Browse Topic: Passenger compartments

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Cabin Heat-up Thermal Assessment for Human Comfort in Passenger Car2026-26-0408To be published on 01/16/2026
The HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning) system is designed to fulfil the thermal comfort requirement inside vehicle cabin. Thermal comfort is significantly subjective which predominantly dependent on occupant’s physiological condition. Vehicle AC performance is evaluated by air flow and local temperature thus, thermal comfort assessment is carried out by mapping of velocity and temperature at various places inside cabin. There is need to have Simulation methodology for heating cabin during cold climate to assess ventilation system effectiveness. Thermal comfort modelling involves human manikin, complex cabin material along with environmental condition in expensive transient simulation. Present study employed with LBM (Lattice-Boltzmann Method) based PowerFLOW solver coupled with finite element based PowerTHERM solver to simulate the cold soaking and heating up of cabin. Thermal comfort is subjective to human physiological modelling thus in-built Berkeley human comfort
Baghel, Devesh Kumar, Kandekar, Ambadas, Kumar, Ravi, Dimble, Nilesh
Vehicle interior material emissions and contributions in passenger vehicle cabin air quality2026-26-0287To be published on 01/16/2026
Polymer compounds used in the manufacturing of automotive interiors are formulated with various kind of additives, pigments, fillers, and resins. These compounded polymers are prone to the emission of chemicals called volatile organic compound (VOC) over a period of usage, temperature exposure etc. VOCs include a variety of chemicals, some of which may have short term adverse health effects like nausea, headache, vomiting, and long-term adverse health effects like cancer, even death if beyond the permissible limits. Studies indicates the concentrations of many VOCs are consistently higher in indoors (up to ten times higher) than outdoors and hence these chemical emissions are required to be controlled within the defined limits. This paper is focused on the identification part and material, evaluation against the recommended test (Odor/Fogging/VOC/Carbonyl compound emissions) and development of materials used inside the car cabin. This study further provides the guidelines for the
Shukla, Sandeep Kumar, Balaji, K V, Varatharajan, Senthilkumaran
Strategic Design of Intake Systems for Crafting a Sporty Acoustic Signature in Passenger Vehicles2026-26-0328To be published on 01/16/2026
In pursuit of a distinct sporty interior sound character, the present study explores an innovative strategy for designing intake systems in passenger vehicles. While most existing literature primarily emphasizes exhaust system tuning for enhancing vehicle sound quality, the current work shifts the focus toward the intake system’s critical role in shaping the perceived acoustic signature within the vehicle cabin. In this research work, target cascading and settings were derived through a combination of benchmark and structured subjective evaluation study and aligning with literature review. Quantitative targets for intake orifice noise was defined to achieve the desired sporty character inside cabin. Intake orifice targets are engineered based on signature and sound quality parameter required at cabin. Systems are designed by using advanced CAE techniques, Specific identified acoustic orders were enhanced in the intake system to reinforce the required signature in acceleration as well
Sadekar, Umesh Audumbar, Titave, Uttam, Patil, Jitendra, Naidu, Sudhakara
Road noise improvement of a passenger vehicle through end-to-end CAE-Simulation using Transfer Path Analysis (TPA) approach2026-26-0431To be published on 01/16/2026
Refined NVH performance of a vehicle is a mark of premium quality. Achieving the desired NVH performance in different vehicle operating conditions is always a Herculean task and early stage “CAE design recommendations” play crucial role in overall vehicle design development. This becomes tougher when the program is very much cost, weight and timeline sensitive. This paper explores simulation approach for addressing a major noise issue for a vehicle running at a constant speed on a rough road. The first and the most critical step is to identify the exact root cause of the issue. Hence, we propose a detailed full vehicle level “contribution analysis (CA) + transfer path analysis (TPA)” methodology (everything done through the simulation) and then go for the design recommendations to improve the performance. We used road excitation power spectral density (PSD) as the input at all the four wheels (spindle locations) calculated through MBD software. The first step i.e. contribution analysis
Mahajani, Mihir, Nascimento, Fabio, Adinarayana Reddy, Kodidela, Matyal, Mahantesh, Tenagi, Irappa, Sardar, Chenna
Analysis of Energy Consumption for Heating City Electric Buses and Ways to Reduce It2026-26-0156To be published on 01/16/2026
For regions with cold climates, the driving range of electric buses becomes a significant obstacle to the broader adoption of this type of transport. The increased energy consumption affects not only the range of autonomous operation but also the lifespan of battery packs, the scheduling of bus departures, and the load on the charging infrastructure. In this context, finding ways to reduce the energy consumption of the climate control system is an actual issue. The aim of the presented research is to experimentally and computationally determine the energy consumption for heating the driver's cabin and passenger compartment of an electric bus during the autumn-winter operation period, as well as to identify and analyze ways to reduce this energy consumption. To determine the air temperature in the passenger compartment, a mathematical model based on heat balance equations was used. This model was validated using data from real-world tests. The research was conducted at a proving ground
Kozlov, Andrey, Terenchenko, Alexey, Stryapunin, Alexander
Assessment of emissions behaviour of Volatile compounds from polymeric materials used in automobile interiors2026-26-0222To be published on 01/16/2026
There is an increasing trend of using polymeric materials in the vehicle interior compartment. While the polymers provide benefits in terms of flexibility in profiling, lighter weight and aesthetics but one of the challenges with the polymers is emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during their usage and particularly at a temperature prevailing in the vehicle cabin. VOCs adversely impact the vehicle interior air quality and can pose a risk to occupants’ health. However, there is a lack of information on volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from automotive interior materials. There are two types of methods, a whole vehicle chamber method (ISO 12219-1) and a bag method (ISO 12219-2) for evaluation of VOCs emissions from materials used in vehicle interior parts. ISO 12219-2 method describes quantitative testing of VOCs and semi-VOCs. This test method is quick and cost effective for analysis of materials for quick emission checks and can prove to be very effective in
PAtil, Yamini Jitendra, Thipse, Sukrut, Bawase, Moqtik
Research on Aircraft Cabin Evaluation System Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process2025-99-041012/10/2025
In order to determine the ranking of factors affecting passengers’ evaluation of the aircraft cabin, a cabin evaluation system for aircraft was constructed by studying domestic and foreign literature. Taking the aircraft cabin as the research object, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to construct an aircraft cabin evaluation system consisting of 3 primary indicators and 15 secondary indicators. The comprehensive weights of each indicator are determined through a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods, providing important references for aircraft cabin design.
