Browse Topic: Exhaust systems

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Misfires Detection in Bi-fuel Engines – A Brief Note2026-26-0120To be published on 01/16/2026
Misfire detection in bi-fuel engines operating on compressed natural gas (CNG) and gasoline mode presents significant challenges due to inherent differences in combustion characteristics: ignition dynamics and fuel properties. Accurate detection is essential for minimizing the emissions, engine performance, and ensuring regulatory compliance. A fundamental parameter in crankshaft speed fluctuation-based misfire detection is segment time selection, which directly influences detection fidelity, false positives, and false negatives. Given CNG’s slower combustion kinetics and delayed flame propagation, it necessitates a delayed segment initiation and an extended segment duration, whereas gasoline characterized by faster combustion, permits earlier segment initiation and a reduced segment duration. Optimal segment timing is determined by analyzing engine roughness, minimizing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and eliminating cylinder overlap, while also incorporating flywheel manufacturing
Thiyagarajan, Abhinav, N, Gobalakrishnan, R, Hema
Introducing a new catalyst family in gasoline aftertreatment2026-26-0231To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper is to introduce a new catalyst family in gasoline aftertreatment. Indeed, it has been shown that under certain driving conditions, three-way catalysts produce significant amounts of toxic NH3 and the strong greenhouse gas N2O, which are both very unwanted emissions. In a self-committed approach, OEMs could want to minimize these noxious pollutants, especially if this can be done with no architecture change, namely without additional underfloor catalyst. In this paper we will compare different approaches: regular underfloor TWC, SCR derived from diesel aftertreatment, gasoline dedicated Ammonia Slip Catalyst (ASC) and especially developed novel gasoline Secondary Emission Treatment (SET) catalyst, providing both ammonia abatement and underfloor three-way functionality. The data will show that SCR only reduces NH3 from a passive SCR reaction in a limited amount in the cold start including the need of oxygen presence, namely secondary air introduction. ASC is efficient in cold
Kuhn, Sebastian, Magar, Avinash, Kogel, Julius, Lahousse, Christophe
Strategic Design of Intake Systems for Crafting a Sporty Acoustic Signature in Passenger Vehicles2026-26-0328To be published on 01/16/2026
In pursuit of a distinct sporty interior sound character, the present study explores an innovative strategy for designing intake systems in passenger vehicles. While most existing literature primarily emphasizes exhaust system tuning for enhancing vehicle sound quality, the current work shifts the focus toward the intake system’s critical role in shaping the perceived acoustic signature within the vehicle cabin. In this research work, target cascading and settings were derived through a combination of benchmark and structured subjective evaluation study and aligning with literature review. Quantitative targets for intake orifice noise was defined to achieve the desired sporty character inside cabin. Intake orifice targets are engineered based on signature and sound quality parameter required at cabin. Systems are designed by using advanced CAE techniques, Specific identified acoustic orders were enhanced in the intake system to reinforce the required signature in acceleration as well
Sadekar, Umesh Audumbar, Titave, Uttam, Patil, Jitendra
Thermal Management and Engine Calibration Strategies for Enhanced Passive DPF Regeneration in CEV Stage V CI Engines2026-26-0141To be published on 01/16/2026
Meeting the stringent emissions norms of CEV stage V for medium BMEP engines, CI engines present significant challenges. These stringent norms call for a highly efficient DPF. With the increasing demands for high-performance DPFs, the issue of soot accumulation and cleaning presents significant hurdles for DPF longevity. This paper explores the potential of passive DPF regeneration, which leverages naturally occurring exhaust gas conditions to oxidize accumulated soot, offering a promising approach to minimize fuel penalty and system complexity compared to active regeneration methods. The study investigates engine calibration techniques aimed at enhancing passive regeneration performance, emphasizing the optimization of thermal management strategies to sustain DPF temperatures within the passive regeneration range. Furthermore, the paper aims to expand the applicability of passive regeneration across diverse engine loads common in off-highway applications with effective passive
Saxena, Harshit, Gandhi, Naresh, Lokare, Prasad, Shinde, Prashant, Patil, Ajit, Raut, Ashish
Integrating Road Load Data Acquisition and Signal Processing Techniques to Generate Reliable Drive Files for Electrodynamic Shakers in Testing the Exhaust Systems of Off-Highway Applications2026-26-0552To be published on 01/16/2026
Generating a reliable drive file for an electrodynamic (ED) shaker from Road Load Data Acquisition (RLDA) and validating its correlation with real-world conditions through damage and fatigue analysis is crucial for accurate component testing, particularly in complex systems like off-highway exhaust systems. This paper presents a methodology for creating such a drive file and establishing its validity, highlighting the necessity of ED shakers for simulating the intricate dynamic loads experienced by these systems. The process begins with acquiring comprehensive RLDA under representative operational conditions of the off-highway vehicle. Drive files are generated using this data, which records accelerations at important exhaust system mounting locations. Advanced signal processing techniques are employed to condense the raw RLDA into a format suitable for shaker control. To establish proper correlation, the generated drive file is used to excite the exhaust system on an ED shaker
Khaire, Santosh Ramdas, Khaire, Rushikesh, Yadav, Dnyaneshwar
Leveraging Advanced AI/ML Algorithms to Derive Actionable Insights from Fleet Vehicle In-Use Performance Ratio Monitoring (IUPRm) Data2026-26-0637To be published on 01/16/2026
In recent years, growing concerns over environmental pollution have led to the implementation of increasingly stringent emission regulations worldwide. These regulations require not only the reduction of pollutant emissions but also robust monitoring of critical emission control components under real-world driving conditions. The In-Use Performance Ratio Monitoring (IUPRm) framework quantifies how frequently onboard diagnostic systems evaluate these components within defined operational boundaries for each vehicle. IUPRm is organized into several monitoring groups, including catalyst monitoring, oxygen sensor monitoring, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) monitoring, and gasoline particulate filter monitoring. The specific groups and monitoring requirements vary based on fuel type (gasoline or diesel), engine technologies (such as variable valve timing or EGR), and exhaust system configurations (single or dual bank). For automakers, analyzing these parameters across large vehicle fleets
