Browse Topic: Interior molding and trim

Items (235)
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended for stakeholders of the automotive industry that are conducting emission testing on materials, parts, or components used in automotive interiors. Testing methods may specifically define the handling and packaging conditions for the material to be analyzed. In these cases, follow the method as closely as possible. Use this document as a guide where the protocol for handling and packaging the samples between production and testing may be undefined or ambiguous
Volatile Organic Compounds
Trim materials are often used for vibroacoustic energy absorption purposes within vehicles. To estimate the sound impact at a driver’s ear, the sub-structuring approach can be applied. Thus, transfer functions are calculated starting from the acoustic source to the car body, from the car body to the trim and, finally, from the trim to the inner cavity where the driver is located. One of the most challenging parts is the calculation of the transfer functions from the car body inner surface to the bottom trim surface. Commonly, freely laying mass-spring systems (trims) are simulated with a fixed or in some cases with a sliding boundary condition at the trim-structure interface. As a result, interface phenomena such as friction, stick-slip or discontinuities are not considered. Such approaches allow for faster simulations but result in simulations strongly overestimating the energy transfer, particularly in the frequency range where the mass-spring system’s resonances take place. In the
Bronzova, MariiaBocquillet, ArnaudSchanz, Martin
Ergonomics plays an important role in automobile design to achieve optimal compatibility between occupants and vehicle components. The overall goal is to ensure that the vehicle design accommodates the target customer group, who come in varied sizes, preferences and tastes. Headroom is one such metric that not only influences accommodation rate but also conveys a visual perception on how spacious the vehicle is. An adequate headroom is necessary for a good seating comfort and a relaxed driving experience. Headroom is intensely discussed in magazine tests and one of the key deciding factors in purchasing a car. SAE J1100 defines a set of measurements and standard procedures for motor vehicle dimensions. H61, W27, W35, H35 and W38 are some of the standard dimensions that relate to headroom and head clearances. While developing the vehicle architecture in the early design phase, it is customary to specify targets for various ergonomic attributes and arrive at the above-mentioned
Rajakumaran, SriramS, RahulVasireddy, Rakesh MitraNair, Suhas
This test method specifies the operating procedures for a controlled-irradiance, xenon-arc apparatus used for the accelerated exposure of various automotive interior trim components. Test duration, as well as any exceptions to the specimen preparation and performance evaluation procedures contained in this document, are covered in material specifications of the different automotive manufacturers. Any deviation to this test method, such as the use of optical filter combinations, is to be agreed upon by contractual parties
Textile and Flexible Plastics Committee
Natural fibers are increasingly being used to reinforce glass fiber composites rather than synthetic fibers because of their increased tensile strength, despite some inherent disadvantages. With the help of the structural analysis program ANSYS, three different combinations were thoroughly analyzed with an eye toward factors like total deformation, equivalent elastic strain, and equivalent stress in order to determine the best combination. The composite specimen exhibiting the best performance qualities was chosen for further manufacturing. A fracture load of 8.93 kN and a tensile strength of 81.46 MPa were obtained from tensile strength tests and Charpy impact tests performed on samples made from the composite. The impact test, which produced a value of 14 J using a 15 kg pendulum, also shed light on the ability to absorb energy during fracture. These results indicate that the composite material has qualities that make it a good choice for dashboards and panels for automobiles
Santhosh, S.Sakthivel, P.Premkumar, M.Raghulkumar, M.Ragul, M.Ragul, S.
In regions with hot and humid climatic conditions, lightweight cotton textiles such as lawns, are famous for clothing and being explored for use in automobile interiors. Specifically, there’s an interest in these fabrics for car seat covers, interior roof linings, and door trims. Textiles must balance weight and durability for automotive applications to ensure passenger comfort while withstanding regular wear and tear. This study assesses cotton fabrics’ wear and mechanical performance with densities between 40 and 60 g/m2, produced using yarn counts of 70, 60, and 40 Ne. The objective was to determine the optimal fabric parameters for creating automotive spare parts that are both durable and comfortable. Two production strategies were contrasted: coarser yarn counts with fewer warp and weft threads per inch and finer yarn counts with a higher thread density. Findings revealed that fabrics crafted from the coarser yarns, with more irregular warp and weft threads, demonstrated better
Natrayan, L.Mohammed Ali, H.Mothilal, T.Reddy, Vinay
In the quest for sustainable materials for automotive interior trim, jute fiber is gaining traction due to its characteristics, which align with other renowned natural fibers. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of sodium bicarbonate as a treatment for jute fibers in comparison to conventional alkaline treatments. Both treated and untreated fibers were examined. Results showed that alkali-processed fibers demonstrated enhanced crystallization, thermal resistance, and surface quality relative to untreated ones. Specifically, alkali-treated jute fibers exhibited a degradation onset at 261.23°C, while those treated with sodium bicarbonate began degrading at 246.32°C. Untreated fibers had a degradation onset at 239.25°C. Although both treatments improved the thermal stability of the fiber, sodium bicarbonate processing, while beneficial, was slightly less effective than the traditional alkaline method. Overall, the research underscores the potential of sodium bicarbonate as an
Malladi, AvinashKaliappan, SeeniappanNatrayan, L.Mahesh, V.
