Browse Topic: Mobility

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Low-Voltage Electric Vehicle with a Reconfigurable Powertrain Architecture for Urban and Extra-Urban Mobility2026-37-00256/9/2026
This paper presents a novel concept for battery electric vehicles (BEVs), referred to as the low-voltage reconfigurable electric vehicle (LVREV). The LVREV is designed to bridge the gap between L- and M-class vehicles by adopting a <60 V multi-phase powertrain combined with a swappable battery system, maintaining the overall vehicle mass below one ton. This configuration enables adaptable driving range, optimized energy consumption in urban environments, and enhanced safety. The LVREV features two distinct operating modes. Frugal mode is intended for urban use and employs a smaller battery pack to maximize efficiency and reduce vehicle mass, while Dual mode is tailored for longer extra-urban trips through the use of a dual-battery configuration. The key innovations of the LVREV concept include a reconfigurable vehicle architecture capable of meeting both urban and extra-urban mobility requirements, thus providing a highly versatile transportation solution. In addition, the low-voltage
Tramacere, Eugenio, Favelli, Stefano, Galluzzi, Renato, Tonoli, Andrea
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Turning Streetlights Into EV Chargers135706/4/2026
What if the streetlights in your neighborhood could charge your EV overnight? Voltpost is making this vision a reality by transforming existing lampposts into modular, upgradeable EV charging stations managed by a mobile app. By partnering with utilities, the company is accelerating EV charging infrastructure deployment by retrofitting what's already in place. Listen in as we sit down with James Everley, Director of Business Development, to explore how Voltpost's streetlight EV charging solutions blend seamlessly into the urban landscape. From pricing that respects overnight charging habits to design choices that fit historic districts, you'll discover why low-power, on-street Level 2 charging is a critical piece of the broader EV ecosystem. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility
Patterson, Lori
Preliminary Requirement Elicitation for Urban Air Mobility in India – A Mission-Based Approach2026-26-07776/1/2026
The present paper reports preliminary requirement elicitation for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) from Indian perspective. A mission based approach has been adopted to identify the stakeholders and their respective requirements during different phases of the mission profile. Non adherence to the requirements emerge as possible risks for the mission and need mitigation planning. Three UAM operations for Bengaluru city viz. cargo delivery, organ delivery and passenger transport using UAM vehicle are elaborated. Stakeholders for these missions are identified and associated requirements are reported. For the cargo delivery mission, a detailed analysis is carried out to emphasis on how the India specific statutory restrictions of abiding by the red zone restrictions levied by DGCA impacts the de-tour factor and flight time. A qualitative assessment of the impact of these mission based requirements on the UAM vehicle design is presented.
DE, Manabendra M., Hebbar, Archana, Henry, Devanandham
Hybrid Physics-Informed Neural Network and PID Control for Fault-Tolerant Autonomous Multi-Copters2026-26-07706/1/2026
This paper addresses the critical challenge of fault-tolerant control in autonomous multi-copters, particularly under conditions of one or two rotor failures a scenario that often leads to severe instability and a complete loss of directional control due to unbalanced torque and resultant autorotation. Existing advanced control strategies, including optimal approaches such as LQR, typically require precise system modeling and state estimation, which are difficult to achieve in real-world, dynamic failure scenarios. Alternative methods like fuzzy logic, sliding mode control, and gain-scheduling either lack robust generalization or are impractical for enumerating all possible failure cases. In this work, a hybrid control framework integrating Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINN) with a standard PID controller is proposed for fault-tolerant operation of autonomous multi-copters subject to multiple actuator failures. PINNs incorporate governing physical laws as regularization in their
Charapalle, Samruddhi, Venugopalan, Nandagopalan, Nerkundram Muralidharan, Arun, Sundararaj, Laveen
Model Reference Adaptive Gain-Scheduled PID control for Robust Heading Stabilization in UAS under Wind Disturbances2026-26-07236/1/2026
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) are increasingly deployed in diverse missions, and maintaining heading stability in the presence of unpredictable wind disturbance is a significant challenge. This paper proposes a novel model reference adaptive gain-scheduled PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control framework tailored for the heading control of flapping-wing UAS (ornithopter) operating under dynamic wind conditions. The control architecture integrates an estimated wind disturbance value and adaptively tunes the PID gains by minimizing the error between the actual system response and a desired reference model. Gain scheduling mechanism uses airspeed, yaw rate, and estimated wind magnitude to ensure stability. The proposed method is validated on a 6-DOF UAS simulation model subjected to dynamic wind and temperature variation profiles. Comparative results show improved heading accuracy, responsiveness, and robustness over conventional fixed-gain and static gain-scheduled PID
M V, Aruna, Melissa, Arul
Autonomous Aircraft Docking: A Vision-Based Approach to Aircraft Parking Systems2026-26-07866/1/2026
Automated aircraft parking systems enhance airport ground operations by enabling precise and autonomous docking of aircraft at gates. These systems reduce turnaround time, minimize human error, and optimize apron space through real-time object detection, obstacle avoidance, and dynamic path planning. Unlike fixed guided-path methods, the proposed system adapts to congestion and environmental conditions such as low visibility, ensuring safety and efficient maneuvering. Validation through simulation demonstrates the system’s potential to improve operational resilience and support scalable automation in future airport infrastructure.
