This article conducts a thorough review of contemporary air suspension systems on
the market for passenger cars. The evolution of suspension structures and
control methodologies are briefly discussed. The layout of air suspension
systems is introduced in detail, with each component receiving a comprehensive
description and analysis. The open-loop and closed-loop arrangements are
explained. Various types of air springs are discussed and compared. The sensory
system, special working conditions, and failure analysis are also elaborated. In
the case studies, some example models are listed to show a complete guide of how
air suspension is implemented on passenger cars, which includes functionalities,
air spring configurations, control methods, signal flow, service modes, and
diagnostic messages. The major sources are OEMs’ official websites and
previously released documents, such as user manuals and maintenance manuals,
which are valid up to April 2023. Finally, the article concludes with a
forward-looking discussion on the future application of air suspension.
