Browse Topic: Door panels

Items (126)
Passenger expectations for quiet and acoustically comfortable vehicle interiors have increased significantly, driven by advancements in electric vehicles and premium audio systems. Acoustic comfort affects perceived quality, communication ease, and overall driving experience. This paper presents a simulation-driven methodology to predict and optimize interior noise performance during the early design phase, focusing on high-frequency acoustic transfer functions and trim material absorption properties. Traditional NVH development relies heavily on physical testing, which is time-consuming and costly. Early-stage predictive tools are essential to evaluate acoustic performance before prototype availability. High-frequency noise (1kHz–12kHz) is particularly challenging due to complex reflections and absorption behavior. Acoustic trims play a critical role in shaping the cabin’s sound field, and their properties must be optimized to achieve desired sound quality. A novel simulation approach is developed using Raytracing (Beam + Particle) to model sound propagation within the vehicle cabin. The method calculates ATFs between point sources (e.g., door panels) and receiver positions (passenger ears), enabling spatially resolved acoustic analysis. This supports early design evaluations by predicting how changes in geometry and materials affect perceived noise levels. Using HEEDS, a DOE-based optimization is performed on frequency-dependent absorption properties of acoustic trims. The trim package includes carpet, headliner, seats, doors, and firewall. The optimization targets mid-to-high frequency ranges where material behavior significantly influences sound quality. Multiple design iterations are evaluated to identify configurations that minimize intrusive noise and enhance tonal balance. A full-vehicle correlation study is conducted to validate the simulation results. Measured ATFs from a physical prototype are compared with simulated data. The acoustic trim package used in the prototype includes all major components. The Raytracing-based ATF model shows strong correlation with measured data. The methodology enables early identification of design choices that degrade or enhance acoustic comfort.
Baladhandapani, DhanasekarJadhav, VishalDu, Isaac
The automotive industry is advancing rapidly with the integration of cutting-edge technology, aesthetics, and performance. One area that has remained relatively underexplored in the pursuit of sleek, minimalistic interiors is the packaging of Sunshade in door trim system. Traditional sunshade design, often bulky and increasingly incompatible with the trend towards compact design and packaging. The car sunshade is a shield that is placed on a car side window and used for regulating the amount of light entering from the car window and helps improve the passenger comfort inside the cabin. Car Interior components, specifically plastic and seats are based on thermal stress properties. When we expose these parts to direct contact with sunlight, humidity and ambient temperature above threshold limit, the interior plastic parts can start to soften and melt. Due to this, they start emitting harmful chemicals which cause anemia and poor immune systems. So, the Sunshade, in addition to protecting passengers’ comfort inside car, it also protects passenger from harmful radiation and enhances overall visual appeal of the vehicle. The main objective of this paper is to address the following: An innovative approach to the design of sunshade for Door trim Meeting shoulder room target Focusing on enhancing aesthetics, Low weight impact, robust design, and assembly, Managing sunshade quality as per regular standard.
Palyal, NikitaD, GowthamBhaskararao, PathivadaBornare, HarshadRitesh, Kakade
This invention solves a significant safety issue where drivers have low visibility of the Outside Rear View Mirror (ORVM) in the case of rain, fog, dust or ice formation on the Side Door Window Glass (SDWG). Currently developed methods, such as hydrophobic finishing or films and heated window glass on the doors, provide temporary or weak results, and thus, a more successful and dependable method is demanded. In order to address this problem, we have modified the Outer Waist Seal, which includes a Glass Wiping Mechanism in it. Outer Waist Seal is a type of weather strip fixed on the bottom of the side window of a vehicle on the panel of the door. It does not allow the flow of heavy water, dust and debris into the door cavity, besides supporting the glass on the window when it is in a movement process. The stationary fixed arm of this system is coupled with a rotating arm and an attached wiper blade powered by a low-speed-high-torque motor and interfaced with the Body Control Module (BCM) of the vehicle. When activated, the rotating arm having a blade will clean or wipeout the dust, water or loose ice particles from the viewing zone or area of an ORVM on the SDWG. The design will have a fixed arm, a rotating arm with a blade, a sliding body, a variable height rib plate (VHRP), a flexible bushing, a Low Speed and High Torque (LSHT) Motor, a base plate, housing which will be attached to the door waist reinforcement panel using fasteners. This system is also successful in eliminating the water droplets, dust, and ice that result in an excellent and consistent visibility of the ORVM in different environments. This promotes confidence in the driver as well as his safety and comfort, and can be used both in passenger and commercial vehicles. The solution is a compact, efficient and robust way of introducing massive change to vehicle safety and drivability and is flexible to accommodate future technologies such as automatic activation when the rain is detected through the sensors, etc.
