Browse Topic: Vehicle drive systems

Items (1,350)
Design validation plays a crucial role in the overall cost and time allocation for product development. This is especially evident in high-value manufacturing sectors like commercial vehicle electric drive systems or e-axles, where the expenses related to sample procurement, testing complexity, and diverse requirements are significant. Validation methodologies are continuously evolving to encompass new technologies, yet they must be rigorously evaluated to identify potential efficiencies and enhance the overall value of validation tests. Simulation tools have made substantial advancements and are now widely utilized in the development phase. The integration of simulation-based or simulation-supported validation processes can streamline testing timelines and sample quantities, all the while upholding quality standards and minimizing risks when compared to traditional methods. This study examines various scenarios where the implementation of advanced techniques has led to a reduction in
Leighton, MichaelTuschkan, AlwinPlayfoot , Ben
In highly populated countries two-wheelers are the most convenient mode of transportation. But at the same time, these vehicles consume more fuel and produces emissions in urban driving. This work is aimed at developing a hybrid two-wheeler for reducing fuel consumption and emissions by incorporating electric vehicle technology in a conventional two-wheeler. The hybrid electric scooter (HES) made consisted of an electric hub motor in the front wheel as the prime mover for the electrical system. The powertrain of the HES was built using a parallel hybrid structure. The electric system is engaged during startup, low speeds, and idling, with a simple switch facilitating the transition between electric and fuel systems. The HES was fabricated and tested through trial runs in various operating modes. Before conversion to a hybrid system, the two-wheeler achieved a mileage of 34 km/liter. After conversion, the combined power sources resulted in an overall mileage of 55 km. It was observed
Rajesh, K.Chidambaranathan, BibinRaghavan, SheejaAshok Kumar, R.Arunkumar, S.Soundararajan, GopinathMadhu, S.
This project presents the development of an advanced Autonomous Mobile Robot (AMR) designed to autonomously lift and maneuver four-wheel drive vehicles into parking spaces without human intervention. By leveraging cutting-edge camera and sensor technologies, the AMR integrates LIDAR for precise distance measurements and obstacle detection, high-resolution cameras for capturing detailed images of the parking environment, and object recognition algorithms for accurately identifying and selecting available parking spaces. These integrated technologies enable the AMR to navigate complex parking lots, optimize space utilization, and provide seamless automated parking. The AMR autonomously detects free parking spaces, lifts the vehicle, and parks it with high precision, making the entire parking process autonomous and highly efficient. This project pushes the boundaries of autonomous vehicle technology, aiming to contribute significantly to smarter and more efficient urban mobility systems
Atheef, M. SyedSundar, K. ShamKumar, P. P. PremKarthika, J.
Electric Vehicles use Li-ion batteries due to their high energy and power densities. Performance of Li-ion cell is sensitive to temperature. Temperature control of these batteries becomes very important to provide safety and performance under different working conditions. This paper review different integrated thermal management system developed for Electric Vehicles. integrated thermal management content. Battery thermal management, Cabin thermal management and Electric drive thermal management. These systems share some common objectives and common parts. Integration of these systems will help to optimize the number of components in the Electric Vehicles thermal management system. The integrated thermal management system also helps to optimize the weight and use of waste heat to heat the cabin or battery. This will help in optimization of energy consumed by the thermal management system and range improvement. Integrating different systems which content refrigerant and coolant circuit
Mhaske, Pramodkumar Chimaji
A novel design for a radial field switching reluctance motor with a sandwich-type C-core architecture is proposed. This approach combines elements of both traditional axial and radial field distribution techniques. This motor, similar to an in-wheel construction, is mounted on a shared shaft and is simple to operate and maintain. The rotor is positioned between the two stators in this configuration. The cores and poles of the two stators are separated from one another both magnetically and electrically. Both stators can work together or separately to produce the necessary torque. This adds novelty and improves the design’s suitability for use with electrical vehicles (EVs). A good, broad, and adaptable torque profile is provided by this setup at a modest excitation current. This work presents the entire C-core radial field switched reluctance motor (SRM) design process, including the computation of motor parameters through computer-aided design (CAD). The CAD outputs are verified via
