Browse Topic: Exhaust systems

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ALTERNATE CATALYST FOR DOC IN A CATALYTIC CONVERTER2026-28-0016To be published on 02/12/2026
Emission norms have become much more stringent to reduce emissions from vehicles. Diesel engines in particular are the predominant contributors to higher emissions. Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) in diesel engine catalytic converter systems is the crucial component in reducing harmful emissions such as Carbon Monoxide (CO) and unburnt Hydrocarbons (HC). DOCs often rely on expensive noble metals like platinum or palladium and rhodium as catalyst materials,significantly inflating the cost of emission control units. The proposed idea is to explore MnOxCeO₂ (Manganese Oxide-Cerium Oxide) as an alternative catalyst to traditional DOC materials, with the goal of delivering effective oxidation performance while reducing overall system cost. MnOx-CeO₂ catalysts are promising due to their good low-temperature activity, oxygen storage capacity, and redox behaviour, which are beneficial for diesel engines operating under varied conditions. These properties help improve the oxidation of CO and HC
C, Jegadheesan, T, Karthi, Rajendran, Pawan, Muruganantham, Kowshiik, S, Vaitheeshwaran
Data-Driven Modeling for Emission Prediction and ATS Performance Benchmarking for Hydrogen and Diesel ICE Applications2026-26-038601/16/2026
This study presents a comprehensive methodology for benchmarking hydrogen and diesel internal combustion Engines, with emphasis on virtual Real-Drive Emission (RDE) test procedures for diesel and hydrogen application. Emission profiles for legal cycles and RDE scenarios are accurately predicted through integration and development of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models. Virtual evaluations of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system performance, Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) dosing accuracy, and exhaust temperature dynamics enabled by integrated data pipelines and physics-based modeling are also explored for holistic prediction of output. Across models, validation demonstrates good prediction accuracy including temperature (R2 > 0.94, RMS error < 25°C), air flow (92% accuracy, RMSE = 28 kg/h), upstream NOx (93% accuracy, RMSE < 10 mg/s), and SCR (TP NOx accuracy = 91.82%, dosing accuracy = 87.73%). This approach has the potential to offer
Shah, Jash Vipin, S, Manoj Kumar, Ratnaparkhi, Aditya, H, Shivaprakash
Thermal Management and Engine Calibration Strategies for Enhanced Passive DPF Regeneration in CEV Stage V CI Engines2026-26-014101/16/2026
Meeting the stringent emissions norms of CEV stage V for medium BMEP engines, CI engines present significant challenges. These stringent norms call for a highly efficient DPF. With the increasing demands for high-performance DPFs, the issue of soot accumulation and cleaning presents significant hurdles for DPF longevity. This paper explores the potential of passive DPF regeneration, which leverages naturally occurring exhaust gas conditions to oxidize accumulated soot, offering a promising approach to minimize fuel penalty and system complexity compared to active regeneration methods. The study investigates engine calibration techniques aimed at enhancing passive regeneration performance, emphasizing the optimization of thermal management strategies to sustain DPF temperatures within the passive regeneration range. Furthermore, the paper aims to expand the applicability of passive regeneration across diverse engine loads common in off-highway applications with effective passive
Saxena, Harshit, Gandhi, Naresh, Lokare, Prasad, Shinde, Prashant, Patil, Ajit, Raut, Ashish
Computational Study of Hydrogen based SCR Technology as an Alternative to Urea SCR in Hydrogen Fueled Engine2026-26-021301/16/2026
Air pollution from vehicle exhaust emissions is a growing issue in major cities around the world. Hydrogen is a clean and carbon-free fuel that presents a promising alternative to the fossil fuels. However, despite its environmental advantages, hydrogen internal combustion engines still produce some nitrogen oxides as a by-product due to high combustion temperatures. This study investigates the effectiveness of current exhaust after-treatment technologies designed to reduce NOx emissions in hydrogen-powered engines. A comparative analysis is conducted between the conventional urea-based selective catalytic reduction used in diesel engines and emerging hydrogen-based selective catalytic reduction technologies for hydrogen engines. The analysis is performed using CFD simulation in ANSYS Fluent, focusing on NOx reduction efficiency and other operational parameters. The results provide valuable insights into the feasibility and effectiveness of hydrogen SCR in achieving reduced NOx
Kashyap, Keshav, Khandagale, Anup, Petale, Mahendra
DPF Passive Regeneration Approach for CEV/TREM-V Off-Highway Applications2026-26-021101/16/2026
With introduction of Diesel Particulate Filter to achieve CEV/TREM V Emission Limits for off-highway segment, there is a requirement of DPF regeneration at defined intervals depending on time of operation and soot loading in DPF. This can be achieved by two methods. First is the frequent regeneration or Active regeneration, wherein fuel is injected before DOC (Diesel Oxidation Catalyst) at specific temperature to burn the soot in the DPF. The second method is the continuous or Passive regeneration, where soot is burnt based on NO2. DPF frequent regeneration (Active Regeneration) requires soot load estimation in DPF over entire engine operation range as well as vehicle operation in different climatic conditions. Frequent regeneration leads to oil dilution and penalty in the fuel consumption. More frequent regeneration promotes the chemical aging of DOC, leading to the poor performance of DOC which results in deteriorating performance of SCR(Selective Catalytic Reduction) situated
Sharma, Rakshit, Garg, Varun, Dhiman, Nitish, Grauenfels, Attila
Comparative Analysis of Pothole Depth Estimation Using LIDAR and Stereo Imaging with Polarized Lenses: A DOE Approach2026-26-026901/16/2026
