Browse Topic: Vehicle acceleration

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Accelerometer Location Study for Non-Intrusive Start of Combustion (SOC) Detection in Compression-Ignition Engines2026-01-0288To be published on 04/07/2026
This study investigates the impact of sensor location on accelerometer-based sensing of combustion phasing for compression-ignition engines. Ten accelerometer locations were studied on a light-duty compression-ignition engine for a set of conditions with variations in engine load, speed, injection timing, and injection strategy. Start of combustion (SOC) was identified from the filtered acceleration signal using a previously developed approach. Each location was assessed using both signal-based metrics, including magnitude squared coherence (MSC) between block surface acceleration and in-cylinder pressure, as well as SOC outcome-based metrics, such as detection success rate. Results demonstrate that the mounting location has a significant impact on the ability to extract combustion phasing information from the accelerometer signal. Sensors mounted on the front face of the engine produced the strongest signals for an individual cylinder. For multi-cylinder sensing, side-mounted
Hegge, Graydon, Hanson, Reed, Kim, Kenneth, Rothamer, David
On-Road Vehicle Testing and Characterization2026-01-0195To be published on 04/07/2026
Vehicle testing for fuel economy and emissions is typically performed indoors over standard dynamometer drive schedules to minimize variability and maximize repeatability of the results. In contrast, during on-road operation, operational parameters such as vehicle speed and acceleration and environmental factors such as temperature and wind will change unpredictably. These factors influence vehicle fuel economy and emissions, making on-road operation much more variable than dynamometer results. However, even though on-road conditions may be unpredictable, the on-road operational data can still be used to characterize vehicle performance. This paper describes the development of an on-road vehicle test methodology, with a focus on accounting for on-road factors with a high degree of accuracy while requiring only an achievable and reasonable amount of data. To develop this methodology, a 2016 Honda Civic was instrumented and driven multiple times over a route covering urban, rural, and
Moskalik, Andrew, Barba, Daniel
Integrated Effects of Suspension Geometry and Tire Pattern Design on Vehicle Pull Reduction under Acceleration in High-Performance and Electric Vehicles2026-01-0593To be published on 04/07/2026
Vehicle pull under acceleration is a phenomenon commonly observed in high-performance vehicles and electric vehicles (EVs), primarily arising asymmetric driveshaft angles, drivetrain architecture, and suspension geometry. In addition to these mechanical factors, tire characteristics, particularly the tire lateral force generated at the contact patch, significantly influence this effect. The lateral force is intricately tied to the dynamics of the contact patch and the geometric design of the tire tread pattern. This study investigates the relationship between tread pattern geometry and vehicle pull under acceleration, emphasizing the role of tire lateral force variations. By employing finite element (FE) simulation, lateral force response variations (dfy/dfx) resulting from tread block deformation were analyzed. Based on these simulation, a robust analytical methodology for tread pattern evaluation and optimization was established. The developed tread pattern characteristic parameter
Yoon, Youngsam, Jang, Dongjin, Kim, Hyungjoo, Lee, Jaekil
Sideslip Angle Estimation for Mining Trucks Based on Real-Time Cornering Stiffness Identification2026-01-0618To be published on 04/07/2026
High-precision estimation of key vehicle–road state parameters is crucial for ensuring the accurate and safe control of mining trucks (MT), as well as for reliable trajectory tracking. Among these parameters, the vehicle sideslip angle is particularly critical for assessing and predicting lateral stability. However, its direct measurement is challenging, and its estimation typically depends on an accurate characterization of tire cornering stiffness. For MT, large variations in loading conditions (from empty to fully loaded) pose significant challenges to sideslip angle estimation due to the resulting nonlinearity and variability of tire cornering stiffness. To address this issue, a novel joint estimation framework integrating the Moving Horizon Estimation (MHE) and Square-Root Cubature Kalman Filter (SCKF) is proposed to simultaneously achieve high-precision estimation of both tire cornering stiffness for each tire and vehicle sideslip angle. In this framework, the cornering stiffness
Xia, Xue, Shen, Peihong, Jiao, Leqi, Li, Tao, Chen, Huiyong, Zhao, Kun, Jiao, Leqi, Zhao, Zhiguo
Backlash Evasion Strategy for Enhancing Vehicle Cornering Performance2026-01-0640To be published on 04/07/2026
This study presents a torque distribution control strategy for EVs with e4WD powertrain to overcome the trade-off between ensuring vehicle acceleration and deceleration responsiveness and mitigating backlash shock in the driving system. The deterioration of the drivability which occurs from the intrinsic hardware characteristics of the drivetrain is prevented by designing a response-priority drive mode in which neither front or rear motor torque is allowed to change its sign. Instead, in such drive mode, the front motor torque is only allowed to perform regenerative braking while the rear motor torque is only allowed to produce positive acceleration torque. In order to avoid sacrificing the maximum acceleration by applying such strategy, the mode transition function is implemented as well. In addition, in order to prevent backlash impact due to drivetrain compliance, variable offset torque based on drivetrain compliance model is evaluated in real time and applied to each motor command
Oh, JIWON, Lee, Ho Wook
A Novel Chemical Clustering Approach for the Acceleration of 3D CFD Simulations of Internal Combustion Engines with Complex Fuels2026-01-0495To be published on 04/07/2026
Detailed kinetics simulations coupled with 3D CFD offer a powerful analysis tool for combustion and emissions. Such methods allow consistent modeling of multi-component fuels from evaporation to combustion and correctly capture the effects of local inhomogeneities created by preferential evaporation on the performance and emissions of modern powertrains. Such computations are extremely computationally demanding, prompting interest in the development of calculation acceleration techniques that can effectively balance the speed and accuracy of the chemical source calculation terms. Chemical kinetics clustering methods are widely used for that effect. However, such techniques must be not only effective but also robust with respect to the engine conditions and fuel composition changes, to reduce the computational demands introduced by the need to calibrate the parameters of the acceleration method itself. In this paper, an extended chemical kinetics clustering approach is proposed. A