Ghadge, Ganesh Narayan, Jadhav, Marisha, Hosur, Viswanatha
Experimental approach to investigate VVT malfunction in SI gasoline engine.2026-26-0558To be published on 01/16/2026
Variable Valve Timing (VVT) is an advanced technology implemented in internal combustion engines to optimize the opening and closing timing of the intake and exhaust valves. Its primary objective is to improve engine performance, fuel efficiency, and reduce emissions by dynamically adjusting the valve timing based on the engine's operating conditions i.e. engine speed and load conditions. However, the VVT system may experience various operational issues caused due to low engine oil levels, contaminated engine oil, solenoid malfunctions, and camshaft phaser issues, which can adversely affect engine performance, fuel efficiency, and emissions. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of VVT malfunctions, specifically attributed to the resonance effect of VVT components at various engine RPMs & oil temperature. The study also explains the phenomenon causing VVT sluggishness during advance phase due to resonance between oil pulsation & VVT components. Other factors contributing to VVT
Jha, Ankur, Sau, Sanjoy, Kumar, Bharat, Sandeep, Sandeep
DPF Passive Regeneration Approach for CEV/TREM-V Off-Highway Applications2026-26-0211To be published on 01/16/2026
With introduction of Diesel Particulate Filter to achieve CEV/TREM V Emission Limits for off-highway segment, requirement of DPF regeneration at defined intervals depending on time of operation and soot loading of DPF. This can be achieved by two methods. First is the frequent regeneration or active regeneration, wherein fuel is injected before DOC (Diesel Oxidation Catalyst) at specific temperature to burn the soot in the DPF. The second method is the continuous or passive regeneration, where soot is burnt based on NO2. DPF frequent regeneration (Active Regeneration) requires soot load estimation in DPF over entire engine operation range as well as vehicle operation in different climatic conditions. Frequent regeneration leads to oil dilution and penalty in the fuel consumption. More frequent regeneration promotes the chemical aging of DOC , leading to the poor performance of DOC which results in deteriorated performance of SCR(Selective Catalytic Reduction) situated at downstream of
Sharma, Rakshit, Garg, Varun, Dhiman, Nitish, Grauenfels, Attila
COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF HYDROGEN BASED SCR TECHNOLOGY AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO UREA SCR IN HYDROGEN-FUELLED ENGINES2026-26-0213To be published on 01/16/2026
Air pollution from vehicle exhaust emissions is a growing issue in major cities around the world. Hydrogen is a clean and carbon-free fuel that presents a promising alternative to the fossil fuels. However, despite its environmental advantages, hydrogen internal combustion engines still produce some nitrogen oxides as a by-product due to high combustion temperatures. This study investigates the effectiveness of current exhaust after-treatment technologies designed to reduce NOx emissions in hydrogen-powered engines. A comparative analysis is conducted between the conventional urea-based selective catalytic reduction used in diesel engines and emerging hydrogen-based selective catalytic reduction technologies for hydrogen engines. The analysis is performed using CFD simulation in ANSYS Fluent, focusing on NOx reduction efficiency and other operational parameters. The results provide valuable insights into the feasibility and effectiveness of hydrogen SCR in achieving reduced NOx
KASHYAP, KESHAV, Khandagale, Anup, Petale, Mahendra
Data-Driven Modeling for Hydrogen ICE Emission Prediction and ATS Performance Benchmarking2026-26-0386To be published on 01/16/2026
This study presents a novel methodology for benchmarking Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (H2E) emissions against diesel vehicle configurations, emphasizing Real-Drive Emission (RDE) test procedures. By leveraging Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models, emission profiles for legal cycles and RDE scenarios are predicted. Integrated data pipelines and physics-based modeling enable virtual evaluations of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system performance, ammonia dosing accuracy, and exhaust temperature dynamics. Key results demonstrate high prediction accuracy across models, including temperature (R² > 0.94, RMS error <25°C), air flow (92% accuracy, RMSE = 28 kg/h), upstream NOx (93% accuracy, RMSE <10 mg/s), and SCR (TP NOx accuracy = 85%, dosing accuracy = 90%). This approach significantly reduces the need for extensive on-road driving tests, as the model performs most of the work, thereby lowering development costs and supporting OEMs in
S, Manoj Kumar, Shah, Jash Vipin, Ratnaparkhi, Aditya, H, Shivaprakash
A Thermoelectric System for Emission Control Optimization in Two-Wheeler Automotive Applications2026-26-0218To be published on 01/16/2026
Environmental pollution is one of the growing concerns of our society. As vehicle emissions are a major contributor to air pollution, emission control is a primary goal of the Automotive industry. Vehicle emissions are higher due to improper combustion, which leads to toxic gases being generated from the exhaust system. Unburnt fuel is one of the leading causes of toxic pollutants such as Carbon Monoxide, Nitric Oxides (NOx) and Hydrocarbons. The catalytic converter converts these gases into less toxic substances such as Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, and water vapor. The catalytic converter performs efficiently after reaching its “Light Off” temperature, after which the catalyst becomes active. Hence, elevated temperature of the exhaust gases aids in efficient conversion. Presently, the gases from the exhaust system are approximately at a temperature of 300°C-600°C. This paper outlines the concept of a Peltier (Thermoelectric) Module - based system, which helps maintain the high
Venkateshwaran, Aishwarya, soodlu, Shashikiran, M, Mathaiyan
CS Structure: New generation metallic catalyst substrate for 2- and 3-Wheeler applications2026-26-0220To be published on 01/16/2026
Affordable, efficient and durable catalytic converters for the two and three-wheeler industry in developing countries are required to reduce vehicle emissions and to maintain them at a low level; and therefore to participate in a cleaner and healthier environment. Especially, Metallic catalyst substrates from Emitec Technologies GmbH with structured foils like the Longitudinal StructureTM (LS) are fully compatible to this effort with more than 90% share of produced 2/3 Wheelers metallic catalyst substrates for the Indian customers in 2024. One decade after the market introduction of this LS structure, Emitec Technologies GmbH will introduce now a new generation of foil structure: the Crossversal StructureTM (CS) that improves further the affordability, the efficiency of metallic catalytic converters, keeping the durability at same level than previous substrate generation. The paper will briefly review the development of metallic substrates for 2/3 wheelers applications, especially the
Jayat, Francois