Potholes are a common road hazard that significantly compromise road safety. Water filled potholes can be particularly dangerous. These hidden hazards may cause vehicles to hydroplane [1], leading to a loss of control and potential collisions. At night or in low visibility conditions, such potholes can appear deceptively shallow, increasing the risk of severe suspension damage or tire blowouts. Additionally, deep water intrusion can affect critical components such as the exhaust system, air intake, or electrical wiring, potentially leading to engine stalling or short circuits. This research proposes a novel approach for identifying and determining the depth of potholes, especially those that are filled with water. By integrating YOLO, cutting edge computer vision methods like stereo imaging and Lidar. We hope to create a system that can precisely detect and evaluate potholes' severity, reducing the risks connected to these road hazards. A structured 2k factorial Design of Experiment
Ashok, Deeksha, Kumar, Pradeep, Singh, Amandeep
A Thermoelectric System for Emission Control Optimization in Two-Wheeler Automotive Applications2026-26-021801/16/2026
Environmental pollution is one of the growing concerns of our society. As vehicle emissions are a major contributor to air pollution, emission control is a primary goal of the Automotive industry. Vehicle emissions are higher due to improper combustion, which leads to toxic gases being generated from the exhaust system. Unburnt fuel is one of the leading causes of toxic pollutants such as Carbon Monoxide, Nitric Oxides (NOx) and Hydrocarbons. The catalytic converter converts these gases into less toxic substances such as Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, and water vapor. The catalytic converter performs efficiently after reaching its “Light Off” temperature, after which the catalyst becomes active. Hence, elevated temperature of the exhaust gases aids in efficient conversion. Presently, the gases from the exhaust system are approximately at a temperature of 300°C-600°C. This paper outlines the concept of a Peltier (Thermoelectric) Module - based system, which helps maintain the high
Venkateshwaran, Aishwarya, Soodlu, Shashikiran, M, Mathaiyan
Development of a Passive Regeneration Diesel Particulate Filter System for an Agricultural Tractor Engine2026-26-021701/16/2026
This paper presents the development and evaluation of a passive regeneration Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) system for a 4-cylinder, 3.18-liter naturally aspirated agricultural tractor engine based on the mDI engine family. The primary objective is to significantly reduce particulate matter (PM) emissions while maintaining optimal engine performance and fuel economy. The passive regeneration DPF system leverages the engine's operating conditions to generate sufficient heat for the oxidation of trapped particulate matter, eliminating the need for active regeneration techniques. The paper details the design process, including the selection of DPF material, filter geometry, and integration into the exhaust system. Rigorous experimental testing was conducted to assess the performance of the DPF system under various engine load and speed conditions. Results demonstrate substantial reductions in PM emissions without compromising engine power, torque, or specific fuel consumption. This
Maddali, Varun Suman, Jidigonti, Shashank, Kannan, S, Ramesh, Natrajan
NVH Refinement on the Agriculture Tractor using Coupled Test and Simulation Approach2026-26-031601/16/2026
The Indian farmers choice of agriculture tractor brand is driven by the ease of operation and fuel efficiency. However, the customer preference for operator comfort is driving many tractor OEMs for improvement in noise and vibration at the operator location. Also, the compliance to CMVR regulation for noise at operator ear location and vibration at operator touch point location are mandatory for all the tractors in India. NVH refinement development of the tractor plays a critical role in achieving the regulated noise level and improved tactile vibration In presented work, the airborne sources such as exhaust tail pipe, intake snorkel and cooling fan are quantified by at tractor level through elimination method. The detailed engine level testing in engine noise test cell (hemi anechoic chamber) is carried out to estimate the contribution of engine components to overall noise. The outcome of Noise source identification (NSI) has revealed silencer, timing gear cover and oil sump to be
Gaikwad, Atul Annasaheb, Harishchandra Walke, Nagesh, Yadav, Prasad S, Bankar, Harshal
Gasoline Particulate Filter for Future Indian Regulation2026-26-021401/16/2026
Globally, emission regulations for LDVs (Light Duty Vehicles) are becoming increasingly stringent. In Europe, EU7 regulations will tighten the PN (Particulate Number) requirements by applying PN10 with PN value target 6.0+E11 [#/km] and changing the CF (Conformity Factor) value from 1.5 to 1.34 for RDE (Real Driving Emission). This necessitates the use of GPF (Gasoline Particulate Filter) capable of meeting these PN regulations. Similarly, India is also tightening its PN regulations by referencing European standards. Under the current BS VI Stage 2, in-use compliance test procedures, including RDE measurements using PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement System), necessitate GPFs for GDI (Gasoline Direct Injection) engines. Furthermore, around April 2027, the transition from BS VI Stage 2 to BS VI Stage 3 is expected, with a change of driving cycle from MIDC to WLTC up to Phase 3. Additionally, discussions on BS VII regulations, referencing EU7, have begun, and similar stricter PN
Sugimoto, Kentaro, Ohashi, Kenichi, Mori, Reon, Matsumoto, Tasuku, Aoki, Takashi, Sugiura, So, Hibi, Noriyuki
Misfires Detection in Bi-Fuel Engines – A Brief Note2026-26-012001/16/2026
With the expansion of compressed natural gas (CNG) filling station in India, bi-fuel vehicles are gaining popularity in recent times. Bi-fuel engine runs on more than one fuel, say in both CNG and petrol. Hence, the engine must be optimized in both the fuel modes for performance and emissions. However, due to the inherent differences in combustion characteristics: ignition dynamics and fuel properties, they pose a significant challenge in case of detection of misfires. Misfires are caused because of faulty injection systems and ignition systems and incorrect fuel mixture. Accurate detection is essential as misfires deteriorate the catalysts performance and may impacts emission. Misfires (or engine roughness) is calculated from engine crankshaft speed signal. In this study, the effectiveness of crankshaft-based misfires detection method, comparison of misfire signals magnitude in bi-fuel modes and practices developed for accurate detection of misfires is presented.
