This standard will apply primarily to the vehicle classes identified in SAE J3194. It provides a schema for utilizing alphanumeric values to represent identifying information such as the manufacturer or vehicle provider, year of manufacture, model, vehicle type, weight, width, speed, and power source. Although conceptually similar to a Vehicle Identification Number (VIN), this standard does not classify or intend to suggest classification of these vehicles as motor vehicles for regulatory or safety data purposes. The location for placement of these identifiers on the vehicle, type of label, permanence, and visibility are out of scope for this document.

Powered Micromobility Vehicles Committee

Taxonomy and Classification of Powered Micromobility Vehicles

J3194_202502 (Current)

02/25/2025

This technical report provides a taxonomy and classification of powered micromobility vehicles. These vehicles may be privately owned or be available via shared- or rental-fleet operations. This technical report does not provide specifications or otherwise impose minimum safety design requirements for powered micromobility vehicles.

Powered Micromobility Vehicles Committee

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Optimizing Energy Data for the Cold Supply Chain

1350102/10/2025

The growing complexity of fleet electrification has highlighted the importance of understanding how energy is used and where you can reduce waste. To optimize energy intensity at industrial facilities, one company is leveraging integrated data and AI-powered intelligence to reduce both cost and fleet-related emissions, particularly when it comes to cold storage supply chains. Ndustrial helps companies lower energy intensity, decrease costs, and increase sustainable industrial operations with solutions like the Nsight Energy Intensity Platform, a data analytics and monitoring solution central to the management of electric transport refrigeration unit (eTRU) power systems. To learn more, we sat down with Manuel Aguirre VP of Supply Chain Electrification, to discuss Ndustrial's energy optimization solutions and the importance of efficient refrigeration management throughout the cold storage supply chain. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future

Hineman, Marcie

Mechanical Design and Packaging Strategies of a Cell-to-Pack Battery for an Automotive Electric Vehicle Based on Economic & Sport Vehicle Requirements

2025-28-0078

02/07/2025

The world is moving towards a green transportation system. Governments are also pushing for green mobility, especially electric vehicles. Electric vehicles are becoming more popular in Europe, China, India, and developing countries. In EVs, the customer's range anxiety and the perceived real-world range are major challenges for the OEMs. The OEMs are moving towards a higher power-to-weight ratio. Energy density plays a crucial role in the battery pack architecture to increase the vehicle range. Higher capacity battery packs are needed to improve the vehicle's range. The battery pack architecture is vital in defining the gravimetric and volumetric energy densities. The cell-to-pack battery technique aims to achieve a higher power-to-weight ratio by eliminating unnecessary weight in the battery architecture. The design of battery architecture depends on the cell features such as the cell shape & size, cell terminal positions, vent valve position, battery housing strength requirements

K, Barathi Raja

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Launching Human Space Travel with a Luxury Balloon

1349801/23/2025

Imagine a six-hour journey to outer space that includes a world-class meal, cocktail service, Wi-Fi, and unprecedented views of Earth. This experience could soon become reality. Space Perspective, the world's first carbon-neutral spaceflight experience company, is commercializing space travel with Spaceship Neptune, a pressurized capsule propelled by a giant SpaceBalloon(TM). The experience is designed to be gentle and accessible with no rockets, weightlessness, heavy g-forces, or training required. Alongside world-class meal and cocktail service, space travelers will also enjoy views through the largest windows ever flown to space, Wi-Fi, and a proper restroom. To learn more, we sat down with Taber MacCallum, Founder and Chief Technology Officer, Space Perspective, to discuss the technical development of the SpaceBalloon(TM) and how the company is unlocking the market for space travel in a new and innovative way. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for

Hineman, Marcie

SAE TOMORROW TODAY BRIEFS - How to Scale EV Charging at Gas Stations

1349312/30/2024

As EV charging infrastructure grows and evolves, so too does the role of gas stations, convenience stores, and auto repair shops -- all of which are key players in a thriving mobility ecosystem. Enter Vontier, a global industrial technology company transforming fueling and charging infrastructure, convenience store technology and fleet management. By helping service station owners become "charge point operators," Vontier is a enabling a shift to better support consumers? needs and increase profitability in an evolving market. To learn more, Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, sat down with Mark Morelli, CEO, Vontier, to discuss how his company is harnessing its market-leading expertise in mobility technologies to usher in a new era of convenience. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There, you can learn about the latest EV announcements from the LA Auto Show including the Hyundai

Hineman, Marcie

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Scaling Connected Vehicles with Over-The-Air Updates

