Browse Topic: Mobility

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An Integrated Methodology for Sustainable Mobility Infrastructure Planning: The Atlanta Aerotropolis Case Study2026-01-0097To be published on 04/07/2026
By the early 2020s, more than 4.5 billion people have been living in urban areas worldwide, compared to just 1 billion in 1960. Rising growth in urban populations present challenges to infrastructure and transportation systems. Higher traffic levels and reliance on conventional vehicles have contributed to heightened greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, rising global temperatures, and irreversible environmental degradation. In response, emerging transportation solutions—including intelligent ridesharing, autonomous vehicles, zero-tailpipe-emission transport, and urban air mobility—offer opportunities for safer and more sustainable transportation ecosystems. However, their widespread adoption depends not only on technological performance and efficiency, but also on integration with current infrastructure, safety, resilience to unexpected disruptions, and economic viability. A dynamic, agent-based System-of-Systems (SoS) transportation model is developed to simulate vehicle traffic and human
Rana, Vishva, Balchanos, Michael, Mavris, Dimitri, Valenzuela Del Rio, Jose
Generative Agents for High-Fidelity Simulation of Community-Scale Mobility and Energy Behavior2026-01-0465To be published on 04/07/2026
The transition to sustainable mobility and energy systems is a complex socio-technical challenge, where the success of new technologies and policies hinges on their interaction with human behavior. Traditional models often fail to capture the nuanced, heterogeneous, and adaptive nature of occupant decision-making, particularly in terms of mobility choices and energy use, creating a critical uncertainty gap for system design and policy evaluation. This paper presents a new paradigm to address this gap: a scalable, high-fidelity simulation framework based on Generative Agents. The framework's core innovations are twofold: 1) It leverages Large Language Models (LLMs) to autonomously generate agents with intrinsic personality traits autonomously, enabling a realistic simulation of diverse, human-like responses to environmental, social, and transportation-related cues. 2) It introduces a hierarchical "Prototype-Individual" architecture that makes large-scale simulation of entire communities
Chen, Yongjian, Yang, Zhifeng, Ou, Shiqi(Shawn)
A Real-Time Repositioning Strategy for SAEV Fleets Using a Simulation-Informed Deep Learning Model2026-01-0035To be published on 04/07/2026
Shared Autonomous Electric Vehicles (SAEVs) can enhance urban mobility and efficiency. However, their operational performance is often hindered by the spatio-temporal imbalance between vehicle supply and passenger demand, leading to long wait times. This paper develops a novel repositioning framework where a lightweight CNN, informed by computationally intensive multi-agent simulations, enables real-time strategy deployment. The results show that: (1) An optimized repositioning policy, calibrated via multi-agent simulation, effectively cuts the mean passenger waiting time from 12.0 to 3.0 minutes (a 75% reduction). (2) A lightweight CNN surrogate model enables real-time deployment, reducing the policy computation time from ~4 hours to ~5 minutes (>98% faster). (3) The deep learning surrogate achieves this speed with a negligible performance trade-off, increasing the waiting time by only 0.156 minutes (4.9%) compared to the full optimization.
Shang, Kai, Wang, Ning
Pre-Impact Seat Rotation for Mitigating Lumbar Injury in Flying Car Crash2026-01-0558To be published on 04/07/2026
Flying cars have already been used in tourism, firefighting, and logistics, and might be soon used for short-distance commute. However, the lumbar spine injury risks in flying car crash accidents have raised safety concerns. This is because the crash load of a flying car is largely aligned with the orientation of the occupant’s spine. This study introduces a countermeasure of actively adjusting seat posture for mitigating lumbar injury in crash events. A flying car crash usually has a few seconds of warning time before collision to ground. The pre-impact warning time is enough to rotate the seat and occupant together using seat motors. Posteriorly rotating seat can alter the angle between the crash load and the spinal axis, thereby reducing lumbar injury risk. Using numerical simulations, the 30g deceleration pulse defined in SAE-AS-8049 was applied to seat of flying car. The THUMS (Total Human Model for Safety) human body model was used to model occupant, sitting in a typical vehicle
Zhuang, Ziao, Puyuan, Tan, Shen, Wenxuan, Zhou, Qing, Gu, Gongyao
A Real-Time Vehicle Detection and Counting System Using a GUI Interface.2026-01-0156To be published on 04/07/2026
The growing need for intelligent traffic monitoring and environmental control has fuelled the importance of automated vehicle detection and counting systems. Fuel consumption estimation, vehicular emissions calculations, and traffic pattern comprehension- all play a vital role in shaping sustainable environmental policies. Therefore, accurate identification and counting of vehicles is essential. In this paper, we have shown the development of a real-time vehicle detection and counting application that uses computer vision and deep learning techniques to effectively detect, categorise, and count several types of vehicles on Indian roads. The computer vision vehicle counting application uses the YOLO (You Only Look Once) deep learning model for real-time identification and categorisation of diverse vehicle types, including cars, buses, trucks, and motorbikes [1]. A tracking module based on the SORT (Simple Online and Real-time Tracking) algorithm ensures unique identification of vehicles
Gusain, Ashna, Maurya, Akshay, PATHAK, SUNIL, Khan, Tuhin
Survivability, Lethality, and Mobility Requirements of Military Vehicles Conducting Future Wet Gap Crossings2026-01-0264To be published on 04/07/2026
Wet gap crossings, which involve moving military forces across rivers and other water obstacles, are among the most difficult maneuvers that units can perform. These operations are complicated by choke points, fast-flowing water, and the exposure of forces to enemy fire. Despite these challenges, wet gap crossings remain critical to battlefield success, particularly during large-scale combat operations. Consequently, military vehicles must be designed with these operations in mind. This study examines doctrinal approaches to wet gap crossings and the trade-offs between mobility, survivability, and lethality in relation to fording, floating, rafting, and bridging. The analysis incorporates open-source data from the Institute for the Study of War, which provides daily updates on the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and Oryxspioenkop, which collates open-source images of Russian and Ukrainian battle-damaged equipment. This data is used to assess additional challenges encountered during wet gap