Mitigating Urea Deposits in Selective Catalytic Reduction Systems through Software Control for Improved Performance in Low Duty Cycle Operations2026-26-0424To be published on 01/16/2026
In the pursuit of achieving stringent BS VI emission standards, maintaining the efficiency of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems is paramount, especially in vehicles operating under low duty cycles. A significant concern in such scenarios is the accumulation of urea deposits within the SCR, which can lead to detrimental push-out effects and compromised catalyst performance. This issue is particularly prevalent during low-temperature operations, where the conditions are less favorable for the effective conversion of nitrogen oxides (NOx). To address this challenge, an innovative software control system has been developed to monitor operating conditions and detect potential urea deposit faults. The software continuously evaluates parameters such as temperature and vehicle duty cycle, identifying conditions that may lead to urea crystallization within the SCR system. When unfavorable conditions are detected, the software triggers a fault alert that activates a regeneration
K, Sabareeswaran, K K, Uthira Ramya Bala, Raju, Manikandan, K J, Ramkumar, YS, Ananthkumar
Optimizing Engine Combustion and Exhaust After treatment System for Passive Regeneration in Off-Highway Applications2026-26-0221To be published on 01/16/2026
The Bharat TREM V regulations in the off highway segment mandates use of Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) to reduce gaseous emissions and Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) to trap solid particulates from engine exhaust. DPFs undergo regeneration, where trapped soot is burned, converting it into CO2 with ash as a byproduct. Regeneration can be active, using fuel injection to raise temperatures above 550°C, or passive, relying on NO2 formation at 300-400°C. Passive regeneration is preferred as a safer mode for both DPF health and longevity as well as reduction in fuel penalty and oil dilution. This paper highlights on the selection and optimization of combustion hardware and Exhaust Aftertreatment System to achieve the desired NO2 formation which is suitable for passive regeneration. Key considerations in engine hardware selection include the design of piston bowl, injector hole configuration to increase heat release rate and combustion temperature resulting in higher NOx/soot ratio. With
RAWAT, SAURABH, Gautam, Aman, Dogra, DaljitSingh, Singh, Sachleen, Ranjan, Piyush
For CNG and FFV fuel application robustness improvement of Exhaust Valve2026-26-0125To be published on 01/16/2026
Today, globally, automotive manufacturers are striving to meet the increasing demand for fuel economy, high performance, and silent engines. The fundamental approach to achieving these requirements is through designing low friction mechanisms, resulting in less wear and higher durability. The demand for CNG vehicles has surged exponentially in recent years, prompting increased government focus on alternative fuels such as CNG and hydrogen. These dry fuels lack lubricating properties, unlike conventional fuels like petrol, diesel, and biofuels, which are wet and liquid. Consequently, the operations and failures associated with these fuels differ. The materials and designs of engine parts, such as fuel lines, ECU, exhaust valves, and cylinder heads, vary depending on the fuel used. This study discusses the countermeasures adopted to address the high seat and guide wear in cylinder heads and valves. The investigation focuses on material, design, and manufacturing process improvements
Poonia, Sanjay, KUMAR, CHANDAN
Leveraging Telematics Big Data Analytics for Real-Time Monitoring of Catalytic Converter Failures and Root Cause Identification for Emission Compliance2026-26-0591To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry is continuously evolving at high pace to meet rising customer expectations, reliability, reduced maintenance, and most relevant, compliance with stringent emission norms. Traditionally, the analysis of vehicle emissions relies heavily on periodic inspections and manual checks. These conventional methods are often time-consuming, prone to human error, and lack the ability to provide real-time insights. Also, identifying Catalytic converter failures due to non-manufacturing issues require meticulous physical inspections and historical data reviews, which are not always accurate or timely. Telematics or Connected cars technology being one of the major technological innovations in recent times revolutionizes these processes by enabling real-time data exchange between vehicles and external systems. The current study presents an innovative approach to utilizing telematics data for real-time monitoring of vehicle emissions and pinpointing Catalytic converter failures
DEV, Triyambak, Prasad, Kakaraparti Agam, Kalkur, Varun, Modak, Saikat, AGARWAL, Shashank, Chandra, Animesh, Paul, Varsha, Garg, Amit, Sundararaman, Venkataraman, Bose, Sushant
A comprehensive strategy for Diesel Particulate Filter calibration to address the diverse applications of Stage V Construction Equipment Vehicles.2026-26-0143To be published on 01/16/2026
The legislation of CEV Stage V emission norms has necessitated advanced Diesel Particulate Filter calibration strategies to ensure optimal performance across diverse construction equipment applications in the Indian market. Considering the various duty cycles of cranes, backhoe loaders, forklifts, compactors, graders, and other equipment, different load conditions and operational environments require a comprehensive strategy to enhance DPF efficiency, minimize regeneration frequency, and maintain compliance with emission standards. The DPF, as an after-treatment system in the exhaust layout, is essential for meeting emission standards, as it effectively traps particulate matter. Regeneration occurs periodically to burn the soot particles trapped inside the DPF through ECU management. Therefore, understanding soot loading and in-brick DPF temperature behavior across various applications is the key. This paper explores the challenges in DPF calibration for CEV Stage V and provides a
Mohanty, Subham, Patil, Lalit, Chaudhari, Kuldeepak Arun, Mahajan, Atish, Madhukar, Prahlad
Manufacturing process advancement in CNG Exhaust Valve to prevent seat wear issue2026-26-0278To be published on 01/16/2026
Exhaust Valve CNG market share increased in India in recent years demanding for more durable and reliable CNG Engine. While in current scenario durability is one of the major concerns for CNG engine. Major issue faced in CNG powertrain is high wear at Exhaust valve CNG face due to excessive wear. In Current practice T400 Sintered material layer is deposited at Valve face which is very critical to achieve less wear at valve face. Due to manufacturing variability high level of variation is found mechanical properties of T400 deposit which is very critical for Exhaust Valve CNG performance. In this paper all important process parameters are discussed for achieving consistent Exhaust Valve CNG T400 deposit quality. Each process parameter detail impact on T400 material is studied and explained to achieve consistent quality of T400 deposit leading to robust design of Exhaust Valve CNG.
