oil Using Response Surface Methodology

03-17-08-0062

12/06/2024

Diesel engines produce more smoke and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. Hence, one has to develop a new technique that reduces these emissions besides works satisfactorily with alternative fuels in place of diesel. In this work, used temple oil biodiesel (BTO) is a candidate to replace diesel to run diesel engine. Also, common rail direction injection (CRDi) is a technique that injects fuel at a higher pressure than conventional injectors of diesel engines that produce fine fuel droplets suitable for highly viscous biodiesel. This work also uses the design of experiments (DOE) and response surface methodology (RSM) modeling approach to evaluate the performance of CRDi engine with three operating parameters namely injection timing (IT), injection pressure (IP), and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). From the study, it could be concluded that CRDi engine showed better performance at IT of 9°bTDC, IP of 855 bar with EGR of 20% but with little reduction in thermal efficiency. The study has

Shaikh, Sardar Mansoor, Khandal, Sanjeevkumar V.

A Hybrid Model for Mitigation of Automotive Fuel Tank Slosh Noise

2024-28-0271

12/05/2024

Slosh, a phenomenon occurring in a vehicle's tank during movement, significantly contributes to noise and vibration, often exceeding idle levels. Existing methods for evaluating NVH performance of fuel tanks primarily rely on subjective assessment, highlighting the need for a quantifiable approach to address this dynamic noise. This paper introduces a hybrid methodology to standardize the slosh phenomenon by establishing vehicle-level acceleration, braking, and driving profiles. Noise and vibration data capture, combined with defined boundary conditions, categorizes slosh noise into Impact and Roll noise, differentiated by distinct driving profiles and frequency content. Vehicle level performance is then cascaded down to subsystem level. A dedicated test rig is designed that replicates these conditions at the subsystem level where vehicle speed and braking profiles are translated into rig-specific acceleration and deceleration profiles, enabling consistent data capture for correlation

Titave, Uttam Vasant, Zalaki, Nitin, Vardhanan K, Aravindha Vishnu, Naidu, Sudhakara, Virmani, Nishant

A Review of Hydrogen Storage System (HSS) and Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (H2-ICE) for the Potential H2-ICE Vehicle

2024-28-0129

12/05/2024

The different energy policies and legislations across the globe, unions, or country wise are the key influencer for evaluation of Transport Industry in both advancement of Technologies and Ecosystem development. Accordingly, European Climate law is focusing to achieve net zero greenhouse (or carbon neutral) gas emissions for EU (European Union) countries by 2050. Similarly in India, National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM) by Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is aiming for significant decarbonization and to become market leader in Green Hydrogen Transition. Hydrogen is potential fuel for H2-FCEV (Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric vehicle) and H2-ICE (Hydrogen -Internal combustion Engine) due to its carbon free molecule and other properties. This review paper is focusing on comprehensive study of different aspects of H2- ICE vehicle. Key study areas are mainly Hydrogen (H2) as fuel, Hydrogen Storage System (HSS), H2-ICEs, Hydrogen storge pressure and H2-ICE vehicle architecture. The

Biswas, Sanjoy, Naik, Amit Kumar, Kashyap, Krishna

Simulation Methodology for Hydrogen Concentration and Dilution Strategy in a Hydrogen Fueled Internal Combustion Engine

2024-28-0220

12/05/2024

Manufacturers of internal combustion engines are changing their focus to non-conventional fuels like hydrogen in response to the worrying global warming situation. When compared to conventional fuels like gasoline or diesel, the use of gaseous hydrogen fuel in an internal combustion engine powered by hydrogen can lessen the engine's negative environmental effects. But occasionally, hydrogen can leak from the high-pressure fuel injection system to the engine top cover and as blowby within the crankcase. Static zones may emerge because of these H2 leaks. Potential explosion or fire can result when the H2 concentration in these stagnation zones is more than 4% and triggers a minimum ignition energy of 0.02 mJ. A CFD simulation methodology incorporating multi-species model, piston, and crank motion to estimate the H2 concentration within crankcase is developed. The simulation development phases has been presented in the paper. The blowby values are determined from the experimental

Sahu, Abhay Kumar, Nagawade, Shubham, Veerbhadra, Swati

The Ranking of Major Noise Sources of a Multi Cylinder Diesel Engine

2024-28-0131

12/05/2024

In the present problem, we have studied mechanical & aero dynamic induced noise. Mechanical noise refers to noise generated by the vibrating surface of the engine structure, engine components and engine accessories after excitation by reciprocating or rotary components. Aero dynamic noises are due to air intake and exhaust of the gases. In the present study, the identification of the engine sources such as Engine Structural Noise, Fuel Pump Noise, Oil Pan Noise, Air Suction Noise and Exhaust Noise has been performed. These four noise sources like Fuel pump, oil pan, Suction noise and Exhaust noise were isolated through wooden/plastic/steel ducts by acoustical duct method for a 80.85 kW diesel engine coupled with a hydraulic dynamo meter at different speeds and load conditions. The results were compared with the overall/structural Sound Pressure Level (SPL). The SPL of engine sources like oil Pan, fuel pump & Air intake are also plotted to show the ranking of all sources and also