Penugonda, Navya Sunaina, Ediga, Venkatadiwakar Goud
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Can Airports Become Innovation Labs?135685/21/2026
What if your airport was a living laboratory for innovation? Listen in as we sit down with Brian Cobb, Chief Innovation Officer at Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International (CVG) Airport, to explore how CVG operates as a "city within a city," deploying emerging technologies to improve passenger experience, strengthen operational resilience, and reimagine the modern airport. Discover how CVG is advancing innovation through real-time TSA wait times, robotics testing, and the growing role of AI, autonomy, and cybersecurity. Get even more insight as Brian takes the stage as keynote speaker at the 25th anniversary of AeroTech(R) this June. He'll explore what's next for aviation innovation, from connected robotics and autonomous workflows to the standards and cross-industry collaboration needed to make it all work safely. To learn more and register, visit sae.org/events/aerotech. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast
Patterson, Lori
Design and Research of an Elderly Mobility Assist System Based on Intelligent Power-Assistance Device2026-99-07375/15/2026
The aging of the population has been a key issue worldwide, with mobility and fall of the elderly an important problem to be solved. In this paper, we propose an elderly mobility assist system based on the intelligent power-assisted device consisting of an assistive cane and an intelligent companion. It has the functions of standing support after falling, daily support and on-site rest. The assistive cane adopts a two-stage expansion mechanism of crank and slider structure, which forms a stable triangular support after unfolding, so that the patient can stand safely. The intelligent companion platform is driven by drive wheels, equipped with pushrod motors and vacuum suction devices, it can automatically approach the user and form an stable support column when the cane is in the out-of reach range; the control system is designed by combining microcontroller, camera object recognition, wristband remote control, to realize automatic steering and autonomous navigation at differential
Yu, Chenxi, Wang, Longyi, Zhu, Huayun, Dong, Yan, Mi, Ruixue, Zhu, Lihong
An Energy-Saving Coupling-Decoupling Optimization Strategy for Electric Modular Buses Considering Vehicle to Vehicle Charging2026-99-07305/15/2026
As an emerging innovative mode of public transportation, electric modular buses (EMBs) offer a novel solution to the problems of existing public transportation systems, due to the coupling-decoupling processes. In this paper, we study the energy consumption characteristics of EMBs by joining vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) charging and reduction in aerodynamic drag due to coupling. For the pursuit of energy economy, ride comfort, and operational efficiency, we constructed an optimization scheme based on the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm to facilitate the coupling-decoupling process. The simulation results show that EMBs can meet 82.5 % of service requests compared with 61.8 % for the benchmark group, and V2V presents a significant contribution to energy efficiency, especially at low battery state of charge (SOC). Additionally, sensitivity analysis is conducted to study the impact of initial SOC, operation interval, and route type. The results provide insights for optimizing EMBs
Liao, Peng, Guo, Jiahe, Ning, Donghong, Li, Sijia, Wang, Tao
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Why Curing Motion Sickness Is Key to AV Success135675/11/2026
Did you know that motion sickness affects 1 in 3 people? As AVs gain traction and drivers become passengers, it may be the biggest barrier to the future of autonomous mobility. With a focus on addressing the root cause of motion sickness, Motion Sync offers breakthrough solution: a haptic pre-activation system that helps passengers anticipate vehicle movement with a personalized in-cabin experience that could redefine comfort and productivity. Listen in as we sit down with Dr. Daniel Sousa Schulman, CEO and Founder of Motion Sync, to unpack the science behind motion sickness and why it's a critical issue for EVs, robotaxis, and self-driving cars. You'll learn why passengers get sick, why drivers don't, and how EVs can actually make symptoms worse. As a topic critical to the success of autonomous vehicles, it's a conversation you don't want to miss. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take
Patterson, Lori
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Inside California's Mobility Playbook135654/27/2026
What does it take to move the world's fourth-largest economy every single day? As one of the most complex transportation systems in the world, California is at the forefront of the next generation in mobility. Listen in as we sit down with Toks Omishakin, Secretary of the California State Transportation Agency (CalSTA), for a behind-the-scenes look at how California is preparing for global mega-events like the World Cup and the 2028 Olympics; the latest on high-speed rail projects; and how emerging technologies like automation and electrification have leaders rethinking mobility at scale. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and strategists making it all happen--and give us a review on your preferred podcasting platform. Follow SAE on LinkedIn
Patterson, Lori
Directional Stiffness Decoupling in Meta-Wheels via Three-Dimensional Discrete Curved Spokes15-19-01-00054/22/2026
Meta-wheels—non-pneumatic wheels whose performance is governed by structural geometry rather than internal pressure—offer new opportunities for directional stiffness control. Yet achieving independent tuning of longitudinal, lateral, and vertical stiffness within a single wheel architecture has remained challenging due to the inherent coupling in conventional radial and planar curved spokes. In this study, we introduce a three-dimensional (3D) discrete curved-spoke design that provides explicit geometric control through two independent parameters: the in-plane curvature angle (α) and the out-of-plane inclination angle (β). Using spoke-level and full-wheel finite-element (FE) simulations, supported by a simplified cantilever-beam analytical model, we show that these two geometric parameters govern stiffness in fundamentally different ways. The curvature angle α serves primarily as a geometric softener, reducing stiffness in all directions while maintaining a high top-loading ratio (TLR
Han, Heeseung, Liu, Zhipeng, Ju, Jaehyung
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - SAE Standards: Building Consensus for Moving Mobility Forward135634/16/2026