Patel, Nikunj R.Mokariya, Kashyap L.Chavda, Jiten K.Patil, Surekha
ABSTRACT The dynamic factor is a common characteristic of vehicle traction and acceleration performance derived from the traction balance of a vehicle. Typically, the dynamic factor is presented as a function of the vehicle theoretical velocity computed using the characteristics of the powertrain only with no tire slippage included. For off-road vehicles requiring large traction in most operational conditions, the tire slippage can impact considerably the vehicle velocity. Furthermore, tire slippages and vehicle actual velocity of multi-wheel drive vehicles significantly depends on the driveline system configuration. In this paper, a new method for analysis of the dynamic factor is proposed which includes the slippages of driving wheels and their influence on the vehicle actual velocity. The method facilitates determination of the effects of terrain grip limitations and slippage on the dynamic factor and acceleration performance of off-road vehicles. An example is given for a 4x4
Paldan, JesseVantsevich, VladimirGorsich, DavidWhitson, JordanLetherwood, Michael
ABSTRACT Teleoperated ground vehicles are an integral part of the U.S. Army and Marine Corps long range vision and a key transition technology for fully autonomous vehicles. However, the combination of marginally-stable vehicle dynamics and limited perception are a key challenge facing teleoperation of such platforms at higher speeds. New technologies for enhancing operator perception and automatically detecting and mitigating rollover risk are needed to realize sufficient safety and performance in these applications. This paper presents three rollover mitigation concepts for high speed teleoperation of heavy tactical vehicles, including model-predictive warning, negative obstacle avoidance, and reactive brake controls. A modeling and simulation approach was used to evaluate these concepts within the Autonomous Navigation Virtual Environment Laboratory (ANVEL). Vehicle models for both the M1078 cargo truck and RG-31 MRAP were used throughout concept evaluation over terrain ranging from
Lo, Jia-HsuanEye, SeanRohde, Steve M.Rohde, Mitchell M.
ABSTRACT A high-fidelity physics-based approach for predicting vehicle mobility over large terrain maps is presented. The novelties of this paper are: (i) modeling approach based on seamless integration of multibody dynamics and the discrete element method (DEM) into one solver, and (ii) an HPC-based design-of-Experiments (DOE) approach to predict the off-road soft soil mobility of ground vehicles on large-scale terrain maps. A high-fidelity multibody dynamics model of a typical 4x4 military vehicle is used which includes models of the various vehicle systems such as chassis, wheels/tires, suspension, steering, and power train. A penalty technique is used to impose joint and contact constraints. A general cohesive soil material DEM model is used which includes the effects of soil cohesion, elasticity, plasticity/compressibility, damping, friction, and viscosity. To manage problem size, a novel moving soil patch technique is used in which DEM particles which are far behind the vehicle
Wasfy, Tamer M.Jayakumar, ParamsothyMechergui, DaveSanikommu, Srinivas
ABSTRACT Ker-Train Research Inc. has designed and manufactured a 32-speed tracked-vehicle transmission and an 8-speed efficient power take-off fan drive that have been shown through testing to not only increase vehicle performance and overall system efficiency, but also have the ability to be controlled fully drive-by-wire making them excellent candidates for integration into autonomous vehicles
Brown, MikeMarquardt, Brent
ABSTRACT The series Hybrid-Electric Drive (HED) architecture brings a significant range of potential benefits to military ground platforms. Electric-drive wheeled vehicles can feature electric traction motors in a conventional driveline, but also offer potential for motor incorporation into the axle or the wheel hub. The implementation of in-wheel hub drives presents challenges both in their design and to the overall vehicle system. However, by overcoming these challenges, the vehicle designer is rewarded with greatly increased freedom in vehicle hull and suspension design and numerous other benefits arising from the elimination of much of the mechanical driveline and the provision of individual wheel control. Many hub drive development programs of the previous two decades that have produced demonstrator vehicles have been typified by a large wheel rim size in order to accommodate a traction motor of sufficient power to achieve both peak output torque requirements and peak rotational
Mackey, J.Goldsack, S.Dick, S.