Hernandez, Ignacio, Turquand d Auzay, Charles, Shapiro, Evgeniy, Shala, Mehmet, Borg, Anders, Seidel, Lars, Mauss, Fabian
Topology Optimization of Multibody Structures Considering Inertial Loads Using an Equivalent Static Displacement Framework2026-01-0501To be published on 04/07/2026
Topology optimization (TO) of dynamic structures has traditionally been constrained to single-body components and simplified harmonic load assumptions. Extending TO to multibody dynamic systems (MBS) remains challenging due to complex coupling between inertia, mass distribution, and joint constraints. This paper presents an inertia-aware topology optimization framework that integrates mass moment of inertia (MMI) constraints within an enhanced Equivalent Static Displacement (ESD) methodology. Building upon the authors’ previously developed ESD framework, the proposed approach — termed Inertia-Augmented Equivalent Static Displacement (IA-ESD) — explicitly incorporates inertial effects arising from accelerations and joint interactions. The approach enables dynamically consistent optimization by coupling design-dependent inertia tensors with equivalent static displacements derived from nonlinear multibody dynamics. Case studies involving an MBB beam and a piston–connecting rod assembly
Gupta, Aakash, Tovar, Andres
CAE Acceleration with Machine Learning for Results Prediction2026-01-0488To be published on 04/07/2026
Industries are following a tedious product development cycle for developing their product. In product development major steps includes design ideas, Drawings, CAD, CAE, Testing and design improvement cycle. This is a monotonous process and takes time which impacts on its time to deliver product and cost on development. Now a days industries are fast growing and targeting to reduce development cycle time and cost. AI&ML is impacting almost all areas in the industry and significantly reducing efforts time and cost. To make use of AI&ML in CAE, Altair Physics AI is an effective tool. To ensure the design of product traditional way is to develop a CAD of the product, develop, perform CAE and analyze performance. If we consider CAE procedure it is time consuming process which includes FEA model build, applying boundary conditions, running simulation and analyzing results which could take minutes to hours. By using ML with Physics AI we can make predictions on new design of the product in
Dangare, Anand Manohar, Kulkarni, Mandar
The Effects of Collision-Related Power Loss on Toyota Safety Sense 3.0 Event Data2026-01-0548To be published on 04/07/2026
Toyota vehicles equipped with Toyota Safety Sense (TSS) can record detailed information surrounding various driving events. Often, this data is employed in accident reconstruction to better understand the dynamics of a collision. TSS data is comprised of three main categories: Vehicle Control History (VCH), Freeze Frame Data (FFD), and image records. During an event, it is possible that a vehicle undergoes a catastrophic power loss from the damage sustained during the event. In this paper, the effects of sudden power loss on the VCH, FFD, and images are studied. Events are triggered on a TSS 3.0 equipped vehicle by driving toward a stationary target. After system activation, a total power loss is induced, triggered on the instrument cluster “BRAKE” alert message, at various delays after activation. This testing studies various signals recorded across VCH, FFD and image data including vehicle speed and time and date. Results show that there is a minimum time to record after system
Getz, Charles, Yeakley, Adam, DiSogra, Matthew
Intersection Assist for Vehicle with Dual-Trailers using Nonlinear Model Predictive Control and Unscented Kalman Filter2026-01-0074To be published on 04/07/2026
This paper presents an approach utilizing Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC) and Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) to predict system state and control the trajectory of the vehicle with dual trailers in an intersection turn scenario. The UKF estimates vehicle and trailers’ lateral traversal velocity states and the NMPC controls the vehicle acceleration and steering to maintain the vehicle’s desired heading through the turn. The vehicle’s lateral traversal velocity function is formulated using Lyapunov based method which is used as a propagation function in the UKF to improve the estimation accuracy. The lateral traversal velocity is then used as one of the constraints in the NMPC problem. The overall estimation and the control scheme are formulated and assessed in the simulation environment. The simulation results show good tracking and curb avoidance performance.
Malla, Rijan
From Prediction to Design: Using Context-Aware Graph Neural Networks and Explainable AI to Anticipate Transfer-of-Control2026-01-0049To be published on 04/07/2026
Drivers often interact with partial automation (SAE Level 2) systems, initiating transfer of control (TOC) either by handing control over to the automation or by taking it back. Accurately predicting these interactions may inform the design of future automation systems that adapt proactively to the operating context, enhance comfort, and ultimately may improve safety. We present a context-aware framework that generates a unified driver–vehicle–environment representation by fusing data from in-cabin video of the driver and of the forward roadway with vehicle kinematics, driver glance, and hands-on-wheel behaviors. This representation was encoded in a hierarchical Graph Neural Network that classified driver-initiated TOCs to: (i) Manual-to-automation and (ii) Automation-to-manual transitions and predicted time-to-TOC. Shapley-based explainable AI was used to quantify how the importance of behavioral, contextual, and kinematic cues evolved in the seconds preceding a TOC. Analysis of a
Zhao, Zhouqiao, Gershon, Pnina
The Characterization of Longitudinal Lumbar Acceleration in Low-Speed Rear-End Impacts Across Different Surrogate Occupant Types2026-01-0552To be published on 04/07/2026
Longitudinal lumbar acceleration is often overlooked as a key variable when biomechanically assessing lumbar response in rear-end collisions. The objective of this study is twofold: (1) to conduct a comprehensive literature review of peak longitudinal lumbar acceleration to statistically evaluate differences between three surrogate occupant types: human volunteers, post-mortem human subjects (PMHS), and anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) and (2) to construct a mathematical predictive model of longitudinal lumbar acceleration using peak longitudinal vehicle or sled change in velocity (delta-V) and vehicle acceleration in rear-end impacts. Peak longitudinal lumbar acceleration was obtained from peer-reviewed literature and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety database. Tests included belted human volunteers, PMHS, and ATD occupants seated upright in unmodified, conventional driver seats. Compared to human volunteers instrumented at L5-S1, BioRID ATDs instrumented at L1 displayed
Zambare, Keya, Ogbu Felix, Jordan, Arana Barcala, Emily, Westrom, Clyde, Caraan, John, Adanty, Kevin, Shimada, Sean