Neelam, RajatChowdhury, AshokPanchal, GirishKumar, Saurav
Automotive mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems rely on effective thermal insulation to maintain cabin comfort and energy efficiency. However, insulation materials degrade over time due to thermal cycling and environmental exposure, impacting overall system performance. This study investigates the effects of reducing insulation material density (GSM) in critical areas such as the engine firewall, plenum, roof and door panels on MAC system efficiency. A multi-disciplinary approach combining basic engineering calculations, frontloading CAE simulations and targeted experimental testing was employed. Initial calculations provided directional input for cabin heat load analysis, guiding early-stage design decisions. Simulation models were used to predict the impact of insulation reduction on cooling performance, energy consumption and component durability, reducing reliance on iterative physical testing. Experimental validation was then conducted selectively, focusing on critical areas to assess heat transfer effects and their influence on superheat and sub-cooling control. Results demonstrated a streamlined validation process that minimizes physical testing, accelerates development cycles and optimizes AC system performance while reducing costs. By integrating simulations with smart testing strategies, this methodology enhances efficiency, ensures component durability and supports the development of cost-effective and high-performance automotive thermal management solutions.
Kulkarni, ShridharDeshmukh, GaneshJoshi, GauravNayakawadi, UttamShah, GeetJaybhay, Sambhaji
When it comes to plastics applications, cars are rarely the first products that come to mind. However, with modern vehicles containing 1,000 to 1,500 plastic parts — including dashboards, control elements, clips, trim parts, brackets, door panels, bumpers, and radiator grilles — the material is more important for mobility than we might assume. Some of these plastic parts are relevant for the drivers’ safety: for instance, airbag covers must open correctly in an accident and seat belt guides and retractors could cause severe injuries if they break or deform under load. Their quality is vital. At the same time however, cost pressure and new regulations — for instance regarding an increased use of recycled materials that is under way in the European Union — pose new challenges, especially in plastic injection molding. Digital solutions for measurement technology help control and stabilize the complex process and may even lead to increased product quality despite tougher conditions.
Door sunshade in a vehicle has proven to be very comfortable and luxurious feature to the customers. Luxury vehicles provide power sunshade which is electrically operated with the activation of a switch, whereas cost conscious vehicles provide manual sunshade which requires manual coiling and uncoiling. This study is to develop a door panel structure that can accommodate both the manual sunshade and power sunshade, thereby serving both cost conscious as well as luxury seeking customers. Manual sunshade consists only of cassette, pull bar, spindle mechanism and hooks whereas the power sunshade consists of cassette, pull bar, spindle mechanism, flap mechanism, bowden cable mechanism, actuator and motor. Due to this difference in package, it becomes difficult to accommodate both variants of sunshade into the same body system. However, this study helps in developing a common body structure by ways of effective packaging, modifying the cable and actuator mechanism and critical packaging of motor that helps in commonization of inner panel and other body systems. Bowden cable has been routed in a way that it does not impact inside door handle, latch system and window regulator assembly. Actuator and motor assembly has been packaged and mounted without regulator assembly, door glass part and other body systems. Critical challenges faced were on the load criteria for actuation of sunshade and durability considerations for abuse load cases.
S M, Rahuld, AnanthaKakani, Phani Kumar
In-Mold Graining (IMG) is an innovative production technology applied to the skin wrapping of automotive interior components. In the design of automotive interior components of door panels and instrument clusters, to overcome process-related problems, such as the thinning of grain patterns and excessive reduction in thickness, simulation of the skin vacuum forming process is required. The Thermoplastic Olefin (TPO) skin material is investigated in this paper, and a viscoelastic mechanical model for this material is established. Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA) is utilized to perform scan for frequency and temperature, and the tested data is used to obtain key model parameters of the viscoelastic constitutive model. Based on the experimental data, the study explores how to calculate the relaxation time spectrum to describe the viscoelastic properties of TPO material during the vacuum forming process. Numerical simulation of the vacuum forming process of TPO material is conducted using Polyflow software, investigating issues such as the establishment of the solid model, meshing principles, and the selection of simulation models. Taking an inner door panel of vehicle as an example, simulations were performed and compared with the actual product's thickness for verification. The results indicate that the error between the simulated and the measured thickness is less than 5%, which can provide a reference for actual manufacturing.
Chai, BingjiGuo, YimingXie, XinxingZhang, Qu
Vibrations constitute a pivotal factor affecting passenger comfort and overall vehicle performance in both Conventional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles and Electric Vehicles (EVs). These vibrations emanate from various sources, including vehicle design and construction, road conditions, and driving patterns, thereby leading to passenger discomfort and fatigue. In the pursuit of mitigating these issues, natural fibers, known for their exceptional damping properties, have emerged as innovative materials for integration into the automotive industry. Notably, these natural fiber-based materials offer a cost-effective alternative to traditional materials for vibration reduction. This research focuses on evaluating natural fibers mainly hemp, jute and cotton fibers for their damping characteristics when applied to a steel plate commonly used in the automotive sector. Using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analyzer, the natural frequency and damping properties of these materials are estimated experimentally, with the aim of creating an optimal damping solution when combined with the steel plate to effectively reduce vibrations. Furthermore, the investigation centers on the critical proximity of the passenger door to the passengers. A low vibration damping area on the door has been identified by grid points. Thereafter, natural fibers used strategically applying to areas with the least damping and checked for improvements. The door vibration damping is significantly improved by 30%. This novel approach offers an environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative to the conventional synthetic materials traditionally used in the automotive industry.