Cai, Ruihong
Enhancing Cabin Air Quality: Challenges, Impact and Advanced Climate Control Solutions2025-28-043310/30/2025
Cabin air quality plays a crucial role in ensuring passenger comfort, health and driving experience. There have been growing concerns over poor cabin air quality resulting from multiple factors, including infiltration of external pollutants such as particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, emissions from vehicle interior materials, microbial contamination and inadequate ventilation. Therefore, maintaining optimal air quality inside vehicle cabin has become a critical aspect of vehicle climate control systems. Additionally, high humidity levels inside the cabin contribute to mold growth and fogging of windows, further compromising both air quality and visibility. This review explores such factors contributing to poor cabin air quality, where the severity of these issues ranges from mild discomfort and allergic reactions to long-term respiratory ailments. To mitigate these challenges, automotive manufacturers and researchers have implemented various air purification and filtration
Sharma, Shrutika
Research on the Control Method of Electric Vehicle Air-Conditioning System Based on Human Thermal Comfort2025-01-506510/02/2025
For electric vehicles (EVs), the automotive air-conditioning system is the most energy-consuming auxiliary system and the key to the thermal comfort of the passenger compartment. How to reduce the energy consumption of EVs’ air-conditioning system and improve passenger comfort is one of the focuses of EVs’ air-conditioning system research. This article proposes a method to integrate the passenger cabin thermal comfort into the control of electric vehicle air-conditioning system. A coupled thermal model of the passenger compartment, air-conditioning system and battery thermal management system of EVs is established for the control of the air-conditioning system, and the effects of the air supply parameters of the air-conditioning system and the zonal air supply control strategy of the air-conditioning system on the thermal comfort of the passenger compartment are analyzed. Based on this coupled thermal model, an air-conditioning control strategy is established with the thermal comfort
Xu, Xiang, Yan, FuWu, Wang, Wei, Liu, Shuqi, Wang, Yuan
Optimized Cabin Heating Strategy for Battery Electric CEP Vehicles2025-01-026307/02/2025
Electromobility is gaining importance in the courier, express and parcel (CEP) sector, as parcel service providers increasingly rely on zero-emission vehicles to improve their CO₂ footprint. A common drawback of battery electric vehicles is their reduced range under cold operating conditions, due to the increased energy demand for cabin heating. Another CEP-specific factor influencing both energy consumption and cabin comfort is the frequent opening of doors during parcel delivery. Additionally, during delivery phases, the cabin cools down in the driver’s repeated absence from the cabin, as the heating is inactive. Nonetheless, a sufficient level of thermal comfort must be maintained during the driving phases between delivery stops. This paper presents an optimization-based strategy for the cabin heating of battery electric CEP vehicles. The objective is to maximize cabin comfort during driving phases while maintaining efficient energy consumption. For this purpose, a nonlinear model
Rehm, Dominik, Krost, Jonathan, Meywerk, Martin, Czarnetzki, Walter
Road Noise Improvement Method for Battery Electric Vehicles Based on Bushing Stiffness Optimization10-09-04-003206/23/2025
The chassis bushing is one of the key components affecting the vibration isolation efficiency of a vehicle, and a comprehensive optimization method combining the experimental process and transmission path analysis (TPA) is proposed to reduce the low- and medium-frequency road noise response in the passenger compartment of a battery electric vehicle (BEV). First, the noise signals were obtained in the vehicle road noise test under two working conditions of 40 and 60 km/h at uniform speeds on rough road surfaces. Then, the excitation transmission path was analyzed based on the structural noise transmission model, and the chassis bushing parts with more considerable vibration isolation contribution were screened out. By matching the stiffness values of the chassis bushings in the optimization problem through experimental methods, the optimization scheme reduces the stiffness of the front swing arm bushing and the rear longitudinal arm bushing by 30%. Additionally, a flexible connection is
Liu, Ke, Liao, Yinghua, Wang, Hongrui, Zhou, Junchao
Design and Performance Criteria: Interior Passenger Stairways on Transport Category AirplanesAS5671A (Current)06/17/2025
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides design criteria for onboard stairways intended for use by passengers aboard multi-deck transport category airplanes. It is not intended for stairways designed for use only by crewmembers, supernumeries, or maintenance personnel. Additionally, this AS does not apply to fuselage mounted or external stairways used for boarding passengers, which are covered by ARP836.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Active Noise Control with Head Tracking System2025-01-001205/05/2025
In active noise control, the control region size (same meaning as zone of control) decreases as the frequency increases, so that even a small moving of the passenger's head causes the ear position to go out of the control region. To increase the size of the control region, many speakers and microphones are generally required, but it is difficult to apply it in a vehicle cabin due to space and cost constraints. In this study, we propose moving zone of quiet active noise control technique. A 2D image-based head tracking system captured by a camera to generate the passenger's 0head coordinates in real time with deep learning algorithm. In the controller, the control position is moved to the ear position using a multi-point virtual microphone algorithm according to the generated ear position. After that, the multi-point adaptive filter training system applies the optimal control filter to the current position and maintains the control performance. Through this study, it is possible to
Oh, ChiSung, Kang, Jonggyu, Kim, Joong-Kwan
Cabin Noise Modeling for Seat Location Variation Using Simulation and AI2025-01-012905/05/2025
Analyzing acoustic performance in large and complex assemblies, such as vehicle cabins, can be a time-intensive process, especially when considering the impact of seat location variations on noise levels. This paper explores the use of Ansys simulation and AI tools to streamline this process by predicting the effects of different speaker locations and seat configurations on cabin noise, particularly at the driver’s ear level. The study begins by establishing a baseline simulation of cabin noise and generating training data for various seat location scenarios. This data is then used to train an AI model capable of predicting the noise impact of different design adjustments. These predictions are validated through detailed simulations. The paper discusses the accuracy of these predictions, the challenges encountered and provides insights into the effective use of AI models in acoustic analysis for cabin noise, with a specific emphasis on seat location as a key variable.