1349212/18/2024

As the automotive world shifts toward fully software-defined vehicles (SDVs), many OEMs are hesitant to embrace a consumer-driven model for over-the-air (OTA) updates. Enter Sibros, a company offering holistic OTA software that enables automakers to achieve scalable, software-defined mobility. By providing AI-powered insights that deliver continuous product and service enhancements, OEMs can harness Sibros' single no-code platform to monitor, control and optimize SDVs, thus accelerating time-to-market, reducing code defects and enabling hundreds of connected vehicle use cases at global scale. This presents unique value for consumers, OEMs, commercial fleet operators, and even off-road sectors like agriculture and mining. To learn more, we sat down with Hemant Sikaria, CEO & Co-Founder, Sibros, to discuss the impact of his company's groundbreaking technology, how insurance and regulation come into play, and the importance of robust security measures to ensure the responsible growth of

Hineman, Marcie

Campus Bus Station Layout Planning in Mountainous Universities Based on User Needs

13-06-01-0006

12/13/2024

The planning of mountain campus bus routes needs to take into account user demand, convenience, and other factors. This study adopts a comprehensive research method that combines quantitative and qualitative viewpoints. From the perspective of university students, this article studies the demand of campus public transportation and proposes the layout of campus bus routes in mountainous universities to meet the needs of users. The psychological needs questionnaire was used to investigate college students’ expectation of bus station service function. Taking three mountain universities as examples, the integration and selectivity of campus road networks are evaluated by using space syntax analysis, which provides valuable insights into the quality of bus stop areas. This article discusses the correlation between psychological needs assessment of college students and objective conditions of campus road network. The study concludes with the following findings: (1) The pedestrian environment

Duan, Ran, Tang, Rui, Wang, Zhigang, Zhao, Yixue, Wang, Qida, Yang, Jiyi, Su, Jiafu

Beyond Aviation: Embedded Gaming, Artificial Intelligence, Training, and Recruitment for the Advanced Air Mobility Industry

EPR2024028

12/12/2024

Recent advancements in electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft and the broader advanced air mobility (AAM) movement have generated significant interest within and beyond the traditional aviation industry. Many new applications have been identified and are under development, with considerable potential for market growth and exciting potential. However, talent resources are the most critical parameters to make or break the AAM vision, and significantly more talent is needed than the traditional aviation industry is able to currently generate. One possible solution—leverage rapid advancements of artificial intelligence (AI) technology and the gaming industry to help attract, identify, educate, and encourage current and future generations to engage in various aspects of the AAM industry. Beyond Aviation: Embedded Gaming, Artificial Intelligence, Training, and Recruitment for the Advanced Air Mobility Industry discusses how the modern gaming population of 3.3 million

Doo, Johnny

AI-Based Smart Vehicle Parking System

2024-01-5242

12/10/2024

This project presents the development of an advanced Autonomous Mobile Robot (AMR) designed to autonomously lift and maneuver four-wheel drive vehicles into parking spaces without human intervention. By leveraging cutting-edge camera and sensor technologies, the AMR integrates LIDAR for precise distance measurements and obstacle detection, high-resolution cameras for capturing detailed images of the parking environment, and object recognition algorithms for accurately identifying and selecting available parking spaces. These integrated technologies enable the AMR to navigate complex parking lots, optimize space utilization, and provide seamless automated parking. The AMR autonomously detects free parking spaces, lifts the vehicle, and parks it with high precision, making the entire parking process autonomous and highly efficient. This project pushes the boundaries of autonomous vehicle technology, aiming to contribute significantly to smarter and more efficient urban mobility systems.

Atheef, M. Syed, Sundar, K. Sham, Kumar, P. P. Prem, Karthika, J.

Technical Paper for 11 ^TH SAE India International Mobility Conference Relevance of Autonomous Vehicles in the Indian Context

2024-28-0122

12/05/2024

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are positioned to revolutionize transportation, by eliminating human intervention through the use of advanced sensors and algorithms, offering improved safety, efficiency, and convenience. In India, where rapid urbanization and traffic congestion present unique challenges, AVs still hold a significant promise. This technical paper discusses the relevance of autonomous vehicles in the Indian context and the challenges that need to be addressed before the widespread adoption of autonomous vehicles in India. These challenges include the lack of infrastructure, concerns regarding road safety, software vulnerabilities, adaptability of change towards autonomous vehicles, and the management of traffic. The paper also highlights the government's initiatives to encourage the development and adoption of autonomous vehicles, ideology behind the legal framework and the required changes in terms of technological advancements, and urban planning. In a brief manner, this

Mishra, Adarsh, Mathur, Gaurav

Vision-Based Approach and Landing System (VALS)

TBMG-52194

12/01/2024

There are certain situations when landing an Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) aircraft is required to be performed without assistance from GPS data. For example, AAM aircraft flying in an urban environment with tall buildings and narrow canyons may affect the ability of the AAM aircraft to effectively use GPS to access a landing area. Incorporating a vision-based navigation method, NASA Ames has developed a novel Alternative Position, Navigation, and Timing (APNT) solution for AAM aircraft in environments where GPS is not available.