Standards aren't flashy ... but they make modern mobility possible by enabling emerging technologies to scale safely. Listen in as we sit down with SAE International experts Christian Thiele, Senior Director of Global Vehicle Ground Standards, and David Franks, Standards Specialist Engineer for Aerospace, for a wide‑ranging conversation on how SAE standards quietly enable trust, interoperability, and scale across automotive and aerospace. This discussion spans EV charging, wireless roads, automated driving, advanced air mobility, hydrogen propulsion, and the growing role of artificial intelligence. Go behind the scenes to learn how these standards are developed, the importance of industry consensus, and why they often exceed regulatory safety requirements. Are you interested in shaping the standards behind next-gen mobility technology? Get involved at sae.org/standards/development. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to
Patterson, Lori
An Integrated Methodology for Sustainable Mobility Infrastructure Planning: The Atlanta Aerotropolis Case Study2026-01-00974/7/2026
By the early 2020s, more than 4.5 billion people have been living in urban areas worldwide, compared to just 1 billion in 1960. Rising growth in urban populations present challenges to infrastructure and transportation systems. Higher traffic levels and reliance on conventional vehicles have contributed to heightened greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, rising global temperatures, and irreversible environmental degradation. In response, emerging transportation solutions—including intelligent ridesharing, autonomous vehicles, zero-tailpipe-emission transport, and urban air mobility—offer opportunities for safer and more sustainable transportation ecosystems. However, their widespread adoption depends not only on technological performance and efficiency, but also on integration with current infrastructure, safety, resilience to unexpected disruptions, and economic viability. A dynamic agent-based System-of-Systems (SoS) transportation model is developed to simulate vehicle traffic and human
Rana, Vishva, Balchanos, Michael, Mavris, Dimitri, Valenzuela Del Rio, Jose
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - How Kansas is Reshaping Multimodal Transportation135624/7/2026
What does it take to build a multimodal transportation network that actually works for rural communities, growing regions, and everyone in between? In Kansas, that question is critical as the Kansas City Chiefs plan their stadium move and the 2026 FIFA World Cup comes to town. Listen in as we sit down with Matt Messina, Chief of Multimodal Transportation at the Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT), to explore how Kansas is prioritizing transit solutions for upcoming projects and how community input shapes decisions. It's an insightful journey into the challenges and opportunities of public transit, pedestrian infrastructure, and the future of mobility. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and strategists making it all happen--and give us a
Patterson, Lori
Safety-Constrained Control of Nonlinear Mobility Systems Using Reference Governor2026-01-00334/7/2026
Ensuring safe operation and reliable control of mobility systems remains a significant challenge, particularly for nonlinear and high-dimensional applications subject to external disturbances with hard constraints and limited computational resources in real-time implementations. A reference governor (RG) can enforce constraints using an add-on scheme that preserves the pre-stabilizing controller while balancing the need to satisfy other requirements, including reference tracking and disturbance rejection. Thus, in this paper, we exploit RG-based strategies focusing on nonlinear mobility systems. While the method is generalizable to other applications, such as waypoint following for autonomous driving, the flight dynamics of a quadrotor system with twelve states are used as an example. We implement a disturbance rejection RG to satisfy safety constraints and track set points. To handle nonlinearity, we propose an optimal strategy to quantify the maximum deviation between the nonlinear
Dong, Yilong, Li, Huayi
Pre-Impact Seat Rotation for Mitigating Lumbar Injury in Flying Car Crash2026-01-05584/7/2026
Flying cars have already been used in tourism, firefighting, and logistics, and might be soon used for short-distance commute. However, the lumbar spine injury risks in flying car crash accidents have raised safety concerns. This is because the crash load of a flying car is largely aligned with the orientation of the occupant’s spine. This study introduces a countermeasure of actively adjusting seat posture for mitigating lumbar injury in crash events. A flying car crash usually has a few seconds of warning time before collision to ground. The pre-impact warning time is enough to rotate the seat and occupant together using seat motors. Posteriorly rotating seat can alter the angle between the crash load and the spinal axis, thereby reducing lumbar injury risk. Using numerical simulations, the 30g deceleration pulse defined in SAE-AS-8049 was applied to seat of flying car. The THUMS (Total Human Model for Safety) human body model was used to model occupant, sitting in a typical vehicle
Zhuang, Ziao, Puyuan, Tan, Shen, Wenxuan, Zhou, Qing, Gu, Gongyao
Generative Agents for High-Fidelity Simulation of Community-Scale Mobility and Energy Behavior2026-01-04654/7/2026
The transition to sustainable mobility and energy systems represents a complex socio-technical challenge, with the success of new technologies and policies critically dependent on their interaction with human behavior. Traditional models frequently struggle to capture the nuanced, heterogeneous, and adaptive characteristics of individual decision-making in mobility choices and energy usage, thereby introducing significant uncertainties into system design and policy evaluation. This paper presents a novel paradigm to bridge this gap: the Hierarchical Generative Agent-based Simulation Framework (HGA-Sim). The framework's core innovations are twofold: 1) It utilizes Large Language Models to generate agents endowed with intrinsic personality traits autonomously, enabling a realistic simulation of diverse, human-like responses to environmental stimuli and personal experiences. 2) It employs a hierarchical "Archetype -Individual" architecture, rendering large-scale community simulations
Chen, Yongjian, Yang, Zhifeng, Ou, Shiqi(Shawn)
A Real-Time Spatio-Temporal Configuration Framework for Shared Autonomous Electric Vehicle (SAEV) Fleets Integrating Deep Learning and Multi-Agent Simulation2026-01-00354/7/2026
Shared Autonomous Electric Vehicles (SAEVs) can enhance urban mobility and efficiency. However, their operational performance is often hindered by the spatio-temporal imbalance between vehicle supply and passenger demand, leading to long wait times. This paper develops a novel repositioning framework where a lightweight CNN, informed by computationally intensive multi-agent simulations, enables real-time strategy deployment. The results show that: (1) An optimized repositioning policy, calibrated via multi-agent simulation, effectively cuts the mean passenger waiting time from 12.0 to 3.0 minutes (a 75% reduction). (2) A lightweight CNN surrogate model enables real-time deployment, reducing the policy computation time from ~4 hours to ~5 minutes (>98% faster). (3) The deep learning surrogate achieves this speed with a negligible performance trade-off, increasing the waiting time by only 0.156 minutes (4.9%) compared to the full optimization.