ABSTRACT For GDLS as an OEM in the defense industry working primarily as a system integrator, it is mission critical to develop a platform to weight/gauge/tradeoff requirements of various sub-systems in the final system product. Knowing sub-system performances in the final system on a physics bases, enables the system integrator more active roles in product R&D for requirement tradeoffs and price tag controls, instead of being passively driven solely by suppliers’ perspectives. Designing a light weight system while maintaining their mission profile, can lead to the use of more flexible structures thereby imposing additional dynamics affecting the integration of weapon systems into the vehicle structure. Added to this, the dynamics of electromechanical actuators, mechanical tolerances and discrete controllers, creates an environment, each of which is defined by its characteristic physics. This paper discusses a multi-physics approach used different brand named solvers best for different
D’Onofrio, DavidKuang, Zhian
ABSTRACT This paper presents a method to mitigate high latency in the teleoperation of unmanned ground systems through display prediction and state estimation. Specifically, it presents a simulation environment which models both sides of the teleoperation system in the laboratory. The simulation includes a teleoperated vehicle model to represent the dynamics in high fidelity. The sensors and actuators are modeled as well as the communication channel. The latency mitigation approach is implemented in this simulation environment, which consists of a feed-forward vehicle model as a state estimator which drives a predictive display algorithm. These components work together to help the operator receive immediate feedback regarding his/her control actions. The paper contains a technical discussion of the design as well as specific implementation. It concludes with the presentation of some experimental data which demonstrate significant improvement over the unmitigated case
Brudnak, Mark J.
ABSTRACT With the increase in electric power on military ground vehicle platforms, electrically driven accessories are replacing existing hydraulic, belt, and gear-driven loads. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSM) are often selected to drive these accessories, and are under consideration for the main engine generator, due to their torque density and efficiency being among the highest available. To maximize the efficiency of a PMSM, accurate knowledge of its parameters is required across the entire operating range. Efficient control of the onboard electric drives will help reduce fuel consumption in the ground vehicle fleet. This paper presents the effects of iron saturation on the performance of a PMSM drive. Iron saturation depends on the amount of current injected into the motor and it restricts the amount of flux linkage that can be generated. PMSMs are controlled using a two axis space vector representation. Ideally, the control is decoupled, such that the flux linkage
Cintron-Rivera, Jorge G.Foster, Shanelle N.Zanardelli, Wesley G.Strangas, Elias G.
ABSTRACT This paper highlights a range of available Integrated Starter Generator (ISG) and power-electronic controller designs for power generation and hybrid vehicle applications ranging from 35 – 160kW. It addresses the potential for improved integrated system efficiency over traditional alternator-based system solutions. Robustness of ISG-based systems is evaluated in the paper, particularly when integrated into military vehicles and placed in demanding environments. A range of product realizations is presented, from low-cost solutions intended for higher volume production, to high performance solutions employing state of the art technology. Experience in transitioning from high performance to production-ready realizations is included in support of this evaluation. ISG generators range up to 160 kW also providing considerable power at idling speed, and crank start capability at low voltage and low temperatures. Their slim design allows for flexible mounting conditions. A family of
Johnson, S. ArnieLarson, JodyEhrhart, PeterSteffen, Jens
ABSTRACT Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) in partnership with Ker-Train Research Inc. is developing an advanced Bradley Fighting Vehicle (BFV) power take-off (PTO) drive system to improve fan drive efficiency and increase on-board electrical power generation. This presentation provides information on the integration methods, advantages of the Ker-Train drives and electronic controls, and future plans for this TARDEC project. Fan drive, PTO Generator drive and Accessory Alternator drive system information, hardware design and controls are presented. Plans for testing at SwRI are also discussed
Fussner, DougMarquardt, BrentMiller, JohnFaux, DanGoryca, MaryMcGough, MatthewManning, Pete