Jawale, PradeepMache, AshokChhatlani, ChiragWagh, OmkarPandit, Sakshi
The recent surge in platforms like YouTube has facilitated greater access to information for consumers, and vehicles are no exception, so consumers are increasingly demanding of the quality of their vehicles. By the way, the door is composed of glass, moldings, and other parts that consumers can touch directly, and because it is a moving part, many quality issues arise. In particular, the door panel is assembled from all of the above-mentioned parts and thereby necessitates a robust structure. Therefore, this study focuses on the structural stiffness of the door inner panel module mounting area because the door module is closely to the glass raising and lowering, which is intrinsically linked to various quality issues.
Cho, KyeongkukChoi, JEWON
Most of the applications of magnesium in lightweighting commercial cars and trucks are die castings rather than sheet metal, and automotive applications of magnesium sheet have typically been experimental or low-volume serial production. The overarching objective of this collaborative research project organized by the United States Automotive Materials Partnership (USAMP) was to develop new low-cost magnesium alloys, and demonstrate warm-stamping of magnesium sheet inner and outer door panels for a 2013 MY Ford Fusion at a fully accounted integrated component cost increase over conventional steel stamped components of no more than $2.50/lb. saved ($5.50/kg saved). The project demonstrated the computational design of new magnesium (Mg) alloys from atomistic levels, cast new experimental alloy ingots and explored thermomechanical rolling processes to produce thin Mg sheet of desired textures. A new commercial Mg alloy sheet material was sourced and pretreated with protective coil coatings, and its properties fully characterized. The Mg sheet was successfully warm-formed using novel lubricants into intermediate size benchmark parts and full-size automotive door inner and outer panels. The project also explored conventional welding processes for joining of Mg sheet, developed novel corrosion treatments for multi-metal assembly coatings, performed computer simulations of door panel forming using two new material cards based on crystal plasticity theory, and concluded with a door static and dynamic performance analysis. An overall cost driver and sensitivity assessment task compared the final cost penalty depending on the cost of the primary magnesium sheet.
Gerken, Randy T.Ghaffari, BitaSachdev, Anil K.Mehta, ManishCarter, Jon T.
Increasing demand for simulation accuracy often leads to increased finite element model complexity, which in turn, results in higher computational costs. As a provision, component mode synthesis approaches are employed to approximate the system response by using dynamic substructuring and model reduction techniques in linear systems. However, the use of available model reduction techniques in nonlinear problems containing the contact type of nonlinearities remains an interesting topic. In this paper, the application of a component mode synthesis method in squeak and rattle nonlinear simulation has been investigated. Critical regions for squeak and rattle of the side door model of a passenger car were modelled by nonlinear contact definition in finite element simulation. Craig-Bampton model reduction method was employed to substructure the finite element model while keeping the nonlinear contacts in the model. The model response was evaluated using the modal assurance criterion, frequency response analysis and contact force magnitude in comparison with the baseline model. Results showed that a great reduction in computational time (about 98%) can be achieved while the accuracy of the system response was maintained at an acceptable range for the intended application for squeak and rattle simulation. Although the prediction of impact events in time was done accurately, the contact force magnitude was estimated with average error of 2.5% to 22%, compared with the baseline results. The outcomes of the study show that to empower squeak and rattle prediction by including contact interfaces in finite element simulations, implementation of the model reduction approach can compensate the simulation cost.
Bayani Khaknejad, MohsenBasheer, AnoobGodborg, FilipSöderberg, RikardWickman, Casper
The ongoing global demand for greater energy efficiency plays an essential role in vehicle development, especially in the case of electric vehicles (EVs). The thermal management of the full vehicle is becoming increasingly important, since the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system has a significant impact on the EV range. Therefore the EV design requires new guidelines for thermal management optimization. In this paper, an advanced method is proposed to identify the most influential cabin design factors which affect the cabin thermal behavior during a cool down drive cycle in hot environmental conditions. These parameters could be optimized to reduce the energy consumption and to increase the robustness of the vehicle thermal response. The structured Taguchi’s Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) approach was coupled with CFD-Thermal FE simulations, thanks to increased availability of HPC. The first control factors selected were related to the thermal capacity of the panel duct, dashboard, interior door panels and seats. Surface IR emissivity and solar radiation absorptivity of these components were then added to the study. Car glass with absorptive and reflective glazing were finally included in the study. The design space of 18 vehicle configurations was simulated in spring and hot summer conditions, with steady state thermal simulations. A 2-step optimization was then conducted, trying first to increase the robustness of the cabin response and, secondly, to reduce the equivalent temperature actually felt by passengers. The Verify phase was then conducted on the Best Engineering design emerged by the 2-step optimization, through quasi-transient CFD-Thermal FE analyses. The thermal results were then sent to a CFD 1D energy prediction model, confirming the HV battery energy saving and the extended range reached during the cool down drive cycle.