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Assessing the Global Automotive Landscape

1348811/15/2024

When it comes to the expansion of AVs and EVs, the global automotive landscape is awash in shifting trends, strategic partnerships, and geopolitical implications. For some perspective, we sat down with Michael Wayland, Detroit-based auto reporter for CNBC, for a wide-ranging conversation on the latest happenings affecting the global automotive industry. From the growing trend of robotaxis to ever-changing partnerships, listen in for a unique perspective on geopolitical challenges, strategic shifts, and the future of autonomy and electrification. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and strategists making it all happen--and give us a review on your preferred podcasting platform. Follow SAE on LinkedIn, Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. Follow

Hineman, Marcie

Equalization System Engineering Design for reliable Battery Management on eVTOL

2024-01-7027

11/15/2024

Electrical vertical take-off and landing vehicle (eVTOL) are more and more popular in future’s urban mobility. How to improve the reliability of the battery, is the key problem. Battery Management System (BMS) through the battery status monitoring, charging and discharging control, temperature management, fault diagnosis, battery equalisation and other core measures to improve the battery reliability and performance, of which battery equalisation technology plays a vital role. BMS manages batteries through battery status monitoring, charging and discharging control, temperature management, fault diagnosis, battery equalisation and other core measures to ensure the safety, reliability and performance of batteries. This paper analyses the inconsistency mechanism of batteries, introduces the classification of mainstream balancing circuits, describes the advantages and disadvantages of different types of balancing technologies, introduces the practical application scheme of passive

Feng, Guo, Zhang, Xinfeng, Li, Hong Dun, Yue, Han

New Applications of Plasma Propulsion Engines and Advanced Nanomaterials in Low-Altitude Aircraft: Theoretical Advances

2024-01-7022

11/15/2024

This paper explores the groundbreaking applications of plasma propulsion engines and advanced nanomaterials in low-altitude aircraft, addressing the challenges and recent technological advancements that make such applications feasible. Traditional space plasma thrusters operate effectively in near-vacuum conditions by taking advantage of the ease of plasma ignition at low pressures. However, these thrusters face significant difficulties when operated at near-atmospheric pressures found in low-altitude environments, where plasma ignition is challenging. This paper highlights recent breakthroughs in high-pressure plasma glow discharge technology and the integration of nanomaterials, which together enable the use of plasma propulsion engines in low-altitude aircraft. These innovations offer substantial advantages over conventional engines, including higher efficiency, reduced emissions, and the potential to fundamentally change the propulsion systems of low-altitude aircraft.

Ma, Xin, Ding, Shuiting, Pan, Yilun, Liu, Jinshuo, Qiao, Huizhe, Yang, Jincai

Duct Anechoicity Based on the Acoustic Black Hole Principle

2024-01-7006

11/15/2024

As a novel passive control method, the acoustic black hole (ABH) structure demonstrates achieve energy aggregation efficiently and has the characteristics of lightweight and wide-band noise reduction. This study applies ABH theory to aircraft ducts by incorporating an additional ABH structure into the inner wall design. The spiral structure is specifically engineered to increase the characteristic length of the black hole and lower the cutoff frequency. To validate the effectiveness of this ABH structural design, finite element analysis was conducted to investigate structural frequency response, acoustic energy concentration characteristics, as well as damping and energy dissipation effects. Simulation results indicate significant energy accumulation on the inner wall with ABH structure in frequencies above 800Hz. Additionally, through acoustic-structure coupling analysis, far-field acoustic radiation characteristics were determined for this structural design followed by a

Guo, Yaning, Lv, Peng, Liu, Pengfei, Ning, Donghong

Position and Attitude Separation Control for Tiltable Quadrotors: An Appointed-Time Prescribed Performance Anti-Disturbance Approach

2024-01-7003

11/15/2024

Aiming at the position and attitude separation control problem of the “X” configuration tiltable quadrotor, an appointed-time prescribed performance anti-disturbance control method is proposed. Firstly, the tiltable quadrotor’s model description and dynamic model are presented, in which the virtual control inputs are defined to solve the non-affine control allocation problem trickly. Then, appointed-time prescribed performance control laws are designed for position and attitude angle control subsystems to guarantee tracking errors’ transient and steady-state performance. Furthermore, fixed-time extended state observers are designed to compensate for the lumped disturbance in velocity and angular rate control subsystems. And the quadratic programming method is used to solve the control allocation problem considering energy optimization. Finally, the simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Wu, Tiancai, Bai, Jie, Wang, Fang, Shi, Zhiguo, Xingchen, Yue