Shang, Kai, Wang, Ning
SUNRISE - A Harmonised Safety Assurance Framework For Connected, Automated Mobility Systems2026-01-00604/7/2026
Safety assurance of Cooperative, Connected, and Automated Mobility (CCAM) systems is a crucial factor for their successful adoption in society, yet it remains a significant challenge. The SUNRISE project has consolidated previous and on-going efforts, and developed a harmonised Safety Assurance Framework (SAF) designed to operationalise the UNECE New Assessment/Test Method (NATM), targeting a wide range of stakeholders including (but not limited to) certifiers, regulators, manufacturers, suppliers, researchers, and assessors. It incorporates a scenario-based approach, underpinned by the system’s Operational Design Domain (ODD) and behaviour for safety assessment. In line with NATM, the SAF consists of multiple pillars: the Audit of manufacturer processes and Safety Management Systems, In-Service Monitoring and Reporting (ISMR) to ensure continued safety during deployment, and Performance Assurance to generate and evaluate safety evidence pre-deployment. While all pillars are integral
Zhang, Xizhe, Khastgir, Siddartha, de Vries, Stefan, Hillbrand, Bernhard, Op den Camp, Olaf, Bolovinou, Anastasia, Bourauel, Bryan, Ehrenhofer Gronvall, John Fredrik, Menzel, Thaddäus, Nieto, Marcos, Stettinger, Georg, Jennings, Paul
Survivability, Lethality, and Mobility Requirements of Military Vehicles Conducting Future Wet-Gap Crossings2026-01-02644/7/2026
Wet-gap crossings, which involve moving military forces across rivers and other water obstacles, remain among the most difficult operations to plan and execute. These maneuvers are complicated by choke points, fast-flowing water, and the exposure of forces and equipment to enemy fire. Despite these challenges, wet-gap crossings are critical to maintaining operational momentum during large-scale combat operations. This study examines doctrinal approaches to wet-gap crossings and explores the relationship between these operations and observed vehicle losses in the Russia-Ukraine War. Using a mixed-method approach, the analysis integrates daily operational reports from the Institute for the Study of War with visually confirmed equipment loss data from Oryxspioenkop. A custom Wet-Gap Relevance Score (WGRS) was developed using Natural Language Processing techniques to quantify the degree to which each ISW report focused on crossing operations. Statistical analysis shows that pontoon losses
Lynch, Benjamin, Dosan, Logan, Mittal, Vikram
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Powering Utilities Toward Net Zero135613/31/2026
What does it really take to build a clean energy future -- and who's stepping up to lead it? Listen in as we sit down with Steven Clarke, Program Director, Climate and Energy, Ceres, to explore how the organization is driving real-world climate solutions for Fortune 500 companies, investors, and policymakers though science-based, data-driven insights. From tackling water risk and data center cooling to scaling wind off the coast of New England, you'll learn how Ceres is transforming utilities, accelerating electrification, and reshaping entire industries for a cleaner, more resilient energy system. This conversation is proof that sustainability isn't just about responsibility, it's about opportunity. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and
Patterson, Lori
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - AI, Government, and the Future of Urban Mobility135593/13/2026
What happens when government, technology, and sustainability collide? Listen in as we down with Gabe Klein, Co-Founder of Adapt/Impact and CityFi, for a candid conversation about the future of urban mobility, the evolving role of government, and the impact of AI on our streets. From smart curb management to electrification, you'll hear real-world examples of cities embracing innovation, rethinking transportation as a utility, and navigating the economic shifts that come with change. Tune in for an inside look at how smarter infrastructure can create more connected, efficient, and greener cities. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and strategists making it all happen--and give us a review on your preferred podcasting platform. Follow SAE on LinkedIn
Patterson, Lori
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Meet The Historical Engineering Storytellers135583/9/2026
From lifelong hobbies to deep nostalgia, there is no doubt that personal connections with our vehicles are real. But true car lovers know that the future is built on what we've learned from the past. Listen in as we sit down with SAE History of Ground Vehicle Systems Committee, members Terry Mueller, George Nicols, and Jeff Singer to explore what makes cars so special. As historical engineering storytellers, these automotive enthusiasts are creating a library within SAE that includes the evolution of vehicle systems and subsystems, making knowledge accessible for enthusiasts, engineers, and educators alike. If you're an industry professional, retired engineer, or automotive enthusiast with experience in the automotive or aerospace sectors, learn how you can join and help us preserve history. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we
Patterson, Lori
Experimental Vibroacoustic Measurement of Thin Steel Panels Coated with Different Liquid-Applied Spray Damping Layer Thickness10-10-02-00172/23/2026
This study investigates the effect of liquid-applied spray damping (LASD) thickness on the vibration and sound radiation of thin steel panels. Although LASD is widely used to enhance structural damping, its influence on radiated sound and the role of coating thickness have not been systematically studied. Five steel panels with varying LASD thicknesses were evaluated using two experimental approaches. An impact-based method in a hemi-anechoic chamber measured the structural mobility and noise transfer functions, while a reciprocal method in a reverberation chamber under acoustic excitation measured the radiated sound power transfer function. A thickness ratio was found beyond which additional LASD thickness yielded diminishing improvements in noise and vibration reductions. The effect of LASD thickness on radiation efficiency was also assessed in both narrowband and one-third octave bands.