Poonia, Sanjay, KUMAR, CHANDAN
Contradictions of Automotive NVH with other Vehicle Performance and TRIZ tools for Innovative problem solving2026-26-0347To be published on 01/16/2026
For safety towards Automotive engineering often faces design contradictions, particularly in Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) optimization. Traditional approaches rely on trade-offs, but TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) offers a structured methodology to resolve contradictions innovatively. This paper explores in depth the TRIZ-based solutions for 2 key NVH challenges: (1) exhaust systems requiring noise reduction while maintaining low engine back-pressure, (2) engine mounts requiring both softness for vibration isolation and hardness for durability& vehicle stability. By applying principles such as segmentation, dynamization, parameter change, cheap short living objects or mechanics substitution, the novel solutions are proposed to achieve superior performance without traditional compromises. Tuneable valves in the path of the exhaust gas flow and the power-train mounting focused on its Torque Roll Axis were shown to exemplify the TRIZ problem solving effectiveness
A, Milind Ambardekar
Development of a Passive Regeneration Diesel Particulate Filter System for an Agricultural tractor Engine2026-26-0217To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents the development and evaluation of a passive regeneration Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) system for a 4-cylinder, 3.18-liter naturally aspirated agricultural tractor engine based on the mDI engine family. The primary objective is to significantly reduce particulate matter (PM) emissions while maintaining optimal engine performance and fuel economy. The passive regeneration DPF system leverages the engine's operating conditions to generate sufficient heat for the oxidation of trapped particulate matter, eliminating the need for active regeneration techniques. The paper details the design process, including the selection of DPF material, filter geometry, and integration into the exhaust system. Rigorous experimental testing was conducted to assess the performance of the DPF system under various engine load and speed conditions. Results demonstrate substantial reductions in PM emissions without compromising engine power, torque, or specific fuel consumption. This
Maddali, Varun Suman, Jidigonti, Shashank, Kannan, S, Ramesh, Natrajan
Investigating Thermal Fatigue Cracks in Exhaust Manifolds of Longitudinally Mounted 1.2L 4-Cylinder Engines2026-26-0488To be published on 01/16/2026
This study addresses the challenge of ensuring the durability of closed couple exhaust manifolds in the compact engine bays of modern vehicles, focusing on a longitudinally mounted 1.2L 4-cylinder engine. The original sheet metal Exhaust manifold design failed thermal fatigue bench durability test, requiring a complete redesign to improve strength without changing materials. Initial simulation predictions significantly deviated from physical test results, with repeated cracks observed during accelerated thermal fatigue bench testing, despite simulations predicting a higher number of cycles before failure. This difference highlighted the need for a deeper understanding of the manifold's failure modes, primarily thermal fatigue, and mechanical vibration during engine transients. The design of experiment (DOE) approach was used to find the effect of different parameters e.g., gas temperature, surface temperature, air flow, thermal gradient, on the durability result & also to understand
Krishnan, K.S.Gopala, Mishra, Ashutosh, Yadav, Sanjay Kumar, Kumar, Deepak, Tripathi, Manas, kumar, prabhakar
Calibration strategies to overcome the Challenges for Naturally Aspirated Off-Highway Engines for Trem-V emissions2026-26-0210To be published on 01/16/2026
The transition to Trem V emission norms presents significant challenges for naturally aspirated (NA) off-highway engines. Off-highway applications like construction and agriculture segments require high load variability and extended duty cycles with increased BMEP resulting in high PM emissions, and increased exhaust temperatures with lower lambda levels. Given the cost-competitive nature of the segment, it also requires designing leaner intake and exhaust system. To overcome above mentioned challenges, holistic calibration strategies need to be adapted during development phase. To meet Trem V emission norms, solutions like advanced combustion, high-pressure fuel injection, EGR (exhaust gas recirculation), and optimized calibration had to be explored in meeting Trem V emission norms with aftertreatment systems like Diesel Particulate Filters and Diesel oxidation catalysts. Implementation of aftertreatment systems for Trem-V introduces this segment with pre-dominantly with naturally
Patil, Madhavi M., Madhukar, Prahlad, Ravukutam Sr, Aniketh, Raghu, M Y
Gasoline Particulate Filter for future Indian regulation2026-26-0214To be published on 01/16/2026
Globally, emission regulations for LDVs (Light Duty Vehicles) are becoming increasingly stringent. In Europe, EU7 regulations will tighten the PN requirements by applying PN10 with PN value target 6.0+E11 [#/km] and changing the CF (Conformity Factor) value from 1.5 to 1.34 for RDE (Real Driving Emission). This necessitates the use of GPF (Gasoline Particulate Filter) capable of meeting these PN regulations. Similarly, India is also tightening its PN regulations by referencing European standards. Under the current BS6 Stage 2, in-use compliance test procedures, including RDE measurements using PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement System), necessitate GPFs for GDI (Gasoline Direct Injection) engines. Furthermore, around April 2027, the transition from BS6 Stage 2 to BS6 Stage 3 is expected, with a shift of driving cycle from MIDC to WLTC (Phase 3). Additionally, discussions on BS7 regulations, referencing EU7, have begun, and similar stricter PN requirements could be required for MPI
sugimoto, Kentaro
A computational approach to Fretting Wear prediction of Steel Gaskets under Thermo-Mechanical load using Archard's wear model2026-26-0455To be published on 01/16/2026
Internal Combustion (IC) Engine is the heart of an Automobile. The failure in any critical component of the engine will affect the vehicle performance. The gaskets are vital parts of an engine that are essential in ensuring appropriate sealing to maintain optimal engine efficiency. The exhaust manifold gaskets are one of the most critical components which prevents the leakage of hot exhaust gases. The gaskets endure very high mechanical loads such as bolt loads, exhaust manifold sliding and banana-shaped bending brought on by thermal expansion, as well as extremely high thermal loads. As the gaskets are made of steel materials, due to the above Thermo-Mechanical loads, there are very high chances for wear out of the gaskets, which affects the performance characteristics & thus efficiency of the engine. Studying wear in gaskets is challenging due to nonlinear material behavior, complex geometries, and multi-layer designs. The wear in gaskets is an area which has not been studied
Reddy, Rajavardhan, R B, Govind, Kulkarni, Sanjeev, Palve, Chandrakant, Mueller, Frank Oliver
Ammonia Combustion with Active Pre-Chamber Spark Plug - a CO2-free Combustion Process2025-01-0527To be published on 11/25/2025