Data-Driven Objective Road-Driving Classification for Durable Design of Vehicles2026-01-0181To be published on 04/07/2026
Design for durability in the automotive industry depends on a clear understanding of how road surfaces and driving characteristics affect structural road loads and fatigue. Traditionally, road surface classification has been subjective (e.g., city, highway, rural), and done through driving instrumented vehicles over a small selection of roads. The variations in driving characteristics that are often consequent to the road surface quality are rarely accounted for in designing vehicle level durability tests. This makes it difficult to establish targets for durability testing that accurately match the wide variations in real-world roads and driving. This paper presents a data-driven approach to objectively classify road surface and driving characteristics using metrics derived from existing road response metrics like Vibration Dose Value (VDV) and statistical estimates of vehicle speed and acceleration. Data collected at the proving grounds on gravel roads, smooth roads, city-like roads
Shaurya, Shubham, Ramakrishnan, Sankaran, Demiri, Albion, Khapane, Prashant
A Comprehensive Review of Aerodynamics and Safety of Sports Cars10-10-03-00203/31/2026
As motorsports evolve with technological advancements, aerodynamics plays a crucial role in race car performance. This review examines the impact of aerodynamics on car design and its evolution, presenting a statistical analysis of existing sports cars. We highlight key performance factors like engine power, top speed, drag, and weight. The key contribution of this review is the critical synthesis of the safety-performance trade-off, especially linking aerodynamic optimizations to the stability and safety of sports cars. Furthermore, we explore mathematical modeling of vehicle aerodynamics to enhance the understanding of performance aspects such as top speed, acceleration, cornering, and braking. This article also provides a review of recent active and passive aerodynamic devices to assist researchers in selecting designs, with an emphasis on the importance of ground effect. We also present recent numerical methods, particularly 3D simulations. The statistical data can help researchers
Eftekhari, Hesam, Al-Obaidi, Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi, Eftekhari, Shahrooz
An Integrated Model Approach for Predicting Vehicle Dynamics Performance in HiL Validation2026-28-00442/12/2026
In the automotive industry, increasing noise regulations are influencing product sales and passenger comfort, creating a need for more effective noise testing methods. Hardware-in-Loop (HiL) based virtual acoustic testing serves as a critical step before Driver-in-Loop testing, allowing for the assessment of vehicle performance and noise levels inside and outside the vehicle under various conditions before physical prototype testing is performed. The Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) simulator setup is equipped with joystick control that requires a physical representation of the vehicle dynamics model provided as a Functional Mock-up Unit (FMU) in real-time format. In contrast, the vehicle control logic is implemented in C++ code. The simulator incorporates both lateral and longitudinal dynamics. Additional interfaces are integrated to support joystick input and virtual road visualization enabling realistic vehicle maneuvering and dynamic performance evaluation. However, performing all test
Visuvamithiran, Rishikesan, Chougule, Sourabh, Srinivasan, Rangarajan, Laurent, Nicolas
Modelling and Simulation of Key Vehicle Dynamics Parameters for a Conceptual Race Car2026-26-00851/16/2026
Vehicle dynamics is a vital area of automotive engineering that focuses on analyzing how a vehicle responds to driver inputs and external factors like road conditions and environmental influences. Achieving optimal performance, safety, and ride comfort requires a detailed understanding of longitudinal, lateral, and vertical dynamic behavior. The objective of this paper is to develop and validate the model of a concept Race car and evaluate its vehicle dynamics behavior using IPG CarMaker, a high-fidelity virtual testing environment widely used in industry. The model incorporates a range of vehicle parameters, including suspension parameters like spring and damper characteristics, mass distribution, tire properties and powertrain parameters. The performance evaluation is done as per standard guidelines, including Constant Radius turn test, Sine Steer test and other standard tests like Acceleration, Braking along with Ride and Comfort classification. The key parameters that are
Agrewale, Mohammad Rafiq B., Vaish, Ujjwal
DC Link Capacitor Size Reduction Using Phase-Shifted PWM Techniques for Pole-Phase Modulated Induction Machine Drives2026-26-01701/16/2026
This manuscript introduces a methodology to reduce the DC link capacitor size in pole-phase modulated (PPM) induction motor drives (IMD). Typically, the DC link capacitor (DCLC) occupies around 25 to 30% of the inverter volume and 20% of the inverter material cost. Reducing the DCLC size and cost is essential to lowering the inverter size and cost. This can be accomplished by lowering the DCLC ripple current. The proposed technique suggests adapting phase-shifted triangular carrier waveforms, in all the operating modes of the PPM drive, to significantly reduce the ripple current through DCLC, successively reduces the size and cost of DCLC. Simulations are performed in MATLAB/Simulink on a 9 phase PPM drive to validate the efficacy of the strategy. Though the suggested concept is verified with a 9 phase PPM drive, which is operated in 2 modes, it can be extended to any 3n PPM drive. The results demonstrate a 60% reduction in ripple magnitude, enabling the use of smaller, more reliable
A, Rajeshwari
High-Fidelity Modeling of Vehicle Dynamics for Control-Oriented Stability Enhancement2026-26-00931/16/2026
This study presents an integrated vehicle dynamics framework combining a 12-degree-of-freedom full vehicle model with advanced control strategies to enhance both ride comfort and handling stability. Unlike simplified models, it incorporates linear and nonlinear tire characteristics to simulate real-world dynamic behavior with higher accuracy. An active roll control system using rear suspension actuators is developed to mitigate excessive body roll and yaw instability during cornering and maneuvers. A co-simulation environment is established by coupling MATLAB/Simulink-based control algorithms with high-fidelity multibody dynamics modeled in ADAMS Car, enabling precise, real-time interaction between control logic and vehicle response. The model is calibrated and validated against data from an instrumented test vehicle, ensuring practical relevance. Simulation results show significant reductions in roll angle, yaw rate deviation, and lateral acceleration, highlighting the effectiveness
Duraikannu, Dinesh, Dumpala, Gangi Reddi
Machine Learning Approach to ISO Road Class Prediction Using Multiple Linear Regression2026-26-06671/16/2026