As customers are inching towards adoption of electric vehicles as an alternative to internal combustion engines, automotive OEM’s will have to embrace this change and equip with new product development process. When it comes to Electric Vehicle (EV) in comparison with Internal Combustion Engine (ICE), NVH plays a major differentiator for vehicle refinement. Squeak and rattles will account for 20-25% of overall in-cabin noise source in an electric vehicle, most of which is observed from interior trims. Trims are mounted using small plastic clips which function as attachments and play a significant role in part retention and part integrity during normal operation and in case of any transient events. The engineering specifications for selecting a clip is force in newtons and it is mostly driven by ease of assembly, serviceability, and durability. A single DOF system with a specimen mass is developed and stiffness and damping are calculated based on transmissibility. In this work, an
Deole, Sameer ShrikantMohammed, Riyazuddin
Commercial vehicle are exposed to harsh environment conditions like dust, mud, wind, rain, extreme sun and winter throughout. Apart from white goods and other conventional loading these vehicles also used in applications which involve Handling of Dirty Loads, Construction Raw materials, Mining Industry etc. which leads to fast deterioration of Interiors. Also, in most cases drivers are not the owners. Hence due to high cost of Cleaning at dealerships and low Product maintenance awareness amongst Commercial Vehicle Users, on Road Washing & Cleaning by riverside is common practice which leads to early deterioration of Interior trims. This paper deals with the retention of newness of soft trim parts such as headliner, wall trims and carpets. Causes of product deterioration and attributes which influence newness like product appeal, NVH, perceived quality, environmental impact, geometry retention over time etc. have been discussed in detail. Material properties and design considerations
Shah, KapilApte, SanjayNavsariwala, PrashantKumar, SunilKomar, SanjuGhodageri, SantoshSurendran, Shiju
This test method specifies the operating procedures for a controlled-irradiance, xenon-arc apparatus used for the accelerated exposure of various automotive interior trim components. Test duration, as well as any exceptions to the specimen preparation and performance evaluation procedures contained in this document, are covered in material specifications of the different automotive manufacturers. Any deviation to this test method, such as the use of optical filter combinations, is to be agreed upon by contractual parties
Textile and Flexible Plastics Committee
When Ford first reintroduced the Ranger to North America in 2019, it was welcomed largely because of its revered nameplate. But outside of a lauded 2.3-L 4-cylinder turbo engine and an impressive array of options, there wasn't much to write home about. And critics downgraded the lineup for a spartan interior and having a ride that bounced passengers around. Ford says it built the 2024 Ranger lineup with that feedback in mind. And, for the enthusiast crowd, the yearned-for Ranger Raptor makes its loud debut with a 405-hp engine
Clonts, Chris
This paper is a continuation of previously published technical paper SAE 2022-01-0314. The preceding work described an analytical methodology to predict the vehicle interior trim squeak and rattle issues upfront in the design cycle using a “relative displacement” or “contact force” metric; the methodology was implemented on the center floor console armrest latch using a linear finite element model. The work is logically extended to predict the squeak and rattle issues quantitatively using now an “acoustic noise” metric, this enables a direct comparison with the physical test results and helps to further refine the design best practices. This approach combines Finite Element Method (FEM) and Boundary Element Method (BEM) to estimate structural vibration response and acoustic sound pressure respectively. This analysis process encompasses steps such as 1) conversion of frequency domain random input excitation to time series data, 2) estimating non-linear time domain structural response, 3
Behera, DhirenJadhav, VishalPatel, Lala RamLopez Uribe, CarlosAuten, Julie
Automated-driving and ADAS functionalities continue to influence some of the latest cabin safety and materials trends. Evolving market realities have OEMs and automated-driving system developers adjusting once-aggressive timelines for deploying high-level driving automation. But new materials and safety technology for vehicle interiors continue to be influenced by advancing AV and ADAS functionalities. Regardless of how much driving automation is at play, vehicle cabins are evolving because of the possibilities - and challenges - automation and ADAS present. An array of launching or soon-to-arrive safety features, driver-information technology and materials innovations don't need AV applications as a reason for being, however. Drew Winter, Informa Tech Automotive's principal analyst - Cockpit of the Future, said that some of the feature and safety requirements of electric-vehicle and younger-demographic customers align with the technology directions for AVs and ADAS. New sustainable