Fast Time-Varying Uncertainty Resisting for Hybrid UAV by Hierarchical Yaw Control with Constrained Input

2024-01-7001

11/15/2024

Yaw control for aircraft using the rudder faces challenges in resisting fast time-varying uncertainty due to the relatively slower response of the rudder. In hybrid unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with both rudders and rotors, the introduction of powered yaw control offers novel solutions for addressing fast time-varying uncertainty by leveraging the quicker response of rotors compared to traditional rudders. This paper presents a hierarchical yaw control approach for hybrid unmanned aerial vehicles, comprising a nominal control for rudders to achieve the desired yaw tracking and a constrained powered yaw control for rotors to resist fast time-varying uncertainty. Given the constrained amplitude of powered yaw control, it is imperative that the designed auxiliary input guarantees adherence to its constraint. Firstly, a nonlinear control for nominal hybrid unmanned aerial vehicle system is formulated to deal with the nonlinearity model, rendering a modest nominal control for rudders

Dai, Jiawen, Liu, Jiaojiao, Yang, Yi, Bai, Jie, Zhang, Zheshuo

Risk Assessment for Urban Logistics Operation of UA

2024-01-7017

11/15/2024

In the context of insufficient international management experience, this study combines the current situation of Chinese aviation and the characteristics of unmanned aircraft (UA) operation, adopts the specific operations risk assessment (SORA) method, and conducts in-depth research on the trial operation risks of UA in urban low-altitude logistics scenarios, conducting effective evaluations and project practices. This study starts from two dimensions of ground risk and air risk, determines the boundaries required for safe operation of UA, and improves the robustness level of UA operation through ground risk mitigation measures and air risk mitigation measures. At the same time, a series of compliance verification methods are provided to meet 24 operational safety objectives (OSO) (including design characteristics, operational limitations, performance standards, safety characteristics, communication requirements, emergency response plans, etc.), ensuring that UA operation does not pose

Li, Li, Liu, Weiwei, Fu, Jinhua

Psychology-Driven and AI-Neuroscientific Methods for Investigating Low-Altitude Flight Service Acceptance

2024-01-7023

11/15/2024

This study aims to explore the multifaceted influencing factors of market acceptance and consumer behavior of low-altitude flight services through online surveys and advanced neuroscientific methods (such as functional magnetic resonance imaging fMRI, electroencephalography EEG, functional near-infrared spectroscopy fNIRS) combined with artificial intelligence and video advertisement quantitative analysis. We conducted an in-depth study of the current trends in low-altitude flight vehicle development and customer acceptance of low-altitude services, focusing particularly on the survey methods used for market acceptance. To overcome the influence of strong opinion leaders in volunteer group experiments, we designed specialized surveys targeting broader online and social media groups. Utilizing specialized knowledge in aviation psychology, we designed a distinctive questionnaire and, within just 7 days of its launch, gathered a significant number of valid responses. The data was then

Ma, Xin, Ding, Shuiting, Li, Yan

Research on Drag Reduction Matching of Modular Flying Cars Based on Nested Configuration

2024-01-7016

11/15/2024

This paper investigates the drag reduction matching of modular flying cars based on a nested configuration. To address the high aerodynamic drag issue of traditional modular flying car configurations, a nested design scheme is proposed. In this scheme, the cabin is extracted from a low-drag car and combined with the flying module using a nested approach, achieving aerodynamic matching between the cabin, driving module, and flying module. First, the conceptual design of the new modular flying car and the parameters of each module, including the driving module, cabin module, and flying module, are introduced. Then, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods are utilized to numerically simulate the aerodynamic characteristics of the new flying car, and the results are compared with the existing typical modular flying car, AIRBUS. The research results show that the nested modular flying car exhibits superior aerodynamic performance in both driving and flying modes. Compared to the typical

Li, Yanlong, Ye, Shengfei, Zhou, Hua

eVTOL Flys Through Atmospheric Boundary Layer: Unsteady Take-Off and Landing Study via Spatio-Temporal Projection Method

2024-01-7014

11/15/2024

An electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft (eVTOL) is a variety of vertical take-off aircraft driven by electric power. This work proposed a new boundary condition control method to investigate the take-off and landing process of eVTOL, which is under the conditions of a typical atmospheric boundary layer. The spatial flow field information, especially the height-dependent atmospheric crosswind velocity profile, will be projected on the temporal axis and superimposed with the existing time-dependent unsteady conditions. Taking a 4-axis eVTOL as an example, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations based on unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (uRANS) and rigid body motion (RBM) are carried out with proposed unsteady boundary conditions. The loads and surrounding flow field of the aircraft are obtained, while the vortical structures are further identified and discussed. Notably, the impact of atmospheric boundary layer on the aerodynamic force of eVTOL during vertical