ABSTRACT Future Military ground vehicle power trains can benefit from a hybrid-electric drive approach, particularly in packaging flexibility where drive train components can be modular and conveniently distributed. Small component size and operation with high-temperature liquid coolant are essential factors in the flexible packaging concept. This paper describes the development of one component, a 220 kW traction motor drive for a hybrid-electric power train. Challenging requirements for the motor-drive include power densities of at least 25 kW/liter and 15 kW/kg at 105°C coolant temperature. To achieve these densities, power modules capable of high-temperature operation were developed using SiC normally-off JFETs. This paper will discuss the unique custom packaging of the SiC JFET devices, as well as the arrangement of key components/packaging and thermal management issues
Wagner, EdwardHall, WilliamMahoney, Dennis
ABSTRACT L-3 Combat Propulsion Systems (L-3CPS) and Kinetics Drive Solutions (Kinetics) have teamed together to present this paper that discusses infinitely variable transmission technologies with high gear ratio & efficient steering systems for cross-drive transmissions across a family of combat vehicles. Traditionally, cross-drive transmissions for tracked vehicles are very rigid systems, which are tailored for a specific application or vehicle weight class. This becomes a problem throughout the vehicle’s lifecycle, as vehicle weights continue to grow when armor and other systems are added to protect and support the war-fighter. Increased weight leads to degraded vehicle mobility performance. To regain the vehicle mobility performance more power is needed at the vehicle sprockets. Traditionally this is accomplished by increasing the engine power of the propulsion system, which requires an increased transmission size for higher input and output torques, resulting in increased losses
Johnson, S. ArnieMushroe, MichaelDyck, GeraldJackson, Kyle
ABSTRACT There is continued demand for military vehicles to provide increased fuel economy. Recent trends have appropriately turned to the development of duty cycles that better represent the real-life usage of vehicles. The advent of hybrid electric propulsion and power system architectures offer opportunities for reducing fuel consumption and greater power generation flexibility. The challenge is to effectively quantify the predicted performance for the architectures under consideration using tools that are applicable to shorter development schedules. This paper discusses the importance of using multidomain physics-based computer simulations to perform the fuel consumption analyses. The models used include mechanical, electrical, magnetic and thermal effects, and their intimate interaction in order to predict the fuel consumption for a tracked vehicle traversing courses at varying speed, up and down hills, and negotiating turns. This paper also compares the fuel consumption
Nogueiro, Porfirio L.Combs, Charles S.
Integrated electric drive systems are characterized by high power density, reliability, and controllability, making them increasingly prevalent in the realm of electric commercial vehicles. However, the direct coupling between the motor shaft and the transmission system has introduced a series of undesirable torsional vibration phenomena. To investigate the dynamic characteristics of electric drive systems in operation for electric commercial vehicles, a comprehensive modeling approach is employed. This modeling framework takes into account key factors such as gear backlash, structural flexibility, and electromagnetic spatiotemporal excitations. Based on this model, the influence of the electrical system on time-varying gear mesh stiffness, gear transmission error, bearing forces, and other factors is investigated. Building upon this foundation, the article proposes an approach for active harmonic voltage injection. This method effectively reduces torque fluctuations, decreases the
Xi, XinChen, XiaoliZhao, HongyangZhao, XuanWei, JingLiu, Yonggang
The objective of the project was to evaluate the energy efficiency of a hybrid electric tractor-semi-trailer combination prototype. The prototype was developed for log hauling application by integrating an existing tractor with an electric semi-trailer to improve fuel consumption and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. One of the conventional axles of the quad axle semi-trailer was replaced with a drive axle powered by an electric motor. Tests were conducted on a 105 km test route with a maximum difference in elevation of 355 m, including a hilly section with a length of 89 km. The results indicated fuel savings ranging from 10.5% to 14% per test run, with an average fuel savings of 12% when the electric drive axle was engaged. The hybrid electric tractor semi-trailer consumed 17.5% less fuel up-hill and 9.4% less down-hill. Throughout each test run, the battery’s state of charge fluctuated, averaging between 88% at the start and 52% at the end. Prior to each run, the batteries were
Surcel, Marius-DorinMercier, SteveBonsi, Adime Kofi