Visnic, Bill
This recommended practice is intended to provide general guidelines for the selection and proper use of cleaning and disinfecting product characteristics acceptable for use on vehicle interiors and exterior touch points (cleaning before disinfecting being best practice in general for vehicles, as with other situations), and the effectiveness of the disinfecting products with certain characteristics, as well as indicating the product characteristics that will not cause damage to those surfaces
Cabin Disinfection Practices Committee
This SAE Standard presents a method of determining the stiffness of interior trim materials, substrates, and composites by a three-point bending test
Textile and Flexible Plastics Committee
Squeak and Rattle are the most obnoxious noises, affecting the perceived quality of an automobile interior. Minimizing or eliminating these transient events poses a great challenge in vehicle construction as they are generally discovered late in the product development cycle. Identifying and quantifying these issues at the design and virtual validation stage is of prime importance. Current simulation methodologies estimate the occurrence of these events by measuring the relative displacement between the interacting parts. Solving this problem using linear simulations do not accurately reflect real-world non-linear mechanical behavior and most importantly, quantifying the noise caused by these impact events. Capturing a suitable impact behavior is essential along with the quantification of noise generated by these events is necessary for understanding the severity of the problem. This paper suggests a method based on non-linear impact analysis for quantifying the noise produced during a
Rao, SohanRavi, ChandanReddy, HariHimakuntla, Umamaheswarrao
This test can be used to determine the resistance to crocking (color rub-off) of organic trim materials such as fabrics, vinyl coated fabrics, leather, coated fiberboard and carpet. This method is similar to AATCC Method 8 –Colorfastness to Crocking
Textile and Flexible Plastics Committee
Light weighting is important to improve energy efficiency in the automotive industry. In this paper, high performance unfilled polypropylene copolymer (PPCP) material was selected and developed to reduce weight and cost without compromising on functional requirements for interior trims such as door trims, lower pillar trims, scuff trims and rear quarter trims (RQT). Interior trims are loaded with challenging requirements such as stiffness, dimensional stability, haptic feel, scratch resistance, cleanability, thermal stability, toughness, low emission and weathering resistance. Reactor polymerized PPCP material compound met these requirements by having ultra-flow behavior, optimum tensile strength, balanced modulus - impact strength, scratch resistant, low emission and improved thermal properties. This is a ready to mold material used in injection molding process. This unfilled polypropylene copolymer material has been explored for thin wall interior trims with thickness of 2.5mm. These
Govindaraj, KarthikDeoli, ManishGregory, Koch
This specification is written for rolled goods used for trim sets for automotive seats. Face materials are fabric-woven or knitted textiles, and plastic goods like polyvinyl chloride (PVC), thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO), or thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). This specification covers material rolled goods with and without foam or backing adhered to the face material
Textile and Flexible Plastics Committee
Sales of SUV and luxury cars on the largest market of the world - China - are growing at a high rate. The highways in large cities like Beijing or Shanghai are increasingly populated with cars from all over the world like Japan, USA, Europe and Korea and even some refined domestic brands. More than 10 million rich people can afford those cars and are skilled drivers. This huge group of potential consumers is targeted by luxury brand OEMs and by startup companies. It has been understood that these people have a high expectation of comfort. The twistbeam rear axle was replaced by multilink, double clutch transmissions were improved by comfort-mode drive programs, interior trims raised to Western standard performance levels, tyres specially developed for comfort in China, localized insulation materials and packages engineered to a one vehicle class higher level. The European avant-garde is capable of such high levels of complete vehicle NVH performance, whereas premium brands often