Wei, Huanxia, Jia, Chundong, Shi, Yongwei, Jia, Qing, Xia, Chao, Mo, Reng, Yang, Zhigang, Li, Yanlong, Hu, Qiangqiang

Heat Generation Behavior of LFP and NCM Batteries during Long-Term Storage: A Comparative Study

2024-01-7011

11/15/2024

The life and safety of a battery are closely linked to temperature. Designing an effective thermal management system relies on a thorough understanding and analysis of the thermal properties and mechanisms of the battery. Over time, as batteries are used, their thermal characteristics change due to variations in internal SEI thickness, the deterioration of the active material structure, gas production, and electrolyte consumption, all of which are associated with the aging process. In this paper, experiments on both NCM and LFP batteries were made to measure the heat generation characteristics by adiabatic calorimeter. The results showed that the impact of calendar aging on battery heat generation exhibited completely different patterns for the lithium-ion batteries of the two material systems mentioned above. This paper provides guidance for the optimization of heat generation characteristics of battery and the calibration of heat source in the design of battery thermal management

Li, Haibin, Zhao, Hongwei, Liu, Dinghong, Hu, Qiaosheng

Correlation between Cell Thickness Profile and Lithium Plating: Applications in Lithium Plating Detection and Capacity Rollover Diagnostics

2024-01-7009

11/15/2024

In the realm of low-altitude flight power systems, such as electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL), ensuring the safety and optimal performance of batteries is of utmost importance. Lithium (Li) plating, a phenomenon that affects battery performance and safety, has garnered significant attention in recent years. This study investigates the intricate relationship between Li plating and the growth profile of cell thickness in Li-ion batteries. Previous research often overlooked this critical aspect, but our investigation reveals compelling insights. Notably, even during early stage of capacity fade (~ 5%), Li plating persists, leading to a remarkable final cell thickness growth exceeding 20% at an alarming 80% capacity fade. These findings suggest the potential of utilizing cell thickness growth as a novel criterion for qualifying and selecting cells, in addition to the conventional measure of capacity degradation. Monitoring the growth profile of cell thickness can enhance the

Zhang, Jian, Zheng, Yiting

LDFA: Lightweight Dynamic Feature Aggregation for Multi-Modal Fusion

2024-01-7008

11/15/2024

Integrating 3D point cloud and image fusion into flying car detection systems is essential for enhancing both safety and operational efficiency. Accurate environmental mapping and obstacle detection enable flying cars to optimize flight paths, mitigate collision risks, and perform effectively in diverse and challenging conditions. The AutoAlignV2 paradigm recently introduced a learnable schema that unifies these data formats for 3D object detection. However, the computational expense of the dynamic attention alignment mechanism poses a significant challenge. To address this, we propose a Lightweight Cross-modal Feature Dynamic Aggregation Module, which utilizes a model-driven feature alignment strategy. This module dynamically realigns heterogeneous features and selectively emphasizes salient aspects within both point cloud and image datasets, enhancing the differentiation between objects and the background and improving detection accuracy. Additionally, we introduce the Lightweight

Feng, Xiaoyu, Zhang, Renhang, Chu, Zheng, Wei, Lina, Bian, Chen, Duan, Linshuai

Self-Organisation Theory Based Trajectory Optimisation Method for CAVs in Diverging Area

2024-01-7007

11/15/2024

The highway diverging area is a crucial zone for highway traffic management. This study proposes an evaluation method for traffic flow operations in the diverging area within an Intelligent and Connected Environment (ICE), where the application of Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) provides essential technical support. The diverging area is first divided into three road sections, and a discrete state transition model is constructed based on the discrete dynamic traffic flow model of these sections to represent traffic flow operations in the diverging area under ICE conditions. Next, an evaluation method for the self-organization degree of traffic flow is developed using the Extended Entropy Chaos Degree (EECD) and the discrete state transition model. Utilizing this evaluation method and the Deep Q-Network (DQN) algorithm, a short-term vehicle behavior optimization method is proposed, which, when applied continuously, leads to a vehicle trajectory optimization method for the

Fang, Zhaodong, Qian, Pinzheng, Su, Kaichun, Qian, Yu, Leng, Xiqiao, Zhang, Jian

SAE TOMORROW TODAY BRIEFS: Powering EVs Outside of the Grid

1348611/07/2024

What if you could power your EV using a streetlight? Or access off-the-grid power units for emergency situations? Beam Global is accomplishing this and much more by building resilience into sustainable energy infrastructure. With innovative products that operate independently of the electrical grid, Beam delivers rapid, infrastructure-free, renewable EV solutions for both urban and emergency applications. To learn more, Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, sat down with Desmond Wheatley, CEO, Beam Global, to discuss the company's latest product expansions, including a portable desalination unit that converts saltwater into drinking water for disaster relief and conflict zones. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There, you can check out our video interview with Lucid CEO Peter Rawlinson as we chat about EV efficiency. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and

Hineman, Marcie

Why Honda Wants FMCW LiDAR in Next Generation Mobility

TBMG-51919

11/01/2024

In September, after several months of evaluating the market, “Honda Xcelerator Ventures” — the automotive manufacturer’s startup investment subsidiary — made a major investment award to California-based silicon photonics startup SiLC Technologies, Inc., to develop next generation Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) LiDAR for “all types of mobility.”