Lynch, Benjamin, Dosan, Logan, Mittal, Vikram
Thermo-Mechanical Analysis of 1U CubeSat Structures using ANSYS: Insights for Mobility Applications2026-01-0145To be published on 04/07/2026
Particularly for small satellites like CubeSats, the growing commercialization and downsizing of space technology have brought both new opportunities and problems in the areas of heat management and structural design. A Single Unit (1U) CubeSat structure's design and simulation analysis are presented in this work, with an emphasis on the structure's mechanical and thermal performance during launch and orbit. The CubeSat platform, which is frequently constructed using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components, needs robust and lightweight structures that can handle mechanical loads and high temperature changes. In order to conduct mechanical stress loading (MSL) and thermal analysis (TA) on a 3D CubeSat model, this work uses ANSYS in a simulation-driven manner. Geometry modeling, meshing, boundary condition application, and simulation of important space environment elements including microgravity, solar radiation, and launch-induced stresses are all part of the process. The findings
Hussain, Muzammil, Azeem, Naqash, Adeel, Muhammad
Safety-Constrained Control of Nonlinear Mobility Systems Using Reference Governor2026-01-0033To be published on 04/07/2026
Ensuring safe operation and reliable control of mobility systems remains a significant challenge, particularly for nonlinear and high-dimensional applications subject to external disturbances with hard constraints and limited computational resources in real-time implementations. A reference governor (RG) can enforce constraints using an add-on scheme that preserves the pre-stabilizing controller while balancing the need to satisfy other requirements, including reference tracking and disturbance rejection. Thus, in this paper, we exploit RG-based strategies focusing on nonlinear mobility systems. While the method is generalizable to other applications, such as waypoint following for autonomous driving, the flight dynamics of a quadrotor system with twelve states are used as an example. We implement a disturbance rejection RG to satisfy safety constraints and track set points. To handle nonlinearity, we propose an optimal strategy to quantify the maximum deviation between the nonlinear
Dong, Yilong, Li, Huayi
IoT-Enabled Cloud-Integrated Smart Parking System with Real-Time Monitoring and AI-Based Space Optimization for Next-Gen Mobility2026-28-01132/12/2026
This study presents the design and implementation of an advanced IoT-enabled, cloud-integrated smart parking system, engineered to address the critical challenges of urban parking management and next-generation mobility. The proposed architecture utilizes a distributed network of ultrasonic and infrared occupancy sensors, each interfaced with a NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller, to enable precise, real-time monitoring of individual parking spaces. Sensor data is transmitted via secure MQTT protocol to a centralized cloud platform (AWS IoT Core), where it is aggregated, timestamped, and stored in a NoSQL database for scalable, low-latency access. A key innovation of this system is the integration of artificial intelligence (AI)-based space optimization algorithms, leveraging historical occupancy patterns and predictive analytics (using LSTM neural networks) to dynamically allocate parking spaces and forecast demand. The cloud platform exposes RESTful APIs, facilitating seamless
Deepan Kumar, Sadhasivam, S, Balakrishnan, Dhayaneethi, Sivaji, Boobalan, Saravanan, Abdul Rahim, Mohamed Arshad, S, Manikandan, R, Jamuna, L, Rishi Kannan
Development of Plug-In Hybrid Motorbike and Analysis towards Sustainable Urban Mobility2026-28-01112/12/2026
The transportation system is one major catalyst to urban ecological imbalance. In developing countries, two-wheelers are considered a major mode of urban personal transportation because of their compactness, easy maneuver in heavy traffic and good fuel efficiency. In India, middle and lower middle-class people prefer to choose two wheelers, and these vehicles are dominantly fuelled by gasoline. Although, the energy consumption by a two-wheeler is comparatively less than that of a four-wheeler, they use about 60% of the nation’s petroleum for on-road vehicles and the impact on urban air quality and climatic change is significantly high. This high proportion of gasoline utilization and emission contribution by two wheelers in cities demand greater attention to improve urban air quality and near-term energy sustainability. Electrification of two-wheelers through the application of a plug-in hybrid idea is a promising solution. A plug-in hybrid motorbike was developed by putting forth a
Kannan, Prashanth, Shaik, Amjad, Talluri, Srinivasa Rao
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Episode 318 - A New Era For Aerospace and Defense135542/5/2026
What if booking a trip into orbit were as easy as booking a flight on your phone? As the defense and aerospace industries evolve at unprecedented speed, what once felt like science fiction is fast becoming reality. For a deep dive into the latest innovations reshaping the skies, we welcomed back Todd Tuthill, Managing Partner, Rincon Aerospace, to discuss everything from the rise of reusable rockets to the democratization of access to low Earth orbit. Listen in as he shares an insider perspective on trends like blended wing aircraft, AI adoption in aerospace, and the coming wave of drone delivery and eVTOLs. It's an episode you don't want to miss! We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and strategists making it all happen--and give us a review on your
Patterson, Lori
Model-Based Design Is Shaping the Next Phase of eVTOL Systems Development26AERP02_042/1/2026
As electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft move closer to commercial reality, companies and engineers are turning to advanced modeling and simulation tools to address some of their most complex design challenges earlier in development. During a recent interview with Aerospace & Defense Technology, Paul Barnard, Application Engineering Manager, MathWorks, provided insights on how the advanced air mobility (AAM) sector is tackling the complexities of eVTOL systems design, with a focus on batteries, avionics and other critical systems.