Urban areas around the world are facing an increasing number of issues, such as air pollution, parking shortages, traffic congestion and inadequate transit options, all of which necessitate innovative solutions. Lot of people are becoming interested in micromobility in urban areas as a replacement for quick excursions and round trips to get to or from transportation services (e.g., Offices, Institutions, Hospitals, Tourist spots, etc.). This research examines the critical role that micromobility plays, concentrating on the effectiveness of micromobility smart electric scooters in resolving urgent urban problems. Micromobility, which includes both human and electric-powered vehicles, presents a viable substitute for normal and short-distance urban commuting. This study presents a micromobility smart electric scooter that is portable and easy to operate, with the goal of transforming urban transportation. 3D model was designed using SOLIDWORKS and analyzed using ANSYS. For strength and
Tappa, RajuSingh Chowhan, Sri AanshuShaik, AmjadMaroju, AbhinavTalluri, Srinivasa Rao
Original equipment manufacturers have already begun to transition their vehicles from traditional internal combustion engines (ICEs) to electric drives (EVs). As the industry continues to move towards electrification, the entire industry, and especially Valeo, is focusing on lean product development (LPD) with the help of numerical simulation. Optimization techniques help industry achieve the most accurate product at the lowest cost without sacrificing performance. Generally gears are mainly used for power transmission in the advanced technologies of electric vehicles. There are many factors that must be taken into account when designing a gear transmission system. Finding the most appropriate design parameters for a gear transmission system can be a challenge, and optimization parameters will help to find the best compromise between them. The main objective of this study is to increase the contact safety factor of the gear system by fulfilling 14 constraints, which are continuous (5
C, LokeshLawrence, LeonsDrouet, BenjaminG, Rajesh KumarGopalakrishnan, Hemanth Kumar
This paper studies design parameters, selection of materials and structural analysis for an All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) BAJA roll cage at the event site in any possible situation. SolidWorks 2022 was used for creating the prototype of the roll cage and then both static structural as well as dynamic crash analysis for the roll cage was done using Altair HyperWorks 2023 for various collisions like front, rear, side, rollover, torsional, front bump, rear bump, front roll over, side roll over and rear roll over. In addition to their corresponding deformation, Von Mises stresses were observed and a safety factor was calculated for these load cases which was found to be in the range of 1.5 to 3. Without reducing the roll cage’s strength, the roll cage designed for a four-wheel drive configuration is developed with driver comfort and safety in mind. Finding the optimal safety factor is the core objective of the analysis, as it ensures in any situation, the ATV’s roll cage will stay secure
L, Ravi KumarSanjay P, ChiranjeevT J, Pravin ChanderMoses J, JebishD, ParthesunG, Sureshmani
In recent years, autonomous vehicles (AVs) have been receiving increasing attention from investors, automakers, and academia due to the envisioned potentials of AVs in enhancing safety, reducing emissions, and improving comfort. The crucial task in AV development boils down to perception and navigation. The research is underway, in both academia and industry, to improve AV’s perception and navigation and reduce the underlying computation and costs. This article proposes a model predictive control (MPC)-based local path-planning method in the Cartesian framework to overcome the long computation time and lack of smoothness of the Frenet method. A new equation is proposed in the MPC cost function to improve the safety in path planning. In this regard, an AV is built based on a 2015 Nissan Leaf S by modifying the drive-by-wire function and installing environment perception sensors and computation units. The custom-made AV then collected data in Norman, Oklahoma, and assisted in the
Arjmandzadeh, ZibaAbbasi, Mohammad HosseinWang, HanchenZhang, JiangfengXu , Bin
Electric Trucks offer one of the most promising alternatives to vehicles in the field of transport of goods. In battery electric trucks, heat is generated by components present in the electric truck such as battery of the electric vehicle, electric drive system, Endurance Brake System etc. which require cooling and Thermal management system to control and monitor the cooling system. The thermal management system considered here includes two coolant tanks. The first coolant tank performs thermal management for the battery and Electric-Drive(e-Drive) components which can heat up to 600C and the second coolant tank performs thermal management for HPR circuit, and it is used to break the charging circuit to protect the battery getting charged beyond 100% using regenerative braking concept. HPR (High performance resistor) is the component which can heat up to ~950C and make sure the battery is not getting charged beyond the safe limits. Since HPR is a critical component and operates at high
Pekala, Sagar MohanaZacharias, NevinKulkarni, Krathika