As a zero carbon fuel, ammonia has the potential to completely defossilize combustion engines. Due to the inert nitrogen present in the molecule, ammonia is difficult to ignite or burn. Even if the ammonia can be successfully ignited, combustion will be very slow and there is a risk of flame quenching, i.e. the flame going out before the ammonia-air mixture has been almost completely converted. Both the difficult flammability and the slow combustion result in high ammonia slip, which should be avoided at all costs. The engine efficiency is also greatly reduced. Safe ignition and burn-through can be achieved by drastically increasing the ignition energy and/or using a reaction accelerator such as hydrogen. The planned paper will use detailed 1D and 3D CFD calculations to show how high the potential of ammonia combustion in an internal combustion engine is when an active pre-chamber is used as the ignition system. As a result of the flare jets penetrating into the main combustion chamber
Sens, Marc, von Roemer, Lorenz, Rieß, Michael, Fandakov, Alexander, Casal Kulzer, Andre
Multi-Objective Design Optimization and Pugh Matrix Analysis to Develop Exhaust Tail Pipe Mounting for EU6 Heavy Trucks2025-28-029311/06/2025
The key performance evaluation criteria for any automotive exhaust system are pass-by noise (PBN), exhaust backpressure, durability and reliability, exhaust brake performance, aesthetics (if visible from outside the chassis), cost, weight and safety. Also, with changes in emission norms, emission from Exhaust Aftertreatment Systems (EATS) is one of the crucial parameters while designing the exhaust system. This paper covers a critical problem faced during the Beta Proto Build and Testing phase of exhaust tail pipe assembly. The exhaust tail pipe assembly had loose fitting issues, which can cause problems during the functioning of the truck. Parameters like material of the pipe, length of strap, tightening torque and tolerance of the pipe diameter were considered to resolve the fitment issue. The resolution is done with the help of Design of Experiments (DoE) and Pugh Matrix Analysis based on QDCFSS (Quality, Design, Cost, Feature, Safety and Sustainability). Design for Assembly (DFA
P, Balu Mukesh, Rokade, Aditya, Biswas, Sanjoy
Onboard Exhaust Capture and Carbon Sequestration for Off-Highway Vehicles: A Sustainable Approach to Emission Reduction2025-28-021511/06/2025
Off-highway vehicles (OHVs) in sectors such as mining, construction, and agriculture contribute significantly to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOₓ). Despite the growth of alternative fuels and electrification, diesel engines remain dominant due to their superior torque, reliability, and adaptability in harsh environments. This paper introduces a novel onboard exhaust capture and carbon sequestration system tailored for diesel-powered OHVs. The system integrates nano-porous filters, solid-state CO₂ adsorbents, and a modular storage unit to selectively capture CO₂ and NOₓ from exhaust gases in real time. Captured CO₂ is then compressed for onboard storage and potential downstream utilization—such as fuel synthesis, carbonation processes, or industrial sequestration. Key innovations include: A dual-function capture mechanism targeting both CO₂ and NOₓ Lightweight thermal-regenerative adsorption materials Integration with
Vashisht, Shruti
Dual Urea Dosing System with Novel Control Strategy for Enhanced NOx Emission Reduction for High-Power Diesel Generators Application2025-28-021411/06/2025
In the power industry, high-power Diesel Generator (DG) sets often utilize high power V-engine cylinder configurations to enhance power output within a compact design, ensuring smoother operation and reduced vibration. In this V-engine configurations, the exhaust gas mass flow rate is significantly higher compared to inline engines of similar displacement, due to the greater number of cylinders operating in a compact space, which leads to a higher volume of exhaust gases expelled in a shorter duration. This necessitates the use of a dual Exhaust After Treatment System (EATS) to effectively manage NOx emissions. High-power gensets typically emit NOx levels around 9 g/kWh, presenting significant challenges for developers in adhering to stringent emission standards. To address these challenges and meet CPCB IV+ emission norms, we propose a dual urea dosing system integrated with a novel control strategy aimed at optimizing the treatment of exhaust gases. This paper introduces a dual
K, Sabareeswaran, K K, Uthira Ramya Bala, S K, Nejanthen, A, Ravikumar, S, Mahendra Boopathi, YS, Ananthkumar
Development of a Cost-Effective DCU for Diesel Emission Control: Design, Diagnostics, and Compliance2025-28-028611/06/2025
The Dosing Control Unit (DCU) is a vital component of modern emission control systems, particularly in diesel engines employing Selective Catalytic Reduction technology (SCR). Its primary function is to accurately control the injection of urea or Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) into the exhaust stream to reduce nitrogen oxide (NOₓ) emissions. This paper presents the architecture, operation, diagnostic features, and innovation of a newly developed DCU system. The Engine Control Unit, using real-time data from sensors monitoring parameters such as exhaust temperature, NOₓ levels, and engine load, calculates the required DEF dosage. Based on DEF dosing request, the DCU activates the AdBlue pump and air valve to deliver the precise quantity of diesel exhaust fluid needed under varying engine conditions. The proposed system adopts a master-slave configuration, with the ECU as the master and the DCU as the slave. The controller design emphasizes cost-effectiveness and simplified hardware, and
Raju, Manikandan, K, Sabareeswaran, K K, Uthira Ramya Bala, Krishnakumar, Palanichamy, Arumugam, Arunkumar, YS, Ananthkumar
Experimental Analysis of Hydrocarbon Injection Strategies and In-Cylinder Injection Impact on Oil Properties in Diesel Engines2025-28-023811/06/2025
The engine has played a pivotal role in controlling regulated pollutants at the in-cylinder combustion level through strategies such as Direct Injection, Common Rail Systems, and Exhaust Gas Recirculation up to Bharat (CEV/Trem) Stage-III. With the advent of more stringent emission norms, specifically Bharat (CEV/Trem) Stage-IV and V, the importance of Exhaust After-Treatment Systems (EATS) in managing emissions outside the engine has significantly increased. The inclusion of Particulate Number (PN) limits in Bharat (CEV/Trem) Stage-V necessitates the use of Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF), which trap soot particles that must be periodically removed through a process known as regeneration. Regeneration requires elevated exhaust temperatures, typically achieved via exothermic reactions in the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC), facilitated by diesel fuel addition through external injection or in-cylinder injection strategies. This study investigates both external and in-cylinder injection
Bandaru, Balaji, M, Balasubramanian, V, Shunmuga, G, Senthil Kumar, Mahesh, P
Smart Idle Control - Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) Overheat Protection2025-28-023711/06/2025
The current and upcoming Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) emission norms are very stringent. It is difficult to meet emission standards with just combustion optimization techniques. As a result, post-treatment is required for Engine-out emissions. Otherwise, these hazardous gases impact the ecosystem of living beings. Many technologies are implemented at the exhaust for reducing the emissions. Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) is one such technique to achieve lower Particulate Matter (PM) and Particulate Number (PN) emission goals. In order to achieve such emission reduction, the DPF undergoes periodic cleaning called regeneration. During regeneration, the exhaust systems including DPF are maintained at elevated temperatures to achieve proper cleaning. When the vehicle is in regeneration, sudden braking or accelerator pedal release leads to engine Drop to Idle speeds (DTI), which sharply increases the temperature gradient inside the DPF which may result in physical damage like cracks