Piovano, Andrea AlessandroScantamburlo, GiuseppeQuaglino, MassimoGautero, Matteo
Conventionally, the automotive outer panels, giving vehicle its shape, have been manufactured from steel sheets. The outer panels are subjected to loads due to wind loading, palm-prints, person leaning on the vehicle, cart hits, and hail stones for example. Consumer awareness about these two panel characteristics: Oilcanning and Dent resistance is increased, which has been observed in recent marketing studies. Apart from perceptive quality, another factor depending on the dent performance is insurance and respective cost implications. Dents can occur due to several reasons such as object hits, parking misjudgement, hail stones etc. Phenomenon can be divided into two types, static and dynamic denting. Static dent case covers scenario wherein interaction with outer panel is mostly quasi-static. Hail stones present dynamic case where object hits a panel with certain kinetic energy. Automotive companies usually perform static dent assessment to cover all the cases. The scope of this paper is to discuss the comparison between two methods and its results using Finite Element Analysis. Influence of panel stiffness on dent resistance is also studied. Panel dent resistance depends on different factors such as panel thickness, material strength, indentor velocity, and geometrical stiffness influence of panel form. Various studies have been performed to show the effect of panel stiffness on dent resistance for material under consideration. Need is felt for a comprehensive study covering typical materials used in automotive industry. In second phase of the paper, comparative dent performance study is carried out on an automotive hood covering typical material grades for Steel, Aluminium, and Carbon Fibre Composites for respective thickness ranges. Results and discussion provide insightful details for dent resistant outer panel selection.
Sathaye, AshishSrivastava, DeepakShanmugam, Manivasagam
Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Properties and Vibration Damping Frequency Factor of Kenaf Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composite2019-28-016710/11/2019
Kenaf Fiber regarded as industrial crop for different applications. It is one of the most important plants cultivated for natural fibers globally. Natural fibers such as kenaf fibers are getting attention of researchers and industries to utilize it in different composites due to its biodegradable nature. In this present investigation mechanical properties, vibration damping frequency factor and thermogravimetric analysis of kenaf fiber reinforced epoxy composite (KFREC) have been evaluated and reported. The tests were conducted with different weight categories of kenaf fiber such as 20%, 25%, 30% and 35%. The effects of fiber content on tensile, flexural, impact strengths, hardness and thermal decomposition properties of the composite were determined. The failure mechanism and damage features of the KFREC were categorized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results indicate that the increase in the fiber content decreases the damping vibration factor (ζ) correspondingly. The lowest value of the damping vibration factor was recorded as 0.033 for 35% weight content of Kenaf fiber in the composite. The maximum value of hardness, tensile, flexural, and impact strengths were noted as 447 BHN, 45.62 MPa, 124 kN and 13.2 J respectively and the effective thermal decomposition range was 378.64 - 442.18 °C for 35% of kenaf weight content KFREC. From the results it is identified that the kenaf fiber at 35% weight content reinforced with epoxy resin will be suitable for structural application in automobiles such as bumper beams, door panels and front modules. In addition to that the light weight nature of the kenaf fiber will help in achieving fuel economy in automobiles.
Rajamanickam, Sathish KumarRavichandran, VishnuvardhanSattanathan, SivakumarGanapathy, DeenadayalanArockia Dhanraj, Joshuva
This document provides information on the various fiberboard products, which are available for automotive application. It is intended to give engineers and designers a better understanding of product usage, characteristics, properties and industry terminology. The following sections cover these topics: 2 General Product Information 3 Design Characteristics 4 Physical/Mechanical Properties 5 Fiberboard Definitions In sections 2, 3 and 4 the fiberboard products are categorized. These sections give an overview of product types, with general information about characteristics and properties. In cases where product categories encompass more than one material or material grade, ranges were established to cover all of the products in that category. The individual companies that supply fiberboard products should be consulted for specific information about a particular product or application.
Textile and Flexible Plastics Committee
This study focuses on the sudden shaking phenomenon of a sliding door passing through a corner. This phenomenon requires attention because shaking during movement can lead to a harsh operation feeling and a short service life. An experiment based on a test setup was conducted, and the sudden change in the acceleration of a sliding door panel was measured. Based on multi-body dynamics (MBD) analysis and a rigid-flexible coupled model of the sliding door system, the cause of the sudden shaking was determined to be the discontinuous curvature of the middle rail trajectory. A transition curve was proposed as the solution for the discontinuous curvature, and Euler’s spiral was applied in the redesign of the middle rail trajectory. Verified by simulations, the results exhibit considerable improvement in sliding door movement stability, with large reductions in the maximum center of mass (CM) acceleration and guide roller impact force.