In conventional vehicles the shift strategy has a well-known impact on the system’s efficiency. An appropriate gear choice allows the internal combustion engine (ICE) to operate in efficient operating points (OPs) and thus contributes significantly to a reduced fuel consumption. Further efficiency improvements can be achieved by the hybridization of the powertrain. Due to the two propulsion systems, an additional degree of freedom arises, that requires an energy management strategy (EMS). The EMS controls the split of the requested power between the electric machine (EM) and the ICE. Accordingly, the system’s overall efficiency in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) is highly influenced by the quality of the EMS. This paper proposes to adapt an existing method for deriving fuel-optimal rule-based EMS by including the shift strategy for parallel HEVs. It is shown that fuel-optimal control can be achieved. The analytically derived look-up tables can be used to automatically calibrate in
Ehrenberg, BastianEngbroks, LukasSchmiedler, StefanHofmann, Peter
EV motors and transmissions operate at high speeds and handle high power densities, placing heavy demands on bearings, seals, and gears. TEHD and meshless CFD simulations open new ways to the design and optimization of lubrication and thermal management solutions for EV transmissions and e-axles. Properly parametrized CAE models can provide valuable insights into the effects of different lubricant properties on cooling and lubrication efficiencies, thereby helping in matching the lubricant and hardware characteristics for optimal performance. In the present communication, we demonstrate the effects of different lubricants and surface finishing technologies on the tribology of high-speed gears using tribological tests and simulations. Important roles of lubricity additives and surface finish optimization are highlighted in conjunction with a move towards ultralow viscosity fluids
Zhmud, BorisMerelli, Michele
Autonomous ground vehicles (AGV) are comprised of a network of interconnected components including sensors, drive-by-wire actuators, and on-board computing. This on-vehicle network is often connected to a larger network which may include a ground station, other autonomous systems, or remote servers. While AGV share many features with other mobile networked devices like cell phones, the AGV computing and networking architecture may be vulnerable in ways that other systems are not, and the consequences of an attack may result in more severe physical consequences. In this paper, we present a systematic study of the network architecture of an AGV system, a cross-domain evaluation of possible attack vectors for AGV, and an implementation of a simulated cyberphysical test range that reveals the real-world consequences of cyberphysical attacks on AGV
Goodin, ChristopherFuller, Sara C.Carruth, Daniel W.Moore, Kaneesha K.Skinner, Benjamin T.Mueller, Carl L.
This SAE Standard is applicable to snowmobiles as defined in SAE J33
Snowmobile Technical Committee
Continuing its rollout of EVs, Cadillac revealed the 2025 Optiq SUV, the company's most affordable EV yet and a smaller sibling to the popular Lyriq that was introduced last year. With a company-estimated range of 300 miles (482 km), the Optiq comes standard with dual-motor AWD, three years of Super Cruise hands-free driving, and what Cadillac officials say is segment-best cargo capacity and second-row space
Clonts, Chris
Toyota, Mazda and Subaru announced a new technological effort to create new internal combustion engines and ways to use them in the electrification era, specifically for hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicles. The companies said at a joint press conference in Japan that they would encourage increased use of petroleum alternatives like biofuels and eFuels in their effort to create carbon-neutral vehicles. A joint statement from the three OEMs claims this push for new and better ICEs comes with a focus on “carbon as the enemy” as they develop engines that can better work with electric motors, batteries, and other electric drive units. Toyota, Mazda and Subaru made clear they are not getting rid of EV-only vehicle plans. Here's how each company will approach the new ICE+EV era (quotes provided in English by on-site interpreters
Blanco, Sebastian
Electrified drives will change significantly in the wake of the further introduction of automated driving functions. Precise drive dimensioning, taking automated driving into account, opens up further potential in terms of drive operation and efficiency as well as optimal component design. Central element for unlocking the dimensioning potentials is the knowledge about the driving functions and their application. In this paper the implications of automated driving on the drive and component design are discussed. A process and a virtual toolchain for electric drive development from concept optimization to detailed dimensioning validation is presented. The process is subdivided into a concept optimization part for finding the optimal drive topology and layout and a detailed prototype environment, where more detailed component models can be assessed in customer operation to enable representative component dimensioning. Furthermore, the detailed simulation allows the drive investigation in