Anandakrishnan, Abhishek, A L, Prathima, Benni Matada, Ajay
Study on CO 2 Absorption via Atomization Utilizing Surface Texturing and Surface Energy for Small Engine Applications2025-32-007611/03/2025
In response to the stringent CO2 regulations set to be enforced in Europe in 2030, there is a global demand for innovative technologies to significantly reduce CO2 emissions from internal combustion engines used in trucks, ships, and other applications. For this reason, future power sources are anticipated to adopt a three-pronged approach: electrification; hydrogen fuel used in fuel cells or internal combustion engines; and synthetic fuels (e-fuels) produced from renewable energy-sourced hydrogen, as approved by the European Commission (EC), and from raw materials that capture CO₂ directly from the atmosphere via the Direct Air Capture (DAC) method, combined with internal combustion engines. In this study, we aimed to absorb and capture “Green” CO₂ emissions from e-fuel and carbon-neutral (CN) fuels combined with internal combustion engines by investigating a method that atomizes a CO₂-absorbing solution. This approach involved spraying the solution and impingement the droplets within
Nohara, Tetsuo, Nara, Shotaro, Kawamoto, Yuki, Fukushima, Naoya, Ochiai, Masayuki
Performance Prediction of a Two-Stroke Aviation S.I. Engine by Means 0D/1D Thermo-Fluid Dynamic Simulation Code2025-32-002611/03/2025
Two-stroke engines represent an attractive solution for aviation industry applications (UAVs, VTOL aircraft, and ultralight aircraft) due to their compact size, high power-to-weight ratio, reduced number of moving parts, and the ability to operate with different fuels. This work presents a 0D/1D methodology for simulating the gas exchange, combustion, and unsteady flow of a two-stroke aviation engine. The scavenging and combustion processes, as well as the unsteady flow within the induction and exhaust systems, are investigated using a 0D/1D modeling approach. This study is motivated by the need to assess the accuracy of such models in predicting engine performance. For this purpose, the thermo-fluid dynamic code GASDYN has been applied and enhanced. The proposed 0D model is embedded into a 1D fluid-dynamic code for simulating the entire engine system. To characterize the baseline configuration, which includes tangential ports that facilitate a loop-scavenging process, computed results
Cerri, Tarcisio, Giussani, Alessandro, Lucchini, Tommaso, Marinoni, Andrea, Montenegro, Gianluca, Onorati, Angelo
Application of MAN Loop Scavenging in a 125 cm 3 Two-Stroke Racing Engine2025-32-002911/03/2025
The use of MAN-type loop scavenging port arrangements in a 125 cc two-stroke racing engine is being investigated. These make it possible to provide larger cross-sections for the transfer ports, but at the expense of the exhaust port cross-section. The investigation is carried out using 1D calculations with GT-Suite. It is shown that significantly higher maximum outputs are possible in this way. However, this requires large exhaust widths, as otherwise the exhaust port is too small and the advantage of the larger transfer cross-section is overcompensated. Mixed forms between the original MAN loop scavenging and Schnürle loop scavenging can represent a good compromise. To improve the power characteristic vs. speed, which is influenced negatively by the higher maximum outputs, optimizations of port heights and exhaust pipe dimensions are carried out. A configuration with the same maximum output as the basis but a wider power band is also shown. One open point is the quality of the
Eilts, Peter
Analysis of Injected Mass Shot-To-Shot Dispersion and Injection Rate Profile for a PFI Injector in Actual Operating Conditions2025-32-001911/03/2025
In order to improve engine emission and limit combustion instabilities, in particular for low load and idle conditions, reducing the injected fuel mass shot-to-shot dispersion is mandatory. Unfortunately, the most diffused approach for the hydraulic analysis of low-pressure injectors such as PFIs or SCR dozers is restrained to the mean injected mass measurement in given operating conditions, since the use of conventional injection analyzers is unfeasible. In the present paper, an innovative injection analyzer is used to measure both the injection rate and the injected mass of each single injection event, enabling a proper dispersion investigation of the analysed low pressure injection system. The proposed instrument is an inverse application of the Zeuch’s method, which in this case is applied to a closed volume upstream the injector, with the injector being operated with the prescribed upstream-to-downstream pressure differential. Further, the injector can inject freely against air
Postrioti, Lucio, Maka, Cristian, Martino, Manuel
Development of Supercharged Direct-Injection Two Stroke Engine with Intake and Exhaust Valve for Series Hybrid (2nd Report)- To Realize Lean Burn -2025-32-002311/03/2025
The two-stroke engine, known for its small displacement and high performance, is space-efficient when installed in a vehicle. As such, incorporating two-stroke engines into HEVs is an effective way to reduce vehicle weight and optimize engine space. However, one downside is that the amount of unfired elements in the exhaust gas increases due to the air/fuel mixture being expelled into the exhaust system during the scavenging process. Moreover, combustion can become unstable due to the large volume of residual burned gases in the cylinder. To address these issues, we propose a two-stroke engine equipped with intake and exhaust valves that directly inject fuel into the cylinder. In our first report, we presented an engine design and method that enable high scavenging efficiency and stable combustion in a two-stroke engine [1]. In this second report, we share the results of our research aimed at improving fuel efficiency and achieving low emissions, all while maintaining the high
Sakurai, Yota, Hisano, Atsushi, Saitou, Masahito, Ichi, Satoaki
On Board Monitoring of Water Injection Inducement System and Particulate Filter for 3-Wheeler BS VI OBD II B Diesel Vehicle Norms2025-32-008611/03/2025
To mitigate greenhouse emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxides (CO2), oxide of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter reduction Government of India implemented Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) norms from year 2020. Moving to more stringent emission norms poses challenges for automakers in several ways such as meeting exhaust emissions, on board diagnostic, drivers’ inducement, and particulate filter monitoring on vehicle. It is imperative to upgrade engine management system for on-board diagnostics (OBD) that refers to a vehicles self-diagnostic and reporting ability. On board diagnostics systems enables owner of vehicle to gain access of the various vehicle sub-systems. OBD-II standards were made more rigid, requiring the malfunction indicator lamp (MIL) to be activated if emission-related components fail. Also, vehicle emissions carbon monoxide (CO), oxide of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter not to exceed OBD thresholds. Consequently, the use of specific oxide of nitrogen
Jagtap, Pranjal, Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Bhoite, Vikram, Reddy, Kameswar
A Combustion CFD Study on the Pre-Chamber Jet Combustion Technology for Large Motorcycle Gasoline Engine2025-32-000111/03/2025