Goel, Arunkumar, Meena, Avadhesh Kumar

A Novel Friction Mean Effective Pressure Model for a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine by Neural Network and Its Applications to Heat Release Rate Profile Optimization

03-18-01-0008

12/04/2024

The prediction of friction mean effective pressure (FMEP) is important when engine performance is estimated in the model-based development process. The Chen–Flynn model as a function of the maximum in-cylinder pressure (Pmax) and mean piston speed (Cm) is often used to predict FMEP because of its simplicity to utilize; however, this study inferred from the results of multiple regression analysis between FMEP and factors related to combustion phase and rate of heat release profile (ROHR) that the Chen–Flynn model may be difficult to accurately estimate FMEP in a modern diesel engine with common rail fuel injection system, which allows the control of fuel injection pressure (Pinj) and combustion phase. In this study, a neural network with machine learning was applied to predict FMEP based on the expectation that the ROHR profile, which allows the reduction of FMEP may be possible to be found. 7666 points experimental results that include FMEP and combustion parameters in the heavy-duty

Yamaguchi, Takuya, Uchida, Noboru, Watanabe, Kazumasa, Hattori, Yuki

Investigating Contact Pressure in Combustion Seal Designs for Injectors: Experimental and Finite Element Analysis

03-18-01-0007

11/22/2024

This study investigated the contact pressure distribution of three combustion seal designs for fuel injectors using both experimental techniques and finite element analysis (FEA). The designs tested included the baseline seal (Design #1), a conical seal (Design #2), and the current production seal (Design #3). In phase 1, a 2D axisymmetric FEA was conducted under worst-case torque conditions (67.8 Nm) to simulate contact pressure, with an axial load of 10 kN and combustion pressure of 21.3 MPa applied to the injector assembly. Phase 2 employed Fuji films to measure the pressure distribution at higher torques (89.5 and 115.2 Nm) in a more realistic scenario, incorporating challenges such as misalignment and eccentric loading. During this phase, Fuji film shearing was a significant challenge, complicating the accurate assessment of pressure profiles. Design #1 failed to maintain the minimum threshold contact pressure of 70 MPa over a 1 mm length, leading to potential leakage. Design #2

Kaliyanda, Aneesh

Performance Requirements for Fuel System Tubing Assemblies

J2045_202411 (Current)

11/22/2024

This SAE Standard encompasses the recommended minimum requirements for non-metallic tubing and/or combinations of metallic tubing to non-metallic tubing assemblies manufactured as liquid- and/or vapor-carrying systems designed for use in gasoline, alcohol blends with gasoline, or diesel fuel systems. This SAE Standard is intended to cover tubing assemblies for any portion of a fuel system which operates above −40 °C (−40 °F) and below 115 °C (239 °F), and up to a maximum working gage pressure of 690 kPa (100 psig). The peak intermittent temperature is 115 °C (239 °F). For long-term continuous usage, the temperature shall not exceed 90 °C (194 °F). It should be noted that temperature extremes can affect assemblies in various manners and every effort must be made to determine the operating temperature to which a specific fuel line assembly will be exposed, and design accordingly. The applicable SAE standards should be referenced when designing liquid-carrying and/or vapor-carrying

Fuel Systems Standards Committee

Tailoring of Acoustic, Smoke and Thermal Signatures from Diesel-Powered Unmanned Ground Vehicles

2024-01-3274

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT This work investigates non-traditional operating modes of a diesel engine that allow the tailoring of acoustic, smoke and thermal signatures for unique unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) military applications. A production, air-cooled single-cylinder diesel engine having a mechanical fuel injection system has been retrofit with a flexible common-rail injection and electronic control system. The experimental domain explores the effects of the injection timing and pressure on the engine’s acoustic, smoke and heat signatures through analysis of the in-cylinder combustion processes. Surface maps of loudness, exhaust temperature and exhaust smoke density over the range of fuel injection strategies are presented, illustrating the degree to which each signature may be controlled. Trade-offs between the signature modes are presented and discussed. The results demonstrate the possibility of providing military UGVs the capability to tailor their acoustic, infrared and smoke signatures