Thiyagarajan, Abhinav, N, Gobalakrishnan, R, Hema
A Strategic Approach to Design Automotive Intake Systems for Achieving a Sporty Acoustic Signature at the Drivers Ear Level2026-26-032801/16/2026
In pursuit of a distinct sporty interior sound character, the present study explores an innovative strategy for designing intake systems in passenger vehicles. While most existing literature primarily emphasizes exhaust system tuning for enhancing vehicle sound quality, the current work shifts the focus toward the intake system’s critical role in shaping the perceived acoustic signature within the vehicle cabin. In this research work, target cascading and settings were derived through a combination of benchmark and structured subjective evaluation study and aligning with literature review. Quantitative targets for intake orifice noise was defined to achieve the desired sporty character inside cabin. Intake orifice targets were engineered based on signature and sound quality parameter required at cabin. Systems were designed by using advanced NVH techniques, Specific identified acoustic orders were enhanced in the intake system to reinforce the required signature in acceleration as well
Sadekar, Umesh Audumbar, Titave, Uttam, Patil, Jitendra, Naidu, Sudhakara
CS Structure: New Metallic Catalyst Substrate Generation for 2- and 3-Wheeler Applications2026-26-022001/16/2026
Affordable, efficient and durable catalytic converters for the two and three-wheeler industry in developing countries are required to reduce vehicle emissions and to maintain them at a low level; and therefore, to participate in a cleaner and healthier environment. Especially, metallic catalyst substrates developed by Emitec Technologies GmbH with structured foils like the Longitudinal Structure (LS), or LS-Design® are fully compatible to this effort with more than 70% share of produced 2/3 Wheelers metallic catalyst substrates for the Indian market in 2024. One decade after the market introduction of this LS structure, Emitec Technologies GmbH will introduce now a new generation of foil structure: the Crossversal Structure (CS) or CS-Design®, that improves further the affordability, the efficiency of metallic catalytic converters, keeping the durability at same level as previous substrate generation. The paper will briefly review the development of metallic substrates for 2/3 wheelers
Jayat, Francois, Seifert, Sven, Bhalla, Ashish, Ganapathy, Narayana Prakash
A Low Pressure Pumpless DEF Dosing System by using Compressed Air and an Air Assisted DEF Injection Nozzle2026-26-021901/16/2026
The study emphasizes on development of Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) dosing system specifically used in Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) of diesel engine for emission control, where a low pressure pumpless DEF dosing system is developed, utilizing compressed air for pressurizing the DEF tank and discharging DEF through air assisted DEF injection nozzle. SCR systems utilize Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) to convert harmful NOx emissions from diesel engines into harmless nitrogen and water vapor. Factors such as improper storage, handling, or refilling practices can lead to DEF contamination which pose significant operational challenges for SCR systems. Traditional piston-type, diaphragm-type, or gear-type pumps in DEF dosing systems are prone to mechanical failures leading to frequent maintenance, repairs, and costly downtimes for vehicles. To overcome the existing challenges and to create a more reliable and simple DEF delivery mechanism the pumpless DEF Dosing system is developed. The
M, Hareni, Giridharan, Jyothivel, A.l, Suresh, V, Yuvaraj, Rajan, Bharath
A Comprehensive Strategy for Diesel Particulate Filter Calibration to Address the Diverse Applications of Stage V Construction Equipment Vehicles2026-26-014301/16/2026
The legislation of CEV Stage V emission norms has necessitated advanced Diesel Particulate Filter calibration strategies to ensure optimal performance across diverse construction equipment applications in the Indian market. Considering the various duty cycles of cranes, backhoe loaders, forklifts, compactors, graders, and other equipment, different load conditions and operational environments require a comprehensive strategy to enhance DPF efficiency, minimize regeneration frequency, and maintain compliance with emission standards. The DPF, as an after-treatment system in the exhaust layout, is essential for meeting emission standards, as it effectively traps particulate matter. Regeneration occurs periodically to burn the soot particles trapped inside the DPF through ECU management. Therefore, understanding soot loading and in-brick DPF temperature behavior across various applications is key. This paper explores the challenges in DPF calibration for CEV Stage V and provides a
Mohanty, Subham, Chaudhari, Kuldeepak, Patil, Lalit, Mahajan, Atish, Madhukar, Prahlad
For CNG and FFV Fuel Application Exhaust Valve Redesign and Robustness Improvement to Combat Abnormal Valve Guide and Seat Wear2026-26-012501/16/2026
Today, passenger car makers around the world are striving to meet the increasing demand for fuel economy, high performance, and silent engines. Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations implemented in India to improve the fuel efficiency of a manufacturer's fleet of vehicles. CAFE goal is to reduce fuel consumption and, by extension, the emissions that contribute to climate change. CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) engines offer several advantages that help manufacturers meet and exceed these standards. The demand for CNG vehicles has surged exponentially in recent years, CNG engine better Fuel efficiency and advantage in CAFÉ norms make good case for OEM & Customer to use more CNG vehicle. CNG is dry fuel compared to gasoline. These dry fuels lack lubricating properties, unlike conventional fuels like petrol, diesel and biofuels, which are wet and liquid. Consequently, the operations and failures associated with these fuels differ. The materials and designs of engine parts, such as
Poonia, Sanjay, Kumar, Chandan, Sharma, Shailender, Khan, Prasenjit, Bhat, Anoop, P, Prasath, Neb, Ashish
Solving the Exhaust Valve CNG Wear Problem: An Investigation into Hard-Facing Material Deposition for CNG Exhaust Valves2026-26-027801/16/2026
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) offers a compelling alternative fuel solution due to its lower carbon emissions and cost-effectiveness compared to conventional gasoline. However, the dry combustion characteristics of CNG, coupled with higher combustion temperatures, often accelerate Exhaust valve face and Exhaust seat insert wear in internal combustion engines. Intake valve face and Intake seat insert are exposed to fresh air charge and temperature during engine operation remain with in limit and no issue reported in Intake valve side. This study addresses the critical challenge of premature exhaust valve wear in CNG applications by investigating the root cause and implementing improvements in the exhaust valve facing material, aiming to enhance durability and reliability for widespread CNG vehicle adoption. Exhaust valve face in CNG engine subjected to extreme condition leads to excessive valve face wear and cracking. To address these challenges, various technologies like hard material
Poonia, Sanjay, Kumar, Chandan, Kundu, Soumen, Kumar, Prabhakar, Vats, Rajesh, Khan, Prasenjit, Sharma, Shailender
A Computational Approach to Fretting Wear Prediction of Steel Gaskets under Thermo-Mechanical Load Using Archard’s Wear Model2026-26-045501/16/2026
Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) is the heart of an Automobile. The failure of any critical component of the ICE engine will directly affect the performance of the vehicle. The gaskets are among the many vital parts of an IC engine that are essential in ensuring appropriate sealing to prevent gas and liquid leakage and maintain optimal engine efficiency. Engines use a variety of gasket types to accommodate various sealing requirements. Among them the exhaust manifold gaskets are one of the critical gasket elements in ICE engines. Exhaust Gasket acts as a seal between cylinder head and extremely hot exhaust manifold, which prevents the leakage of hot exhaust gases produced during typical engine operating condition. The gaskets are crucial components because they endure extremely high mechanical loads from the exhaust manifold sliding and banana-shaped bending brought on by thermal expansion, as well as extremely high thermal loads from the high exhaust gas temperatures, which are more