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Advocating for Growth in the U.S. Auto Industry135521/27/2026
From tariffs to trade policies, today's automakers must respond to a variety of pressures to remain competitive in a changing manufacturing landscape. As the voice of international automakers in the United States, Autos Drive America is strengthening the automotive manufacturing by advocating for trade and investment policies that expand jobs and support economic growth in America. Listen in as we sit down with Jennifer Safavian, President & CEO, to discuss why a strong U.S. auto industry is vital for the nation's economy and how Autos Drive America is supporting integrated supply chains that keep American manufacturing competitive on the global stage. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and strategists making it all happen--and give us a review on
Patterson, Lori
Revolutionary EV Motors Innovation in E-Mobility in Depth Analysis of Emerging Technologies, Comparative Insights & Their Ground Breaking Impact on Electric Vehicle Performance2026-26-00731/16/2026
This paper delivers a forward-looking data-driven assessment of the transformative innovation in electric vehicle motor systems with targeting breakthroughs in the power density, energy efficiency, thermal robustness, manufacturability & better intelligent control. A rigorous Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) framework is done to systematically evaluate and defining the rank of emerging motor technologies across eight weighted performance indicators. The findings reveal that which design strategies & material advancements offering the greatest potential for redefine propulsion performance that enabling lighter more compact & more efficient drivetrain capable of sustained high power operation. High ranking solution exhibit strong alignment with the industry's push toward scalable, low cost & rare earth-independent systems while other are identified as high risk/high reward pathway requiring targeted research to overcome critical problems. By integrating engineering performance
Jain, Gaurav, Premlal, P, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang
A Comprehensive Study: The Potential of Wireless Charging in Future E Mobility2026-26-01951/16/2026
Electric mobility is no longer a distant vision, it is a global imperative in the journey of fight against the climate change and the urban pollution. Yet, despite of explosive growth in the electric vehicle adoptions, a major bottleneck remains which is efficient and convenient charging. The current reliance on physical plug in charging station creates inconvenient, time consuming experience and also faces significant technical and economic challenges those threaten to stall the smooth clean transportation revolution. Without innovation in how we recharge our vehicle the promise of electric mobility appears under threat which is undermined by less efficient, less compatible, and infrastructure hurdles. Wireless charging technology stand out as the game changing breakthrough poised to tackle these all critical problems head on. By enabling the effortless, cable-free charging system across the wide spectrum of electric vehicles, from the personal cars to the public transport fleets and
Jain, Gaurav, Premlal, P, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang
Path Planning and Control Strategies for a Semi-Autonomous Light Commercial Vehicle Navigating and Avoiding Static Obstacles in Urban Environments2026-26-01341/16/2026
This paper presents the design and implementation of a Semi-Autonomous Light Commercial Vehicle (LCV) capable of following a person while performing obstacle avoidance in urban and controlled environments. The LCV leverages its onboard 360-degree view camera, RTK-GNSS, Ultrasonic sensors, and algorithms to independently navigate the environment, avoiding obstacles and maintaining a safe distance from the person it is following. The path planning algorithm described here generates a secondary lateral path originating from the primary driving path to navigate around static obstacles. A Behavior Planner is utilized to decide when to generate the path and avoid obstacles. The primary objective is to ensure safe navigation in environments where static obstacles are prevalent. The LCV's path tracking is achieved using a combination of Pure Pursuit and Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers. The Pure Pursuit controller is utilized as lateral control to follow the generated path, ensuring
Ayyappan, Vimal Raj, Dhanopia, Rashmi, Ali, Ashpak, N, Ragesh, Sato, Hiromitsu
Revolutionizing Urban Mobility in India: The Emergence of the 2-3 Wheel Combi Vehicle and the L2-5 Regulatory Framework2026-26-01871/16/2026
Growing population in Indian cities has led to packed roads. People need a quick option to commute for both personal trips and business needs. The 2-3 Wheel Combination Vehicle is a new, modular solution that switches between a two-wheeler (2W) and a three-wheeler (3W). Hero has designed SURGE S32 to be a sustainable and flexible transportation option. It is world’s first class changing vehicle. The idea is to use a single vehicle for zipping through city traffic, making deliveries, or earning an income. Manufactured to deal with the challenges of modern life, this dual-battery convertible vehicle can easily transform from a two-wheeler to a three-wheeler and vice versa within three minutes. The Surge S32 is a versatile vehicle that replaces the need for multiple specialised vehicles. By lowering the number of vehicles on the road, it decreases road congestion, reduces emissions, and improves livelihoods. It powers by electricity, ensuring sustainability in all aspects. The current
Ali Khan, Feroz, Gupta, Eshan
Software-Defined Vehicles: Architecting the Future of Intelligent and Connected Mobility2026-26-06911/16/2026