Kottalgi, Santosh, He, Junyan, Banerjee, Bhaskar
A Study on the Subwoofer Rattle Noise Analysis and System Target Setting2025-01-009005/05/2025
Rattling noise from electrical sound systems is becoming one of the prominent issues for automakers as it directly affects the perception of customers about vehicle quality. Recently, quality sound system is prerequisite for automotive passenger vehicles. And, in the whole systems subwoofer forms dominant part of sound output. However, subwoofer rattle noise problems sometimes occur in small and midsize Sports Utility Vehicles (SUV). Mainly rattle is noise resulting from physical contact of two parts due to vibrations when relative displacement is bigger than gap of two parts, it occurred certain frequency (Between F1~F2), which is main excitation range of subwoofer. In this study, we analyze the subwoofer structural vibration analysis for five sample vehicles based on the test and correlation. However, the present subwoofer system model has limitation in determining the level of this rattle noise. Therefore, this paper discusses how to correlate subwoofer model, frequency
Thota, Jagadeesh, Choi, Seungchan, Park, Jong-Suh
Underbody Contribution Simulation for Vehicle Wind-Noise2025-01-002605/05/2025
Wind noise is one of the largest sources to interior noise of modern vehicles. This noise is encountered when driving on roads and freeways from medium speed and generates considerable fatigue for passengers on long journeys. Aero-acoustic noise is the result of turbulent and acoustic pressure fluctuations created within the flow. They are transmitted to the passenger compartment via the vibro-acoustic excitation of vehicle surfaces and underbody cavities. Generally, this is the dominant flow-induced source at low frequencies. The transmission mechanism through the vehicle floor and underbody is a complex phenomenon as the paths to the cavity can be both airborne and structure-borne. This study is focused on the simulation of the floor contribution to wind noise of two types of vehicles (SUV and Sports car), whose underbody structure are largely different. Aero-Vibro-acoustic simulations are performed to identify the transmission mechanism of the underbody wind noise and contribution
Mordillat, Philippe, Zerrad, Mehdi, Errico, Fabrizio
Designing Rubber Flaps for Resonance Management: High-Frequency Tuning in Electric Vehicles Using AI/ML Approaches2025-01-012505/05/2025
High-frequency whine noise in electric vehicles (EVs) is a significant issue that impacts customer perception and alters their overall view of the vehicle. This undesirable acoustic environment arises from the interaction between motor polar resonance and the resonance of the engine mount rubber. To address this challenge, the proposal introduces an innovative approach to predicting and tuning the frequency response by precisely adjusting the shape of rubber flaps, specifically their length and width. The approach includes the cumulation of two solutions: a precise adjustment of rubber flap dimensions and the integration of ML. The ML model is trained on historical data, derived from a mixture of physical testing conducted over the years and CAE simulations, to predict the effects of different flap dimensions on frequency response, providing a data-driven basis for optimization. This predictive capability is further enhanced by a Python program that automates the optimization of flap
Hazra, Sandip, Khan, Arkadip
Feasibility of In-Situ Vehicle-Level Sound Transmission Loss Measurement to Guide Dash Pass-Through Grommet Selection2025-01-012205/05/2025
Noise transmission through the vehicle dash panel plays a critical role in isolating passengers from noise sources within the motor bay of the vehicle. Grommets that contain electrical harness routing as well as HVAC lines are examples of dash panel pass-throughs that should be selected with care. Acoustic performance of these components is generally characterized in terms of measured quantities such as noise reduction (NR), sound transmission loss (STL), and insertion loss (IL). These measurements need to be carried out per SAE or ASTM standards in appropriate anechoic or reverberant chambers as this is important for consistency. This work explores an in-situ measurement of the grommet STL performance in the vehicle environment. It utilizes a repurposed vehicle with its cabin retrofitted to serve as an anechoic chamber and its frunk acting as a reverberant chamber. Results of this in-situ measurement are then compared to measurements following industry standards to discuss the
Joodi, Benjamin, Jayakumar, Vignesh, Chang, Michael, Geissler, Christian, Pilz, Fernando, Conklin, Chris
Selection and Use of Technologies and Methods for Vehicle Cabin Air DisinfectionJ3290_202505 (Current)05/03/2025
This recommended practice is intended to provide general guidelines for the selection and proper use of technologies and methods intended to minimize the risk of exposure to infection through light-duty vehicle cabin air. It is not intended to include all aspects of cabin air quality, including odor, inorganic particulates, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), etc.