Multi-sensor Fusion-based Vehicle Localization

EPR2024023

10/21/2024

Multi-sensor fusion (MSF) is believed to be a promising tool for vehicular localization in urban environments. Due to the differences in principles and performance of various onboard vehicle sensors, MSF inevitably suffers from heterogeneous sources and vulnerability to cyber-attacks. Therefore, an essential requirement of MSF is the capability of providing a consumer-grade solution that operates in real-time, is accurate, and immune to abnormal conditions with guaranteed performance and quality of service for location-based applications. In other words, an MSF algorithm depends heavily on data synchronization, cost, an accurate process model, a prior knowledge of covariance matrices, integrity assessments, and security against cyber-attacks. Multi-sensor Fusion-based Vehicle Localization addresses trending technologies in MSF-based vehicle localization and outlines some insights into the unsettled issues and their potential solutions. The discussions and outlook are presented as a

Guo, Ge, Liu, Jiageng, Liu, Guangheng

Design and Development of a Micromobility Smart Electric Scooter to Revolutionize Urban Commuting

2024-28-0021

10/17/2024

Urban areas around the world are facing an increasing number of issues, such as air pollution, parking shortages, traffic congestion and inadequate transit options, all of which necessitate innovative solutions. Lot of people are becoming interested in micromobility in urban areas as a replacement for quick excursions and round trips to get to or from transportation services (e.g., Offices, Institutions, Hospitals, Tourist spots, etc.). This research examines the critical role that micromobility plays, concentrating on the effectiveness of micromobility smart electric scooters in resolving urgent urban problems. Micromobility, which includes both human and electric-powered vehicles, presents a viable substitute for normal and short-distance urban commuting. This study presents a micromobility smart electric scooter that is portable and easy to operate, with the goal of transforming urban transportation. 3D model was designed using SOLIDWORKS and analyzed using ANSYS. For strength and

Tappa, Raju, Singh Chowhan, Sri Aanshu, Shaik, Amjad, Maroju, Abhinav, Talluri, Srinivasa Rao

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Taking Fleet Electrification to the Next Level

1348210/17/2024

How can companies electrify their fleets without the high costs and challenges of owning EV infrastructure? One company has the answer. Founded in 2017, Zeem Solutions is the leading provider of contract-based EV charging and fleet management services, serving more than 15,000 qualified fleets. With charging, parking, leasing, and co-locating solutions at secure hubs in major transport locations, Zeem is on a mission to help companies make the transition from diesel to electric. To learn more, we sat down with Paul Gioupis, Founder and CEO, Zeem Solutions, to discuss the importance of lowering operational costs with an EV charging depot model and how the company plans to scale nationwide. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and strategists making it

Hineman, Marcie

Integration of AI-Powered Vehicles with Smart City Infrastructure to Transform the Future of Automotive World

2024-28-0028

10/17/2024

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force across various industries, revolutionizing processes and enhancing efficiency. In the automotive domain, AI's adaption has ushered in a new era of innovation and driving advancements across manufacturing, safety, and user experience. By leveraging AI technologies, the automotive industry is undergoing a significant transformation that is reshaping the way vehicles are manufactured, operated, and experienced. The benefits of AI-powered vehicles are not limited to their manufacturing, operation, and enhancing the user experience but also by integrating AI-powered vehicles with smart city infrastructure can unlock much more potential of the technology and can offer numerous advantages such as enhanced safety, efficiency, growth, and sustainability. Smart cities aim to create more livable, resilient, and inclusive communities by harnessing innovation through technologies like Internet of Things (IoT), devices, data

Shrimal, Harsh

Experimental Investigation of Energy Consumption in Select Micromobility Vehicles

13-06-02-0011

10/16/2024

This study provides a detailed energy consumption analysis of two popular micromobility vehicles—an e-scooter and an e-bike—under various conditions, including steady-state and dynamics scenarios. Employing a custom-built data acquisition system, the research tested these vehicles in throttle mode, additionally assessing the e-bike across three pedal-assist levels. The findings reveal that the e-bike operates significantly more efficiently than the e-scooter, with both vehicles demonstrating peak power outputs significantly exceeding their rated values. Furthermore, the study explores how cargo affects the e-bike’s energy use, along with the charging and discharging behaviors of both platforms. Notably, the e-scooter exhibited a considerable battery self-depletion rate, a characteristic not observed on the e-bike.