Sturm, Axel WolfgangBrandes, GerritSander, MarcelHenze, RomanKüçükay, Ferit
In recent years, the automotive industry has dedicated significant attention to the evolution of electric vehicles (EVs). The Electric-machine (as motor and generator, here and onward called E-machine as more general term) as the heart of the EDU (Electric Drive Unit) is very important component of powertrain and is the one of the main focuses of development. Traditionally, E-machine design has primarily focused on factors like efficiency, packaging, and cost, often neglecting the critical aspects of Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) specially at the early decision-making stages. This disconnect between E-machine design teams and NVH teams has consistently posed a challenge, which is the experience seen in many OEMs. This paper introduces an innovative workflow that unifies these previously separate domains, facilitating comprehensive optimization by integrating NVH considerations with other E-machine objectives, efficiency, weight, packaging and cost. This paper highlights AVL's
Mehrgou, MehdiGarcia de Madinabeitia, InigoAhmed, Mohamed Essam
Encapsulations of E-drive systems are gaining importance in electric mobility, since they are a simple measure to improve the noise behavior of the drive. Current experimental evaluation methods, however, pose substantial challenges for the test personnel and are associated with considerable effort in both time and cost. Evaluating the encapsulation on an e-drive test bed, for example, requires a functional e-drive and test bed resources. Evaluations in the vehicle on the other hand make objective assessments difficult and are subject to increasingly limited availability of prototype vehicles fit for NVH testing. To overcome these challenges, AVL has developed a new experimental evaluation method for the NVH efficiency of e-drive encapsulations. In this method, the e-drive is freely suspended in a semi-anechoic chamber and its structure is excited using shakers while the radiated noise with and without encapsulation is measured. The NVH efficiency of the encapsulation is evaluated by
Schecker, DanielUerlings, PeterGojo, JosefGraf, Bernhard
This document seeks to classify all-wheel drive (AWD) architectures primarily based on the installed hardware and does not consider the implementation of the controls and software. For example, a power transfer unit (PTU) may be equipped with a clutch that is capable of torque management, but the control implementation only uses it for disconnection functions without torque management. In this SAE Recommended Practice, attention will be given to passenger cars and light trucks (through Class III). The definitions presented herein may also be applicable to heavy trucks (Class 4 through 8) and off-highway applications using more than two axles but are primarily focused on passenger cars and light trucks
Drivetrain Standards Committee
This article presents the design and the analysis of a control logic capable of optimizing vehicle’s energy consumption during a braking maneuver. The idea arose with the purpose of enhancing regeneration and health management in electric vehicles with electro-actuated brakes. Regenerative braking improves energy efficiency and allows a considerable reduction in secondary emissions, but its efficiency is strongly dependent on the state of charge (SoC) of the battery. In the analyzed case, a vehicle equipped with four in-wheel motors (one for each wheel), four electro-actuated brakes, and a battery was considered. The proposed control system can manage and optimize electrical and energy exchanges between the driveline’s components according to the working conditions, monitoring parameters such as SoC of the battery, brake temperature, battery temperature, motor temperature, and acts to optimize the total energy consumption. The solution devised allows first to maximize the effects of
Tempone, Giuseppe Piode Carvalho Pinheiro, HenriqueImberti, GiovanniCarello, Massimiliana
With the modernization of agriculture, the application of unmanned agricultural special vehicles is becoming increasingly widespread, which helps to improve agricultural production efficiency and reduce labor. Vehicle path-tracking control is an important link in achieving intelligent driving of vehicles. This paper designs a controller that combines path tracking with vehicle lateral stability for four-wheel steer/drive agricultural special electric vehicles. First, based on a simplified three-degrees-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model, a model predictive control (MPC) controller is used to calculate the front and rear axle angles. Then, according to the Ackermann steering principle, the four-wheel independent angles are calculated using the front and rear axle angles to achieve tracking of the target trajectory. For vehicle lateral stability, the sliding mode control (SMC) is used to calculate the required direct yaw moment control (DYC) of the vehicle, and wheel torque distribution
Huang, BinYang, NuorongMa, LiutaoWei, Lexia