Fankhauser, ChristophPadilha, Paulo
This test can be used to determine the resistance to scuffing of test specimens such as fiberboards, fabrics, vinyl-coated fabrics, leathers, and similar trim materials
Textile and Flexible Plastics Committee
This specification establishes requirements for an interior decorative clear coating for wear protection of metal substrates
AMS G8 Aerospace Organic Coatings Committee
This SAE standard specifies operating procedure for the exposure of automotive interior trim materials in an outdoor behind-glass apparatus in which the temperature is controlled in a 24 hour cycle. The humidity is controlled during the dark (night) portion of the cycle
Textile and Flexible Plastics Committee
Cabin acoustic comfort is a major contributor to the potential sales success of new aircraft, cars, trucks, and trains. Recent design challenges have included the increased use of composites, and the switch to electrically powered vehicles, each of which change the interior noise spectral content and level. The role of acoustic absorption in cabins is key to the optimisation of cabin acoustic comfort for modern vehicles, with acoustic impedance data needed in order to assess and optimise the impact of each component of a given lay-up. Measurements of absorbing interior trim are traditionally performed using either sample holder tests in a static impedance tube (impedance and absorption), or through tests in reverberation rooms (absorption only). Both of these procedures present challenges. In-tube absorption and impedance measurements are destructive, requiring highly accurate sample cutting and sealing. Reverberation room absorption measurements are subject to the effects of varying
Murray, Paul B.Alexander, JonKunio, JasonLarsen, Flemming
It is a common practice of automotive industry to avoid dynamic contact between two surfaces with similar roughness for plastics and interior trim parts. That means reduce the friction and, consequently the squeak noise to the minimum level to meet zero noise level. Unfortunately, for design or economics reasons, that is not possible for some applications and a very disturbing noise may bother the costumer. A material incompatibility leads to an acute noise when two similar surfaces have relative movement due to multiple adherences between the surfaces, that is called stick-slip phenomenon. To characterize this noise, a Squeak and Rattle Evaluation testing should be performed in the worst case condition over the life of the vehicle. As a result, a scale of Risk Priority Number (RPN) provides a pass/fail judgement to implement any improvement required to address the issue. There are several ways to avoid this phenomenon during the product development: applying lubricants, tapes
Souza, MarianaGonçalves, CristianeFontes, MarceloSpada, EduardoLobão, MarcelYoshimura, Patricia
Natural fiber-reinforced composites are currently gaining increasing attention as potential substitutes to pervasive synthetic fiber-reinforced composites, particularly glass fiber-reinforced plastics (GFRP). The advantages of the former category of composites include (a) being conducive to occupational health and safety during fabrication of parts as well as handling as compared to GFRP, (b) economy especially when compared to carbon fiber-reinforced composites (CFRC), (c) biodegradability of fibers, and (d) aesthetic appeal. Jute fibers are especially relevant in this context as jute fabric has a consistent supply base with reliable mechanical properties. Recent studies have shown that components such as tubes and plates made of jute-polyester (JP) composites can have competitive performance under impact loading when compared with similar GFRP-based structures. Drawing from this potential, the current study utilizes a combination of testing and CAE (computer-aided engineering) to
Shivakumar, KarthikaDeb, AnindyaChou, Clifford C.
An Ultra-Light Door (ULD) has been developed that is 40% lighter than a baseline 2016 mid-size vehicle’s driver side door. The ULD scope encompasses the entire door, including the door-in-white (DIW), interior trim, glazing, hardware, wiring, etc. To achieve such a substantial mass reduction while still meeting the baseline vehicle’s performance metrics (including safety, durability, NVH, appearance, etc.) at a minimal cost increase, the door design relies on a comprehensive full system approach that includes a unique architecture in addition to lightweight materials and components. This paper details the ULD design concept, simulated performance results, the current status of vehicle level validation, and comparisons between component level CAE predicted performance and physical test results
Reaburn, TimothySkszek, Timothy W.