This paper presents a comprehensive technical review of the Software-Defined Vehicle (SDV), a paradigm that is fundamentally reshaping the automotive industry. We analyze the architectural evolution from distributed Electronic Control Units (ECUs) to centralized zonal compute platforms, examining the critical role of Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA), the AUTOSAR standard, and virtualization technologies in enabling this shift. A comparative analysis of leading High-Performance Computing (HPC) platforms, including NVIDIA DRIVE, Tesla FSD, and Qualcomm Snapdragon Ride, is conducted to evaluate the silicon foundation of the SDV. The paper further investigates key enabling technologies such as Over- the-Air (OTA) updates, Digital Twins, and the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for applications ranging from predictive maintenance to software-defined battery management. We scrutinize the competing V2X communication standards (DSRC vs. C-V2X) and address the paramount
Ahmad, Aqueel, Hemanth, Khimavath, Kumar, Om, Kumar, Rajiv, Haregaonkar, Rushikesh Sambhaji
Revolutionizing Mass Mobility: Sustainable, Safe, and Smart Transport Ecosystems2026-26-03601/16/2026
Mass Mobility Systems are critical for a sustainable and progressive society. As the world confronts the serious challenges of global warming and urban traffic congestion, efficient mass mobility solutions become critical in reducing carbon footprints and enabling equitable access. Advancement in mass mobility is not limited to electric buses alone but also includes innovations across conventional ICE vehicles, autonomous vehicles, trains, and other integrated transport networks. Safety and accessibility for users remain critical to the sustainability of future mass mobility concepts. The COVID-19 pandemic exposed vulnerabilities in public transportation, highlighting the urgent need for safer and more resilient systems. Road safety, passenger well-being, and hygienic standards must be deeply embedded into future mobility solutions. Furthermore, strong last-mile connectivity will be essential to ensure that mass mobility truly meets the needs of all citizens. An effective Mass Mobility
Vasudevan, M, Kumar S, Ashok, Sridevi, M, Kumar, Rajiv, Kumar, Om
To Study and Compare Communication Protocol for Fast Charging in Electric Two-Wheeler with Respect to CCS 2.0: An Indian Perspective2026-26-01981/16/2026
This comprehensive research presents an in-depth analysis of communication protocols essential for implementing fast charging systems in India's rapidly expanding electric two-wheeler and three-wheeler market. As India witnesses unprecedented growth in electric mobility, with two-wheelers representing over 95% of current EV sales, the establishment of standardized, secure, and efficient charging protocols becomes paramount for widespread adoption. This study examines the current landscape of AC charging methodologies, evaluates the technical and economic feasibility of DC fast charging implementation, and provides detailed comparative analysis of existing international standards including IS 17017-25, IS 17017-31, ChaoJi, and CCS 2.0. The research concludes with strategic recommendations for developing cyber-secure, cost-effective charging infrastructure specifically tailored to meet India's unique market requirements and operational constraints.
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Mulay, Abhijit B
Vehicle-to-Vehicle Negotiation Via Manoeuvre Coordination Messages for Cooperative Cut-in Scenarios2026-26-02741/16/2026
The automotive industry is rapidly extending the capabilities of automated systems by incorporating connectivity and cooperation features that enable real-time information exchange between vehicles and road infrastructure. Within the Connected, Cooperative, and Automated Mobility (CCAM) framework, Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication is expected to play a key role in improving road safety, traffic efficiency, and driving comfort. This work addresses a practical implementation of the standardized Manoeuvre Coordination Messages (MCMs), as defined in the ongoing ETSI standard (ETSI TS 103 561). The proposed approach is demonstrated through a cooperative cut-in use case in which two vehicles negotiate a lane change manoeuvre. In the considered scenario, the ego vehicle, driven by a Highway Pilot (HWP) system, receives the intention to cut-in from a neighbouring cooperative vehicle through an MCM. In response, the ego vehicle adapts its behaviour by decelerating to generate a safe
Leiva Ricart, Gisela, Domingo Mateu, Bernat
Overview of Automotive Policies, Evolution of Automotive Regulations, and Striking a Balanced Approach for Harmonization2026-26-02421/16/2026
The automotive regulatory landscape in India is evolving rapidly, driven by a dynamic policy intervention by GOI, striking push for sustainable mobility, safety, technological advancements, dEnvironmentally soundeeper localization, energy self-reliance, product quality control and simplified registration process. Key regulations cover areas like vehicle safety norms, emission norms, fuel economy norms, BIS QCO, the promotion of EVs and alternative fuel vehicles, R & D roadmaps, ELVs, incentive policies and vehicle registration reforms. India has been keeping a close eye on the automotive regulatory progress in the Europe as well as other developed countries as a cornerstone for technical harmonization, cross learning, gauge benefits and economic implications. India is progressively aligning its automotive regulations with global standards, particularly with UN Regulations and GTRs, while also considering unique Indian driving and environmental conditions. This alignment is crucial for
Patil, Dharmarayagouda
451 Guidance on the Application of Extended Reality (XR) And Supporting Technologies to Flight Training and SimulationARINC451 (Current)1/14/2026
This document offers a comprehensive and detailed guide on the application of Extended Reality (XR) technologies – including Augmented Reality (AR), Mixed Reality (MR), and Virtual Reality (VR) – in aviation training. It covers a wide range of topics from foundational technology and instructional design to regulatory and safety considerations, aiming to assist training organizations, regulators, and manufacturers in effectively integrating XR into pilot training for both civil and military aviation contexts.