Pamminger, Michael, Duvall, Andrew, Wallner, Thomas

Micromobility and the Next Infrastructure Wave

EPR2024022

10/04/2024

US transportation infrastructure is dominated by the automobile form factor. Alternative modalities of movement, such as bikes, golf carts, and other micromobility options, have existed but are decidedly at a lower tier of importance. Even pedestrian access ways are not overly emphasized in the US transportation system. This lack of prioritization matches the reality that the vast majority of people and commerce moves through the motor vehicle infrastructure, with micromobility sitting in the periphery. Additionally, given the current lack of commercial applications, there are limited direct fee-based funding mechanisms connected to micromobility form factors. Micromobility and the Next Infrastructure Wave discusses how recent technological innovations in electrification, e-commerce, and autonomy are enabling a new class of micromobility devices which offer palpable value to consumers and enable significant commercial applications. Unlike the past, these micromobility devices now have

Razdan, Rahul

Aerospace & Defense Technology: October 2024

24AERP1010/03/2024

A New Look at Ignition: Refining Our Understanding of Combustion Dynamics in Gun Chambers How High-Reliability Capacitors Support Electrical Power in Military Vehicles How to Get Advanced Air Mobility into the Sky Making the Rounds in Aerospace: Tooling and Techniques for Discs, Blisks and Rings Rising Star Awards: Women in Engineering Aerospace Winner Heather Cummings Beyond the Beam: The Impact of Coaxial Cables on Phased Array Technology Cutting-Edge Drone Killer Radio Wave Weapon developing at Pace Using Artificial Intelligence to Find the Polymers of the Future Georgia Tech researchers are using artificial intelligence to accelerate materials discovery. Machine Learning Unlocks Secrets to Advanced Alloys An MIT team uses computer models to measure atomic patterns in metals, essential for designing custom materials for use in aerospace, biomedicine, electronics, and more.

How to Get Advanced Air Mobility into the Sky

24AERP10_03

10/01/2024

Imagine the year is 2035. Your plane has just landed at LAX, and you need to get to your hotel in the South Bay. Traffic on the 405 is at a standstill, however, so you pull out your phone, open an app and order an air taxi. You walk over to the nearby vertiport, where a multi-rotor aircraft has just finished charging, waiting for you to board. You climb in and the air taxi quietly lifts itself in the air, without a human pilot, and flies you over the Los Angeles cityscape to your destination in just a few minutes. As a result, you get to enjoy an afternoon at the beach, instead of sitting for hours in LA traffic. This is how a future with advanced air mobility (AAM) could look.

How to Get Advanced Air Mobility into the Sky

TBMG-51774

10/01/2024

SAE TOMORROW TODAY BRIEFS: How "Talking" Cyber Tires Make Driving Safer

1347909/24/2024

What if your tires could talk? And your car would listen? Pirelli's new Cyber Tyres use Bluetooth-connected sensors to communicate directly with the car, using data to make adjustments in real time. This information - including temperature and pressure - is vital when it comes to increasing safety. To learn more, Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, sat down with Pierangelo Misani, Global Head of R&D for Pirelli, to discuss how this game-changing technology and the company's partnership with Bosch is shifting connected tire technology from reactive to proactive. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There, you can check out our interview with the Polestar CEO about the future of charging.

Hineman, Marcie

EMS Optimization of a Series-Hybrid Urban Bus with Hydrogen-Fueled Engine Accounting for NOx Emissions and Eco-Driving

2024-24-0009

09/18/2024

The need to reduce vehicle-related emissions in the great cities has led to a progressive electrification of urban mobility. For this reason, during the last decades, the powertrain adopted for urban buses has been gradually converted from conventional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE), diesel, or Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), to hybrid or pure electric. However, the complete electrification of Heavy-Duty Vehicles (HDVs) in the next years looks to be still challenging therefore, a more viable solution to decarbonize urban transport is the hybrid powertrain. In this context, the paper aims to assess, through numerical simulations, the benefits of a series hybrid-electric powertrain designed for an urban bus, in terms of energy consumption, and pollutants emissions. Particularly a Diesel engine, fueled with pure hydrogen, is considered as a range extender. The work is specifically focused on the design of the Energy Management Strategy (EMS) of the series-hybrid powertrain, by comparing

Nacci, Gianluca, Cervone, Davide, Frasci, Emmanuele, LAKSHMANAN, Vinith Kumar, Sciarretta, Antonio, Arsie, Ivan