The objective of this study is to enhance the full-load power and the partial-load thermal efficiency of a gasoline spark-ignition engine for large motorcycles. To achieve these goals, it is important to increase the combustion speed and mitigate knocking, so a passive pre-chamber jet combustion system was evaluated. In the specification study, a three-dimensional combustion simulation incorporating detailed chemical kinetics was used to analyze the combustion mechanism, including knocking detection. For full-load conditions, a passive pre-chamber jet combustion system was evaluated. It accelerated combustion by increasing turbulent kinetic energy in the main chamber through jets sprayed from the pre-chamber. By increasing the compression ratio by 2.0, the full-load indicated work increased by 3.6% compared to conventional SI combustion. Under partial-load conditions, the passive pre-chamber jet combustion system faced challenges, such as reduced jet temperature due to increased
Ando, Hirokazu, Tanaka, Takumi, Tomizawa, Kengo, Inoue, Yosuke
Optimum Bore-to-Stroke Ratio for a Flathead Uniflow Two-Stroke SI Engine and its Impact on Different Fuels2025-32-002411/03/2025
This numerical study investigates a spark-ignited, two-stroke engine employing uniflow scavenging, flathead cylinder head design, and an exhaust valve system to identify the optimal bore-to-stroke (B/S) ratio for maximizing brake efficiency at fixed displacement. A single-cylinder prototype engine was constructed, and its experimental data validated a 1D GT-SUITE simulation model. This validated model was then utilized to simulate a full-scale, 1.5-liter displacement, horizontally opposed four-cylinder engine with supercharger-assisted boosting, intended for small aircraft propulsion. The simulations explored a range of B/S ratios from undersquare (0.7) to oversquare (1.5), maintaining a consistent brake power output of 60 kW at 3000 rpm and lambda 0.9. Results showed that increasing the B/S ratio enhanced brake efficiency from 26.0% at B/S=0.7 to 27.0% at B/S=1.5, largely due to reduced frictional losses attributed to shorter stroke and lower piston speeds, decreased heat transfer
Zanchin, Guilherme, Hausen, Roberto, Fagundez, Jean Lucca, Lanzanova, Thompson, Martins, Mario
Optimized Engine Off Time Estimation for Cold Start Detection in Emission Diagnostics2025-28-036610/30/2025
A cold start occurs when the engine is cranked after being off for a long time, enough for its temperature to drop down to the cold ambient levels. Cold start in an engine is a critical phase as it is characterized by elevated emissions. During a cold start, exhaust components such as catalytic converter do not operate in its optimal temperature zone leading to reduced efficiency in emission control. New regulations for engine emissions are becoming stringent for this condition, hence it is important to accurately determine cold start condition in an engine to optimize the emissions control strategy. Accurate engine off time calculation plays a crucial role in cold start detection, emissions control and On-Board Diagnostics (OBD-II) decision making. This engine off time if greater than 6 hours indicates one of the conditions to confirm a cold start. Other conditions such as Ambient temperature and coolant temperature along with the engine off time confirms a cold start. This paper
MUTHA, MAYURESH, Talawadekar, Pradnya, Kale, Upendra
Valve Wagging Prediction Methodology for Engine Brake Application2025-28-040210/30/2025
Eaton's decompression engine braking technology for medium and heavy-duty diesel engines delivers high braking power and provides several advantages to the commercial truck owner. Eaton offers rocker arm-based 1 stroke, 1.5 stroke, and 2 stroke systems for overhead cam and cam in block engine architectures. The Compression Release (CR) engine brake avoids overheating and fading of primary friction brake. It reduces or eliminates the need for a driveline retarder. One of the failure modes for Engine Brake (EB) system is excessive lateral displacement of the exhaust valve, caused by non-uniform pressure distribution across the valve during Brake Gas Recirculation (BGR) and Compression Release modes. This excessive deformation is referred to as Valve Wagging. Valve wagging significantly affects the structural stability of the engine brake mechanism. Analyzing its behavior is essential to minimize excessive wear on valve guide and Valve Seat Insert in new designs. Since evaluating the
Soni, Lalitkumar R., Joshi, Himanshu, J, Gokulakrishnan, De Giovanni, Pierfrancesco
Influence of Twin-Scroll Turbocharging on the Performance of Direct Injection Gasoline Engine2025-01-507010/16/2025
In order to further understand the effect of twin-scroll turbocharging on the engine performance, this paper adopts a combination of one-dimensional numerical simulation and experimental research methods to compare the effects of two-scroll and single-scroll turbocharging on the power and fuel economy of direct injection gasoline engine. The research results show that, compared with the single-scroll turbocharger, twin-scroll turbocharger increased the low-end torque for 16% and 32% at 1000 r/min and 1500 r/min, respectively. However, the average fuel consumption has increased 1.3% at part load with twin-scroll turbocharger due to the pumping loss. Compared with a turbocharged port injection engine with a displacement 1.2 times that of the former, the twin-scroll turbocharged engine saved 11% fuel economy at part loads. The fuel consumption is saved 11% at part loads with twin-scroll turbocharger. This research first establishes the 1D simulation capability in twin-scroll turbocharger
Yu, Xiaocao
Automated Calibration of Heavy-Duty Low NO x Aftertreatment System Controls using Deep Learning and Global Optimization Methods2025-01-040210/07/2025
Heavy duty diesel engines provide a robust power plant for transportation applications for both on highway and off road applications. Control of criteria pollutants such as particulate matter and NOx at tailpipe for these applications based on standards set by regulatory bodies such CARB and EPA is critical. SwRI has demonstrated capability to achieve 0.02 g/bhp-hr. tailpipe NOx standard through the application of a model based controls in EPA and CARB funded projects. This control mechanism enables precise urea dosing for both steady state and transient conditions by leveraging estimated ammonia storage state in a dual dosing system using a set of chemical kinetics-based SCR observer models. This controller is highly nonlinear, with a significant amount of controller tuning with up to 55 calibratable parameters. In order to improve the accuracy and reduce the time required for calibration of this controller, this work proposes the deployment of a Deep Learning-based SCR plant model in
Chundru, Venkata Rajesh, Rajakumar Deshpande, Shreshta, Sharp, Christopher, Gankov, Stanislav
IRLAM-An Advanced Technology for NO x Measurement from Diluted Exhaust of a Light Duty Vehicle (LDV)2025-01-040310/07/2025
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) requires nitrogen oxides (NOx) measurement using Chemiluminescent Detectors (CLDs), Non-dispersive Ultraviolet (NDUV), and Zirconia Oxide (ZrO2) analyzers, as outlined in the 40 CFR Part 1065. Quantification of NO2 by CLD requires dual-CLDs; one dedicated to measuring the NO and another coupled with a NO2-to-NO converter to measure the total NOx. Measurement by using dual-CLDs involves mathematically subtracting NO from total NOx to get NO2 information. This requires perfect time alignments of both CLDs assigned for measuring NO and NOx to maintain accurate NO2 calculations. The NO2-to-NO converters can degrade over time and need to be replaced to get accurate total NOx measurement. In this study, Infra-red Laser Absorption Modulation (IRLAMTM) technology, which is an advanced QCL-IR spectroscopy proposed in the previous study [1], is used to measure NO and NO2 simultaneously in the exhaust gas of light-duty vehicles. This