Neihguk, David, Suh, Sam, Herrin, David W.
IoT-Enabled Cloud-Integrated Smart Parking System with Real-Time Monitoring and AI-Based Space Optimization for Next-Gen Mobility2026-28-01132/12/2026
This study presents the design and implementation of an advanced IoT-enabled, cloud-integrated smart parking system, engineered to address the critical challenges of urban parking management and next-generation mobility. The proposed architecture utilizes a distributed network of ultrasonic and infrared occupancy sensors, each interfaced with a NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller, to enable precise, real-time monitoring of individual parking spaces. Sensor data is transmitted via secure MQTT protocol to a centralized cloud platform (AWS IoT Core), where it is aggregated, timestamped, and stored in a NoSQL database for scalable, low-latency access. A key innovation of this system is the integration of artificial intelligence (AI)-based space optimization algorithms, leveraging historical occupancy patterns and predictive analytics (using LSTM neural networks) to dynamically allocate parking spaces and forecast demand. The cloud platform exposes RESTful APIs, facilitating seamless
Deepan Kumar, Sadhasivam, S, Balakrishnan, Dhayaneethi, Sivaji, Boobalan, Saravanan, Abdul Rahim, Mohamed Arshad, S, Manikandan, R, Jamuna, L, Rishi Kannan
Development of Plug-In Hybrid Motorbike and Analysis towards Sustainable Urban Mobility2026-28-01112/12/2026
The transportation system is one major catalyst to urban ecological imbalance. In developing countries, two-wheelers are considered a major mode of urban personal transportation because of their compactness, easy maneuver in heavy traffic and good fuel efficiency. In India, middle and lower middle-class people prefer to choose two wheelers, and these vehicles are dominantly fuelled by gasoline. Although, the energy consumption by a two-wheeler is comparatively less than that of a four-wheeler, they use about 60% of the nation’s petroleum for on-road vehicles and the impact on urban air quality and climatic change is significantly high. This high proportion of gasoline utilization and emission contribution by two wheelers in cities demand greater attention to improve urban air quality and near-term energy sustainability. Electrification of two-wheelers through the application of a plug-in hybrid idea is a promising solution. A plug-in hybrid motorbike was developed by putting forth a
Kannan, Prashanth, Shaik, Amjad, Talluri, Srinivasa Rao
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Episode 318 - A New Era For Aerospace and Defense135542/5/2026
What if booking a trip into orbit were as easy as booking a flight on your phone? As the defense and aerospace industries evolve at unprecedented speed, what once felt like science fiction is fast becoming reality. For a deep dive into the latest innovations reshaping the skies, we welcomed back Todd Tuthill, Managing Partner, Rincon Aerospace, to discuss everything from the rise of reusable rockets to the democratization of access to low Earth orbit. Listen in as he shares an insider perspective on trends like blended wing aircraft, AI adoption in aerospace, and the coming wave of drone delivery and eVTOLs. It's an episode you don't want to miss! We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and strategists making it all happen--and give us a review on your
Patterson, Lori
Model-Based Design Is Shaping the Next Phase of eVTOL Systems Development26AERP02_042/1/2026
As electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft move closer to commercial reality, companies and engineers are turning to advanced modeling and simulation tools to address some of their most complex design challenges earlier in development. During a recent interview with Aerospace & Defense Technology, Paul Barnard, Application Engineering Manager, MathWorks, provided insights on how the advanced air mobility (AAM) sector is tackling the complexities of eVTOL systems design, with a focus on batteries, avionics and other critical systems.
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Advocating for Growth in the U.S. Auto Industry135521/27/2026
From tariffs to trade policies, today's automakers must respond to a variety of pressures to remain competitive in a changing manufacturing landscape. As the voice of international automakers in the United States, Autos Drive America is strengthening the automotive manufacturing by advocating for trade and investment policies that expand jobs and support economic growth in America. Listen in as we sit down with Jennifer Safavian, President & CEO, to discuss why a strong U.S. auto industry is vital for the nation's economy and how Autos Drive America is supporting integrated supply chains that keep American manufacturing competitive on the global stage. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and strategists making it all happen--and give us a review on
Patterson, Lori
Software-Defined Vehicles: Architecting the Future of Intelligent and Connected Mobility2026-26-06911/16/2026
This paper presents a comprehensive technical review of the Software-Defined Vehicle (SDV), a paradigm that is fundamentally reshaping the automotive industry. We analyze the architectural evolution from distributed Electronic Control Units (ECUs) to centralized zonal compute platforms, examining the critical role of Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA), the AUTOSAR standard, and virtualization technologies in enabling this shift. A comparative analysis of leading High-Performance Computing (HPC) platforms, including NVIDIA DRIVE, Tesla FSD, and Qualcomm Snapdragon Ride, is conducted to evaluate the silicon foundation of the SDV. The paper further investigates key enabling technologies such as Over- the-Air (OTA) updates, Digital Twins, and the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for applications ranging from predictive maintenance to software-defined battery management. We scrutinize the competing V2X communication standards (DSRC vs. C-V2X) and address the paramount
Ahmad, Aqueel, Hemanth, Khimavath, Kumar, Om, Kumar, Rajiv, Haregaonkar, Rushikesh Sambhaji
To Study and Compare Communication Protocol for Fast Charging in Electric Two-Wheeler with Respect to CCS 2.0: An Indian Perspective2026-26-01981/16/2026
This comprehensive research presents an in-depth analysis of communication protocols essential for implementing fast charging systems in India's rapidly expanding electric two-wheeler and three-wheeler market. As India witnesses unprecedented growth in electric mobility, with two-wheelers representing over 95% of current EV sales, the establishment of standardized, secure, and efficient charging protocols becomes paramount for widespread adoption. This study examines the current landscape of AC charging methodologies, evaluates the technical and economic feasibility of DC fast charging implementation, and provides detailed comparative analysis of existing international standards including IS 17017-25, IS 17017-31, ChaoJi, and CCS 2.0. The research concludes with strategic recommendations for developing cyber-secure, cost-effective charging infrastructure specifically tailored to meet India's unique market requirements and operational constraints.