Cars have become more than just a mode of transportation for consumers. They have become an interactive extension of ourselves, customized by their users. Knobs, buttons, and overhead lighting have been replaced by touchscreens, capacitive sensing, and mood lighting allowing the driver to be encapsulated in their own styling preferences. This requires coatings to be robust in design and elite in performance to withstand the harshest environments. Traditionally, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) adopted one component (1K, no hardener, catalyst or activator) and multicomponent (2K, mix with hardener, catalyst, or activator) systems for protecting automotive interior trim and parts. For decades, these coatings have served this market well. However, with OEM’s moving to more stringent durability requirements, 1K and 2K coatings are scrambling to meet tougher OEMs standards. These stronger standards are making energy curable (cure after exposure to an energy source such as ultraviolet
Hutchins, MarcusMcClung, Jennifer
SAE J1717 is an advisory document suggesting minimum recommended testing, appearance evaluation, and protocol for specifying the recommendations with regard to Singular Unassembled Automotive Interior Trim Parts
Plastics Committee
The range of Plug-In Electric Vehicles (EVs) is highly influenced by the electric power consumed by various sub systems, the major part of the power being used for vehicle climate control strategies in order to ensure an acceptable level of thermal comfort for the passengers. Driving range decreases with low temperatures in particular because cabin heating system requires significant amount of electric power. Range also decreases with high ambient temperatures because of the air conditioning system with electrically-driven compressor. Both thermal systems reduce EV driving range under real life operating cycles, which can be a barrier against market penetration. The structure of a vehicle is capable of absorbing a significant amount of heat when exposed to hot climate conditions. 50-70% of this heat penetrates through the glazing and raises both the internal cabin air temperature and the interior trim surface temperature. In this paper, an integrated 1D/3D CFD approach is proposed to
Kandasamy, NeelakandanWhelan, Steve
The structure of a vehicle is capable of absorbing a significant amount of heat when exposed to hot climate conditions. 50-70% of this heat penetrates through the glazing and raises both the internal cabin air temperature and the interior trim surface temperature. When driving away, the air conditioning system has to be capable of removing this heat in a timely manner, such that the occupant’s time to comfort will be achieved in an acceptable period [1]. When we reduce the amount of heat absorbed, the discomfort in the cabin can be reduced. A 1D/3D based integrated computational methodology is developed to evaluate the impact of vehicle orientation on cabin climate control system performance and human comfort in this paper. Additionally, effects of glazing material and blinds opening/closing are analyzed to access the occupant thermal comfort during initial and final time AC pull down test
Kandasamy, NeelakandanKota, Koundinya NarasimhaJoshi, Prasad
The rise in national industry occurred more frequently in the aircraft industry as stabilizers and rudders at the rear of the aircraft. The automotive industry is also using composite materials reinforced by synthetic fibers in various vehicle components, such as the bumper and trunk tray. Plies and laminates produced from the composite can be used in car interior trim. Much is made of sisal fibers as reinforcement in cars, this study aims to evaluate the influence of the addition of wood waste, angelim pedra (Hymenolobium petraeum Ducke), at composite polyester matrix reinforced by sisal and malva fibers. The fibers and the residue were purchased in local market and characterized physically, microstructurally and mechanically. The specimens of malva and residues were cut in three different sizes: 5, 10 and 15 mm, by the way the hybrid composites reinforced by sisal and the residues, the sisal fibers were cut at a randomly lengths. The residue angelim pedra was sieved to control its
T. N. M. B., CésarK., MoacirS. da C., DeibsonR. El B., WassimT. F., Roberto
This Recommended Practice is for use by contractual parties to verify new xenon arc test apparatus ability to perform SAE J1885, J1960, J2412, J2527, or other as specified
Textile and Flexible Plastics Committee
This test method specifies the operating procedures for a controlled irradiance, xenon arc apparatus used for the accelerated exposure of various automotive interior trim components
Textile and Flexible Plastics Committee
Five parameters are often used in acoustic modeling of porous absorption material, which are air flow resistivity σ, porosity φ, tortuosity α∞, viscous and thermal characteristic lengths Λ and Λ′. These parameters are not easy to be directly tested, especially the latter three parameters. One software capable of identifying inversely these parameters from impedance tube test results becomes increasingly popular. However, its detail stability analysis is rarely reported till now. This paper studies its stability on those porous fiber materials generally applied in vehicle interior trim, such as PET fiber, shoddy, PP/PET mixed fiber. Some conclusions are obtained. (1) The identification of α∞, Λ and Λ′ is always stable when σ and φ are assumed in advance. Furthermore, high correlation coefficient is obtained if σ and φ are assumed reasonably, which means high precision of identification. (2) The identification of φ, α∞, Λ and Λ′ is stable in most cases when σ is assumed in advance
Wan, Quan
The usage of lightweight materials such as plastics and their derivatives continues to increase in automobiles driven by the urgency for weight reduction. For structural performance, body components such as A-pillar or B-pillar trim, instrument panel, etc. have to meet various requirements including resistance to penetration and energy absorption capability under impact indentation. A range of plain and reinforced thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics has been considered in the present study in the form of plates which are subject to low velocity perforation in a drop-weight impact testing set-up with a rigid cylindrical indenter fitted to a tup. The tested plates are made of polypropylene (PP), nanoclay-reinforced PP of various percentages of nanoclay content, wood-PP composites of different volume fractions of wood fiber, a jute-polyester composite, and a hybrid jute-polyester reinforced with steel. In order to estimate the energy absorbed by a test specimen, a novel procedure is
Deb, AnindyaVenkatesh, G SMache, Ashok
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