Flight Simulator Engineering and Maintenance Committee
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - How AI and Software-Defined Vehicles Are Transforming Automotive Culture135501/9/2026
The automotive industry is undergoing a major shift -- not just toward AI-powered, software-defined vehicles, but also toward a new culture that challenges traditional ways of working. Listen in as we sit down with Amol Gulve, Software-Defined Vehicle and AI Expert, for a candid discussion on why the pace of innovation is both exhilarating and challenging for legacy automakers. Amol breaks down the traditional seven-year vehicle development cycle and why it's incompatible with an AI-driven world, challenging OEMs to rethink everything from architecture and procurement to culture and org structure. From the future of AI in vehicles to the cultural shifts inside OEMs, you'll get an inside look at the questions defining the next decade of mobility -- and why trust, transparency, and smarter standards will shape the road ahead. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE
Patterson, Lori
Weaving Data Fabric with AITBMG-544301/6/2026
One of the biggest goals for companies in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) is developing “agentic” systems. These metaphorical agents can perform tasks without a guiding human hand. This parallels the goals of the emerging urban air mobility industry, which hopes to bring autonomous flying vehicles to cities around the world. One company wants to do both and got a head start with some help from NASA.
Pure Electric Bus of Operational Consulting and Analysis Transit: A Case Study of Wuhu City2025-99-025212/23/2025
As China’s socio-economic progress accelerates, residents’ mobility preferences are growing more varied. Owing to their eco-friendliness, high capacity, fixed routes and low prices, pure-electric buses have become a key component of urban transit. Yet day-to-day service is hindered by low fleet availability, limited daily kilometres and poor service quality, all of which erode operation efficiency. Taking Wuhu’s public transport network as a case study, this paper builds a performance-assessment framework for electric bus routes. Using stop-level topology, vehicle specifications and spatiotemporal passenger-flow data from eight representative routes, the study applies the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). A three-tier hierarchy—goal, criteria and alternatives—is constructed; index weights and pairwise comparison matrices are then computed to rank overall route effectiveness. The findings accurately pinpoint operational bottlenecks and furnish quantitative guidance for adaptive network
Hu, Tingting, Liang, Zijun, Li, Xiaoyan, Zhang, Xinyi, Wang, Mengru, Hu, Yufeng, Jiang, Kang
Research on Passengers’ Willingness to Travel by Rail Transit Based on Objective Factors and Subjective Perceptions2025-99-025112/23/2025
In the context of the accelerating urbanization process, the problem of urban traffic congestion has become more severe. Rail transit, with its advantages of high efficiency, convenience, and environmental friendliness, has become a key force in alleviating urban traffic pressure. An in - depth exploration of passengers’ willingness to travel by rail transit is of great significance for optimizing urban traffic planning, improving the service quality of rail transit, and promoting the sustainable development of cities. This article starts from two dimensions: objective factors and passengers’ subjective perceptions, and comprehensively uses a variety of research methods to conduct an in - depth study on passengers’ willingness to travel by rail transit. In terms of objective factors, this article analyzes the differences in subjective perceptions among different passenger groups from the perspectives of gender, age, education level, and occupation. In terms of subjective perceptions
Wang, Gang, Huang, Lei, Yang, Yihao
Urban Mobility: A Technological Contribution to the Modeling of a Conceptual Framework in a Cyber-Physical Environment for Reducing Traffic Congestion in the Expanded Downtown Area of São Paulo2025-36-009512/18/2025
Urban mobility is one of the major challenges faced by downtown areas in cities worldwide. Understanding how to improve it is essential, as it directly impacts the quality of life of people who live and work in these regions. There is an inconsistency in the fact that vehicles are produced with high efficiency and effectiveness, yet their purpose does not align with the daily commuting needs of large city centers, especially during peak travel times. The tools used in vehicle manufacturing, such as continuous improvement, lean manufacturing, continuous flow, and the theory of constraints, have been applied to balance transportation mode options. The analyzed scenarios aim to promote sustainable development and contribute to enhancing citizens’ quality of life. This study explores the hypothesis that if the conventional unit of measurement for vehicles, typically expressed in terms of vehicle volume or flow (vehicles/hour), were replaced by a metric based on the number of people
Mello Filho, Luiz Vicente Figueira de, Canteras, Felippe Benavente, Meyer, Yuri Alexandre, Emiliano, William Machado, Júnior, Vitor Eduardo Molina, Gabriel, João Carlos, Iano, Yuzo
Vehicle Gear Shifting Optimization for Fuel Consumption and Emissions Minimization2025-36-011112/18/2025
Vehicles powered by internal combustion engines play a crucial role in urban mobility and still represent the vast majority of vehicles produced. However, these vehicles significantly contribute to pollutant emissions and fossil fuel consumption. In response to this challenge, various technologies and strategies have been developed to reduce emissions and enhance vehicle efficiency. This paper presents the development of a solution based on optimized gear-shifting strategies aimed at minimizing fuel consumption and emissions in vehicles powered exclusively by internal combustion engines. To achieve this, a longitudinal vehicle dynamics model was developed using the MATLAB/Simulink platform. This model incorporates an engine combustion simulation based on the Advisor (Advanced Vehicle Simulator) tool, which estimates fuel consumption and emissions while considering catalyst efficiency under transient engine conditions. Based on these models, an optimization method was employed to