Reddy, Rajavardhan, R B, Govind, Kulkarni, Sanjeev, Palve, Chandrakant, Mueller, Frank Oliver
Optimizing Engine Combustion and Exhaust After treatment System for Passive Regeneration in Off-Highway Applications2026-26-022101/16/2026
The Bharat TREM V regulations in the off-highway segment mandates the use of Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) to reduce gaseous emissions and Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) to trap solid particulates from engine exhaust. DPFs undergo regeneration, where trapped soot is burned, converting it into CO2 with ash as main byproduct. Regeneration can be active, using late post fuel injections to raise temperatures above 550°C, or passive, relying on NO2 formation at 300-400°C. Passive regeneration is preferred as a safer mode for both DPF health and longevity as well as reduction in fuel penalty and oil dilution. This paper highlights the selection and optimization of combustion hardware and Exhaust Aftertreatment System to achieve the desired NO2 formation which is suitable for passive regeneration. Key considerations in engine hardware selection include the design of piston bowl, injector hole configuration to increase heat release rate and combustion temperature resulting in higher NOx
Gautam, Aman, Rawat, Saurabh, Dogra, DaljitSingh, Singh, Sachleen, Ranjan, Piyush
Contradictions of Automotive NVH and TRIZ Tools for Innovative Problem Solving2026-26-034701/16/2026
Balance towards various Vehicle attributes often faces design contradictions, particularly in Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) optimization. Traditional approaches rely on trade-offs, but TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) offers a structured methodology to resolve contradictions innovatively. This paper presents TRIZ-based solutions for 2 key NVH challenges: (1) exhaust systems requiring noise reduction while maintaining low engine back-pressure, (2) engine mounts requiring both softness for vibration isolation and hardness for durability & vehicle stability, By applying TRIZ principles such as separation, mechanics change, etc. and using Thinking Tools such as thinking in time & scale, novel solutions are proposed to achieve superior performance without traditional compromises. These case studies demonstrate how TRIZ enhances automotive NVH refinements by enabling systematic innovations. This also explores benefits of Frugal Engineering for profitable launch of new
A, Milind Ambardekar
Development of High BMEP Natural Gas Engine with Knock Mitigation2026-26-012101/16/2026
The stringent emission norms over the past few years have driven the need to use low-carbon fuels and after treatment technology. Natural gas is a suitable alternative to diesel heavy-duty engines for power generation and transportation sectors. Stoichiometric combustion offers the advantages of complete combustion and low carbon dioxide emissions. Turbocharging and cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology enhances the power density along with reduced exhaust emissions. However, there are several constraints in the operation of natural gas spark ignition engine such as exhaust gas temperature limit of 780 °C, sufficient before turbine pressure for EGR drivability, boost pressure, peak cylinder pressure limit and knocking. These limits coulld restrict the engine BMEP (brake mean effective pressure). In the present study, tests were conducted on a V12, 24 liters, heavy duty natural gas fuelled spark ignition engine (600 HP) with different EGR and turbocharger configurations to
Khaladkar, Omkar, Marwaha, Akshey
Leveraging Advanced AI/ML Algorithms to Derive Actionable Insights from Fleet Vehicle In-Use Performance Ratio Monitoring (IUPRm) Data2026-26-063701/16/2026
In recent years, growing concerns over environmental pollution have led to the implementation of increasingly stringent emission regulations worldwide. These regulations require not only the reduction of pollutant emissions but also robust monitoring of critical emission control components under real-world driving conditions. The In-Use Performance Ratio Monitoring (IUPRm) framework quantifies how frequently onboard diagnostic systems evaluate these components within defined operational boundaries for each vehicle. IUPRm is organized into several monitoring groups, including catalyst monitoring, oxygen sensor monitoring, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) monitoring, and gasoline particulate filter monitoring. The specific groups and monitoring requirements vary based on fuel type (gasoline or diesel), engine technologies (such as variable valve timing or EGR), and exhaust system configurations (single or dual bank). For automakers, analyzing these parameters across large vehicle fleets
Ghadge, Ganesh Narayan, Jadhav, Marisha, Hosur, Viswanatha
Experimental approach to investigate VVT malfunction in SI gasoline engine.2026-26-055801/16/2026
Variable Valve Timing (VVT) is an advanced technology implemented in internal combustion engines to optimize the opening and closing timing of the intake and exhaust valves. Its primary objective is to improve engine performance, fuel efficiency, and reduce emissions by dynamically adjusting the valve timing based on the engine's operating conditions i.e. engine speed and load conditions. However, the VVT system may experience various operational issues caused due to low engine oil levels, contaminated engine oil, solenoid malfunctions, and camshaft phaser issues, which can adversely affect engine performance, fuel efficiency, and emissions. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of VVT malfunctions, specifically attributed to the resonance effect of VVT components at various engine RPMs & oil temperature. The study also explains the phenomenon causing VVT sluggishness during advance phase due to resonance between oil pulsation & VVT components. Other factors contributing to VVT
Jha, Ankur, Sau, Sanjoy, Kumar, Bharat, Sandeep, Sandeep
Mitigating Urea Deposits in Selective Catalytic Reduction Systems through Software Control for Improved Performance in Low Duty Cycle Operations2026-26-042401/16/2026
In the pursuit of achieving stringent BS VI emission standards, maintaining the efficiency of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems is paramount, especially in vehicles operating under low duty cycles. A significant concern in such scenarios is the accumulation of urea deposits within the SCR, which can lead to detrimental push-out effects and compromised catalyst performance. This issue is particularly prevalent during low-temperature operations, where the conditions are less favorable for the effective conversion of nitrogen oxides (NOx). To address this challenge, an innovative software control system has been developed to monitor operating conditions and detect potential urea deposit faults. The software continuously evaluates parameters such as temperature and vehicle duty cycle, identifying conditions that may lead to urea crystallization within the SCR system. When unfavorable conditions are detected, the software triggers a fault alert that activates a regeneration
K, Sabareeswaran, K K, Uthira Ramya Bala, Raju, Manikandan, K J, Ramkumar, YS, Ananthkumar
Leveraging Telematics Big Data Analytics for Real-Time Monitoring of Catalytic Converter Failures and Root Cause Identification for Emission Compliance2026-26-059101/16/2026
The automotive industry is continuously evolving at high pace to meet rising customer expectations, reliability, reduced maintenance, and most relevant, compliance with stringent emission norms. Traditionally, the analysis of vehicle emissions relies heavily on periodic inspections and manual checks. These conventional methods are often time-consuming, prone to human error, and lack the ability to provide real-time insights. Also, identifying Catalytic converter failures due to non-manufacturing issues require meticulous physical inspections and historical data reviews, which are not always accurate or timely. Telematics or Connected cars technology being one of the major technological innovations in recent times revolutionizes these processes by enabling real-time data exchange between vehicles and external systems. The current study presents an innovative approach to utilizing telematics data for real-time monitoring of vehicle emissions and pinpointing Catalytic converter failures