The inertial profiler methodology is traditionally employed in RLDA (Road Load Data Acquisition) to measure road profiles and classify test routes into ISO road classes. However, this approach demands significant time and effort during instrumentation. Also, during data acquisition, laser height sensor data is affected especially during adverse conditions such as rainy seasons or on surfaces with improper reflectivity. Additionally, substantial resources are required for data processing to convert raw measurements into road classifications. To address these challenges, an initial attempt was made to establish a relationship between axle acceleration responses and road profiles, enabling axle acceleration measurements during RLDA to predict ISO road classes. However, this approach relied on a simple linear model that considered only axle acceleration responses, rendering the predictions susceptible to inaccuracies due to varying parameters such as vehicle speed. To overcome these
P, Praveen Kumar, P, Dayalan, Sriramulu, Yoganandam
A Strategic Approach to Design Automotive Intake Systems for Achieving a Sporty Acoustic Signature at the Drivers Ear Level2026-26-03281/16/2026
In pursuit of a distinct sporty interior sound character, the present study explores an innovative strategy for designing intake systems in passenger vehicles. While most existing literature primarily emphasizes exhaust system tuning for enhancing vehicle sound quality, the current work shifts the focus toward the intake system’s critical role in shaping the perceived acoustic signature within the vehicle cabin. In this research work, target cascading and settings were derived through a combination of benchmark and structured subjective evaluation study and aligning with literature review. Quantitative targets for intake orifice noise was defined to achieve the desired sporty character inside cabin. Intake orifice targets were engineered based on signature and sound quality parameter required at cabin. Systems were designed by using advanced NVH techniques, Specific identified acoustic orders were enhanced in the intake system to reinforce the required signature in acceleration as well
Sadekar, Umesh Audumbar, Titave, Uttam, Patil, Jitendra, Naidu, Sudhakara
Risk Assessment of Cold Side Components Using Quick Modal Analysis Correlation Technique2026-26-04411/16/2026
Modal analysis is performed to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a structure or system. It helps engineers understand how a system vibrates and how external forces, such as mechanical loads, might excite unwanted resonances. To check the stresses due to vibration inputs, certain G levels are assumed, and stresses are scaled to those vibration levels. This gives an understanding of the stresses of components with respect to its EFR limit and design margins are calculated. But, assumed acceleration levels in pre-prototype stage level can over predict or under predict the design margins. A quick modal analysis correlation technique can be used by using test measured accelerations conducted at prototype stage of the program. In this work, a modal analysis correlation technique is used to perform risk assessment of intake manifold. The intake manifold failed due to high vibration levels which were not captured from high cycle fatigue analysis with assumed G-level. In the
Bale, Shrikant Bhaskar, Bawache, Krushna
Research and HIL Test of Rear Wheel Steering Control Strategy Based on Zero Sideslip Angle2025-01-732312/31/2025
This paper briefly introduces the vehicle characteristics of four-wheel steering. Based on the parameters of an electric SUV, a linear two-degree-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model is established, and the transfer function of the rear wheel steering angle is derived to keep the sideslip angle at the center of gravity(CoG) constant at zero and proportional to the front wheel steering angle under steady state. The active rear wheel steering control strategy based on zero sideslip angle is established by MATLAB/Simulink, and a co-simulation model is built with CarSim and the HIL test bench to simulate and analyze the proposed control strategy. Subsequently, through classic handling stability test conditions such as the snake test, steering angle step test, and double lane change test, the influence of active rear wheel steering on vehicle dynamic response indicators such as sideslip angle, lateral acceleration, and yaw rate is studied, and the control effect is compared with that of the
Xu, Xiangfei, Qu, Yuan, Liu, Jiabao
A Control Method of Time-Domain Noise from Shells Based on a CGVF Algorithm2025-99-020112/23/2025
The presence of time-varying loads on shell structures can result in the generation of undesirable noise in the time domain. This paper presents a time-domain noise control method based on piezoelectric smart shell structures. Firstly, a coupled time-domain finite element/boundary element method (TDFEM/BEM) is used to calculate the sound pressure radiated from shell structures subjected to arbitrary time-varying loads. Then a classical time-domain CGVF algorithm is used to control the vibration and to suppress the sound radiation from structures. Finally, numerical examples demonstrate a 44.2% reduction in the displacement response, a 35.8% decrease in acceleration response, a 36.2% decline in sound pressure of the central node, and a 28.5% decrease in average surface sound pressure. The results show that after CGVF control, the vibration and radiation noise of the plate/shell structure under time domain load are effectively reduced, which is of great significance in engineering
Zheng, Hao, Wang, Hongfu, Li, Jingjing, Zhou, Qiang, Sun, Yong, Zhou, Ling, Zhang, Hongliang, Wang, Baichuan, Huang, Junsong, Liu, Xiaorang, Yin, Guochuan
Dynamics Analysis of a Tracked Military Vehicle2025-36-020312/18/2025
Tracked Military Vehicles are well known in armed forces, due to their use and importance in conventional combat, playing a crucial role since World War I until current combats. Also, as it happens in different generations, the environment involved in these wars changes and those vehicles are being used not only in open field situations, but inside residential neighborhoods also. However, despite their relevance, analyses and studies aimed at understanding these vehicles are scarce at the undergraduate level, which creates a gap among the recent graduate engineers that want to learn and understand how tracked vehicles perform in different scenarios. This is important because understanding initial concepts helps to bring more ideas and start more detailed studies in the area. Therefore, to bridge this gap, a detailed dynamic analysis of a tracked military vehicle is conducted using MATLAB with a dynamic model to evaluate performance, level transitions, and acceleration. Additionally
Dalcin, Pedro Henrique Kleim, Ribeiro, Levy Pereira, Lopes, Elias Dias Rossi, Rodrigues, Gustavo Simão
Enhancing Energy Absorption in Rear Impact Events through Rail Extension Design and Material Variations2025-36-009612/18/2025