Cabin Disinfection Practices Committee
Enhancing Airworthiness Security: SysML-Based Approach to Modelling Security Scope Definitions2025-01-017205/02/2025
Airworthiness certification of aircraft requires an Airworthiness Security Process (AWSP) to ensure safe operation under potential unauthorized interactions, particularly in the context of growing cyber threats. Regulatory authorities mandate the consideration of Intentional Unauthorized Electronic Interactions (IUEI) in the development of aircraft, airborne software, and equipment. As the industry increasingly adopts Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) to accelerate development, we aim to enhance this effort by focusing on security scope definitions – a critical step within the AWSP for security risk assessment that establishes the boundaries and extent of security measures. However, our findings indicate that, despite the increasing use of model-based tools in development, these security scope definitions often remain either document-based or, when modeled, are presented at overly abstract levels, both of which limit their utility. Furthermore, we found that these definitions
Hechelmann, Adrian, Mannchen, Thomas
Assignment Criteria for Function Allocation to Commercial Aviation System Security Domains2025-01-015605/02/2025
Aircraft cabin management is characterized by operational and business processes. Both are defined as a logical sequence of activities that occur during the flight. While the operational process includes activities to ensure flight safety, such as take-off, cruise and landing, the business process activities are related to adding value to the customer, i.e. the passenger. They are to be certified by the authority as a part of the aircraft type certification. These processes are defined by the airline and are described as part of the airline’s business model. While the scope of operational processes for passenger safety within the aircraft cabin should remain as unchanged as possible, the increasing competitive pressure on airlines is leading to a constantly rising number of services in the cabin. To prevent compromising cabin safety from increased cabin crew workload during the cruise phase, there is a growing trend toward digitizing operational and business processes. The digitized
Hintze, Hartmut, Blecken, Marvin, God, Ralf, Pereira, Daniel
Interconnected and Data-Driven Aircraft Cabin Systems: Consistent Integration of ARINC 853 Messaging Standard into Model-Based Aircraft Systems Development2025-01-017405/02/2025
Increasing digitalization of the aircraft cabin, driven by the need for improved operational efficiency and an enhanced passenger experience, has led to the development of data-driven services. In order to implement these services, information from different systems is often required, which leads to a multi-system architecture. When designing a network that interconnects these systems, it is important to consider the heterogeneous device and supplier landscape as well as variations in the network architecture resulting from airline customization or cabin upgrades. The novel ARINC 853 Cabin Secure Media-Independent Messaging (CSMIM) standard addresses this challenge by specifying a communication protocol that relies on a data model to encode provided and consumed information. This paper presents an approach to integrate CSMIM-specific communication concepts into a Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) framework using the Systems Modeling Language (SysML). This enables a streamlined
Giertzsch, Fabian, Blecken, Marvin, God, Ralf
Modeling Virus Infection Risks in Automobile Cabin2025-01-817604/01/2025
In the post Covid era, risk of infection in conditioned space is getting attention and has generated a lot of interest for the design of the new systems and strategies for the management and operations of the existing HVAC systems. Risk management plays a key role where the amounts of outside air and recirculated airs can be used to mitigate the propagation of the virus within the conditioned space. In other words, ventilation plays a huge role within the conditioned space along with strategies based on UV irradiation, ionization and use of highly efficient filters. Different air purification systems have been created by the researchers based on the titanium oxide-based UV photocatalysis system, filters with MERV ratings higher than 11 (ASHRAE Standard 52.2) and HEPA filters. Recent ASHRAE standard 241 (2023) on infectious diseases recommends using high ventilation rates within the conditioned space to reduce virus concentration, and hence, to reduce the risk of infection. Determining
Mathur, Gursaran
A Novel Co-Simulation Framework for Optimizing Human Thermal Comfort and Energy Consumption in a Vehicle2025-01-819104/01/2025
A major portion of the energy consumed in a vehicle is spent on keeping the occupants thermally comfortable in all environmental conditions when the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system is turned on. Maintaining the thermal comfort of a passenger is critical in terms of fuel consumption and emission for internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. In electrified vehicles, where range is of major concern, this gains further-more importance. SC03 is a test defined by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to measure tailpipe emissions and fuel economy of passenger cars with the air-conditioner on. The current study would focus on this drive cycle on an ICE vehicle. The co-simulation framework would include a 1D thermal system model, associated thermal controls, a vehicle cabin model, and a human thermal model. 1D model will be predicting the energy consumption via compressor power, refrigerant pressure and temperature across the loop, component heat rejection, etc
Natarajan, Shankar, Balasubramanian, Sudharsan
Modeling and Control Strategies of the Thermal Management System for Electric Vehicles2025-01-819004/01/2025
The electric vehicle thermal management system is a critical sub-systems of electric vehicles, and has a substantial impact on the driving range. The objective of this paper is to optimize the performance of the heat pump air conditioning system, battery, and motor thermal management system by adopting an integrated design. This approach is expected to effectively improve the COP (Coefficient of Performance) of cabin heating. An integrated thermal management system model of the heat pump air conditioning system, battery, and motor thermal management system is established using AMEsim. Key parameters, such as refrigerant temperature, pressure, and flow rate at the outlet of each component of the system are compared with the measured data to verify the correctness of the model established in this paper. Using the established model, the impact of compressor speed on the heating comfort of the cabin under high-temperature conditions in summer was studied, and a control strategy for rapid
Zhang, Min, Li, Liping, Zhou, Jianhua, Huang, Yu, Zhen, Ran, Shangguan, Wen-Bin
CFD-Based Comfort Parameter Evaluation of a Flow Vectoring Air Vent System for Car Cabins Using a Reduced Order Model15-18-02-001203/03/2025
This computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study examines the comfort parameters of an innovative air vent concept for car cabin interiors using a reduced order model (ROM) and proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). The focus is on the analysis of the influence of geometric and fluid mechanical parameters on the resulting jet, in particular on the deflection angle of the airflow and the total pressure difference along the outlet geometry. Different parameters of the investigated system, such as the surface orientation, the outlet height, the separator distance, and the separator height, lead to different effects on the airflow structure. The results show that changes in the air vent surface orientation are always accompanied by an increase in the deflection angle and the total pressure difference. In contrast, the variation of the outlet height ratio positively influences the deflection angle and the total pressure difference in terms of the requirements for air vent geometries. The study
Langhorst, Sebastian, Mrosek, Markus, Boughanmi, Nesrine, Schmeling, Daniel, Wagner, Claus
Analysis of the Battery Direct Cooling Thermal Management System Coupled with Passenger Cabin Air Conditioning in Extended-Range Vehicles2025-01-706501/31/2025
To investigate the characteristics of a battery direct-cooling thermal management system integrated with the passenger compartment air-conditioning in a range-extended hybrid electric vehicle (REV), a model of the vehicle’s direct-cooling and liquid-cooling thermal management systems was established in GT-SUITE software. The findings are as follows: (1) Under high-temperature fast-charging conditions, the direct-cooling thermal management system exhibited improved performance indicators compared to the liquid-cooling system. Specifically, the charging time was reduced by 3.8%, the maximum heat exchange power increased by 27.33%, the battery temperature decreased by 2.37°C, the thermal decay rate was only 6%, and the average system energy efficiency ratio increased by 8.37%. (2)The outlet pressure of the direct-cooling plate significantly affected the temperature reduction of the battery pack during high-temperature fast-charging. The results indicated that within a certain range, a
Li, Li-Jie, Su, Chuqi, Wang, Yi-Ping, Yuan, Xiao-Hong, Liu, Xun
Simulation Analysis of Seat Ventilation Performance Considering Deformation during Human Occupancy15-18-02-000801/02/2025
The comfort of seats increasingly becomes a crucial factor in the overall driving experience, particularly as vehicles become increasingly integrated into people’s daily lives. Passengers often maintain a relatively fixed posture and have close contact with the seat for extended periods of time, leading to issues such as heat, humidity, and stickiness. In order to enhance the thermal comfort experienced by occupants, manufacturers are no longer satisfied with ensuring the thermal comfort performance of vehicles only through the HVAC system in the cabin, but also developed a microclimate control seat that adjusts the temperature through ventilation between the contact surface of the seat and the human body, trying to improve the thermal comfort of passengers more effectively. However, the ventilation ducts of these seats are commonly designed based on empirical or autonomous standards, and their effectiveness is subsequently assessed through test or simulation, typically under unloaded
Zhang, Tianming, Ren, Jindong, Zhang, Haonan
A Design Synthesis Approach to Improve HVAC Acoustic Performance of Passenger Vehicles2024-28-022112/05/2024
Noise induced by the Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning (HVAC) system inside a vehicle cabin can cause significant discomfort to passengers and, in turn, affect the brand image in a competitive automotive market. HVAC acoustic performance has become more prominent with the ongoing transformation from Internal Combustion (IC) to Electric Vehicle (EV) segments. For this reason, acoustic quality is increasingly prioritized as a key design issue throughout the entire development process of the HVAC system. This paper covers the design synthesis considering air handling unit-induced airborne and structure-borne noise of a dashboard-mounted HVAC system to achieve better NVH refinement inside vehicle while maintaining thermal performance. This study began by analysing HVAC-induced blower motor, impeller, air ducts, vents, and recirculation suction noise from the vehicle level to subsystem level and eventually at the component level. At the subsystem level, major noise source
Titave, Uttam Vasant, Naidu, Sudhakara, Kalsule, Shrikant
Cabin Emergency Exits Design and Operation - Transport Category AircraftARP488G (Current)12/04/2024
This ARP provides design and performance recommendations for emergency exits in the passenger cabin. This ARP does not apply to Crew Emergency Exits.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Safety Considerations for Airplane LavatoriesARP1315E (Current)11/21/2024
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) establishes safety recommendations for lavatories in transport category airplanes.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Air Quality for Commercial Aircraft CabinsAIR4766 (Current)10/03/2024
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides information on air quality and some of the factors affecting the perception of cabin air quality in commercial aircraft cabin air. Also a typical safety analysis process utilizing a Functional Hazard Assessment approach is discussed.
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
Air Conditioning Systems for Subsonic AirplanesARP85G (Current)10/03/2024
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) contains guidelines and recommendations for subsonic airplane air conditioning systems and components, including requirements, design philosophy, testing, and ambient conditions. The airplane air conditioning system comprises that arrangement of equipment, controls, and indicators that supply and distribute air to the occupied compartments for ventilation, pressurization, and temperature and moisture control. The principal features of the system are: a A supply of outside air with independent control valve(s). b A means for heating. c A means for cooling (air or vapor cycle units and heat exchangers). d A means for removing excess moisture from the air supply. e A ventilation subsystem. f A temperature control subsystem. g A pressure control subsystem. Other system components for treating cabin air, such as filtration and humidification, are included, as are the ancillary functions of equipment cooling and cargo compartment conditioning
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
Environmental Control Systems TerminologyARP147E (Current)10/03/2024
This ARP provides the definition of terms commonly used in aircraft environmental control system (ECS) design and analysis. Many of the terms may be used as guidelines for establishing standard ECS nomenclature. Some general thermodynamic terms are included that are frequently used in ECS analysis, but this document is not meant to be an inclusive list of such terms.