Dev, Triyambak, Prasad, Kakaraparti Agam, Kalkur, Varun, Modak, Saikat, AGARWAL, Shashank, Chandra, Animesh, Paul, Varsha, Garg, Amit, Sundararaman, Venkataraman, Bose, Sushant
Investigating Thermal Fatigue Cracks in Exhaust Manifolds of Longitudinally Mounted 1.2L 4-Cylinder Engines2026-26-048801/16/2026
This study addresses the challenge of ensuring the durability of closed couple exhaust manifolds in the compact engine bays of modern vehicles, focusing on a longitudinally mounted 1.2L 4-cylinder engine. The original sheet metal Exhaust manifold design failed thermal fatigue bench durability test, requiring a complete redesign to improve strength without changing materials. Initial simulation predictions significantly deviated from physical test results, with repeated cracks observed during accelerated thermal fatigue bench testing, despite simulations predicting a higher number of cycles before failure. This difference highlighted the need for a deeper understanding of the manifold's failure modes, primarily thermal fatigue, and mechanical vibration during engine transients. The design of experiment (DOE) approach was used to find the effect of different parameters e.g., gas temperature, surface temperature, air flow, thermal gradient, on the durability result & also to understand
Krishnan, K.S.Gopala, Mishra, Ashutosh, Yadav, Sanjay Kumar, Kumar, Deepak, Tripathi, Manas, Kumar, Prabhakar
Calibration strategies to overcome the Challenges for Naturally Aspirated Off-Highway Engines for Trem-V emissions2026-26-021001/16/2026
The transition to Trem V emission norms presents significant challenges for naturally aspirated (NA) off-highway engines. Off-highway applications like construction and agriculture segments require high load variability and extended duty cycles with increased BMEP resulting in high PM emissions, and increased exhaust temperatures with lower lambda levels. Given the cost-competitive nature of the segment, it also requires designing leaner intake and exhaust system. To overcome above mentioned challenges, holistic calibration strategies need to be adapted during development phase. To meet Trem V emission norms, solutions like advanced combustion, high-pressure fuel injection, EGR (exhaust gas recirculation), and optimized calibration had to be explored in meeting Trem V emission norms with aftertreatment systems like Diesel Particulate Filters and Diesel oxidation catalysts. Implementation of aftertreatment systems for Trem-V introduces this segment with pre-dominantly with naturally
Patil, Madhavi M., Ravukutam Sr, Aniketh, Raghu, M Y, Madhukar, Prahlad
Introducing a new catalyst family in gasoline aftertreatment2026-26-023101/16/2026
This paper is to introduce a new catalyst family in gasoline aftertreatment. Indeed, it has been shown that under certain driving conditions, three-way catalysts produce significant amounts of toxic NH3 and the strong greenhouse gas N2O, which are both very unwanted emissions. In a self-committed approach, OEMs could want to minimize these noxious pollutants, especially if this can be done with no architecture change, namely without additional underfloor catalyst. In this paper we will compare different approaches: regular underfloor TWC, SCR derived from diesel aftertreatment, gasoline dedicated Ammonia Slip Catalyst (ASC) and especially developed novel gasoline Secondary Emission Treatment (SET) catalyst, providing both ammonia abatement and underfloor three-way functionality. The data will show that SCR only reduces NH3 from a passive SCR reaction in a limited amount in the cold start including the need of oxygen presence, namely secondary air introduction. ASC is efficient in cold
Kuhn, Sebastian, Magar, Avinash, Kogel, Julius, Lahousse, Christophe
Integrating Road Load Data Acquisition and Signal Processing Techniques to Generate Reliable Drive Files for Electrodynamic Shakers in Testing the Exhaust Systems of Off-Highway Applications2026-26-055201/16/2026
Generating a reliable drive file for an electrodynamic (ED) shaker from Road Load Data Acquisition (RLDA) and validating its correlation with real-world conditions through damage and fatigue analysis is crucial for accurate component testing, particularly in complex systems like off-highway exhaust systems. This paper presents a methodology for creating such a drive file and establishing its validity, highlighting the necessity of ED shakers for simulating the intricate dynamic loads experienced by these systems. The process begins with acquiring comprehensive RLDA under representative operational conditions of the off-highway vehicle. Drive files are generated using this data, which records accelerations at important exhaust system mounting locations. Advanced signal processing techniques are employed to condense the raw RLDA into a format suitable for shaker control. To establish proper correlation, the generated drive file is used to excite the exhaust system on an ED shaker
Khaire, Santosh Ramdas, Khaire, Rushikesh, Yadav, Dnyaneshwar
Development of a Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) Platform for Evaluating and Implementing Heated Injection Technology in GDI Engines2025-36-004812/18/2025
Reducing pollutant emissions remains a major challenge for the automotive industry, driven by increasingly stringent environmental regulations. While solutions such as electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have been developed, internal combustion engines (ICEs) continue to dominate many markets, requiring additional emission control strategies. Traditional technologies like catalytic converters and advanced injection systems primarily optimize performance once the engine reaches its operating temperature. However, during the cold start phase, when engine temperatures are below optimal, combustion efficiency drops, resulting in increased emissions of non-methane organic gases (NMOG) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). This phase is further compromised by factors such as fuel droplet size and suboptimal catalyst performance. In response, this work presents the development of a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) platform to study the impact of heated injection technology on cold
Triviño, Juan David Parra, Teixeira, Evandro Leonardo Silva, De Lisboa, Fábio Cordeiro, Aguilar, Raul Fernando Sánchez, Oliveira, Alessandro Borges De Sousa
Tailpipe NOx Emissions Modeling of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck Using Deep Learning Methods03-18-08-004812/11/2025
This study develops deep learning (DL) long–short-term memory (LSTM) models to predict tailpipe nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions using real-driving on-road data from a heavy-duty Class 8 truck. The dataset comprises over 4 million data points collected across 11,000 km of driving under diverse road, weather, and load conditions. The effects of dataset size, model complexity, and input feature set on model performance are investigated, with the largest training dataset containing around 3.5 million data points and the most complex model consisting of over 0.5 million parameters. Results show that a large and diverse training dataset is essential for achieving accurate prediction of both instantaneous and cumulative NOx emissions. Increasing model complexity only enhances model performance to a certain extent, depending on the size of the training dataset. The best-performing model developed in this study achieves an R2 higher than 0.9 for instantaneous NOx emissions and less than a 2
Shahpouri, Saeid, Jiang, Luo, Koch, Charles Robert, Shahbakhti, Mahdi
Komatsu augments intelligent machine control in new excavator25TOFHP12_0612/01/2025
Komatsu has launched a new excavator, the PC220LCi-12, that features its latest intelligent machine control technology. IMC 3.0 incorporates automation enhancements and a reported “construction-industry first” technology - factory-integrated 3D boundary control - designed to boost operator productivity. The intelligent machine, displayed previously at Bauma 2025 in Munich, Germany, has many of the same features as the new PC220LC-12 excavator, including a cab that is 28% larger, with 30% more legroom and 50% improved visibility compared to the PC210LC-11 model. Other advantages the new machines offer are up to a 20% increase in fuel efficiency thanks to a new electrohydraulic system and 129-kW (173-hp) next-generation engine, and up to a 20% reduction in maintenance costs due to longer replacement intervals for hydraulic oil and oil filters and longer cleaning intervals for the particulate filter.