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Scaling 2 Million Miles in Autonomous Trucking

1347709/16/2024

Get ready for COMVEC 2024 with a rewind of Episode 235! We're honored to have Continental as the Executive Leadership sponsor of COMVEC, the leading forum for global experts in the commercial vehicle industry taking place September 10-12 in Schaumburg, IL. Join us as we network, exchange ideas, and get up to date on CV research and technology. Learn more and register now. A traditional Class 8 truck is on the road for a million miles or more over its lifetime. For autonomous trucks, that number could double to two million or more -- and that requires a specialty focus on scalability and safety. Enter Continental Automotive, a multinational automotive parts manufacturer pioneering technologies and services for the sustainable and connected mobility of people and goods. Continental has partnered with Aurora to commercially scale autonomous trucking systems. Together, they recently finalized the completion of the blueprint and design of the future Aurora Driver hardware and fallback

Hineman, Marcie

Smart Glove Can Boost Hand Mobility of Stroke Patients

TBMG-51413

09/01/2024

A new groundbreaking “smart glove” is capable of tracking the hand and finger movements of stroke victims during rehabilitation exercises. The glove incorporates a sophisticated network of highly sensitive sensor yarns and pressure sensors that are woven into a comfortable stretchy fabric, enabling it to track, capture, and wirelessly transmit even the smallest hand and finger movements.

Next-gen Urban Buses: Autonomy and Connectivity

EPR2024019

08/26/2024

The deployment of autonomous urban buses brings with it the hope of addressing concerns associated with safety and aging drivers. However, issues related autonomous vehicle (AV) positioning and interactions with road users pose challenges to realizing these benefits. This report covers unsettled issues and potential solutions related to the operation of autonomous urban buses, including the crucial need for all-weather localization capabilities to ensure reliable navigation in diverse environmental conditions. Additionally, minimizing the gap between AVs and platforms during designated parking requires precise localization. Next-gen Urban Buses: Autonomy and Connectivity addresses the challenge of predicting the intentions of pedestrians, vehicles, and obstacles for appropriate responses, the detection of traffic police gestures to ensure compliance with traffic signals, and the optimization of traffic performance through urban platooning—including the need for advanced communication

Hsu, Tsung-Ming

Toward Explainability in Urban Motion Prediction—Survey and Outlook

12-08-01-0009

08/24/2024

With the influx of artificial intelligence (AI) models aiding the development of autonomous driving (AD), it has become increasingly important to analyze and categorize aspects of their operation. In conjunction with the high predictive power innate to AI solutions, due to the safety requirements inherent to automotive systems and the demands for transparency imposed by legislature, there is a natural demand for explainable and predictable models. In this work, we explore the various strategies that reveal the inner workings of these models at various component levels, focusing on those adapted at the modeling stage. Specifically, we highlight and review the use of explainability in state-of-the-art AI-based scenario understanding and motion prediction methods, which represent an integral part of any AD system. We break the discussion down across three key axes that are inherent to any AI solution: the data, the model architecture, and the loss optimization. For each of the axes, we

Okanovic, Ilma, Stolz, Michael, Hillbrand, Bernhard

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Making the Most of the Curb

1347308/12/2024

While the curb is an often overlooked piece of infrastructure, it is vital to the mobility ecosystem with impacts to parking, delivery, rideshare, and much more. Better curb management is a path towards improving accessibility, optimizing digital infrastructure, scaling autonomy, and opening up municipal revenue streams. To learn more, we sat down with SAE Authors Kelley Coyner, Principal, Innovation4Mobility, and Jason Bittner, Associate Division Manager and Principal, Applied Research Associates, to discuss the importance of improving the efficiency and operations of the curb -- and why it's the unsung hero of mobility.

Hineman, Marcie

Hexagon Agility and Brudeli aim to electrify CNG powertrains

24TOFHP08_07

08/01/2024

Hexagon Agility announced a collaboration with Norwegian EV transmission supplier Brudeli Green Mobility at the 2024 ACT Expo in Las Vegas. The partnership's goal is the integration of Hexagon Agility's CNG/RNG (compressed/renewable natural gas) systems with Brudeli's plug-in PowerHybrid system. This technology will reportedly offer fleets the capability to maintain diesel ICE duty cycles while providing fuel cost savings and help OEMs achieve global decarbonization goals. “The Brudeli PowerHybrid enables fleet owners to retain the power, performance and fuel cost savings offered by natural gas engines, while simultaneously harnessing the efficiencies of electric,” said Eric Bippus, EVP sales & systems development, Hexagon Agility. “We believe hybrids could play a role in commercial trucking in the future, and we are excited to take an active role bringing that to the market.”

Wolfe, Matt

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