Jansons, Marcis, Khaira, Sukhbir, Bryzik, Walter

COMBUSTION STRATEGIES FOR LOW-CETANE FUELS

2024-01-3788

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT The effects of advanced fuel injection strategies on the combustion behavior of an unblended low-cetane synthetic jet fuel (Sasol isoparaffinic kerosene, POSF 7629, derived cetane number 31) were investigated in a single-cylinder research engine (SCRE) at several speeds and loads. The most significant finding of the current work is that the introduction of a small pulse of fuel prior to the main fuel injection event, termed a close-coupled pilot (CCP) injection, effectively mitigates the relatively longer ignition delay time of the DCN 31 fuel. Therefore, a potential technical solution exists that would permit the use of low-cetane jet fuels in military ground vehicles if the operational scenario required it. Citation: M. Tess, E. Gingrich, S. Stoll, “Combustion Strategies for Low-Cetane Fuels”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019

Tess, Michael, Gingrich, Eric, Stoll, Steve

BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS OF A COMMERCIALLY BASED DIESEL ENGINE MODIFIED FOR OPERATION ON JP 8 FUEL

2024-01-3185

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT The majority of commercial off the shelf (COTS) diesel engines rely on EGR to meet increasingly stringent emissions standards, but these EGR systems would be susceptible to corrosion and damage if JP-8 were used as a fuel due to its high sulfur content. Starting with a Cummins 2007 ISL 8.9L production engine, this program demonstrates the modifications necessary to remove EGR and operate on JP-8 fuel with a goal of demonstrating 48% brake thermal efficiency (BTE) at an emissions level consistent with 1998 EPA standards. The effects of injector cup flow, improved turbo match, increased compression ratio with revised piston bowl geometry, increased cylinder pressure, revised intake manifold for improved breathing, and piston, ring and liner designs to reduce friction are all investigated. Testing focused on a single operating point, full load at 1600 RPM. This engine uses a variable geometry turbo and high pressure common rail fuel system, allowing control over air fuel ratio

Lutz, Tim, Modiyani, Rajani

Challenges in Adapting State-of-the-Art On-Highway Diesel Engine Technologies To Meet Military Specifications

2024-01-3101

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT State-of-the-art Diesel engines used for on-highway operation are integrated systems containing multiple subsystems for performance and emissions enhancements. The drive to lower tailpipe emissions on on-highway engines drives system complexity which is both undesired and unnecessary for military ground vehicles. There are, however, on-highway technologies such as high pressure fuel injection systems and advanced turbocharger systems that allow improving the engines’ efficiency and therefore lowering its fuel consumption. The aforementioned technologies are currently available and present possible near term opportunities for military ground vehicles. The adaptation to allow reliable operation in military vehicles will be discussed as part of this near term view. The authors will also discuss the electronic controls architecture requirements that come along with these sophisticated technologies and discuss the advantages and opportunities that present themselves using advanced

Tatur, Marek, Tomazic, Dean, Koehler, Erik

FUEL FILTER EFFICIENCY EVALUATION WITH CYCLIC FLOW AND MECHANICAL VIBRATION

2024-01-3830

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT Fuel filters used to remove particulates from liquids are evaluated by OEM’s and filter manufacturers using standardized test protocols that specify simplified conditions that aid in laboratory reproducibility. These test results do not always translate into actual filter performance in application. In military vehicles that experience frequent demands for rapid acceleration and deceleration and extreme vibration, the importance of evaluating fluid filtration performance with these parameters as inputs is significant. This paper discusses an investigation of the performance sensitivity of a diesel particulate filter to structural vibration properties and flow rate fluctuation. After determination of this sensitivity to dynamic inputs, a new test protocol was developed for evaluating competitive fuel filters. The cyclic flow and mechanical vibration inputs for the new protocol were selected to be representative of those that would be seen in a heavy duty diesel application

Hollingsworth, Larry, Wostarek, Peter, Exposito, Christian

Development of a Non-Catalytic JP-8 Reformer

2024-01-3708

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT Advanced Cooling Technologies, Inc. (ACT) has been developing a Swiss-roll type, non-catalytic, thermal partial oxidation JP-8 reformer. The principle is using effective heat recirculation to increase the partial oxidation reaction temperature, which maximizes the H2 and CO yield without using catalyst. The gas phase reaction eliminates catalyst-associated issues, such as poisoning, coking, degradation, etc. Since the process uses only air and JP-8 fuel as the reactants, and is self-sustained (no external energy input), minimum balance-of-plant is required. One challenge of this reforming technology is the “out-of-center” reaction. Due to being highly preheated, the fuel and air mixture from the inlet is auto-ignited before entering the designed center reaction zone. The out-of-center reaction causes low reforming efficiency and potentially damages the inlet channel walls. In the previous study, direct injection of JP-8 fuel into the center reaction zone is able to avoid the