Safety improvements in vehicle crashworthiness remain a primary concern for automotive manufacturers due to the increasing complexity of traffic and the rising number of vehicles on roads globally. Enhancing structural integrity and energy absorption capabilities during collisions is paramount for passenger protection. In this context, longitudinal rails play a critical role in vehicle crashworthiness, particularly in mitigating the effects of rear collisions. This study evaluates the structural performance of a rear longitudinal rail extender, characterized by a U-shaped, asymmetric cross-section, subjected to rear-impact scenarios. Seventy-two finite-element models were systematically developed from a baseline configuration, exploring variations in material yield conditions, sheet thickness, and targeted geometric modifications, including deformation initiators at three distinct positions or maintaining the original geometry. Each model was simulated according to ECE R32 regulation
Souza Coelho Freitas, Victor de, Pereira, Romulo Franco, Souza, Daniel Souto de
Research on SHM Acceleration Data Recovery Method Based on CNN-BILSTM2025-99-034112/17/2025
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Zhang, Xiangyi
Fuel-Efficient Large-Spacing Truck Platooning in Windy Environments Considering Longitudinal and Lateral Motions2025-99-041912/10/2025
Large-spacing truck platooning offers a balance between operational safety and fuel savings. To enhance its performance in windy environments, this study designs a control system integrating both longitudinal and lateral motions. The longitudinal control module regulates the inter-vehicle spacing within a desired range while generating a fuel-optimal torque profile by minimizing unnecessary decelerations and accelerations. The lateral control module ensures lateral stability and maintains alignment between the trucks to achieve the expected fuel savings. A two-truck platoon is simulated with a 3-sec time gap under varying wind conditions, using experimental data from the on-road cooperative truck platooning trials conducted in Canada. The control system effectively remains spacing errors within the preset safety buffer and limits lateral offsets to 0.07 m, ensuring safe and stable platooning in windy environments. Additionally, the smoother speed profiles and reduced lateral offsets
Jiang, Luo, Shahbakhti, Mahdi
CAV Optimal Scheduling Method for Unsignalized Intersections Based on Rolling Ant Colony Algorithm2025-99-042812/10/2025
With the development of intelligent networking technology and autonomous driving technology, how to efficiently and safely schedule intelligent networked autonomous vehicles at signalless intersections has become a research hotspot in traffic management. Based on this, this article first designs an objective function that considers both intersection traffic efficiency and intersection traffic safety, taking into account constraints such as safe distance, speed, acceleration, etc., and constructs a signal free intersection CAV traffic scheduling model. On this basis, a model solving algorithm based on rolling ant colony algorithm is proposed. Simulation experiments show that compared with typical signal control methods, this method can significantly improve intersection traffic efficiency and reduce the number of conflicts.
Zhao, Yingjie, Liu, Xiaoming, Ma, Zechao, Wang, Yuanrong
Risk Assessment and Identification of Freight Vehicle Trip Chains2025-99-042112/10/2025
Although the number of trucks is low, their accident rate is high, and the consequences of accidents are severe. This paper is based on GPS data from 100 trucks, with each trip chain defined by a vehicle’s stay time greater than 20 minutes. The kinematic parameters for each trip chain are then extracted, and the entropy weight method is used to calculate the weights of various parameters. A random forest model is applied to select 11 key indicators, including speed and acceleration. The entropy weight-TOPSIS algorithm is used to assess the risk of each trip chain for the trucks. Different combinations of continuous and discontinuous trip chain scenarios are constructed. Finally, support vector machines (SVM) and decision tree methods are used for risk prediction under different trip chain combinations. The results show that the 11 selected key indicators provide an accuracy of 95.74% for describing the sample. In general, the SVM model shows better prediction accuracy than the decision
Huang, Yunhe, Xiong, Zhihua, Li, Jiayu
Research on Control Strategy for Heterogeneous Traffic at Signalized Intersections2025-99-045312/10/2025
In order to reduce conflicts between vehicles at intersections and improve safety, an optimization model of traffic sequence allocation is studied and established for the heterogeneous traffic scenario of connected autonomous vehicles and manual vehicles. With the minimum safe traffic time as constraint, the right of way is allocated to vehicles according to the microscopic traffic characteristics of heterogeneous traffic flow fleet movement and the phase of signal lights, and the optimal trajectory planning control of each vehicle and evaluation indicators are established. A jointly simulation running environment is built using VISSIM and MATLAB. The simulation results indicate that at the micro level, collaborative control slows down the waiting time for manually driven vehicles and improves the utilization of green light travel time. At the macro level, as the penetration rate of connected autonomous vehicles increases, the sum of squares of vehicle acceleration gradually decreases
Yuan, Shoutong, Li, Zhiqiang, Liu, Tianyu, Yu, Zhengyang
Eco-Driving Longitudinal Control Strategy Based on Preceding Vehicle Acceleration Prediction2025-99-044512/10/2025
Automatic driving technology can achieve precise control of the vehicle. Compared with manual driving, it can greatly avoid bad driving behaviors such as rapid acceleration, rapid deceleration, and idle driving, more stable, efficient and safer control of vehicles, thus reducing energy consumption and pollution emissions, has great potential for eco-driving. Previous research on eco-driving car-following strategy is usually based on the current vehicle state. However, the real driving scene is extremely complex and changeable, which makes the existing research easy to fall into the dilemma of local optimal solution when dealing with complex long-term planning tasks, and it is difficult to gain comprehensive insight into the path of global optimal solution. According to the literature, bad driving behaviors such as rapid acceleration and rapid deceleration have a great impact on the energy consumption and emissions of vehicles, in order to realize eco-driving, planning control method
Luo, Shije, Zhao, Qi
Heavy-Payload Conveyance Paves the Way for Next-Generation Battery ManufacturingTBMG-5427912/1/2025
Battery technology is at the center of global innovation. From electric vehicles and off-highway machinery to consumer electronics and grid storage, demand for high-performing, reliable batteries has never been higher. This acceleration creates pressure on manufacturers to scale production while safeguarding quality and throughput.