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Mulay, Abhijit B
A Comprehensive Study: The Potential of Wireless Charging in Future E Mobility2026-26-01951/16/2026
Electric mobility is no longer a distant vision, it is a global imperative in the journey of fight against the climate change and the urban pollution. Yet, despite of explosive growth in the electric vehicle adoptions, a major bottleneck remains which is efficient and convenient charging. The current reliance on physical plug in charging station creates inconvenient, time consuming experience and also faces significant technical and economic challenges those threaten to stall the smooth clean transportation revolution. Without innovation in how we recharge our vehicle the promise of electric mobility appears under threat which is undermined by less efficient, less compatible, and infrastructure hurdles. Wireless charging technology stand out as the game changing breakthrough poised to tackle these all critical problems head on. By enabling the effortless, cable-free charging system across the wide spectrum of electric vehicles, from the personal cars to the public transport fleets and
Jain, Gaurav, Premlal, P, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang
Revolutionary EV Motors Innovation in E-Mobility in Depth Analysis of Emerging Technologies, Comparative Insights & Their Ground Breaking Impact on Electric Vehicle Performance2026-26-00731/16/2026
This paper delivers a forward-looking data-driven assessment of the transformative innovation in electric vehicle motor systems with targeting breakthroughs in the power density, energy efficiency, thermal robustness, manufacturability & better intelligent control. A rigorous Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) framework is done to systematically evaluate and defining the rank of emerging motor technologies across eight weighted performance indicators. The findings reveal that which design strategies & material advancements offering the greatest potential for redefine propulsion performance that enabling lighter more compact & more efficient drivetrain capable of sustained high power operation. High ranking solution exhibit strong alignment with the industry's push toward scalable, low cost & rare earth-independent systems while other are identified as high risk/high reward pathway requiring targeted research to overcome critical problems. By integrating engineering performance
Jain, Gaurav, Premlal, P, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang
Overview of Automotive Policies, Evolution of Automotive Regulations, and Striking a Balanced Approach for Harmonization2026-26-02421/16/2026
The automotive regulatory landscape in India is evolving rapidly, driven by a dynamic policy intervention by GOI, striking push for sustainable mobility, safety, technological advancements, dEnvironmentally soundeeper localization, energy self-reliance, product quality control and simplified registration process. Key regulations cover areas like vehicle safety norms, emission norms, fuel economy norms, BIS QCO, the promotion of EVs and alternative fuel vehicles, R & D roadmaps, ELVs, incentive policies and vehicle registration reforms. India has been keeping a close eye on the automotive regulatory progress in the Europe as well as other developed countries as a cornerstone for technical harmonization, cross learning, gauge benefits and economic implications. India is progressively aligning its automotive regulations with global standards, particularly with UN Regulations and GTRs, while also considering unique Indian driving and environmental conditions. This alignment is crucial for
Patil, Dharmarayagouda
Path Planning and Control Strategies for a Semi-Autonomous Light Commercial Vehicle Navigating and Avoiding Static Obstacles in Urban Environments2026-26-01341/16/2026
This paper presents the design and implementation of a Semi-Autonomous Light Commercial Vehicle (LCV) capable of following a person while performing obstacle avoidance in urban and controlled environments. The LCV leverages its onboard 360-degree view camera, RTK-GNSS, Ultrasonic sensors, and algorithms to independently navigate the environment, avoiding obstacles and maintaining a safe distance from the person it is following. The path planning algorithm described here generates a secondary lateral path originating from the primary driving path to navigate around static obstacles. A Behavior Planner is utilized to decide when to generate the path and avoid obstacles. The primary objective is to ensure safe navigation in environments where static obstacles are prevalent. The LCV's path tracking is achieved using a combination of Pure Pursuit and Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers. The Pure Pursuit controller is utilized as lateral control to follow the generated path, ensuring
Ayyappan, Vimal Raj, Dhanopia, Rashmi, Ali, Ashpak, N, Ragesh, Sato, Hiromitsu
Vehicle-to-Vehicle Negotiation Via Manoeuvre Coordination Messages for Cooperative Cut-in Scenarios2026-26-02741/16/2026