Chen, Chien-Hua, Crawmer, Joel, Richard, Brad, Pearlman, Howard, Ronney, Paul

MILITARY FUEL AND ALTERNATIVE FUEL EFFECTS ON A MODERN DIESEL ENGINE EMPLOYING A FUEL-LUBRICATED HIGH PRESSURE COMMON RAIL FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM

2024-01-3276

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT A large number of current commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) diesel engines available to the U.S. Military employ High Pressure Common Rail (HPCR) fuel injection systems. Overall performance and endurance of these HPCR systems has the potential to vary with use of military or alternative fuels. Testing was conducted using the Ford 6.7L diesel engine to determine the impact on engine and HPCR fuel system performance with the following test fuels: diesel (ULSD), JP-8, 50%:50% volumetric blend of JP-8/Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (SPK), and 100% SPK. The U.S. Army 210-hr Tactical Wheeled Vehicle Cycle (TWVC) engine endurance test was used to determine engine and HPCR system performance. Engine performance over the test duration, pre- and post-test powercurves and post-test fuel injection component inspections were used to determine each fuels performance

Brandt, Adam C., Muzzell, Patsy A., Sattler, Eric R., Likos, William

ACHIEVING 44% THERMAL EFFICIENCY in TODAY’S ENGINES “More for Less

2024-01-3188

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT The US Army is seeking improvements in the fuel efficiency of their military vehicles.. They have initiated a number of R&D projects aimed at advancing the state-of-the-art of powertrain efficiency including demonstration in a laboratory environment. This effort will set a benchmark for the vehicle integrators, allowing them to improve future vehicle offerings. The SAIC, AVL, Badenoch, QinetiQ and Ker-Train Research team offered powertrain solutions from 7 Tons to 40 Tons that achieved the goal of 44% thermal efficiency and the stringent flexible fuel and emissions requirements. In each of these offerings the team was able to identify modifications to existing engines that allowed dramatic improvements in the thermal efficiency. These efficiency improvements were achieved through a combination of techniques, combustion cycle adjustments using in-cylinder pressure monitoring and precise control of fuel injector timing, and turbo-compounding. For the R&D project, the fuel

McDowell, Jim, Hunter, Gary L., Hennessy, Chris

A SYSTEMS ENGINEERING APPROACH TO COMPACT AUXILIARY POWER UNITS FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS

2024-01-3189

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT AVL is developing a family of modular Auxiliary Power Units (APUs) based on the current gasoline range extender engine/generator developed by AVL for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. These military specific variants will utilize the same basic architecture as the gasoline version while incorporating semi-direct fuel injection that is compatible with diesel fuel as well as kerosene based fuels such as F-44, JP-5, JP-8, Jet-A, etc. A systems engineering approach to the engine, generator, and power electronics modules enables a wide range of power outputs and packaging options to be easily developed from the base unit

Brakora, Tony, Hennessy, Chris, Hunter, Gary

ADVANCED LIGHTWEIGHT TURBOCHARGED 2-STROKE MULTI-FUEL VARIABLE VALVE TIMING AND VARIABLE COMPRESSION RATIO MILITARY ENGINE

2024-01-3103

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT The latest advancements in common rail fuel injection system, material science, engine control strategies, and manufacturing technologies have challenged and allowed engine designers to create a high power density, fuel efficient, reliable, and environmental friendly multi-fuel engine. To increase power density a novel high-speed 2-stroke turbocharged compression ignition engine will feed the pressurized air directly into the combustion chamber without going through the crankcase. Thus, only pressurized clean air will be used for combustion and oil consumption will be dramatically reduced. To further improve volumetric efficiency and reduce emissions, a computer controlled dynamic variable valve timing system can be incorporated such that the optimum amount of pressurized air will be available for combustion at various loads and conditions. Combustion efficiency at different loads can be optimized by adjusting the compression ratio dynamically through computer control. By

Chue, Stephen

SELF SEALING FUEL TANKS IN VEHICLES WITHOUT ARMOR

2024-01-3899

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT Military vehicle survivability can be enhanced by implementing Lightweight Fuel Tanks with an Engineered Self-Sealing and Energy Absorbing solution. A thin walled plastic or aluminum fuel tank with an outer self-sealing protection coating and a properly installed ballistic baffle provide increased sealing performance as compared to amour protected fuel tank. Design features include reduced weight penalty, survivability, self-sealing against kinetic energy threats, maximum fuel in space claim, flexible design, and low tooling charges. Citation: Stuck, LW, “Self Sealing Fuel Tanks in Vehicles Without Armor”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 10-12, 2021

