Browse Topic: Share transport

Items (90)
The aeromechanics of a full-wing lift-compounded slowed-rotor rotorcraft were investigated experimentally at the Glenn L. Martin Wind Tunnel, characterizing the effects of rotor shaft tilt, wing configuration, and advance ratio on performance, blade structural loads, and hub vibratory loads. Measurements were obtained across advance ratios up to μ=0.7, three shaft tilt angles (-4°, 0°, and 4°), and three wing configurations, including an asymmetric wing arrangement. The results were used to validate the University of Maryland Advanced Rotorcraft Code (UMARC) coupled rotor-wing analysis. Rearward shaft tilt and increased wing lift sharing improved lift-to-drag ratio, reduced blade structural loads, and decreased hub vibratory loads due to the rotor being placed in a descent state and being partially unloaded. Rearward shaft tilt alone yielded a 5% improvement in lift-to-drag ratio and a 32% reduction in steady rotor flap bending moment relative to the forward tilt configuration at an advance ratio of 0.5 and 4° symmetric wing incidence. A peak combined rotor and wing lift-to-drag ratio of 9.6 was achieved at an advance ratio of 0.7 at rearward shaft tilt and with an asymmetric wing incidence configuration, demonstrating the potential of lift compounding for efficient high-speed edgewise rotorcraft flight.
Uppoor, VivekChopra, Inderjit
NASA's Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) Program and the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland, have successfully tested wideband technology that allows spacecraft to communicate with both government and commercial networks for the first time. Launched July 23, 2025, aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rideshare mission, the Polylingual Experimental Terminal (PExT) is demonstrating multilingual wideband terminal technology. Hosted on a satellite from York Space Systems, PExT enhances a spacecraft's communications subsystem, enabling mission controllers to track and exchange data more efficiently across a broad range of networks and frequencies.
This study extends the bottleneck model to analyze dynamic user equilibrium (UE) in carpooling during the morning peak commute. It is assumed that the carpooling platform offers both traditional human-driven vehicles and novel shared autonomous vehicles. First, we analyze the traffic distribution on a two-lane road. We find that traffic distribution is influenced by the additional cost of carpooling behavior. A corresponding functional relationship is established and visualized. Second, we derive the critical fare threshold for carpooling. Carpooling occurs only when the fare is below this threshold. Third, we obtain the user equilibrium (UE) solution under a specified case, including flow distribution, equilibrium cost, and total number of vehicle. Furthermore, a system-optimal dynamic tolling scheme is proposed to minimize total system cost while maintaining commuter UE. By equating the system marginal cost to the equilibrium cost, we derive the analytical expression for the lane toll function. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the toll scheme effectively reduces the total system cost. We find that when the average occupancy rate of carpooling vehicles exceeds a certain threshold, both the user equilibrium cost and total number of vehicles for commuters are shown to decrease. This indicates that more people will choose carpooling. Additionally, the impact of shared autonomous vehicle (SAV) penetration in carpooling fleets on the overall system is examined. We find that an increase in SAV penetration rate has a positive impact at the system level. This research provides insights into the influence of SAV on traditional carpooling services and proposes traffic management strategies tailored to such scenarios, offering new perspectives for conventional traffic management approaches.