Chen, ZimingLi, LuoxingWu, YunlongZhou, Wufeng
Trimmed Door Audio Response Hybrid Modeling Assessment2018-01-15086/13/2018
The door response to audio excitation contributes to the overall performance of a vehicle audio system on several items: acting as a cabinet, it influences the loudspeaker response, but it also radiates unwanted sound through the inner door panel. Associated design issues are numerous, from the loudspeaker design to door structure and inner panel definition. Modeling then appears as an unavoidable tool to handle the acoustic response of the loudspeaker in its actual surrounding as well as the door inner panel radiation. In the low frequency range (<300 Hz), the loudspeaker is conveniently modelled using the classical Thiele&Small 1 D model. The interaction with the door and the acoustic surroundings requires a more detailed Finite Element modeling considering the acoustic loads on both sides of the loudspeaker membrane and the force at the loudspeaker frame interface with the door structure. The proposed hybrid modeling is first assessed by comparison of the computed and the measured membrane’s displacement. An update of the T&S parameters is performed in order to optimize the model. Then, the computed loudspeaker frame displacement and the acoustic loads may be checked against measurement. Finally, the computed vibrational response of the trimmed door is compared to an extensive 3D LASER measurement. Such an analysis allows the loudspeaker membrane displacement control as well as the inner door panel’s motion that may radiate unwanted sound. Previously proposed indicators are used to quantify the door audio performance.
Gagliardini, LaurentCLOIX, AurélienChartrain, Pierre-EmilePonte-Felgueras, Olivier
SAE J1717 is an advisory document suggesting minimum recommended testing, appearance evaluation, and protocol for specifying the recommendations with regard to Singular Unassembled Automotive Interior Trim Parts.
Plastics Committee
Are you innovating for NVH? I'll never forget the experience, as a kid, of lifting the massive steel hood of my father's 1971 Dodge Monaco and seeing nothing but V8 engine and a few rubber hoses. The vast compartment was so uncluttered, I could look straight down and see the pavement. By comparison, the view under today's vehicle hoods reveals a dense landscape of technologies aimed at acoustic control: covers, shields and insulators designed to keep injector clatter, induction honk and even pulley whirl muffled. Supplier innovations are central to winning the ongoing war with NVH-noise, vibration and harshness. The battle started decades ago and will certainly increase in the future. This is an engineering realm with numerous tradeoffs involving total piece cost, capital cost, stranded fixed capital, tooling complexity/count, system optimization, flexibility, intellectual property and even downstream warranty. But because NVH (more accurately, the lack of it) has direct impact on the end customer, it has become a commitment rather than an option across vehicle segments.
Customer expectations for improved performance, comfort levels, and aesthetics have led automobile manufacturers to use leather for seats, steering wheels, instrument panels, door panels, and other components. To increase the drivers’ comfort level, there is always a soft pad layer applied under the leather in the steering wheel. This paper will describe a potential failure mode that occurs when materials migrate from one material to another material in multilayer material constructions. In this case dioctyl phthalate migrated from the soft pad layer into the leather surface, affecting the durability performance of the leather coating. This paper describes the failure and demonstrates an effective test methodology to test for this failure during the materials and components validation process.
Zhang, Xiao QingHan, YuxianHuang, EmmaPan, An BoWalsh, AshleyZhang, XinhuaYu, XiyangWang, Lisong
A wall-resolving Large Eddy Simulation (LES) has been performed by using up to 40 billion grids with a minimum grid resolution of 0.1 mm for predicting the exterior hydrodynamic pressure fluctuations in the turbulent boundary layers of a test car with simplified geometry. At several sampling points on the car surface, which included a point on the side window, the door panel, and the front fender panel, the computed hydrodynamic pressure fluctuations were compared with those measured by microphones installed on the surface of the car in a wind tunnel, and effects of the grid resolution on the accuracy of the predicted frequency spectra were discussed. The power spectra of the pressure fluctuations computed with 5 billion grid LES agreed reasonably well with those measured in the wind tunnel up to around 2 kHz although they had some discrepancy with the measured ones in the low and middle frequencies. The Dynamic Smagorinsky Model (DSM) was adopted for the subgrid-scale turbulence model of LES while the resulting spatially-filtered Navier-Stokes equations of the incompressible fluid flow were solved by a Finite Element Method. In the second paper of this series of studies, the hydrodynamic pressure fluctuations computed on the car surfaces will be used as the unsteady loading for computing the panel vibration of the test car by using Finite Element Method, and finally the interior acoustical fields will be predicted by solving the Helmholtz equation for sound propagation. The contribution from the external acoustical field to the interior noise, which was not simulated by the present incompressible LES-based approach, was estimated based on the acoustic analogy, and was confirmed to be negligibly small compared with those from the hydrodynamic loading in the present case.