Gehm, Ryan
Ammonia Combustion with Active Pre-Chamber Spark Plug - A CO 2 -Free Combustion Process2025-01-052711/25/2025
As a zero-carbon fuel, ammonia has the potential to completely defossilize combustion engines. Due to the inert nitrogen present in the molecule, ammonia is difficult to ignite or burn. Even if the ammonia can be successfully ignited, combustion will be very slow and there is a risk of flame quenching, i.e. the flame going out before the ammonia-air mixture has been almost completely converted. Both the difficult flammability and the slow combustion result in high ammonia slip, which should be avoided at all costs. The engine efficiency is also greatly reduced. Safe ignition and burn-through can be achieved by drastically increasing the ignition energy and/or using a reaction accelerator such as hydrogen. The planned paper will use detailed 1D and 3D CFD calculations to show how high the potential of ammonia combustion in an internal combustion engine is when an active pre-chamber is used as the ignition system. As a result of the flame jets penetrating into the main combustion chamber
Sens, Marc, von Roemer, Lorenz, Rieß, Michael, Fandakov, Alexander, Casal Kulzer, Andre
Experimental Analysis of Hydrocarbon Injection Strategies and In-Cylinder Injection Impact on Oil Properties in Diesel Engines2025-28-023811/06/2025
The engine has played a pivotal role in controlling regulated pollutants at the in-cylinder combustion level through strategies such as Direct Injection, Common Rail Systems, and Exhaust Gas Recirculation up to Bharat (CEV/Trem) Stage-III. With the advent of more stringent emission norms, specifically Bharat (CEV/Trem) Stage-IV and V, the importance of Exhaust After-Treatment Systems (EATS) in managing emissions outside the engine has significantly increased. The inclusion of Particulate Number (PN) limits in Bharat (CEV/Trem) Stage-V necessitates the use of Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF), which trap soot particles that must be periodically removed through a process known as regeneration. Regeneration requires elevated exhaust temperatures, typically achieved via exothermic reactions in the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC), facilitated by diesel fuel addition through external injection or in-cylinder injection strategies. This study investigates both external and in-cylinder injection
Bandaru, Balaji, M, Balasubramanian, V, Shunmuga, G, Senthil Kumar, Mahesh, P
Multi-Objective Design Optimization and Pugh Matrix Analysis to Develop Exhaust Tail Pipe Mounting for EU6 Heavy Trucks2025-28-029311/06/2025
The key performance evaluation criteria for any automotive exhaust system are pass-by noise (PBN), exhaust backpressure, durability and reliability, exhaust brake performance, aesthetics (if visible from outside the chassis), cost, weight and safety. Also, with changes in emission norms, emission from Exhaust Aftertreatment Systems (EATS) is one of the crucial parameters while designing the exhaust system. This paper covers a critical problem faced during the Beta Proto Build and Testing phase of exhaust tail pipe assembly. The exhaust tail pipe assembly had loose fitting issues, which can cause problems during the functioning of the truck. Parameters like material of the pipe, length of strap, tightening torque and tolerance of the pipe diameter were considered to resolve the fitment issue. The resolution is done with the help of Design of Experiments (DoE) and Pugh Matrix Analysis based on QDCFSS (Quality, Design, Cost, Feature, Safety and Sustainability). Design for Assembly (DFA
P, Balu Mukesh, Rokade, Aditya, Biswas, Sanjoy
Onboard Exhaust Capture and Carbon Sequestration for Off-Highway Vehicles: A Sustainable Approach to Emission Reduction2025-28-021511/06/2025
Off-highway vehicles (OHVs) in sectors such as mining, construction, and agriculture contribute significantly to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOₓ). Despite the growth of alternative fuels and electrification, diesel engines remain dominant due to their superior torque, reliability, and adaptability in harsh environments. This paper introduces a novel onboard exhaust capture and carbon sequestration system tailored for diesel-powered OHVs. The system integrates nano-porous filters, solid-state CO₂ adsorbents, and a modular storage unit to selectively capture CO₂ and NOₓ from exhaust gases in real time. Captured CO₂ is then compressed for onboard storage and potential downstream utilization—such as fuel synthesis, carbonation processes, or industrial sequestration. Key innovations include: A dual-function capture mechanism targeting both CO₂ and NOₓ Lightweight thermal-regenerative adsorption materials Integration with
Vashisht, Shruti
Dual Urea Dosing System with Novel Control Strategy for Enhanced NOx Emission Reduction for High-Power Diesel Generators Application2025-28-021411/06/2025
In the power industry, high-power Diesel Generator (DG) sets often utilize high power V-engine cylinder configurations to enhance power output within a compact design, ensuring smoother operation and reduced vibration. In this V-engine configurations, the exhaust gas mass flow rate is significantly higher compared to inline engines of similar displacement, due to the greater number of cylinders operating in a compact space, which leads to a higher volume of exhaust gases expelled in a shorter duration. This necessitates the use of a dual Exhaust After Treatment System (EATS) to effectively manage NOx emissions. High-power gensets typically emit NOx levels around 9 g/kWh, presenting significant challenges for developers in adhering to stringent emission standards. To address these challenges and meet CPCB IV+ emission norms, we propose a dual urea dosing system integrated with a novel control strategy aimed at optimizing the treatment of exhaust gases. This paper introduces a dual
K, Sabareeswaran, K K, Uthira Ramya Bala, S K, Nejanthen, A, Ravikumar, S, Mahendra Boopathi, YS, Ananthkumar
Development of a Cost-Effective DCU for Diesel Emission Control: Design, Diagnostics, and Compliance2025-28-028611/06/2025
The Dosing Control Unit (DCU) is a vital component of modern emission control systems, particularly in diesel engines employing Selective Catalytic Reduction technology (SCR). Its primary function is to accurately control the injection of urea or Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) into the exhaust stream to reduce nitrogen oxide (NOₓ) emissions. This paper presents the architecture, operation, diagnostic features, and innovation of a newly developed DCU system. The Engine Control Unit, using real-time data from sensors monitoring parameters such as exhaust temperature, NOₓ levels, and engine load, calculates the required DEF dosage. Based on DEF dosing request, the DCU activates the AdBlue pump and air valve to deliver the precise quantity of diesel exhaust fluid needed under varying engine conditions. The proposed system adopts a master-slave configuration, with the ECU as the master and the DCU as the slave. The controller design emphasizes cost-effectiveness and simplified hardware, and
Raju, Manikandan, K, Sabareeswaran, K K, Uthira Ramya Bala, Krishnakumar, Palanichamy, Arumugam, Arunkumar, YS, Ananthkumar