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
A Novel Methodology to Assess the Effectiveness of Passive Cabin Cooling Technology2024-28-011109/19/2024
Today, almost all passenger vehicles are equipped with Mobile Air Conditioning (MAC) systems to provide thermal comfort to occupants. To enhance cabin cooling down rate, two approaches are possible viz. increasing the MAC system capacity or reducing heat ingress into the vehicle cabin. The first approach is likely to have a negative impact on energy efficiency. The latter approach considers the deployment of alternate passive cabin cooling technologies. Among these, the deployment of uniquely developed coatings on metal, plastic and glass surfaces of the cabin is one option. The assessment of such coatings is usually done only at severe ambient conditions (>40°C), which may not be sufficient. These coatings need to be validated across all climatic seasons of the year, for assessing their effectiveness on passenger thermal comfort. The current work along with simulation studies, takes into account additional parameters such as the ‘feeling of hotness’ when one enters a hot-soaked cabin
Deshmukh, Ganesh, Kulkarni, Shridhar Diliprao, Varma, Mohit, Jaybhay, Sambhaji, Kapoor, Sangeet, Tilekar, Pravin
Smart Efficient ECO AC for Small Commercial Electric Vehicle2024-28-008709/19/2024
The proposed smart, efficient eco-cooling strategy leverages the AC system's efficiency sensitivity to the vehicle speed and the thermal storage of the cabin to coordinate the AC operation with the vehicle speed profile by actively shifting the AC thermal load toward the more efficient region at higher vehicle speeds. An investigation is now being conducted on vehicle cabin climate control systems to lower energy consumption and enhance battery electric vehicle range when in pure electric mode. OEMs of electric vehicles are always searching for novel concepts that will extend the driving range of their vehicles. Basically, an air conditioning system needs high-voltage power from high-voltage battery packs to keep the interior of the cabin in a comfortable temperature range during the summer. In order to meet these demands, the AC system in electric vehicles becomes an additional power consumer. This smart ECO AC system consists of the importance and impact of the various components of
Agalawe, KIRAN R., Nagarhalli, Prasanna V, HAJGUDE, NIKHIL
Cabin Heating Modelling and Simulation for ICE and EVs through 1D CAE2024-28-010709/19/2024
India features diverse climatic zones, spanning from tropical in south to alpine in north. Since most of the regions are hot, vehicle cabin cooling analysis dominates over heating analysis, creating a notable technology gap that exists in cabin heating. Nonetheless, in colder regions of India and Europe, maintaining optimal cabin heating is crucial for human comfort. Furthermore, in climates prone to mist and frost formation, ensuring the accuracy and effectiveness of cabin heating mechanisms becomes crucial, as it directly correlates with safety considerations that comes prior to mere comfort requirements. To reduce the technology gap and physical testing in cold climatic conditions this work is proposed, which will enable us to predict cabin heating performance of vehicle on highway running as well as in stationary condition for Electric Vehicles (EV) and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEV) in 1D Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) software. A detailed Transient Cabin Heating
Soni, Rahul, Shah, Geet, Kulkarni, Shridhar, M, Chandru, Vangala, Sai Krishna, Jaybhay, Sambhaji, Nayakawadi, Uttam
Study on the Sound Design of a Sporty Vehicle2024-01-296406/12/2024
From a Noise Vibration Harshness (NVH) perspective, electric vehicles represent a great opportunity since the noise of the combustion engine, dominant in many driving conditions, is no longer present. On the other hand, drivers accustomed to driving cars with a strong personality (for example typically sporty ones) may perceive "silence" as a lack of character. Our internal study, conducted with a jury of people, has in fact already shown that for half of customers silence should characterize (Battery Electric Vehicle - BEV) vehicle; but, at the same time, the other half of the jury expects feedback from the vehicle while driving. The silence inside the passenger compartment, from an NVH point of view, can therefore be compared to a blank sheet of paper, on which, if desired, sounds designed to satisfy the driving pleasure expected by the customer can be introduced. Starting from this scenario, the paper describes: the approach adopted to define how many and what are the levers to
Celiberti, Lucia, Borgarello, Laura, Falasca, Vanni, Lolli, Francesco, Meriga, Alessandra, Miglietta, Piercarlo, Soldati, Mirella
Estimating a Viscous Damping Model for a Vibrating Panel in Contact with an Acoustic Trim Enhanced with Particle Dampers2024-01-291706/12/2024
