Browse Topic: Oxygen equipment
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides an orientation regarding the general technology of chemical oxygen generators to aircraft engineers for assistance in determining whether chemical oxygen generators are an appropriate oxygen supply source for hypoxia protection in a given application and as an aid in specifying such generators. Information regarding the details of design and manufacture of chemical oxygen generators is generally beyond the scope of this document.
This digital standard is a requirements extract of AS861C Minimum General Standards for Oxygen Systems. This file contains a general requirements extraction as well as files that are optimized for use with Doors Classic, Siemens Polarian, and PTC.
The intent of this SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is to describe the effects of the environmental changes on human physiology and the protection required to avoid negative consequences resulting from altitude exposure. A brief presentation of basic terms and considerations required to discuss the topic of human physiology at altitude is followed by an overview of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Issues specifically related to human exposure to altitude are discussed. Hypoxia, hyperventilation, barotrauma, and decompression sickness (DCS) are each addressed. One goal of this AIR is to demonstrate the necessity of oxygen use for prevention of physical and psychological problems, or loss of consciousness in an aircraft. This should provide a clear understanding as to why the use of supplemental oxygen is required for flight crew and healthy passengers at altitude greater than 10000 feet (3048 m).
This guide is intended to promote safe designs, operations and maintenance on aircraft and ground support oxygen systems. This is also a summary of some work by the ASTM G 4 Committee related to oxygen fire investigations and design concerns to reduce the risk of an oxygen fire. There have been many recent technological advances and additional test data is available for evaluating and controlling combustion hazards in oxygen equipment. Standards that use this new information are rapidly evolving. A guide is needed to assist organizations and persons not completely familiar with this process to provide oxygen systems with minimum risks of combustion. This guide does not necessarily address all the detailed issues and provide all data that will be needed. For a complete analysis, supplemental publications need to be consulted. This guide does discuss the basics of oxygen systems fire hazards. The hazard analysis process is discussed and a simple example to explain this process. Also, this guide does not address the overall system safety issues normally evaluated in aircraft programs. This guide does provide some important background and observations about combustion in oxygen systems. Information is given describing how to accomplish a hazard analysis. Furthermore, background is provided to explain critical locations in oxygen systems that need to be evaluated and other locations that do not require hazard analysis. It is important to note that any effort that requires a comprehensive and effective hazard analysis should use the complete information in the documents referenced herein. In general, the need for a hazard analysis applies primarily to gaseous oxygen equipment at 50 psi and higher pressures. LOX equipment does have hazards concerns as well and is usually treated similarly to GOX equipment at 500 psi. It should be noted that there are other phenomena associated with LOX equipment that must be considered. An example is that LOX can combine with hydrocarbons to form a gel, which explodes under impact. On the other hand, since LOX is a very cold liquid it tends to quench most possible ignition sources that could cause promoted ignition. When examining oxygen equipment at lower pressures the primary concern is the increased ignition and fire concern with combustible non-metals.
This Aerospace Information Report provides general information to aircraft designers and engineers, regarding LOX, its properties, its storage and its conversion to gas. Much useful information is included herein for aircraft designers regarding important design considerations for a safe and effective installation to an aircraft. The associated ground support equipment needed to support operations of LOX equipped aircraft is also discussed. It is important to realize that LOX equipped aircraft cannot be supported unless this support infrastructure is also available. A significant part of this document will address the specific advantages, disadvantages and precautions relating to LOX systems. These are important issues that must be considered in deciding which oxygen system to install to the aircraft. Also, many commercial and military aircraft use aeromedical LOX equipment that is mostly portable equipment. Aeromedical LOX equipment is not addressed herein as it is beyond the scope of this document.
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides general information on Continuous Flow Oxygen Systems which are available, principle functions of those systems and technical approaches to be taken into account during design and realization of systems. However, particular performance specifications and detailed information of manufacturing, testing and integration of such systems is beyond the scope of this document.
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides general information to aircraft engineers, regarding the types of Protective Breathing Equipment (PBE) configurations which are available, the intended functions of such equipment, and the technical approaches which may be used in accomplishing these functions. The term "PBE" or "Protective Breathing Equipment" has been used to refer to various types of equipment, which are used in a variety of applications. This way of using the terminology has been a source of confusion in the aviation industry. One objective of this AIR is to assist the reader in distinguishing between the types of PBE applications. A further objective is to assist in understanding the technical approaches which can be used in each of the major applications. Principles of PBE design are reviewed briefly. However, discussion of specific performance specifications and information regarding the details of manufacture and testing of such equipment is beyond the scope of this document.
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes the general operating principles of demand oxygen equipment, including variant types such as diluter-demand and pressure breathing equipment. The sources of oxygen supply that can be used in connection with a demand oxygen mask are in principle the same as those used for other oxygen dispensing devices. Except for mention of a few features specifically related to demand equipment, this document does not discuss oxygen sources in detail and the reader is advised to consult other applicable documents that describe the operation of oxygen sources for additional information.
Closed-cycle protective breathing apparatus, commonly referred to as rebreathers, or CCBA provide trained aircrew members or ground personnel with eye and respiratory protection from toxic atmospheres.
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) specifies criteria for the design, development, standardization, and comprehension testing of placards containing pictures, drawings, symbols, and/or written instructions for locating and operating aircraft emergency equipment. This ARP also provides guidance in the selection and implementation of warning placards intended to instruct occupants inside, and rescue personnel outside, the aircraft.
This SAE Aerospace Information Report provides a general discussion on gaseous breathing oxygen and oxygen equipment for use on commercial aircraft. Other types of oxygen systems are mentioned to assist in this discussion. For detailed information on systems other than gaseous, refer to the appropriate section of AIR825.
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