Controller Area Network–Based Vehicle Safety System09-13-02-001111/22/2025
This article entails the design, manufacturing, application, testing, and analysis/discussion of a controller area network (CAN)–based vehicle safety system that detects vehicle failure such as brake failure, gear failure, tire blowouts, and other failures that can be monitored using digital or analogue sensors. The aim and objectives are to implement a real-life tire blowout on an Iveco S-Way Euro III and design a system that sends out CAN-based messages using J1939 protocol to the Iveco S-Way Euro III to downshift the gears, retarders, activate the limp mode braking system, activate the hooter, and activate the hazards. The system is split into five sections: (1) detection and activation, (2) gear control system, (3) retarder control system, (4) braking control system, and (5) hooter and hazard control system; while analyzing the: acceleration in the lateral, longitudinal, and vertical acceleration (g) vs. time (s), vehicle speed (km/h), rate of deflation (s), and the steering torque
Rampath, Amaan, Stopforth, Riaan, Proctor-Parker, Craig
Intelligent Decision-Making and Trajectory Planning of Semi-Trailer Trains Under Multi-Vehicle Interference2025-99-012511/11/2025
Semi-trailer trains are the main force of highway freight. In a complex environment with multiple vehicles, accidents are easily caused by complex structures and driver operation problems. Intelligent technology is urgently needed to improve safety. In view of the shortcomings of existing research on its dedicated models and algorithms, this paper studies the intelligent decision-making and trajectory planning of semi-trailer trains under multiple vehicles. A local trajectory planning method based on global path planning and Frenet coordinate decoupling based on the improved A* algorithm is proposed. The smooth weight transition function and B-spline curve are introduced to optimize the global path. The polynomial function is combined with the acceleration rate to optimize the local trajectory. TruckSim, Prescan and Simulink are used to build a joint simulation platform for multi-condition verification. The simulation results show that the search efficiency of the improved A* algorithm
Song, Zeyuan, Geng, Shuai
Obstacle Avoidance Capability of a Personal Mobility Vehicle (PMV) with an Inward Tilting Mechanism under Braking Conditions2025-32-003311/3/2025
This study delves into the dynamics of three-wheeled Personal Mobility Vehicles (PMVs) equipped with an active tilting mechanism. In three-wheeled vehicles with a single front wheel, the risk of tipping over during sudden braking and sharp turning is often highlighted. To address this issue, the authors have focused their research on three-wheeled PMVs with two front wheels and one rear wheel, equipped with an active tilting mechanism. Previous studies using dynamic simulation tools have demonstrated that such PMVs possess higher obstacle avoidance capabilities compared to motorcycles and even passenger cars. However, these simulations were based on the assumption of avoidance maneuvers without braking, and no studies have yet examined the behavior of three-wheeled PMVs with an active tilting mechanism under the more complex conditions of braking during turning. Therefore, prior to conducting dynamic simulations under braking and turning conditions, this study aims to clarify the
Haraguchi, Tetsunori, Kaneko, Tetsuya
Methodology of Minimum Energy Starting for SI Engine2025-32-009011/3/2025
In general-purpose small SI engines, it is necessary to reduce fuel consumption under operating conditions involving repeated starts and stops. In other words, the energy distribution during the transition from 0 rpm to idling speed is a crucial factor. At startup, the SI engine must be driven by a motor, and the electrical energy required should be minimized. However, the engine must accelerate during this process, and the required electrical energy is influenced by factors such as compression, friction, and moments of inertia. The purpose of this research is to experimentally clarify the conditions for minimum energy starting in SI engines. Specifically, the effect of the moment of inertia was eliminated by using a motor to maintain a constant engine speed, thereby enabling the isolation and measurement of electrical energy consumed by friction. The electrical energy required to overcome the moment of inertia can be determined by comparing it with the energy consumed when
Matsuura, Yusuke, Tanaka, Junya
Road Simulation Techniques for Reproducing Off-Road Vehicle Behavior2025-32-003111/3/2025
A road simulator reproduction method was developed to reproduce the off-road conditions of utility vehicles in a laboratory setting. Off-road running behavior can be reproduced by considering the effects of inertial forces from jump landings owing to uneven terrain and slow-speed navigation. However, extremely low-frequency components and behaviors, including inertial forces from jumps, vehicle acceleration and deceleration, are difficult to reproduce with a normal road simulator in the limited test space of a laboratory. Therefore, it is common practice to intentionally remove input components below 1 Hz. Alternatively, inertial forces can be reproduced by adding a restraining device to the sprung mass of the vehicle along the wheel-axle inputs. Therefore, the former method excludes extremely low-frequency components, whereas the effects between actuators, which increase the test complexity and time required, should be canceled in the latter method. Furthermore, the restraining device
Miyasaka, Takahiro, Shimizu, Ryota
Integral–Derivative-Tilted Controller for Semi-Active Magnetorheological Truck Suspension System Using Combined Multi-Objective Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm02-19-02-000910/29/2025
This study proposes a novel control strategy for a semi-active truck suspension system using an integral–derivative-tilted (ID-T) controller, developed as a modification of the TID controller. The ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm is employed to tune the controller parameters. Performance is evaluated on an eight-degrees-of-freedom semi-active suspension system equipped with MR dampers. The objective is to minimize essential dynamic responses (displacement, velocity, and acceleration) of the sprung mass, cabin, and seat. The controller also considers the nonlinear effects including suspension travel, pitch dynamics, dynamic tire loads, and seat-level vibration dose value (VDV). System performance is assessed under both single bump and random road excitations. The ACO-tuned ID-T controller is compared against passive suspension, MR passive (OFF/ON), and ACO-tuned PID and TID controllers. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed controller achieves superior performance in
Gad, S., Metered, H., Bassiuny, A. M.