Particle Dampers (PDs) are passive devices employed in vibration and noise control applications. They consist of a cavity filled with particles that, when fixed to a vibrating structure, dissipate vibrational energy through friction and collisions among the particles. These devices have been extensively documented in the literature and find widespread use in reducing vibrations in structural machinery components subjected to significant dynamic loads during operation. However, their application in reducing the vibration of vehicle body panels as well as vehicle interior noise has received, up to now, relatively little attention. Previous work by the authors [9] has proven the effectiveness of particle dampers in mitigating vibrations in vehicle body panels, achieving a notable reduction in structure-borne noise within the vehicle cabin with an additional weight comparable to or even lower than that of bituminous damping treatments traditionally used for this purpose. This effect may be
Sanchez Climent, Francisco Vicente, Bertolini, Claudio
Dynamic Modelling and Validation of Hoses in an HVAC Circuit2024-01-292306/12/2024
The structure-, fluid- and air-borne excitation generated by heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) compressors can lead to annoying noise and low frequency vibrations in the passenger compartment. These noise and vibration phenomena are of great interest to ensure a high passenger comfort of electric vehicles (EV). This publication describes the development of a numerical finite element (FE) model of the HVAC system and the simulation results of structure-borne sound transmission from the compressor via the HVAC hoses to the vehicle body in a frequency range up to 1 kHz. The simulation results were validated with measurements. An existing automotive HVAC system was fully replicated in the laboratory. Vibration levels were measured on the compressor and on the car body side of the hoses under different operational conditions. Additional measurements were carried out using external excitation of the compressor in order to distinguish between structure- and fluid-borne
Buchegger, Blasius, Sonnberger, Pius, Böhler, Elmar, Nijman, Eugene, Rejlek, Jan, Billermann, Robert, Krüger, Yannik
Dummy Positioning at Reclined Seating Position before Impact Testing2024-01-249004/09/2024
Alongside advancements in automated vehicle technologies, occupants within vehicle compartments are enjoying increased freedom to relax and enjoy their journeys. For instance, reclined seating postures have become more prevalent and comfortable compared to upright seating when Highly Automated Vehicles (HAVs) are introduced. Unfortunately, most Anthropomorphic Testing Devices (ATD) do not support reclined postures. THOR-AV 50M is a specially designed dummy for reclined postures. As a crucial tool for developing safety restraint systems to protect reclined occupants, the first question is how to position it correctly on a reclined seat before impact testing. In this study, classical zero gravity seats were selected. H-point coordinators of selected seat at 25°, 40° and 60° seatback angle were measured and compared by using H-point machine (HPM) even though current HPM was not designed for reclined seat. THOR-AV 50M with loosened joints, served to simulate human relaxation fully when
Liu, Chongqing, Wang, Zhenwen
Identification of Important Issues and Driving Modes for Enhancing NVH Performance of Electric Vehicles Based on Comparative Analysis of User Experience with Conventional ICE Vehicles2024-01-234104/09/2024
The challenges concerning noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) performance in the vehicle cabin have been significantly changed by the powertrain shift from a conventional drive unit with an internal-combustion engine (ICE) to electric drive units (eAxles). However, there is few research regarding the impact of electrification on NVH considering the influence of the context such as multi-stimuli and traffic rules during a real-life driving. In this study, the authors conducted test drives using EVs and ICEVs on public roads in Europe and conducted a statistical analysis of the difference in driver impression of NVH performance based on interviews during actual driving. The impression data were categorized into clusters corresponding to related phenomena or features based on driver comments. Furthermore, the vehicles data (vehicle speed, acceleration, GPS information, etc.) were recorded to associate the driver impressions with the vehicle’s conditions when the comments were made
Mise, Shion, Torii, Kenji, Sellerbeck, Philipp, Hank, Stefan, Iwano, Hidetaka, Nishikoji, Takuya
Mitigation of Underslung Engine Induced Rail Coach Floor Vibration2024-01-272604/09/2024
The underslung arrangement consists of a 500kVA (kilovolt amperes) diesel generator set mounted below a railway passenger coach. To meet stringent vibration requirement in passenger compartment, dual vibration isolation arrangement is proposed for underslung arrangement. Such type of arrangement provides a high degree of isolation from engine induced vibration. Performance of dual stage isolation depends on stiffness and mass ratio of genset mass to intermediate bracketry mass. High vibration excitations are observed on rail coach floor during testing of baseline design. These vibration levels are more than rail prescribed limits and passenger can easily feel these vibrations. Study of dual stage (2 degree of freedom) isolation system frequencies and transmissibility is performed. Root cause for existing system is assessed through vibration transmissibility analysis. Modal analysis was performed to understand mode shapes and interaction between the mounting structure and isolators
Kumar, Mukesh, Jadhav, Yogesh, Bhagat, Gokul V., Mahanta, Bibhu, Kumar, Prashant B.