Stuck, Larry

US ARMY COMMON POWERTRAIN CONTROLLER DEVELOPMENT FOR AVDS EFI ENGINE APPLICATION IN M88 VEHICLE

2024-01-3621

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT This paper outlines the results from an ongoing collaborative development effort to apply a new powertrain controller in a real combat vehicle application. Specifically, TARDEC and L3T CPS have partnered to demonstrate a production viable electronically controlled fuel injected (EFI) version of the AVDS 1790 diesel engine, used in the M88 HERCULES vehicle. Highlights of the development project focus on coordinated engineering activity involving the following key enablers. The neXtECU jointly developed by ETAS and TARDEC, custom engineered to become a common powertrain controller for use on the Army’s future family of combat vehicles Engine control software jointly developed by TARDEC and L3T to perform EFI fuel system controls and auxiliary powertrain functions using the neXtECU AVDS 8CR 1050 hp engine with L3T design modifications to incorporate a derivative of a commercially available EFI fuel system

Yancone, John, Pace, Dan, Cates, Jamey, Kruchko, Paul

SPRAY & LIQUID LENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF TETRADECANE AS A SURROGATE IN COMPARISON TO JP-8

2024-01-3408

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT Extensive studies have been completed for diesel engine high pressure injection on spray and combustion characteristics with diesel fuel. However the US military’s objective is to use JP-8 as a replacement to diesel fuel, which has limited spray and combustion information available. The differences between JP-8 and diesel in terms of fuel properties translate to differing spray and combustion characteristics. To fulfill the Single-Fuel Concept of the military and incorporate JP-8 fuels, knowledge of the fuels spray, vaporization, and combustion behavior is imperative for determining fuel impact on performance. This work quantifies vaporizing spray characteristics of vapor penetration and vaporizing liquid length using high speed imaging methods of combined Mie-scatter and Schlieren in a constant volume combustion vessel. Studies are undertaken at a constant injection pressure of 700 bar, at temperatures of 800, 946, and 1150 K at a density of 24.1 kg/m3. Tetradecane is used as

Johnson, Jaclyn E., Cung, Khanh D., Zhang, Anqi, Naber, Jeffrey D., Lee, Seong-Young

Emulsified Water/Fuel Separation Test Procedure

J1488_202411 (Current)

11/06/2024

To determine the ability of a fuel/water separator to separate emulsified or finely dispersed water from fuels. This test method is applicable for biodiesel fuel

Filter Test Methods Standards Committee

Combustion and Emissions Comparison between a Diesel and a Dimethyl Ether (DME) Off-Highway Compression Ignition Engine

2024-01-2700

11/05/2024

Dimethyl ether (DME) is a promising substitute for diesel as a fuel in heavy-duty engines. This article presents the comparison between a diesel- and a DME-powered compression ignition engine. The diesel-powered version was initially characterised at a range of operating points before being converted to operate on DME. This was achieved by replacing fuel system components with bespoke DME-compatible engine parts. An off-board fuel pressurisation and conditioning system was designed to replace the existing high-pressure fuel pump, while maintaining all other engine hardware and components. Engine behaviour, in terms of combustion and emissions on both fuels was examined. Firstly, the effect of varying recirculated exhaust gas (EGR) concentration at constant excess air ratio, combustion phasing (CA50) and equal fuel delivery rate (by energy input) was interrogated. DME combustion was significantly faster, as combustion duration was reduced by around 30%, in some cases, when comparing to

Apostolou, Christos, Elliott, Thomas, Rutledge, John, Butcher, Daniel, Long, Edward, Spencer, Adrian

Performance and Emissions of a Hydrogen Dual-Fuel Engine Using Diesel and HVO as Pilot Fuels

2024-01-4286

11/05/2024

A comprehensive experimental study of hydrogen–diesel dual-fuel and hydrogen-hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) dual-fuel operations was conducted in a single-cylinder diesel engine (bore 85.0 mm, stroke 96.9 mm, and compression ratio 14.3) equipped with a common rail fuel injection system and a supercharger. The hydrogen flow rate was manipulated by varying the hydrogen excess air ratio from 2.5 to 4.0 in 0.5 increments. Hydrogen was introduced into the intake pipe using a gas injector. Diesel fuel and HVO were injected as pilot fuels at a fixed injection pressure of 80 MPa. The quantity of pilot fuel was set to 3, 6, and 13 mm3/cycle. The intake and exhaust pressures were set in the range of 100–220 kPa in 20 kPa increments. The engine was operated at a constant speed of 1,800 rpm under all conditions. The pilot injection timing was varied such that the ignition timing was constant at the TDC under all conditions. The results demonstrated that smoke was lower when HVO was used as the