Smart Idle Control - Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) Overheat Protection2025-28-023711/06/2025
The current and upcoming Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) emission norms are very stringent. It is difficult to meet emission standards with just combustion optimization techniques. As a result, post-treatment is required for Engine-out emissions. Otherwise, these hazardous gases impact the ecosystem of living beings. Many technologies are implemented at the exhaust for reducing the emissions. Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) is one such technique to achieve lower Particulate Matter (PM) and Particulate Number (PN) emission goals. In order to achieve such emission reduction, the DPF undergoes periodic cleaning called regeneration. During regeneration, the exhaust systems including DPF are maintained at elevated temperatures to achieve proper cleaning. When the vehicle is in regeneration, sudden braking or accelerator pedal release leads to engine Drop to Idle speeds (DTI), which sharply increases the temperature gradient inside the DPF which may result in physical damage like cracks
Anandakrishnan, Abhishek, A L, Prathima, Benni Matada, Ajay
Performance Prediction of a Two-Stroke Aviation S.I. Engine by Means 0D/1D Thermo-Fluid Dynamic Simulation Code2025-32-002611/03/2025
Two-stroke engines represent an attractive solution for aviation industry applications (UAVs, VTOL aircraft, and ultralight aircraft) due to their compact size, high power-to-weight ratio, reduced number of moving parts, and the ability to operate with different fuels. This work presents a 0D/1D methodology for simulating the gas exchange, combustion, and unsteady flow of a two-stroke aviation engine. The scavenging and combustion processes, as well as the unsteady flow within the induction and exhaust systems, are investigated using a 0D/1D modeling approach. This study is motivated by the need to assess the accuracy of such models in predicting engine performance. For this purpose, the thermo-fluid dynamic code GASDYN has been applied and enhanced. The proposed 0D model is embedded into a 1D fluid-dynamic code for simulating the entire engine system. To characterize the baseline configuration, which includes tangential ports that facilitate a loop-scavenging process, computed results
Cerri, Tarcisio, Giussani, Alessandro, Lucchini, Tommaso, Marinoni, Andrea, Montenegro, Gianluca, Onorati, Angelo
Development of Supercharged Direct-Injection Two Stroke Engine with Intake and Exhaust Valve for Series Hybrid (2nd Report)- To Realize Lean Burn -2025-32-002311/03/2025
The two-stroke engine, known for its small displacement and high performance, is space-efficient when installed in a vehicle. As such, incorporating two-stroke engines into HEVs is an effective way to reduce vehicle weight and optimize engine space. However, one downside is that the amount of unfired elements in the exhaust gas increases due to the air/fuel mixture being expelled into the exhaust system during the scavenging process. Moreover, combustion can become unstable due to the large volume of residual burned gases in the cylinder. To address these issues, we propose a two-stroke engine equipped with intake and exhaust valves that directly inject fuel into the cylinder. In our first report, we presented an engine design and method that enable high scavenging efficiency and stable combustion in a two-stroke engine [1]. In this second report, we share the results of our research aimed at improving fuel efficiency and achieving low emissions, all while maintaining the high
Sakurai, Yota, Hisano, Atsushi, Saitou, Masahito, Ichi, Satoaki
Analysis of Injected Mass Shot-To-Shot Dispersion and Injection Rate Profile for a PFI Injector in Actual Operating Conditions2025-32-001911/03/2025
In order to improve engine emission and limit combustion instabilities, in particular for low load and idle conditions, reducing the injected fuel mass shot-to-shot dispersion is mandatory. Unfortunately, the most diffused approach for the hydraulic analysis of low-pressure injectors such as PFIs or SCR dozers is restrained to the mean injected mass measurement in given operating conditions, since the use of conventional injection analyzers is unfeasible. In the present paper, an innovative injection analyzer is used to measure both the injection rate and the injected mass of each single injection event, enabling a proper dispersion investigation of the analysed low pressure injection system. The proposed instrument is an inverse application of the Zeuch’s method, which in this case is applied to a closed volume upstream the injector, with the injector being operated with the prescribed upstream-to-downstream pressure differential. Further, the injector can inject freely against air
Postrioti, Lucio, Maka, Cristian, Martino, Manuel
On Board Monitoring of Water Injection Inducement System and Particulate Filter for 3-Wheeler BS VI OBD II B Diesel Vehicle Norms2025-32-008611/03/2025
To mitigate greenhouse emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxides (CO2), oxide of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter reduction Government of India implemented Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) norms from year 2020. Moving to more stringent emission norms poses challenges for automakers in several ways such as meeting exhaust emissions, on board diagnostic, drivers’ inducement, and particulate filter monitoring on vehicle. It is imperative to upgrade engine management system for on-board diagnostics (OBD) that refers to a vehicles self-diagnostic and reporting ability. On board diagnostics systems enables owner of vehicle to gain access of the various vehicle sub-systems. OBD-II standards were made more rigid, requiring the malfunction indicator lamp (MIL) to be activated if emission-related components fail. Also, vehicle emissions carbon monoxide (CO), oxide of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter not to exceed OBD thresholds. Consequently, the use of specific oxide of nitrogen
Jagtap, Pranjal, Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Bhoite, Vikram, Reddy, Kameswar
Application of MAN Loop Scavenging in a 125 cm 3 Two-Stroke Racing Engine2025-32-002911/03/2025
The use of MAN-type loop scavenging port arrangements in a 125 cc two-stroke racing engine is being investigated. These make it possible to provide larger cross-sections for the transfer ports, but at the expense of the exhaust port cross-section. The investigation is carried out using 1D calculations with GT-Suite. It is shown that significantly higher maximum outputs are possible in this way. However, this requires large exhaust widths, as otherwise the exhaust port is too small and the advantage of the larger transfer cross-section is overcompensated. Mixed forms between the original MAN loop scavenging and Schnürle loop scavenging can represent a good compromise. To improve the power characteristic vs. speed, which is influenced negatively by the higher maximum outputs, optimizations of port heights and exhaust pipe dimensions are carried out. A configuration with the same maximum output as the basis but a wider power band is also shown. One open point is the quality of the