Yamade, YoshinobuKato, ChisachiYoshimura, ShinobuIida, AkiyoshiIida, KeiichiroOnda, KunizoHashizume, YoshimitsuGou, Yang
Performing a reconstruction of sideswipe interactions is difficult due to the lack of permanent crush sustained by the vehicles involved. Previous studies have provided insight into the forces involved in creating various types of damage for vehicle-to-vehicle interactions during a sideswipe interaction. However, these data may not be applicable to the interaction that occurs when a tractor-trailer steer tire is involved. As demonstrated in previous studies, steer tire interaction produces a unique pattern of markings on the struck vehicle by the protruding lugs (wheel stud) of the steer tire. These studies have demonstrated that the pattern of cycloidal marks created by the wheel lugs can be used to calculate the relative speeds of the vehicles. While this is helpful in understanding the relative motion of the vehicles, it does not provide information regarding the forces applied at the point of contact. The purpose of this study is to assess the structural response of passenger cars during a sideswipe event involving a tractor-trailer steer tire. The study consists of quasi-static and dynamic tests performed using a stationary tractor-trailer tire spinning at an equivalent speed of 55 mph. A total of 20 quasi-static tests were performed using 3 separate vehicles by forcing the spinning tire against the side of a stationary vehicle. The force and displacement necessary to cause various levels of damage to the passenger car was measured to develop an understanding of the stiffness response at different locations along the side of the vehicle. A range of contact stiffness was achieved by forcing the tire against areas around the door pillars and at the center of the door panels which produced stiffer and softer responses respectively. A total of 8 dynamic tests were performed by driving the side of the same 3 vehicles against the rotating steer tire. The vehicle acceleration and change in speed (Delta-V) associated with contact were measured. Peak forces during the quasi-static testing ranged from 500 to 2,600 lbs with a range of deflection of 0.5 to 3.6 inches. The data provided by the quasi-static testing can be used to assess the lateral forces applied to passenger vehicles based on the level of damage sustained. The dynamic testing was performed at speeds of 4.5 to 6.5 mph and resulted in peak vehicle accelerations of 0.1 to 1.4 g in the lateral and 0.1 to 0.6 in the forward direction. The patterns created by the wheel studs were similar to those presented in previous studies. The results of the dynamic testing can be used to assess vehicle acceleration based on the severity of the damage observed.
Cormier, JosephFreund, Mark "Tony"Bonugli, EnriqueGuzman, Herbert
In recent years it's noticed a considerable growth in vehicles sales, resulting a great gas emissions volume increase and consequently a higher environment impact. Currently Brazilian automotive scenario faces a moment which government and market requires energetic efficiency increase, on the other hand it is challenges the OEM's to develop lighter cars, providing thereby an “environmentally friendly” vehicle. Considering this scenario, natural fibers application in automotive parts has a great contribution, because in a large parts variety it application is possible. This application studies has contributed and earned great highlight in sustainability terms. Natural fibers provides great environmental benefits because it's renewable, biodegradable and require low energy consumption in its manufacturing process, further it's lighter than fiberglass and others conventional fibers. This paper will address the natural fibers importance using in the automotive parts production process, such as plastic and acoustic insulation parts, as the instrument panel, door panel, headliners etc. Some beneficial characteristic for it use is the total recycling parts possibility, noise reduction, mass reduction, which provides a lighter car, efficiently and with lower fuel consumption, besides encouraging sustainable social programs creation in cultivation this kind of vegetation. The gain for the final consumer and the benefits granted by the government with the INOVAR-AUTO justify using these fibers, since it helps OEM's in achieving challenging metrics proposed by the program.
Barbosa, RobsonLima, Anderson GomesPereira, Andre Luiz
Automobile manufacturers in the developing nations tend to make more and more fuel efficient cars compared to the luxurious type, given to the popularity. Fuel efficiency has a direct relation with the weight of the vehicle. In order to increase the fuel efficiency, body weight has to be decreased. The weight of all door panels comprises about 15% of body weight of the vehicle. Hence, by reducing the weight of the door panels, fuel efficiency of a vehicle can be increased. But, reduction of the weight of the door panels may lead to decrease in the strength of the panels. Therefore, we need to find a method to increase the fuel efficiency by decreasing the weight and maintaining the strength of the door panels. The aim of our study is to increase the performance while decreasing the weight of the door panel assembly. We have used CAE (Computer aided Engineering) as a tool to study and evaluate the performance of doors, with varying thickness and different shapes like beads. We found different methods to strengthen the panels by modifying the shape. It was concluded that reduction in the weight of the door can be done by improving the shape and performance of the door.
gajji, AnuragGupta, Tarun
The use of low-density materials in body panels is increasing as a measure to reduce the weight of the vehicle body. Honda has developed an aluminum/steel sheet hybrid door that is more effective in reducing weight than an all-aluminum door. Because aluminum was used in the door skin, bimetallic corrosion at the connection between the aluminum and the steel sheets represented an issue. It was possible that the difference in the electrical potential of the two metals might promote corrosion at the connection between the aluminum door skin and the steel sheet door panel, in particular at the lower edge of the door, where rainwater and other moisture tend to accumulate, with the result that the appeal of the exterior of the door might decline. To address this issue, a watertight structure realized through the use of a high-ductility sealer was employed in order to help prevent water from infiltrating to the connection between the metals, and steel sheets with a zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloy coating, highly effective in controlling bimetallic corrosion, were employed in the door panels. This produced rust-resistance specifications for the hybrid door able to maintain durability in market use environments. This paper discusses the effect of the zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloy-coated steel sheets in controlling bimetallic corrosion.