The automotive industry is rapidly extending the capabilities of automated systems by incorporating connectivity and cooperation features that enable real-time information exchange between vehicles and road infrastructure. Within the Connected, Cooperative, and Automated Mobility (CCAM) framework, Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication is expected to play a key role in improving road safety, traffic efficiency, and driving comfort. This work addresses a practical implementation of the standardized Manoeuvre Coordination Messages (MCMs), as defined in the ongoing ETSI standard (ETSI TS 103 561). The proposed approach is demonstrated through a cooperative cut-in use case in which two vehicles negotiate a lane change manoeuvre. In the considered scenario, the ego vehicle, driven by a Highway Pilot (HWP) system, receives the intention to cut-in from a neighbouring cooperative vehicle through an MCM. In response, the ego vehicle adapts its behaviour by decelerating to generate a safe
Leiva Ricart, Gisela, Domingo Mateu, Bernat
Revolutionizing Urban Mobility in India: The Emergence of the 2-3 Wheel Combi Vehicle and the L2-5 Regulatory Framework2026-26-01871/16/2026
Growing population in Indian cities has led to packed roads. People need a quick option to commute for both personal trips and business needs. The 2-3 Wheel Combination Vehicle is a new, modular solution that switches between a two-wheeler (2W) and a three-wheeler (3W). Hero has designed SURGE S32 to be a sustainable and flexible transportation option. It is world’s first class changing vehicle. The idea is to use a single vehicle for zipping through city traffic, making deliveries, or earning an income. Manufactured to deal with the challenges of modern life, this dual-battery convertible vehicle can easily transform from a two-wheeler to a three-wheeler and vice versa within three minutes. The Surge S32 is a versatile vehicle that replaces the need for multiple specialised vehicles. By lowering the number of vehicles on the road, it decreases road congestion, reduces emissions, and improves livelihoods. It powers by electricity, ensuring sustainability in all aspects. The current
Ali Khan, Feroz, Gupta, Eshan
Revolutionizing Mass Mobility: Sustainable, Safe, and Smart Transport Ecosystems2026-26-03601/16/2026
Mass Mobility Systems are critical for a sustainable and progressive society. As the world confronts the serious challenges of global warming and urban traffic congestion, efficient mass mobility solutions become critical in reducing carbon footprints and enabling equitable access. Advancement in mass mobility is not limited to electric buses alone but also includes innovations across conventional ICE vehicles, autonomous vehicles, trains, and other integrated transport networks. Safety and accessibility for users remain critical to the sustainability of future mass mobility concepts. The COVID-19 pandemic exposed vulnerabilities in public transportation, highlighting the urgent need for safer and more resilient systems. Road safety, passenger well-being, and hygienic standards must be deeply embedded into future mobility solutions. Furthermore, strong last-mile connectivity will be essential to ensure that mass mobility truly meets the needs of all citizens. An effective Mass Mobility
Vasudevan, M, Kumar S, Ashok, Sridevi, M, Kumar, Rajiv, Kumar, Om
451 Guidance on the Application of Extended Reality (XR) And Supporting Technologies to Flight Training and SimulationARINC451 (Current)1/14/2026
This document offers a comprehensive and detailed guide on the application of Extended Reality (XR) technologies – including Augmented Reality (AR), Mixed Reality (MR), and Virtual Reality (VR) – in aviation training. It covers a wide range of topics from foundational technology and instructional design to regulatory and safety considerations, aiming to assist training organizations, regulators, and manufacturers in effectively integrating XR into pilot training for both civil and military aviation contexts.
Flight Simulator Engineering and Maintenance Committee
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - How AI and Software-Defined Vehicles Are Transforming Automotive Culture135501/9/2026
The automotive industry is undergoing a major shift -- not just toward AI-powered, software-defined vehicles, but also toward a new culture that challenges traditional ways of working. Listen in as we sit down with Amol Gulve, Software-Defined Vehicle and AI Expert, for a candid discussion on why the pace of innovation is both exhilarating and challenging for legacy automakers. Amol breaks down the traditional seven-year vehicle development cycle and why it's incompatible with an AI-driven world, challenging OEMs to rethink everything from architecture and procurement to culture and org structure. From the future of AI in vehicles to the cultural shifts inside OEMs, you'll get an inside look at the questions defining the next decade of mobility -- and why trust, transparency, and smarter standards will shape the road ahead. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE
Patterson, Lori
Weaving Data Fabric with AITBMG-544301/6/2026
One of the biggest goals for companies in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) is developing “agentic” systems. These metaphorical agents can perform tasks without a guiding human hand. This parallels the goals of the emerging urban air mobility industry, which hopes to bring autonomous flying vehicles to cities around the world. One company wants to do both and got a head start with some help from NASA.