Mukhtar, Ghazian Amin, Tange, Kota, Nakatani, Satoshi, Horibe, Naoto, Kawanabe, Hiroshi, Morita, Gin, Hiraoka, Kenji, Koda, Kazuyuki

Reproducing Internal Injector Deposits Found in Heavy-Duty Vehicles with a Novel Injector Rig

2024-01-4298

11/05/2024

In recent years, deposit formation in fuel systems for heavy-duty engines, using drop-in fuels, have become increasingly common. Drop-in fuels are particularly appealing because they are compatible with existing engines, allowing for higher proportions of alternative fuels to be blended with conventional fuels. However, the precipitation of insoluble substances from drop-in fuels can result in fuel filter clogging and the formation of internal injector deposits, leading to higher fuel consumption and issues with engine drivability. The precise reasons behind the formation of these deposits in the fuel system remain unclear, with factors such as operating conditions, fuel quality, and fuel contamination all suggested as potential contributors. In order to reproduce and study the formation of internal injector deposits, for heavy-duty engines under controlled conditions and to facilitate a more precise comparison to field trials, a novel injector test rig has been developed. This newly

Pach, Mayte, Hittig, Henrik, Theveny, Arnaud, Kusar, Henrik, Hruby, Sarah

The Effect on Soot Handling and Friction of Selected Dispersant Additives for Next Generation Transportation Sector Oils

2024-01-4301

11/05/2024

Next generation lubricating oils for transportation sector require higher durability in operation, compatibility with new engine technologies and aftertreatment devices as well as high fuel economy (FE), thus contributing to the reduction of CO2 emissions, both in passenger cars and heavy-duty vehicles. The current paper aims to highlight the impact of dispersant main properties in preventing sludge and deposits formation on engine surfaces. The effect on frictional properties of lubricating oils through a multi-step activity was evaluated. Oil contamination by soot is a big concern not only for diesel but also for new generation of direct injection gasoline (GDI) engines. The presence of soot leads to oil thickening that heavily impacts on friction coefficient thus enhancing the role of dispersant in controlling soot and related viscosity increase and, indirectly, fuel consumption for long running periods. After an introduction on dispersant technologies, the focus of the paper moves

Lattuada, Marco, Manni, Massimo, Notari, Marcello, Ferraro, Giovanni, Fratini, Emiliano

Ensemble Machine Learning Techniques for Particulate Emissions Estimation from a Highly Boosted GDI Engine Fuelled by Different Gasoline Blends

2024-01-4306

11/05/2024

Light-duty vehicle emissions regulations worldwide impose stringent limits on particulate matter (PM) emissions, necessitating accurate modelling and prediction of particulate emissions across a range of sizes (as low as 10 nm). It has been shown that the decision tree-based ensemble machine learning technique known as Random Forest can accurately predict particle size, concentration, and accumulation mode geometric standard deviation (GSD) for particulate emission diameters as low as 23 nm from a highly boosted gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine operating on a single fuel, while also offering insights into the underlying factors of emissions production because of the interpretable nature of decision trees. This work builds on the prior Random Forest research as its basis and further investigates the relative performance of five decision tree-based machine learning techniques in predicting these particulate emission parameters and extends the work to 10 nm particles. In addition to

Stangierska, Marta, Bajwa, Abdullah, Lewis, Andrew, Akehurst, Sam, Turner, James, Leach, Felix

Offset Active Prechamber (OAP): A Strategy to Enable Low Load GCI Operation

2024-01-4283

11/05/2024

High fuel stratification gasoline compression ignition (HFS-GCI) strategies allow for the use of ignition control methods similar to those used by diesel-fueled compression ignition (CI) engines while offering the emissions benefits of gasoline-like fuels. Despite this benefit, low load GCI operation requires ignition assistance viz. intake boosting, intake heating, cylinder deactivation, etc. for consistent autoignition. A novel ignition assistance methodology using an offset active prechamber (OAP) is proposed in this work to enable low load GCI operation. A 1.5cc OAP with a pressure-sensing spark plug and gaseous fuel injection system is designed and mounted in a medium-duty single-cylinder test engine based on the Cummins ISB engine. The prechamber is provided with two holes designed to ignite the fuel spray from the centrally mounted direct injection (DI) fuel injector. Gasoline was used as the main chamber fuel and methane was used as the prechamber fuel. A detailed parametric

Gupta, Saurabh K, Hanson, Reed, Dempsey, Adam, Kokjohn, Sage

Comparison of Different Injector Nozzles for the Utilization of Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers

2024-01-4297

11/05/2024

Oxygenated substances are a promising approach in the field of alternative fuels. A current example of such a fuel are Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers (OME). With their physical and chemical properties, alternative fuels like OME pose new challenges for diesel engine injection systems. As the heating value is low compared to conventional Diesel fuel, measures must be taken to increase the amount of fuel injected. Possible solutions include increasing the nozzle hole diameter, the injection pressure, and the number of nozzle holes. All mentioned adaptions have an influence on the mixture formation and make it necessary to examine the injection process in detail also with regard to phenomena such as cavitation. In this study, three passenger car Diesel injector nozzles are compared, two of which are adapted in terms of nozzle hole diameter (increase by 20%) and number of nozzle holes (increase from 8 to 12) in order to increase the mass flow rate of fuel to the required elevated level

Riess, Sebastian, Fuchs, Thorsten, Strauß, Lukas, Günthner, Michael, Wensing, Michael

Effect of Premixing Ratio on the Deterministic Characteristics of Combustion Dynamics Butanol-Diesel RCCI Engine

2024-01-4292

11/05/2024

The rising demand for vehicles has increased CO and HC emissions, worsening air quality and contributing to climate change, key issues under the clean development mechanism and UN SDG 13: Climate Action. Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) offers a promising solution to reduce PM and NOx while maintaining fuel efficiency. However, the cyclic variation of the RCCI engine remains an underexplored area in control strategies, necessitating further research for optimization in line with sustainable development goals. This study explores the impact of premixing ratios on RCCI engines fueled with butanol and the nature of cyclic variation to know the controllability. Tests were conducted on a single-cylinder diesel engine at 1500 rpm and constant engine load. The experiments reveal that increasing the premixing ratio from 45% to 60% decreases the heat release rate by 15%, Pmax by 10%, and IMEP by 12%. Recurrence Quantitative Analysis (RQA) confirmed strong deterministic

Yadav, Ratnesh Kumar, Mohite, Avadhoot Abaso, Maurya, Rakesh Kumar

Emissions Analysis for a Hydrogen-Fueled Low-Pressure-Ratio Split-Cycle Engine

2024-01-4312

11/05/2024

Recuperated low-pressure-ratio split-cycle engines represent a promising engine configuration for applications like transportation and stand-alone power generation by offering a potential efficiency as high as 60%. However, it can be challenging to achieve the stringent NOx emission standard, such as Euro 6 limit of 0.4 gNOx/kWh, due to the exhaust cylinder high intake temperature. This paper presents experimental investigation of hydrogen-air combustion NOx emissions for such engines for the first time. Experiments are carried out using a simplified constant-volume combustion chamber with glow-plug ignition. Two fuel injection techniques are performed: direct injection and injection via a novel convergent-divergent injector. For the direct injection scenario, NOx levels are unsatisfactory with respect to the Euro 6 standards over a range of operating temperatures from 200 °C to 550 °C. Recorded NOx levels can reach twice the permissible limit which necessitates the implementation of

Eldakamawy, Mohamed Hossam, Picard, Mathieu

Emission Characteristics of TCR Diesel Fuels in Comparison to Diesel Fuels Derived from other Sources

2024-01-4289

11/05/2024

In this work we demonstrate the influence of different refined TCR refining diesel fuels on emission, power and efficiency in comparison to reference Diesel fuel (homologation fuel for Euro 6 emission testing), hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) and a blend of poly(oxymethylene)dimethyl ether (OME3) with reference Diesel. The emission characteristics of such TCR fuels used in a production type Diesel engine with modern common rail system has up to now not been tested. The comparison was performed at an engine test bench equipped with a Hatz 4H50 TIC direct injection common rail Diesel engine. For different engine operation points exhaust gas emissions and particulate matters were measured and the results analyzed

Seeger, Jan, Taschek, Marco

Investigation of Combustion Stability in an RCCI Engine Using Recurrence Analysis of Cylinder Pressure Data

2024-01-4287

11/05/2024

The Reactivity Control Compression Ignition (RCCI) engine, with its dual fuel system and coordinated injection strategy, offers superior emission control and fuel efficiency compared to conventional diesel engines. However, cyclic variations leading to engine combustion instability poses a significant challenge to their development and commercialization. In this study, statistical (COV and Histogram) and nonlinear dynamic (Recurrence Plot and its Quantification) analysis techniques are applied on the time-series data obtained from a single-cylinder diesel engine modified to operate in CNG-Diesel RCCI mode. The engine, while advancing the main injection timing (SOI-2), is tested under various operating conditions, including different engine loads, direct injection mass ratios (DIMR) and port fuel injection (PFI) masses, to help identify the configurations with better temporal correlations and deterministic traits. Such configurations hold potential for control strategy implementation

Prashar, Rajat, Kumar, Kamal S., Yadav, Ratnesh Kumar, Maurya, Rakesh Kumar

Numerical Investigation of the Combustion Process and Emissions Formation in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Featured with Multi-Pulse Fuel Injection