Da Silva, Vitor Henrique Gomes, Carvalho, Áquila Chagas, Lopez, Gustavo Adolfo Gonzales, Casarin, Felipe Eduardo Mayer, Dedini, Franco Giuseppe, Eckert, Jony Javorski
Energy and Exergy Analysis of Ethanol Steam Reforming with an Emphasis on Thermal Efficiency for Sustainable Mobility Applications2025-36-013312/18/2025
The growing demand for sustainable energy and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have driven interest in low-carbon hydrogen production. Ethanol steam reforming (SR) offers a promising on-board H2 source by exploiting ethanol’s renewability and liquid-fuel convenience. This study presents an integrated energy and exergy analysis of ethanol SR across 573 to 923 K and steam-to-ethanol (S/E) ratios from 1 to 4 using Gibbs free energy minimization in MATLAB to predict equilibrium compositions and thermal duties. Energy analysis shows the heating duty rising from 0.0311 kWh/mol ethanol at 573 K (S/E = 1) to 0.0521 kWh/mol at 923 K (S/E = 4). Reforming duty shifts from -0.0075 to +0.2426 kWh/mol, while cooling duty recovers between -0.0219 and -0.0727 kWh/mol. The net energy balance transitions from strongly endothermic below 650 K to near-neutral at 700 to 750 K for S/E > 2, and becomes exothermic above 800 K, reaching +0.2463 kWh/mol at 923 K. Exergy analysis reveals that heating
Apaza, Jerson Bequer Urday, Pradelle, Florian, Braga, Sergio Leal, Sánchez, Fernando Zegarra, Guzman, Juan Jose Milon
A Literature Review on Application of Maintenance and Management Strategies for Electric-Vertical Take-Off and Landing Aircraft’s Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul Organizations01-18-03-001612/18/2025
In the context of emerging technology developed for advanced air mobility concept, its maintenance protocols are not yet mature and existing aviation maintenance systems may not support electric-vertical take-off and landing (e-VTOL) needs. Thus, the operation of e-VTOL aircraft during its deployment stage necessitates the need for qualitative maintenance support. The main purpose of this study is to develop the basic structural principles of the projected new maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) organization for e-VTOL air vehicles, which will support airworthiness through comprehensive maintenance approaches. Thus, the operation of e-VTOL aircraft during its deployment stage necessitates the need for qualitative maintenance support. The importance of the study is to offer standard procedures based on management and maintenance strategies, application of predictive and prescriptive maintenance tools, which pose a significant contribution to ensuring safety, reliability, and cost
Imanov, Tapdig, Bozdereli, Arzu
2025 International Conference on Transportation Infrastructure and Engineering (ICTIE 2025)2025-99-030012/17/2025
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Riding characteristics Analysis and Comparison of Shared Two-Wheeled Vehicles2025-99-041312/10/2025
This paper explores riding characteristics of Shared Two-Wheeled Vehicles (STWV, including Shared Bicycles (SB) and Shared Electric Bicycles (SEB)) by using order data of nine cities. We first compute the mean values of three key elements of riding characteristics and make a comparison between different cities. It shows that STWV primarily serve short trips. Then, we use Python to fit the distribution of STWV riding distance and the distribution of SEB riding speed. We find that (1) Exponential distribution fits SB riding distance and Rayleigh distribution fits SEB riding distance. The regularity of the distribution for SB is more universal than that of SEB. (2) Modified standard logistic distribution in this paper fits SEB riding speed. The findings above indicate that SEB is not governed by the rules that govern human dynamics, thus expanding the scope of two-wheeled transportation service and introducing greater uncertainty.
Liu, Lu, Wei, Liying, Luo, Sida
2025 International Conference on Intelligent Transportation and Future Mobility (ITFM 2025)2025-99-040012/10/2025
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Tobolski, Sue
EDITORIAL: China vs. the world: lessons from Germany and beyond25AUTP12_1012/1/2025
As mentioned in last issue's editorial, this year's IAA Mobility show was one for the books - or, more appropriately here, one for the magazine. You can find our coverage of the show starting on page 14. Up front, though, I wanted to take some space to discuss a topic that wasn't exactly news but more of a vibe: the undeniable impact that the Chinese automotive industry is having on competitors in Europe and North America. It was a topic that came up unbidden from a fair number of people I spoke with at IAA (and at events and online since). If you're a regular reader, you've heard this message before. Last year, for example, the CEO of Voltaiq, Tal Sholklapper, told SAE Media that North American OEMs had five years to catch China. This year, we asked him if that clock had now run down to four years. See his answer on the Q&A on page 35 and as part of Episode 2 of the new SAE Automotive Engineering podcast (get it wherever you grab your pods). The ever-growing reality of Chinese
Blanco, Sebastian
Thor lets campers go further off grid with electric Embark RV25TOFHP12_0912/1/2025
Thor Industries introduced what it claims is the world's first extended-range Class A motorhome. The company claims the Embark by Entegra Coach offers up to 450 miles (725 km) of real-world driving range thanks to an integrated range extender. “Electrification will play a central role in the future of mobility, including RVing,” said Thor Industries president and CEO Bob Martin. “This first-of-its-kind electric Class A motorhome reinforces Thor's innovation leadership and offers unparalleled product differentiation for the Entegra Coach brand.”