Pure Electric Bus of Operational Consulting and Analysis Transit: A Case Study of Wuhu City2025-99-025212/23/2025
As China’s socio-economic progress accelerates, residents’ mobility preferences are growing more varied. Owing to their eco-friendliness, high capacity, fixed routes and low prices, pure-electric buses have become a key component of urban transit. Yet day-to-day service is hindered by low fleet availability, limited daily kilometres and poor service quality, all of which erode operation efficiency. Taking Wuhu’s public transport network as a case study, this paper builds a performance-assessment framework for electric bus routes. Using stop-level topology, vehicle specifications and spatiotemporal passenger-flow data from eight representative routes, the study applies the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). A three-tier hierarchy—goal, criteria and alternatives—is constructed; index weights and pairwise comparison matrices are then computed to rank overall route effectiveness. The findings accurately pinpoint operational bottlenecks and furnish quantitative guidance for adaptive network
Hu, Tingting, Liang, Zijun, Li, Xiaoyan, Zhang, Xinyi, Wang, Mengru, Hu, Yufeng, Jiang, Kang
Research on Passengers’ Willingness to Travel by Rail Transit Based on Objective Factors and Subjective Perceptions2025-99-025112/23/2025
In the context of the accelerating urbanization process, the problem of urban traffic congestion has become more severe. Rail transit, with its advantages of high efficiency, convenience, and environmental friendliness, has become a key force in alleviating urban traffic pressure. An in - depth exploration of passengers’ willingness to travel by rail transit is of great significance for optimizing urban traffic planning, improving the service quality of rail transit, and promoting the sustainable development of cities. This article starts from two dimensions: objective factors and passengers’ subjective perceptions, and comprehensively uses a variety of research methods to conduct an in - depth study on passengers’ willingness to travel by rail transit. In terms of objective factors, this article analyzes the differences in subjective perceptions among different passenger groups from the perspectives of gender, age, education level, and occupation. In terms of subjective perceptions
Wang, Gang, Huang, Lei, Yang, Yihao
A Literature Review on Application of Maintenance and Management Strategies for Electric-Vertical Take-Off and Landing Aircraft’s Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul Organizations01-18-03-001612/18/2025
In the context of emerging technology developed for advanced air mobility concept, its maintenance protocols are not yet mature and existing aviation maintenance systems may not support electric-vertical take-off and landing (e-VTOL) needs. Thus, the operation of e-VTOL aircraft during its deployment stage necessitates the need for qualitative maintenance support. The main purpose of this study is to develop the basic structural principles of the projected new maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) organization for e-VTOL air vehicles, which will support airworthiness through comprehensive maintenance approaches. Thus, the operation of e-VTOL aircraft during its deployment stage necessitates the need for qualitative maintenance support. The importance of the study is to offer standard procedures based on management and maintenance strategies, application of predictive and prescriptive maintenance tools, which pose a significant contribution to ensuring safety, reliability, and cost
Imanov, Tapdig, Bozdereli, Arzu
Urban Mobility: A Technological Contribution to the Modeling of a Conceptual Framework in a Cyber-Physical Environment for Reducing Traffic Congestion in the Expanded Downtown Area of São Paulo2025-36-009512/18/2025
Urban mobility is one of the major challenges faced by downtown areas in cities worldwide. Understanding how to improve it is essential, as it directly impacts the quality of life of people who live and work in these regions. There is an inconsistency in the fact that vehicles are produced with high efficiency and effectiveness, yet their purpose does not align with the daily commuting needs of large city centers, especially during peak travel times. The tools used in vehicle manufacturing, such as continuous improvement, lean manufacturing, continuous flow, and the theory of constraints, have been applied to balance transportation mode options. The analyzed scenarios aim to promote sustainable development and contribute to enhancing citizens’ quality of life. This study explores the hypothesis that if the conventional unit of measurement for vehicles, typically expressed in terms of vehicle volume or flow (vehicles/hour), were replaced by a metric based on the number of people
Mello Filho, Luiz Vicente Figueira de, Canteras, Felippe Benavente, Meyer, Yuri Alexandre, Emiliano, William Machado, Júnior, Vitor Eduardo Molina, Gabriel, João Carlos, Iano, Yuzo
Vehicle Gear Shifting Optimization for Fuel Consumption and Emissions Minimization2025-36-011112/18/2025
Vehicles powered by internal combustion engines play a crucial role in urban mobility and still represent the vast majority of vehicles produced. However, these vehicles significantly contribute to pollutant emissions and fossil fuel consumption. In response to this challenge, various technologies and strategies have been developed to reduce emissions and enhance vehicle efficiency. This paper presents the development of a solution based on optimized gear-shifting strategies aimed at minimizing fuel consumption and emissions in vehicles powered exclusively by internal combustion engines. To achieve this, a longitudinal vehicle dynamics model was developed using the MATLAB/Simulink platform. This model incorporates an engine combustion simulation based on the Advisor (Advanced Vehicle Simulator) tool, which estimates fuel consumption and emissions while considering catalyst efficiency under transient engine conditions. Based on these models, an optimization method was employed to
Da Silva, Vitor Henrique Gomes, Carvalho, Áquila Chagas, Lopez, Gustavo Adolfo Gonzales, Casarin, Felipe Eduardo Mayer, Dedini, Franco Giuseppe, Eckert, Jony Javorski
Energy and Exergy Analysis of Ethanol Steam Reforming with an Emphasis on Thermal Efficiency for Sustainable Mobility Applications2025-36-013312/18/2025
The growing demand for sustainable energy and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have driven interest in low-carbon hydrogen production. Ethanol steam reforming (SR) offers a promising on-board H2 source by exploiting ethanol’s renewability and liquid-fuel convenience. This study presents an integrated energy and exergy analysis of ethanol SR across 573 to 923 K and steam-to-ethanol (S/E) ratios from 1 to 4 using Gibbs free energy minimization in MATLAB to predict equilibrium compositions and thermal duties. Energy analysis shows the heating duty rising from 0.0311 kWh/mol ethanol at 573 K (S/E = 1) to 0.0521 kWh/mol at 923 K (S/E = 4). Reforming duty shifts from -0.0075 to +0.2426 kWh/mol, while cooling duty recovers between -0.0219 and -0.0727 kWh/mol. The net energy balance transitions from strongly endothermic below 650 K to near-neutral at 700 to 750 K for S/E > 2, and becomes exothermic above 800 K, reaching +0.2463 kWh/mol at 923 K. Exergy analysis reveals that heating
Apaza, Jerson Bequer Urday, Pradelle, Florian, Braga, Sergio Leal, Sánchez, Fernando Zegarra, Guzman, Juan Jose Milon
2025 International Conference on Transportation Infrastructure and Engineering (ICTIE 2025)2025-99-030012/17/2025
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2025 International Conference on Intelligent Transportation and Future Mobility (ITFM 2025)2025-99-040012/10/2025
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Tobolski, Sue
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