Humidity Controlled Evaporative Cooler for Cooling of Automotive Cabin2024-01-258004/09/2024
The discussed invention is centered on the evaporative cooling of a vehicle cabin, introducing a novel concept of humidity control. Unlike conventional Air Conditioning (AC) systems that operate on the Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle (VCRC), which tend to be costly and contribute to higher fuel consumption due to the engine-driven compressor in automobiles, there is currently no other Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) fitted cabin cooling option available to address this issue. This paper introduces the idea of a humidity-controlled evaporative cooler. The objective of humidity control is achieved through a controller unit that receives feedback from a humidity sensor, subsequently regulating the operation of the water pump. The ambient air is passed through a humidified honeycomb pad, cooling through the principle of evaporation. To prevent any leftover water droplets from entering the cabin, a polyester nonwoven filter has been integrated into the system. This invention not
Dube, Devashish, Upkare, Piyush Pradip
Evaluating Fire Propagation into the Passenger Compartment via Full-Scale Burn Testing2024-01-250204/09/2024
Two full-scale burn tests were conducted to evaluate the propagation of an engine compartment fire into the passenger compartment of consumer vehicles. In particular, the effect of penetrations in the bulkhead separating the engine compartment from the passenger compartment was examined. The first burn test involved two vehicles of the same year, make, and model. One of the vehicles was left in the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) configuration. The other vehicle was modified by welding steel plates over the pass-through locations in the bulkhead between the engine and passenger compartments. After the fire was initiated in the engine compartment and had reached the onset of flashover, the heat and flames from this fire began to effect the passenger compartment. At about this same time, flames extending from the engine compartment around the hood began impinging directly on the outer face of the windshield. The passenger compartment temperature first increased on both vehicles at
Papageorge, Michael, Colwell, Jeff
A Universal Steering Grommet Design Approach to Enhance the Passenger Cabin NVH Performance2024-26-020201/16/2024
As a car OEM, we continuously strive to set the bar for competitors with every product. Consumer travel experiences are enhanced by increasing passenger cabin silence. There is only one steering system opening in the firewall panel, which is used for allowing intermediate shaft's fitment on the pinion shaft of the steering gear. The steering grommet is the sole component that covers the firewall cut-out without disrupting steering operations, which has a substantial impact on the NVH performance of the vehicle. It is typically used in cars to eliminate engine noise and dust entering to passenger compartment. The part is assembled inside the vehicle where the steering intermediate shaft passing through BIW firewall panel. We use a bearing, plastic bush, or direct rubber interference design in the steering grommet to accommodate the rotational input the driver provides to turn the automobile. However, occasionally noise may be produced due to uneven bearing or plastic bush loading or a
J, Sadhish, Vijayarangan, Deepak, S, Senthil, Kole, Shantinath
Integration and Optimization of Geneva Mechanism in the Car Door Handle2024-26-028501/16/2024
The car door handle is an essential component of any vehicle, as it plays a crucial role in providing access to the cabin and ensuring safety of the passenger. The primary function of the car door handle is to allow entry and exit from the vehicle while preventing unauthorized access. In addition to this, car door handles also play a critical role in ensuring passenger safety by keeping the door closed during accidents or when there is a significant amount of G-force acting on the vehicle. A typical car door handle comprises several components including the structure, cover, bowden lever, bracket, pins and other child parts. The structure provides the ergonomics and rigidity for grabbing the handle, while the cover gives the handle an aesthetic appearance. The Bowden lever facilitates the unlatching of the door and the intermediate parts ensure that the handle operates smoothly. The position of the Bowden lever is crucial for the unlatching process and for keeping the door closed
Kumar, Vinayak
Damage Prediction and Crashworthiness Optimization of FOBEVs in Positive Crashes for Battery Electric Vehicles2023-01-707212/31/2023
The Mobile Progressive Deformable Barrier (MPDB) is a standardized automotive crash scenario that comprehensively evaluates the safety of battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) in a crash. In an accident, the deformation pattern of the Front of Battery Electric Vehicle (FOBEV) structure, the efficiency of energy absorption, the acceleration pulse, and the degree of intrusion into the passenger compartment combine to affect the safety of the driver and passengers. In order to simulate and calculate the damage state of FOBEV in MPDB more efficiently and to construct a collision damage dataset in the entire velocity domain, a FOBEV equivalent model is proposed. The acceleration pulses from numerical simulations and impact tests were compared to verify the model’s validity. On this basis, the prediction accuracies of the Support Vector Machine model (SVM), Gaussian Process Regression model (GPR), and BP neural network model (BP) in FOBEV collision events are compared and analyzed, and BP is
Liu, Ke, Liao, Yinghua, Wang, Hongrui, Xue, Xiangdong, Liu, Changzhao
A New Gen ‘Super-Efficient Condenser’ for Mobile Air Conditioning Application2023-28-004309/14/2023
In the modern era of automotive industry, occupant comfort inside the cabin is a basic need and no more a luxury feature. With increase in number of vehicles, the expectations from customers are also changing. One of the major expectations from real world customers is quick cabin cooling thru all seasons, particularly when the vehicle is hot soaked and being used in summer conditions. Occupant thermal comfort inside the vehicle cabin is provisioned by a mobile air conditioning (MAC) system, which operates on a vapor compression-based cycle using a refrigerant. The main components of a direct expansion (DX) based MAC system are, a compressor, condenser, evaporator, and expansion valve. Conditioned air is circulated inside the cabin using a blower, duct system and air vents. The AC condenser is the most critical component in AC circuit as it rejects heat, thereby providing for a cooling effect inside the cabin. Right sizing and packaging of condenser, optimizing the condenser core
Shukla, Ankit Kumar, Tadigadapa, Suresh, Dimble, Nilesh
A Method to Evaluate an Air Purification System in Public Transport Buses2023-28-004109/14/2023
In India, around 70 million people travel by public transport buses. With rising air pollution across cities, there is a need to safeguard passengers from inhaling polluted air. Contaminants in such polluted air could be fine to coarse dust (2.5 micron to 100 micron), exhaust gases (oxide of sulphur, nitrogen and carbon), total volatile organic compounds, bacteria and viruses arising out of covid-19 pandemic. Passengers commuting in buses are continuously inhaling air that is re-circulating through the Air Conditioning system (AC) and also comes in contact with multiple co-passengers and touch points. This air potentially carries a high dose of contaminants and inhalation of such air can lead to health issues. Vehicle manufacturers intend to provide clean air inside the vehicle cabin by configuring various Air Purification systems (AP) which reduce air contaminants in the closed space of a cabin. Currently, the technology and concepts for Air Purification systems continue to be adapted
Nimsatkar, Shubham Vijay, Tadigadapa, Suresh, Ali, Irfan, Gupta, Sajal, Khandekar, Dhiraj
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