Rahman, Montajir, Nevius, Tim, Israel, Joshua, Hara, Kenji, Nagura, Naoki
Development of a Self-Adjusting Engine Out NOx Prediction Model Using Tailpipe O2 Measurements2025-01-038110/07/2025
On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) strategies utilize a predictive model to estimate engine out NOx levels for a given set of operating conditions to ensure the accuracy of the Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) sensor. Furthermore, this model is also used to determine urea dosing quantities in situations where the NOx sensor is unavailable such as cold starts or as a reaction to a NOx sensor plausibility failure. Physics-based NOx prediction models guarantee high levels of accuracy in real-time but are computationally expensive and require measurements generally not available on commercial powertrains making them difficult to implement on controllers. Consequently, manufacturers tend to adopt a mathematical approach by estimating NOx under standard operating conditions and use a variety of correction factors to account for any changes that can influence NOx production. Such correction factors tend to be outcomes of base engine calibration settings or outputs of models of other related sub systems and may
Sunder, Abinav, Suresh, Rahul, Polisetty, Srinivas
Scavenging Process Optimization of a Free-Piston Engine Equipped with an Electromagnetic Valvetrain2025-01-506109/17/2025
The free-piston engine is an innovative type of internal combustion engine, which has great potential in structural flexibility and energy diversity. The power density and combustion efficiency of the free-piston engine are primarily affected by the scavenging process. The computational fluid dynamics method is used to optimize the scavenging process of a two-stroke free-piston engine, which features a dual-cylinder opposed structure and is equipped with an electromagnetic valvetrain. The valve timing and port inclination angle are optimized by utilizing the scavenging efficiency and circulation intake mass as the main evaluation indicators. The results indicate that the short-circuit loss in the loop scavenging mode is relatively severe, which leads to a low trapping efficiency of only about 40%. By modifying the valve timing, a better scavenging performance can be achieved with a higher scavenging efficiency and a larger circulation intake mass, with the scavenging efficiency
Xu, Zhaoping, Wang, Xiaoyan, Liu, Liang
Experimental Analysis of Enhanced Scavenging Efficiency in Hydrogen-Powered Internal Combustion Engines for Heavy-Duty Applications2025-24-005609/07/2025
The purpose of this work is to highlight the benefits of improved scavenging efficiency for premixed, lean-burn, spark-ignited heavy-duty engines fueled by hydrogen. Scavenging efficiency measures the effectiveness of replacing exhaust gases with fresh air (or an air-fuel mixture) within the cylinder of an internal combustion engine. Enhanced scavenging efficiency reduces residual gas content and increases the proportion of fresh air, resulting in a cooler local mixture temperature. Additionally, it improves heat dissipation within the combustion chamber, cooling potential hotspots and allowing for earlier injections with fewer restrictions due to combustion anomalies, particularly pre-ignitions. To increase scavenging efficiency in a 4-stroke internal combustion engine, valve timing adjustments were made by introducing a valve lift profile with greater overlap of the exhaust valve closing and the inlet valve opening sequences. Additionally, a high-efficiency turbocharger was used to
Schuette, Christoph, Borg, Jonathan, Giordana, Sergio, Rapetto, Nicola
Experimental Simulation of a Real Mission for Identifying a Telematics-Based Diagnostic Model in Connected Light Commercial Vehicles2025-24-012409/07/2025
Remote monitoring of commercial vehicles is taking an increasingly central position in automotive companies, driven by the growth of the on-road freight transportation sector. Specifically, telematics devices are increasingly gaining importance in monitoring powertrain operability, performance, reliability, sustainability, and maintainability. These systems enable real-time data collection and analysis, offering valuable support in resolving issues that may occur on the road. Moreover, the fault codes, called Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs), that arise during actual road driving constitute fundamental information when combined with several engine parameters updated every second. This integration provides a more accurate assessment of vehicle conditions, allowing proactive maintenance strategies. The principal goal is to deliver an even faster response for resolving sudden issues, thus minimizing vehicle downtime. High-resolution data transmission and failure event information
D'Agostino, Valerio, Cardone, Massimo, Mancaruso, Ezio, Rossetti, Salvatore, Marialto, Renato
Data-Driven Modeling of H2-SCR Catalysts for Real-Time Estimation of NOx Reduction Efficiency2025-24-008409/07/2025
Achieving zero emissions across transportation is a tremendous challenge. The upcoming Euro 7/VII standards, set to be enforced in 2025, will mandate further reduction in ICEs exhaust emissions. Thus, additional improvements and potential new technologies and fuels are needed to design ultra-low emissions vehicles. Hydrogen seems to be a very attractive fuel, thanks to its high lower heating value, clean combustion, and extremely low pollutant emissions, due to the zero-carbon content. Nevertheless, NOx emissions are still an issue in hydrogen fueled engines and optimized lean-burn combustion and suitable after-treatment NOx reduction are mandatory to reach high specific power and efficiency and near zero NOx emissions, thus enabling H2-ICE powered vehicles to be zero-impact emitting technology solution. Selective Catalytic Reduction by using NH3 as the reducing agent is the most effective control technology for NOx abatement. Nevertheless, ongoing research and innovation are critical
Crispi, Maria Rosaria, Conde Cortabitarte, Carla, Occhicone, Alessio, Piqueras, Pedro, Arsie, Ivan, Pianese, Cesare
Water Injection as an Enabling Technology for Stoichiometric High Performance Normally Aspirated Engines2025-24-002709/07/2025
The mainstream automotive market is rapidly transitioning to electrified and fully electric powertrains. Where gasoline engines are still employed, they are frequently turbocharged units with relatively low maximum engine speed and modest power density. The hypercar class, in contrast, has recently seen somewhat of a renaissance in high performance, high speed, naturally aspirated gasoline engines, which are prized for their emotional contribution to the vehicle. In order to guarantee high conversion efficiency of a Three Way Catalyst in the exhaust system, an engine must be operated at stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. At high power density, this may result in very high exhaust gas temperature, which poses a risk to engine and vehicle hardware. A number of technological interventions to extend the maximum stoichiometric performance whilst respecting component limitations have already been described in the literature, but many of these are not applicable to specific engine architectures
Corrigan, Dáire James, Villa, Davide, Penazzi, Eugenio, Meghani, Amit, Knop, Vincent, Caroli, Giacomo, Frigeri, Davide, Ruggiero, Federico, Malaguti, Simone, Postrioti, Lucio, Maka, Cristian
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