Motion Planning Algorithm for Autonomous Driving Based on Trajectory Prediction2025-99-004710/17/2025
To solve the problems of trajectory prediction and obstacle avoidance of self-vehicles in autonomous driving, a obstacle avoidance algorithm that combines trajectory prediction and vehicle motion planning is proposed. Firstly, in this paper, Unscented Kalman filter and constant acceleration model, namely UKF + CA, as well as Hidden Markov model, namely HMM, are combined together. Predict the trajectory of the vehicle in front and integrate the prediction results obtained by these two methods, which can improve the accuracy of the prediction. Then, in the Frenet coordinate system, this paper adopts the methods of dynamic programming and quadratic programming to generate the planning trajectory of the self-aircraft. After that, this paper conducts collision detection between the fusion trajectory of the preceding vehicle and the planning trajectory of the self-vehicle. If there is a risk of collision, a virtual obstacle will be generated and the path will be re-planned to avoid the
Cao, Zheng, Shen, Yong-Feng, Hu, Hao-Dong, Ouyang, Le-Wen
Development and Assessment of a Performance Enhanced HMMWV with Onboard Vehicle Power2025-01-04989/16/2025
Michigan Technological University (MTU) responded to and was awarded Broad Agency Announcement (BAA) Number: W56JSR-18-S-0001 through the Army Rapid Capabilities and Critical Technologies Office (RCCTO). The delivered performance enhanced HMMWV offers increased mobility with over 50% increase in acceleration, improving maneuverability and significant operational range with extended mission duration. Additionally, with on-board energy storage, the vehicle provides extended silent watch and silent mobility capabilities enabling low acoustic and thermal signatures, along with on-board and export vehicle power enabling the powering of mission systems. This paper details the characteristics and performance of an HMMWV with a hybridized powertrain that was designed to meet and demonstrate these benefits.
Worm, Zander, Kiefer, Dylan, Schmidt, Henry, Putrus, Johnathon, Rizzo, Denise, Subert, Dave, Dice, Paul, Naber, Jeffrey D.
An Optimized Particle Collection System for PM10 and PM2.5 Tyre Wear Emission Factors under Real-World Conditions2025-24-00939/7/2025
The growing demand for improved air quality and reduced impact on human health along with progress in vehicle electrification has led to an increased focus on accurate Emission Factors (EFs) for non-exhaust emission sources, like tyres. Tyre wear arises through mechanical and thermal processes owing to the interaction with the road surface, generating Tyre Road Wear Particles (TRWP) composed of rubber polymers, fillers, and road particles. This research aims to establish precise TRWP airborne EFs for real-world conditions, emphasizing in an efficient collection system to generate accurate PM10 and PM2.5 EFs from passenger car tyres. Particle generation replicates typical driving on asphalt road for a wide selection of tyres (different manufacturers, price ranges, fuel economy rating). Factors such as tyre load, speed and vehicle acceleration are also considered to cover various driving characteristics. The collection phase focuses on separating tyre wear particles from potential
Kontses, Dimitrios, Dimaratos, Athanasios, Kaimakamis, Thomas, Vizvizis, George, Ouzounis, Rafail, Koutsokeras, Odysseas, Samaras, Zissis
A Novel Mechanical Model Simulating a Pavement Deflection Measuring System for Non-Invasive Pavement Monitoring Based on a Reliability-Based Optimization Algorithm02-18-03-00259/4/2025
This article presents a novel mechanical model for simulating the behavior of pavement deflection measuring systems (PDMS). The accuracy of the model was validated by comparing the acceleration of the new model with the data achieved through experimental tests fusing a deflection measurement system mounted on a Ford F-150 truck. The experimental test for the PDMS is carried out on a random road profile, generated by an inertial profiler, over a 7.4-mile (12 km) loop around a lake near Austin, Texas. Integrating a reliability-based optimization (RBO) algorithm in a PDMS aims to optimize system parameters and reduce vibrations effectively. The PDMS noises and uncertainties make it crucial to use a robust system to ensure the stability of the system. This article presents a robust algorithm for considering the uncertainties of PDMS parameters, including the damping coefficients and spring stiffness of the supporting brackets. Moreover, it considers the variation of system parameters, such
Yarmohammadisatri, Sadegh, Sandu, Corina, Claudel, Christian
Active–Passive Torsional Vibration Suppression Method for Electromechanical Coupling System of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles10-09-04-00348/21/2025
The diversity of excitation sources and operating modes in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) exacerbates the torsional vibration issues, presenting significant challenges to the vehicle’s overall noise, vibration, and harshness performance. To address the complex torsional vibration challenges of the HEVs, this study proposed an active–passive collaborative vibration suppression approach. In terms of passive suppression, a multi-condition parameter optimization scheme for the torsional vibration dampers is designed. In terms of active suppression, a fuzzy control–based electronically controlled damper is proposed, and a hybrid feedforward–feedback motor torque compensation strategy is developed. Simulation results demonstrated that the proposed method reduces the root mean square value of the angular acceleration by over 65% under acceleration and idle conditions and the maximum transient vibration value by 55% during the engine starting condition.