Kimura, Shoji
The customer perception about the door slam noise and its feel would indicate the brand image of the car. In this paper the authors have made an effort to improve the door slam noise quality of the vehicle, which is currently in production. This paper describes the probable areas in the door to improve the slam noise quality by attempting modifications in the door design factors, such as door alignments, door panel stiffness, door trims, window glass rattle, latch striker alignment, door seals, air extractor. Since the door closing event is a transient phenomenon, it requires special tools such as wavelet transforms, Zwicker loudness to understand the slam events precisely. Subjective jury evaluations have been conducted to understand the effect of these modifications and rank the modifications based on their contributions to the door slam quality.
Kumar, N. JayaKumar, R. P. SenthilNair, Sajith
A document describes designing, building, testing, and certifying a customized crane (Lifting Device — LD) with a strong back (cradle) to facilitate the installation of long wall panels and short door panels for the GHe phase of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).
Unprecedented rates in Boeing 737 aircraft production have driven a need for an increase in capacity in fuselage manufacturing and assembly. This paper will discuss the requirements by Spirit AeroSystems to add capacity, and the new and upgraded machinery provided by Broetje Automation in response to these requirements. Production areas found to require additional capacity included galley and entry door skin fastening, as well as frame fastening in upper and lower lobes. Three new Mobile Panel Assembly Cell (MPAC) machines were installed in rapid succession for efficient and flexible production of door panels. For frame fastening of upper and lower lobes, three existing machines were taken out of production one at a time for a comprehensive upgrade resulting in process speed increases of more than 40%.
O'Rourke, BrianRounkles, Randy
This paper presents a new concept for a 100% plastic prototype automotive door panel. This concept has the potential of providing a weight reduction of up to 40% compared to conventional steel door panels, but with equivalent performance (static strength). This innovative technology can be used for a variety of exterior automotive parts. The concept includes a composite sandwich panel combination of GFRP (glass-fiber-reinforced polymer), and LACTIF®, which is expanded beads foam made from PLA (polylactic acid) and developed by JSP Corporation. This GFRP+LACTIF® composite design offers the following characteristics: - Excellent environmental resistance, - Strong adhesion, - Equivalent static strength (versus conventional door panels), and - Design flexibility. This concept also offers an alternative to conventional steel door panel systems by using unsaturated polyester material of plant origin as part of the GFRP composite. Using this combination with PLA would yield a sustainable product containing up to 80% bio-based material.
Sopher, Steven R.Sasaki, Hidehiro
Generally, it is difficult to compare the warpage of CAE simulation with which of physical part directly for large, thin-wall injection molded part. The warpage of an injection molded automotive interior door panel was discussed in this paper. The CAE simulation result was obtained via analysis in Autodesk Moldflow software with a reasonable CAE model which was constrained according to the physical measurement, and in the physical measurement, several points' positions were confirmed to make sure that the part was fixed on the gauge correctly and consistently. Finally, the warpage result of CAE simulation showed a good consistency with which was measured with a three-coordinate measuring machine.
Guo, XiaoGuo, Qing
The pole side impact test has been mandatory in Euro NCAP since 2009 and it includes, in addition to the head, assessments on other critical body regions that might be affected such as the chest, abdomen and pelvis. This paper describes a new test method for predicting Anthropomorphic Test Device responses to calculate injury index in side impact tests of a rigid pole under Euro NCAP conditions. Simplified sled tests are very effective in reducing the cost and time of development of more advanced side impact safety devices. To accomplish sled tests successfully, it is necessary to reconstruct accurately the combined dynamic deformation behavior of door and seat in pole impact. That behavior varies among different dummy response regions. Conventional sled test methods, published in previous literature, can reconstruct the deformation of the entire door using a single actuator at constant intrusion velocity but actual door velocity isn't constant in full scale vehicle crash tests. The above mentioned methods simulate the door deformation velocity using whole the door but in those cases the structure isn't simple and experiment cost is high. Hence, a new sled test method, using present Advanced Side Impact Simulator (ASIS), was developed by identifying the main features of door and seat intrusion behavior needed to accurately predict and simulate the dummy responses at different body regions in the vehicle tests. The features are reconstruction of inner door panel velocities as input corresponding to injury level at different body regions as output response by using multiple actuators for door and seat. This test method was validated with Euro NCAP pole side impact tests for a number of vehicles based on the results of ES-2 (50th percentile male) dummies injury criteria.
Kinoshita, AkiraShigeno, NaokiFukushima, TatsuyaSteffan, Hermann
Before lighter-weight or recycled materials and components can make their way into vehicles, it is essential to understand how they react under the influence of weather. As designers and engineers seek to reduce weight, increase the amount of recycled content, and become more cost-effective, the use of new lightweight materials, composites, and compounds is growing in the automotive industry. Testing to ensure that these new materials meet performance, durability, and regulatory targets plays a key role in helping companies minimize the risk of costly failure at later stages of the development process. To understand how materials and components will react when exposed to the environment over the course of their life cycle, weathering testing has taken on greater significance. Products must be optimized to endure conditions ranging from very dry to wet and humid and from freezing to very hot.