Wolfe, Matt
Energy and Mobility – The Illustrated Energy Primer for Modern Drivers2025-01-051711/25/2025
The path toward carbon-neutral mobility represents one of the greatest cultural transformations in recent human history. Positioned between industrial heritage, emerging mobility technologies, and the energy supply sector are the users of 1.5 billion motor vehicles worldwide. Conflicting publications on raw material availability, energy efficiency, and the climate neutrality of propulsion systems have led to widespread uncertainty. This Illustrated Energy Primer provides a new foundation for orientation. It begins with a visual explanation of the basic concepts of energy and power, followed by illustrative comparisons of typical energy demands in vehicles and households. The focus then shifts to common types of energy generation systems. Using regional examples—from coal-fired power plants to wind farms, solar installations, and balcony solar panels—the guide provides clear and accessible performance benchmarks for energy production. Next, nine individual experience profiles highlight
Daberkow, Andreas
Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster ResponseEPR202501711/24/2025
The wing-in-ground effect (WIG) vehicle represents a significant advancement in aerodynamics and vehicle design, leveraging the ground effect phenomenon to enhance lift and reduce drag when flying close to the surface. This unique capability allows WIG vehicles to achieve higher payloads, longer range, and greater fuel efficiency compared to traditional aircraft, making them an attractive option for modern military and global disaster response applications. Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster Response discusses future disaster response, logistics, and military applications for WIG vehicles, including the ongoing development of aerospace and transportation technology. Relavant advancements in materials and propulsion systems holds promise for further enhancing WIG performance and operational range. Additionally, cost-effective and powerful flight computers with various types of mission-enabling sensor suites from the
Doo, Johnny
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Conquering the Australian Outback with Solar Power1354411/21/2025
What does it take to race 3,000 kilometers across the unforgiving Australian Outback powered only by the sun? Listen in as we sit down with Martijn Boonen, Electrical Engineer & Driver, Brunel Solar Team, and Tony Mathew, Global Market Manager, Teijin Aramid, to reveal the secrets behind their record-breaking solar car victory at the 2025 Bridgestone World Solar Challenge. Discover how cutting-edge engineering, relentless teamwork, and innovative sustainable materials came together to conquer extreme heat, torrential rain, and fierce competition. Hear firsthand how the Brunel Solar Team's winning mentality led to their eighth global win, and how circular fiber tire technology proved that sustainability and high performance can go hand-in-hand. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in
Patterson, Lori
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - AI and Digital Engineering for Safer Defense1354311/14/2025
Will the future of combat look like your smartphone? As the nature of warfare changes, new technology is driving smarter, faster decisions on the battlefield. BAE Systems is accelerating next-gen combat capability through Digital Engineering (DE), a data-driven approach that connects decades of real-world experience with advanced modeling, simulation, and virtual testing environments to design, build, and sustain defense platforms that stay ahead of evolving threats across land, sea, cyber and space. To learn more, we sat down with Dr. Adarsh Ayyar, Director of Technology, Combat Missions Systems, to explore how BAE Systems is harnessing AI and autonomous technologies to transform combat and keep soldiers out of harm?s way. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders
Patterson, Lori
The Effect of Differential Humidification and Membrane Thickness on PEMFC Operation2025-32-003911/3/2025
In the recent years, the urgency to decarbonize the mobility sector has highlighted the importance of the electrochemical hydrogen use in fuel cells to complement the battery-based electrification. Hydrogen is the greenest energy carrier, and low-temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are part of an ever-evolving scenario, with particularly promising use in high energy demand sectors. Hydrogen is the main player in decarbonisation scenarios, but there are many issues, including its production and storage. There are many categories of hydrogen; in these applications, the finest category of hydrogen, called green hydrogen, is required. To achieve completely green vehicle mobility, enormous technological advances are necessary. This paper presents a 3D-CFD study to analyse the behaviour of PEMFCs by examining the role of humidification, covering fully humidified (anode and cathode), anode-only, cathode-only, and fully dry operations. This is simulated for several
Scialpi, Leonardo, D'Adamo, Alessandro, Marra, Carmine
Development of High-Efficiency, Fully Recyclable eMotors for Light Mobility Applications Produced in the EU2025-32-009811/3/2025
This article presents a new generation of electric motors developed for light mobility and industrial applications. The motor range is based on synchronous reluctance technology using non-rare-earth permanent magnets. Three continuous power levels have been developed: 2, 4 and 6 kW. The challenges related to that motor range is their high continuous performances (cooled by natural convection) under nominal 48V, and reparability easiness without adding complexity. These motors stand out thanks to their competitive manufacturing cost and peak efficiency above 94%, which is a remarkable performance for this power and torque class. A prototype of a 6 kW continuous power has been produced and benchmarked. The experimental test showed a high level of correlation with the simulation calculation.
CISSE, Koua Malick, Milosavljevic, Misa, Mallard, Vincent, Valin, Thomas, De Paola, Gaetano
Assessment of Electrification Potential for Hand-Held Powertools and Two-Wheelers2025-32-009411/3/2025
The reduction of the CO2 footprint of transport vehicles is a major challenge to minimize the harmful impact of technology on the environment. Beside passenger cars and light and heavy-duty vehicles, this affects also the two-wheeler category and the non-road mobile machinery (NRMM). One promising path for the de-carbonization is the transition from fossil-fuel powered ICE powertrains to electric powertrains. Several examples of electrified powertrains showcase possibilities for small hand-held power-tools or small mopeds and scooters. As the powertrain categories two-wheeler and NRMM are very diversified and consist of various sub-categories and sub-classes with many different applications, the feasibility of electrification for the whole category cannot be judged by few examples. In this publication, a methodology for assessing the electrification potential of hand-held power tools and two-wheelers is shown. The method uses 4 different factors, which determine the feasibility for
Schmidt, Stephan, Schacht, Hans-Juergen, Weller, Konstantin, Absenger, Johann Friedrich
Obstacle Avoidance Capability of a Personal Mobility Vehicle (PMV) with an Inward Tilting Mechanism under Braking Conditions2025-32-003311/3/2025