Yan, Zhengfeng, Liu, Shaofei, Huang, Tianyu, Zhong, Biqing, Bai, Xianxu, Huang, Yin
Methods for Estimating Coasting Resistance of Heavy-Duty Commercial Vehicles under Various Loads02-19-01-00058/19/2025
This research primarily addresses the issue of resistance model setting for chassis dynamometers or EIL (engine-hardware-in-the-loop) systems under various loads. Based on the data available from the heavy-duty commercial vehicle coast-down test reports, this article proposes three methods for estimating coasting resistance. For heavy-duty commercial vehicles that have not undergone the coast-down test, this article proposes the GA-GRNN (AC) model to predict coasting resistance. Compared to the GA-BPNN model proposed by previous studies, the new model, which achieves 93% prediction accuracy, demonstrates higher estimation accuracy. For heavy-duty commercial vehicles that have undergone the coast-down test, the coasting equal power method proposed in this article can estimate the coasting resistance under various loads. The accuracy and stability of the new method are verified by several coast-down tests. Compared to the existing method proposed by existing scholars, the new method has
Liang, Xingyu, Sun, Shangfeng, Li, Tengteng, Zhao, Jianfu
Exploring the Correlation between Physiological States and Driving Behavior on Highways with Integrated ECG Measurements2025-01-02927/2/2025
Human driver errors, such as distracted driving, inattention, and aggressive driving, are the leading causes of road accidents. Understanding the underlying factors that contribute to these behaviors is critical for improving road safety. Previous studies have shown that physiological states, like raised heart rates due to stress and anxiety, can influence driving behavior, leading to erratic driving and an increased risk of accidents. In this study, we conducted on-road tests using a measurement system based on the Driver-Driven vehicle-Driving environment (3D) method. We collected physiological signals, specially electrocardiography (ECG) data, from human drivers to examine the relationship between physiological states and driving behaviors. The aim was to determine whether ECG can serve as an indicator of potential risky driving behaviors, such as sudden acceleration and frequent steering adjustments. This information enables automated driving (AD) systems to intervene in dangerous
Ji, Dejie, Flormann, Maximilian, Bollmann, Julian, Henze, Roman, Deserno, Thomas M.
Pulse and Polynomial Functions to Predict Vehicle Acceleration Using Event Data Recorder Delta-V in Frontal and Rear-End Collisions2025-01-50466/27/2025
The lack of recorded acceleration and limited Delta-V (ΔV) resolution in many vehicle event data recorders necessitates the development of a method to predict continuous vehicle acceleration based on ΔV responses. This study developed a method of obtaining continuous acceleration by regressing pulse functions (triangular, half-sine, haversine) and polynomial functions (orders 3–6) to a ΔV curve and deriving the corresponding acceleration–time curve. The effectiveness of this method was demonstrated using real-world ΔV response data from front and rear-end collisions. Comparisons were performed between peak and average acceleration values from each front and rear-end crash pulse. Results indicated that a triangular pulse function predicted similar peak acceleration values to the vehicle’s actual acceleration in frontal and rear-end impacts. Average acceleration in frontal impacts was best predicted utilizing a fifth-order polynomial, while a sixth-order polynomial demonstrated the best
Westrom, Clyde, Adanty, Kevin, Shimada, Sean D.
Yaw Motion of Motor Vehicles2025-01-50436/20/2025
Vehicular accident reconstruction is intended to explain the stages of a collision. This also includes the description of the driving trajectories of vehicles. Stored driving data is now often available for accident reconstruction, increasingly including gyroscopic sensor readings. Driving dynamics parameters such as lateral acceleration in various driving situations are already well studied, but angular rates such as those around the yaw axis are little described in the literature. This study attempts to reduce this gap somewhat by evaluating high-frequency measurement data from real, daily driving operations in the field. 813 driving maneuvers, captured by accident data recorders, were analyzed in detail and statistically evaluated. These devices also make it possible to record events without an accident. The key findings show the average yaw rates as a function of driving speed as well as the ratio between mean and associated peak yaw rate. Beyond that, considerably lower yaw rates
Fuerbeth, Uwe
Subjective Development of EV Propulsion Noise to Drive Product Differentiation2025-01-00675/5/2025
The frequency and amplitude content of powertrain noise is motor torque and speed dependent and tends to influence the driver’s subjective perception of the vehicle. This provides manufacturers with an opportunity to drive product differentiation through consideration of powertrain noise in early stages of the development cycles for electric vehicles (EVs). This paper focuses on the evaluation of customer preference and perception of acoustic feedback from different powertrain design options based on targeted powertrain orders and expected wind and road masking during high acceleration maneuvers. A jury study is used to explore customer feedback to a two-stage gearbox design with AC permanent magnet motor order combinations. The subjective influence of order spacing, dominant frequency content and the number of audible orders is studied to understand aural perspective product differentiation opportunities.
Joodi, Benjamin, Jayakumar, Vignesh, Conklin, Chris, Pilz, Fernando, Iyengar, Shashank, Weilnau, Kelby, Hodgkins, Jeffrey
Vehicle Acceleration MeasurementJ1491_202505 (Current)5/5/2025
To define a test procedure that will provide repeatable measurements of a vehicle’s maximum acceleration performance for launch and passing maneuvers and standardize time zero used in reported results.
Light Duty Vehicle Performance and Economy Measure Committee
Research on Shift Sound Quality Control Strategy for Active Sound Generation System in Automobile2025-01-00195/5/2025
The active sound synthesis system of electric vehicles plays an important role in improving the sound perception and transmission of working condition information inside the vehicle. Nowadays, the active sound synthesis system inside the vehicle has become standard equipment in electric vehicles of major electric vehicle manufacturers to meet the user groups' demand for driving and riding experience. In order to enrich the driving experience of electric vehicles and automatic transmission vehicles, the sound performance should be close to the immersiveness and dynamic feedback brought by traditional manual transmission fuel vehicles. Based on the active sound synthesis algorithm in the car, this paper proposes an adaptive shift sound quality control strategy suitable for complex and changeable working conditions, with the aim of simulating the real shift sound of the engine. First, the motor speed offset is accurately calculated based on the transmission ratio of each gear of the
Zhou, Xilong, Liu, Zhien, Xie, Liping, Yu, Shangbo, Lu, Chihua, Gao, Xiang, Yongsheng, Wang
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