Monaghan, Matthew
The drive to incorporate renewable resources continues to gain momentum within the automotive industry. FXI has developed a grade of low (1.7 pcf) density slabstock foam which uses a natural oil polyol in place of a petroleum-based polyol. This foam grade, trademarked GreenBlend\St, has been developed specifically to produce foam-fabric/vinyl laminates for automotive seating, and interior trim applications such as headrests, armrests, visors and door panels. This new foam grade satisfies all of the OEM specifications for physical properties, including fogging and flammability, and yields satisfactory bond strengths when flame-laminated to cover stock. It is also s cost competitive technology compared to conventional slabstock foam using petroleum-based polyols.
Yap, CheeStapleton, RonaldSmolinski, Ronald
Extensive wind-tunnel work gave Volt a shape that's slicker than it looks. But engineers aren't happy with the curb weight. Advanced powertrain engineers and eco-enthusiasts argue convincingly that Volt's technology crown jewel is its electrified propulsion system. And they're right. But the car's overall efficiency, and success in the marketplace, also hinges on its aerodynamics, styling, package efficiency, and occupant protection. The body form and construction count as much for electrified vehicles as it does for conventionally powered ones, perhaps even more. Witness Toyota's Prius, whose overall wedge shape and tall greenhouse make it far from a handsome car. But that look struck a major chord with hybrid early adopters and cemented it to the point that Honda paid homage with the current-generation Insight.
Brooke, Lindsay
This document provides information on the various fiberboard products, which are available for automotive application. It is intended to give engineers and designers a better understanding of product usage, characteristics, properties and industry terminology. The following sections cover these topics: 2 General Product Information 3 Design Characteristics 4 Physical/Mechanical Properties 5 Fiberboard Definitions In sections 2, 3 and 4 the fiberboard products are categorized. These sections give an overview of product types, with general information about characteristics and properties. In cases where product categories encompass more than one material or material grade, ranges were established to cover all of the products in that category. The individual companies that supply fiberboard products should be consulted for specific information about a particular product or application.
Textile and Flexible Plastics Committee
The purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to present design recommendations for the direction-of-motion of hand controls found in passenger vehicles, multipurpose vehicles, and trucks. These recommendations are based on recent and past human factors research and are important considerations in the design of control layouts.
Controls and Displays Standards Committee
The important new model from General Motors Europe is based on the Epsilon II architecture expected to underpin many GM models for markets around the world. Flowery language laced with hyperbole is part of the communication philosophy of some European car companies, but the language from General Motors Europe (GME) at the world premiere of their Opel/Vauxhall Insignia was comparatively modest. True, the company spoke at the British International Motor Show of “breathtaking design and leading technology” and “sculptural artistry meets German precision,” but the overall message was a balanced and sensible description of a precisely designed and engineered car. It is certainly a very significant model (built in sedan, hatchback, and wagon forms) not just for GME, but also for the GM business empire as a whole. The Insignia's Epsilon II mechatronic chassis architecture is expected to be the basis of the Saab 9-5's replacement as well as for numerous other models including the Saturn Aura.
Birch, Stuart
SAE J1717 is an advisory document suggesting minimum recommended testing, appearance evaluation, and protocol for specifying the recommendations with regard to Singular Unassembled Automotive Interior Trim Parts.
Plastics Committee
Chrysler's family haulers feature a new look and more interior flexibility to go with a host of technology upgrades. With a 38% market share currently, Chrysler has no plans to relinquish its leadership in the minivan segment as it introduces the new 2008 Chrysler Town & Country and Dodge Grand Caravan. With 35 new or improved features, including a segment-first six-speed transaxle mated to a new 4.0-L V6 engine, the automaker expects its “family rooms on wheels'’ to again change the shape of the minivan landscape-in some ways quite literally. Designers of the new Town & Country and Grand Caravan attempted to break the ubiquitous “jellybean” design mold, replacing it with crisper shapes inspired by the Chrysler 300 and Dodge Magnum, explained Mark Trostle, Chief Designer, Interior/Exterior Design Studio.
Gehm, Ryan
Sensor-linked lighting systems, automatic high-beam control, LED headlights, and brand-identifying cabin lighting are enhancing safety, convenience, and the feel-good factor. Unlikely though it may seem, the automotive industry is taking a cue from movies and the theatre with a new business program: “Lights, camera, action.” As with so much in today's world of wheels, it is electronics that lead the way towards the technology horizon, and vehicle lighting-exterior and interior-is a very significant part of it. With bend lighting and adaptive systems now becoming de rigueur in the premium sector and cascading down to cheaper cars, the link has strengthened between lighting and integrated technologies that complement its efficacy. Now, according to German lighting specialist Hella, those links will be significantly broadened with the combination of lighting and front-facing cameras: Not just infrared night vision systems that are already in production, but innovative CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) cameras that can peer into the darkness and make decisions for the driver about the spread and intensity of headlight beams that can spot road signs illuminated by the car's headlights, and subsequently support early warning and safety systems.
Birch, Stuart
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