2024-01-4285

11/05/2024

Combustion in conventional and advanced diesel engines is an intricate process that encompasses interaction among fuel injection, fuel-air mixing, combustion, heat transfer, and engine geometry. Manipulation of fuel injection strategies has been recognized as a promising approach for optimizing diesel engine combustion. Although numerous studies have investigated this topic, the underlying physics behind flame interactions from multiple fuel injections, spray-flame-wall interaction and their effects on reaction zones, and NOx/soot emissions are still not well understood. To this end, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study is performed to investigate the effects of pilot and post injections on in-cylinder combustion process and emissions (NOx and soot) formation in a heavy-duty (HD) diesel engine. A full-sector CFD model of the HD engine employing detailed chemistry is validated against experimental data for in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate, combustion phasing, and engine-out

Singh, Harsimran, Kutkut, Almoutazbellah, Pal, Pinaki, Aggarwal, Suresh Kumar, Li, Hailin

Comprehensive Analysis of Needle Bearing Failures in Fuel Transfer Pumps: Insights from Testing and Finite Element Analysis

03-18-01-0004

10/09/2024

This study investigates the failure mechanisms of needle bearings within fuel transfer pump assemblies through a comprehensive approach combining endurance testing, detailed inspection, the Dykem blue method, proximity sensors, and finite element analysis (FEA). The findings reveal critical insights into the causes of failure, highlighting significant axial displacement, with a maximum of 0.37 mm measured by proximity sensors. The Dykem technique identified distinct wear patterns across various components, pinpointing areas of high stress and potential failure. Detailed bearing inspections uncovered trunnion damage and abrasive wear, corroborated by FEA, which quantified displacements of 0.144 mm in the x-direction, 0.030 mm in the y-direction, and 0.015 mm in the z-direction. The primary operational factors contributing to bearing failure were contamination and inadequate axial control. These insights are pivotal, as they align with and expand upon established literature on bearing

Kaliyanda, Aneesh

Influence of Lube Oil and Fuel Additives on the Particulate Raw Emission Behavior of Gasoline Engines

04-18-01-0004

10/03/2024

The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of different combinations of engine oil and oil additive as well as additivated and unadditivated fuel on particulate emissions in gasoline engines. To accomplish this, load, speed, and type of oil injection were varied on a single-cylinder engine, and the influence on particle number concentration and size distribution were evaluated. The tests were supplemented by an optical investigation of their in-cylinder soot formation. The investigation of fuel additives showed no significant differences compared to the reference fuel without additives. However, in the case of oil additives, detergents led to a significant increase in the number of particles in the <20 nm range. This effect occurred when used as both a single additive and a component in the standard engine oil. While viscosity improvers also lead to a measurable, but less pronounced, increase in the particle number concentration, no significant influence can be determined

Böhmeke, Christian, Heinz, Lukas, Wagner, Uwe, Koch, Thomas

Heater and Accessories, Aircraft Internal Combustion Heat Exchanger Type

AS8040C (Current)

10/03/2024

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) covers combustion heaters and accessories used in, but not limited to, the following applications: a Cabin heating (all occupied regions and windshield heating) b Wing and empennage anti-icing c Engine and accessory heating (when heater is installed as part of the aircraft) d Aircraft deicing

AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee

Direct Injection Gasoline Fuel Injector Characterization

J2713_202409 (Current)

09/27/2024

This SAE Recommended Practice promotes uniformity in the evaluation and qualification tests conducted on gasoline direct injection (GDI) fuel injectors used in gasoline engine applications, where fuel pressures are typically well above 10 MPa. The document scope is limited to electrically actuated gasoline fuel injection devices used in automotive GDI systems and is primarily restricted to bench tests

Gasoline Fuel Injection Standards Committee

Study of Structural Noise of a Multi-Cylinder Diesel Engine

2024-28-0074

09/19/2024

The world over has resulted in severe pollution problems. They are classified as air and noise pollution. Air pollution is caused by dispersion of emittents from engine exhaust to the atmosphere at different concentration levels. Similarly, the emission of unwanted sound from engine structure, intake and exhaust are the principal source of noise pollution. In diesel engines structurally, radiated noises have numerous origins. The complexity arises from the fact that the whole engine structure is simultaneously excited by several forces of widely different characteristics. Primary exciting force which is a gas force in the cylinder resulting from the combustion. Secondary exciting forces of considerably different characteristics are generated by the operation slider crank mechanism but related to some primary gas force in some non-linear manner resulting in piston impact, impacts in bearing, impacts in timing gears etc. Force produced in accessories such as valve gear system, fuel

Goel, Arunkumar, Meena, Avadhesh Kumar

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