The electrification of vehicles marks the introduction of new products to the automotive market and a continued effort to optimize their performance. The electric motor is an important component with which a further optimization of efficiency, power density and cost can be achieved. Additional benefits can be realized in the laminated core. This paper presents an innovative method to produce laminated stacks by a chain of processes different from conventional ways. The process chain presents a sequence of precision blanking, buffering, heat treatment and gluing. The effect of these processes is compared with existing solutions that typically contain some individual features but usually not the combination that enhances the overall effect. The heat treatment decreases residual stresses from previous process steps and reduces power losses in the laminated core. Depending on the design, benefits around 20% are found. The bonding of lamellae by gluing maintains their flatness and prevents
Van Der Sluis, FrancisSeitzinger, BennyDe Vet, SanderAlexandrov, OlegKruijswijk, EmileHerzberger, Andreas
In order to improve the trajectory tracking accuracy and yaw stability of vehicles under extreme conditions such as high speed and low adhesion, a coordinated control method of trajectory tracking and yaw stability is proposed based on four-wheel-independent-driving vehicles with four-wheel-steering. The hierarchical structure includes the trajectory tracking control layer, the lateral stability control decision layer, and the four-wheel angle and torque distribution layer. Firstly, the upper layer establishes a three-degree-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model as the controller prediction model, the front wheel steering controller is designed to realize the lateral path tracking based on adaptive model predictive control algorithm and the longitudinal speed controller is designed to realize the longitudinal speed tracking based on PID control algorithm. Then, the middle layer decides the rear wheel steering angle and the additional yaw moment to maintain the vehicle's yaw stability based
Fu, YaoXie, RenminKaku, ChuyoZheng, Hongyu
The emergence of new electric vehicle (EV) corner concepts with in-wheel motors offers numerous opportunities to improve handling, comfort, and stability. This study investigates the potential of controlling the vehicle's corner positioning by changing wheel toe and camber angles. A high-fidelity simulation environment was used to evaluate the proposed solution. The effects of the placement of the corresponding actuators and the actuation point on the force required during cornering were investigated. The results demonstrate that the toe angle, compared to the camber angle, offers more effect for improving the vehicle dynamics. The developed direct yaw rate control with four toe actuators improves stability, has a positive effect on comfort, and contributes to the development of new active corner architectures for electric and automated vehicles
Skrickij, ViktorŠabanovič, EldarKojis, PauliusŽuraulis, VidasIvanov, ValentinShyrokau, Barys
The rise of Software-Defined Vehicles (SDV) has rapidly advanced the development of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), Autonomous Vehicle (AV), and Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) technology. While AVs need power to compute data from perception to controls, BEVs need the efficiency to optimize their electric driving range and stand out compared to traditional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles. AVs possess certain shortcomings in the current world, but SAE Level 2+ (L2+) Automated Vehicles are the focus of all major Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs). The most common form of an SDV today is the amalgamation of AV and BEV technology on the same platform which is prominently available in most OEM’s lineups. As the compute and sensing architectures for L2+ automated vehicles lean towards a computationally expensive centralized design, it may hamper the most important purchasing factor of a BEV, the electric driving range. This research asserts that the development of
Kothari, AadiTalty, TimothyHuxtable, ScottZeng, Haibo
The steer-by-wire (SBW) system, an integral component of the drive-by-wire chassis responsible for controlling the lateral motion of a vehicle, plays a pivotal role in enhancing vehicle safety. However, it poses a unique challenge concerning steering wheel return control, primarily due to its fundamental characteristic of severing the mechanical connection between the steering wheel and the turning wheel. This disconnect results in the inability to directly transmit the self-aligning torque to the steering wheel, giving rise to complications in ensuring a seamless return process. In order to realize precise control of steering wheel return, solving the problem of insufficient low-speed return and high-speed return overshoot of the steering wheel of the SBW system, this paper proposes a steering wheel active return control strategy for SBW system based on the backstepping control method. First, the dynamics model of the SBW system is established, thereby laying the foundation for
Chen, ChaoningKaku, ChuyoZheng, Hongyu
Items per page:
1 – 50 of 1350