This study delves into the dynamics of three-wheeled Personal Mobility Vehicles (PMVs) equipped with an active tilting mechanism. In three-wheeled vehicles with a single front wheel, the risk of tipping over during sudden braking and sharp turning is often highlighted. To address this issue, the authors have focused their research on three-wheeled PMVs with two front wheels and one rear wheel, equipped with an active tilting mechanism. Previous studies using dynamic simulation tools have demonstrated that such PMVs possess higher obstacle avoidance capabilities compared to motorcycles and even passenger cars. However, these simulations were based on the assumption of avoidance maneuvers without braking, and no studies have yet examined the behavior of three-wheeled PMVs with an active tilting mechanism under the more complex conditions of braking during turning. Therefore, prior to conducting dynamic simulations under braking and turning conditions, this study aims to clarify the
Haraguchi, Tetsunori, Kaneko, Tetsuya
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Fast-Tracking Hydrogen's Role in Aviation1354110/31/2025
If you still think hydrogen was the cause of the Hindenburg disaster, allow Danielle McLean, Founder and Executive Director of HYSKY Society, to debunk that myth for you. What first began as a hydrogen-powered eVTOL startup quickly revealed a bigger challenge for the aerospace engineer: the need for scalable, affordable clean hydrogen. In response, Danielle united engineers, entrepreneurs, and energy experts to form HYSKY Society -- a global nonprofit advancing hydrogen aviation through collaboration, education, and advocacy. Listen in as Danielle busts myths about the Hindenburg disaster, explains why regional airports could be the launchpad for hydrogen-powered planes, and details what it will take for hydrogen to go mainstream by 2045. You'll also get a sneak peek at FLYING HY, the world's largest hydrogen aviation event, and learn why "I want my hydrogen" just might be the future slogan of the aviation. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future
Patterson, Lori
Analysis of a Battery Bicycle with a Sliding Mechanism for Need-Based Adjustments for Luggage Space2025-28-040510/30/2025
A battery bicycle with luggage space is designed and developed to have variable luggage space available to the rider. The developed design with bicycle frame has an innovative sideway moving frame for variable need-based space. The design was prepared for an e-commerce delivery application, suppling products through an easy, quick, and low-cost mode of transport with variable spacing options. The design was prepared for 160 kg weight, with 210 cm, 90 cm, and 35 cm as length height and width, respectively. The designed bicycle can carry luggage up to 100 kg. The design is powered by a 250-watt electric motor and can move with a maximum speed of 24 km/hr. The steering mechanism, cargo bucket, and the base frame are made in two parts for commuter convenience. The cargo bucket is front-mounted, on a sliding frame that enables one half of the bucket to be slid into the other half through sideways movement by fitted channels. The design has both electric and non-electric driving modes. The
Vashist, Devendra, Satti, Harsh, Awasthi, A.K, MUKHERJEE, SOURAV
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Solving the EV Charging Gap for City Drivers1353910/16/2025
The future of urban mobility depends on one thing: accessible EV charging infrastructure. For the 40 million U.S. drivers who park on city streets, the lack of home charging options makes transitioning to an EV nearly impossible. And that's where it's electric comes in. Unlike traditional public EV chargers, it's electric connects directly to nearby buildings and "juicy corners", offering a cost-effective, scalable solution that doesn't rely on expensive utility upgrades. Property owners benefit too -- earning passive income while enabling their communities to embrace clean, sustainable transportation. Listen in as we sit down with Nathan King, Co-Founder & CEO, and Tiya Gordon, Co-Founder & COO, discuss how it's electric is solving one of the biggest barriers to urban EV adoption by redefining how cities deploy curbside EV charging. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to
Patterson, Lori
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Introducing "TeleHealth" Video Chats For Car Repair1353810/10/2025
Have you every wished you could call up an experienced auto tech to diagnosis your car trouble? One company is doing just that by transforming the DIY auto repair experience. With nearly 1 million app downloads, Tinker DIY is the only platform that offers live video support with ASE-certified mechanics for auto repairs, rideshare inspections, and used car evaluations. Akin to "telehealth for your car," Tinker eliminates the need for YouTube guesswork or costly auto shop visits by guiding users through step-by-step auto repairs in real-time. Listen in as we sit down with authors Megan Han, Head of Operations, to discuss how Tinker helps connects users with expert guidance to help them diagnose and repair their vehicles on their own. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the
Patterson, Lori
Mobility Reimagined: My First Decade at the Crossroads of ChangeR-57310/9/2025
In Mobility Reimagined, Umar Zakir Abdul Hamid shares an unfiltered, deeply personal account of his first decade navigating the rapidly evolving automotive and mobility sectors. From engineering labs in Malaysia and Japan, to startup scenes in Southeast Asia and Finland, to boardrooms in Europe, keynote stages in China, and virtual standardization sessions with professionals in the US, Umar traces a career shaped by curiosity, courage, and a commitment to democratizing opportunity. As a brown Southeast Asian professional rising in an industry historically shaped by Western and East Asian leadership, Umar offers more than technical insight, he opens a window into what it takes to lead across borders, disrupt legacy systems, and redefine success on his own terms. This book is part strategy guide, part industry overview, and part leadership memoir. It speaks to young professionals, especially those from underrepresented backgrounds, offering hard-won lessons on global expansion, digital
Abdul Hamid, Umar Zakir
EDITORIAL: IAA Mobility 2025: A new class of auto show25AUTP10_0610/1/2025
Aside from in this editorial, you won't find mention of the just-concluded IAA Mobility 2025 event in Munich in this issue. Print deadlines meant that the best I was able to offer in terms of coverage was this column. This year's IAA was what I (and many people I spoke with at the show) now consider one of the most engaging and exciting mobility shows we've had in years. We'll have the details for you in our next issue, and the various articles and interviews will be available at our new website (sae.org) well before then. If you've been following news and social media reports from the show, or were on site yourself, perhaps you came away with a similar impression: auto shows are dead, long live the mobility show. As the first production model on BMW's Neue Klasse platform, the 2026 BMW iX3 stole the show this year. It wasn't just that hometown BMW got to hold the first major OEM press conference on the schedule. It wasn't just the billboards plastered throughout town. For me, proof
Blanco, Sebastian
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