Eilts, Peter
Study on CO 2 Absorption via Atomization Utilizing Surface Texturing and Surface Energy for Small Engine Applications2025-32-007611/03/2025
In response to the stringent CO2 regulations set to be enforced in Europe in 2030, there is a global demand for innovative technologies to significantly reduce CO2 emissions from internal combustion engines used in trucks, ships, and other applications. For this reason, future power sources are anticipated to adopt a three-pronged approach: electrification; hydrogen fuel used in fuel cells or internal combustion engines; and synthetic fuels (e-fuels) produced from renewable energy-sourced hydrogen, as approved by the European Commission (EC), and from raw materials that capture CO₂ directly from the atmosphere via the Direct Air Capture (DAC) method, combined with internal combustion engines. In this study, we aimed to absorb and capture “Green” CO₂ emissions from e-fuel and carbon-neutral (CN) fuels combined with internal combustion engines by investigating a method that atomizes a CO₂-absorbing solution. This approach involved spraying the solution and impingement the droplets within
Nohara, Tetsuo, Nara, Shotaro, Kawamoto, Yuki, Fukushima, Naoya, Ochiai, Masayuki
Optimum Bore-to-Stroke Ratio for a Flathead Uniflow Two-Stroke SI Engine and its Impact on Different Fuels2025-32-002411/03/2025
This numerical study investigates a spark-ignited, two-stroke engine employing uniflow scavenging, flathead cylinder head design, and an exhaust valve system to identify the optimal bore-to-stroke (B/S) ratio for maximizing brake efficiency at fixed displacement. A single-cylinder prototype engine was constructed, and its experimental data validated a 1D GT-SUITE simulation model. This validated model was then utilized to simulate a full-scale, 1.5-liter displacement, horizontally opposed four-cylinder engine with supercharger-assisted boosting, intended for small aircraft propulsion. The simulations explored a range of B/S ratios from undersquare (0.7) to oversquare (1.5), maintaining a consistent brake power output of 60 kW at 3000 rpm and lambda 0.9. Results showed that increasing the B/S ratio enhanced brake efficiency from 26.0% at B/S=0.7 to 27.0% at B/S=1.5, largely due to reduced frictional losses attributed to shorter stroke and lower piston speeds, decreased heat transfer
Zanchin, Guilherme, Hausen, Roberto, Fagundez, Jean Lucca, Lanzanova, Thompson, Martins, Mario
A Combustion CFD Study on the Pre-Chamber Jet Combustion Technology for Large Motorcycle Gasoline Engine2025-32-000111/03/2025
The objective of this study is to enhance the full-load power and the partial-load thermal efficiency of a gasoline spark-ignition engine for large motorcycles. To achieve these goals, it is important to increase the combustion speed and mitigate knocking, so a passive pre-chamber jet combustion system was evaluated. In the specification study, a three-dimensional combustion simulation incorporating detailed chemical kinetics was used to analyze the combustion mechanism, including knocking detection. For full-load conditions, a passive pre-chamber jet combustion system was evaluated. It accelerated combustion by increasing turbulent kinetic energy in the main chamber through jets sprayed from the pre-chamber. By increasing the compression ratio by 2.0, the full-load indicated work increased by 3.6% compared to conventional SI combustion. Under partial-load conditions, the passive pre-chamber jet combustion system faced challenges, such as reduced jet temperature due to increased
Ando, Hirokazu, Tanaka, Takumi, Tomizawa, Kengo, Inoue, Yosuke
Optimized Engine Off Time Estimation for Cold Start Detection in Emission Diagnostics2025-28-036610/30/2025
A cold start occurs when the engine is cranked after being off for a long time, enough for its temperature to drop down to the cold ambient levels. Cold start in an engine is a critical phase as it is characterized by elevated emissions. During a cold start, exhaust components such as catalytic converter do not operate in its optimal temperature zone leading to reduced efficiency in emission control. New regulations for engine emissions are becoming stringent for this condition, hence it is important to accurately determine cold start condition in an engine to optimize the emissions control strategy. Accurate engine off time calculation plays a crucial role in cold start detection, emissions control and On-Board Diagnostics (OBD-II) decision making. This engine off time if greater than 6 hours indicates one of the conditions to confirm a cold start. Other conditions such as Ambient temperature and coolant temperature along with the engine off time confirms a cold start. This paper
MUTHA, MAYURESH, Talawadekar, Pradnya, Kale, Upendra
Valve Wagging Prediction Methodology for Engine Brake Application2025-28-040210/30/2025
Eaton's decompression engine braking technology for medium and heavy-duty diesel engines delivers high braking power and provides several advantages to the commercial truck owner. Eaton offers rocker arm-based 1 stroke, 1.5 stroke, and 2 stroke systems for overhead cam and cam in block engine architectures. The Compression Release (CR) engine brake avoids overheating and fading of primary friction brake. It reduces or eliminates the need for a driveline retarder. One of the failure modes for Engine Brake (EB) system is excessive lateral displacement of the exhaust valve, caused by non-uniform pressure distribution across the valve during Brake Gas Recirculation (BGR) and Compression Release modes. This excessive deformation is referred to as Valve Wagging. Valve wagging significantly affects the structural stability of the engine brake mechanism. Analyzing its behavior is essential to minimize excessive wear on valve guide and Valve Seat Insert in new designs. Since evaluating the
Soni, Lalitkumar R., Joshi, Himanshu, J, Gokulakrishnan, De Giovanni, Pierfrancesco
Influence of Twin-Scroll Turbocharging on the Performance of Direct Injection Gasoline Engine2025-01-507010/16/2025
In order to further understand the effect of twin-scroll turbocharging on the engine performance, this paper adopts a combination of one-dimensional numerical simulation and experimental research methods to compare the effects of two-scroll and single-scroll turbocharging on the power and fuel economy of direct injection gasoline engine. The research results show that, compared with the single-scroll turbocharger, twin-scroll turbocharger increased the low-end torque for 16% and 32% at 1000 r/min and 1500 r/min, respectively. However, the average fuel consumption has increased 1.3% at part load with twin-scroll turbocharger due to the pumping loss. Compared with a turbocharged port injection engine with a displacement 1.2 times that of the former, the twin-scroll turbocharged engine saved 11% fuel economy at part loads. The fuel consumption is saved 11% at part loads with twin-scroll turbocharger. This research first establishes the 1D simulation capability in twin-scroll turbocharger
Yu, Xiaocao
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