Zheng, XiaoLongZhong, RenXin
The advent of EVs, ride sharing, global events such as the pandemic, chip shortage, and increasing dependency on suppliers are just some factors reshaping the automotive business. Consumer sentiment moving from product to experience resulted in more variants being launched at a record pace. Consequently, product development processes need to be more agile and yet more rigorous while bringing about cohesion and alignment across cross-functional teams to launch vehicles on time, on quality, and in budget. Automotive companies have been using Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) solutions for years to manage CAD, change, and BOMs. With changing business scenarios and increasing complexity of products, the sphere of influence of PLM solutions has expanded significantly over the last decade to manage all aspects of product development. Traditionally PLM software focused on integrating with different authoring tools and managing data in a central repository. The PLM solution had multiple such repositories to manage different types of data—CAD, manufacturing, simulation, requirements, engineering changes, and the like. This resulted in additional overhead of synchronizing and replicating this information across these repositories. This approach is not scalable to meet the dynamic needs of product development today. With a significant increase in the scope of PLM, a platform-centric approach that aims to eliminate rather than integrate silos is essential to the successful adoption of PLM software. The answer is next-generation PLM software such as DASSAULT SYSTÈMES ENOVIA PLM on the 3DEXPERIENCE platform that takes a platform-centric approach to managing data, people, and processes. ENOVIA PLM differentiates by being data-driven, eliminates silos, and models business processes that connect the dots throughout the product development process. Dongfeng Automobile Corporation realized 30% efficiency in the design process and 70% decrease in design problems when designing a van with design software and ENOVIA PLM on the 3DEXPERIENCE platform [1].
Prasad, Ajay
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Scalable AV Deployment Starts with Fewer Close Calls135135/1/2025
The hallmark of exceptional autonomous driving technology isn't just how it reacts in a crisis but how it avoids one altogether. That's the vision behind May Mobility: a world where self-driving cars confidently navigate busy intersections, unexpected detours, and pedestrian-filled crosswalks with the instincts of a seasoned human driver. At the core of May Mobility's technology platform is its patented Multi-Policy Decision Making (MPDM) system. This breakthrough technology uses real-time, in-situ AI to interpret data, continuously learning and adapting to new, complex, and unpredictable driving conditions. By learning on the fly--much like a human driver--May Mobility's AVs can be deployed faster and more cost-effectively than traditional systems. To explore how May Mobility is scaling its AV technology, we spoke with Ed Olson, CEO and Founder, about the company's city-wide AV deployments, strategic partnerships with Toyota and NTT, and its entrance into the rideshare market through a new collaboration with Lyft. It's an engaging, behind-the-scenes look at how AI-powered mobility solutions are transforming urban transportation and paving the way for safer, smarter roads. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and strategists making it all happen--and give us a review on your preferred podcasting platform. Follow SAE on LinkedIn, Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. Follow host Grayson Brulte on LinkedIn, Twitter, and Instagram.
Hineman, Marcie
Accurate prediction of the demand for shared bicycles is not only conducive to the operation of relevant enterprises, but also conducive to improving the image of the city, facilitating people’s travel, and solving the balance between supply and demand of bicycles in the region. To precisely predict the demand of shared bicycles, a model combining temporal convolution network (TCN) and bidirectional gating recurrent unit (BiGRU) model is proposed, and the Chernobyl disaster optimizer (CDO) is used to optimize its hyperparameters. It has the ability of TCN to extract sequence features and gated recurrent unit (GRU) to mine time series data and combine the characteristics of CDO with fast convergence and high global search ability, so as to reduce the influence of model hyperparameters. This article selects the shared bicycles travel data in Washington, analyzes its multi-characteristics, and trains it as the input characteristics of the model. In the experiments, we performed comparison study and ablation study. The results show that the prediction error of the proposed model is less than other comparative models. Therefore, CDO-TCN-BiGRU model has the characteristics of high prediction precision and good stability.
Ma, ChangxiHuang, XiaoyuZhao, YongpengWang, TaoDu, Bo
The Mobility SocietyR-55412/13/2023
Over the last century and a half, modern life has largely been characterized by stability and predictability, where individuals settled in one place and followed familiar routines. The late 19th century saw the rise of global brands and transportation advancements, making the world smaller in a virtual sense and more accessible in a logistical one. By the 1990s, global brands and easy transport were the norm, yet the patterns of life remained largely unchanged. About three decades ago, the pace of change quickened dramatically. Ties to a fixed location weakened, economic forces shifted, and telecommunications shifted from landlines to cellular and IP services. Norms around employment shifted, giving rise to the gig economy. Companies like Amazon and Uber reshaped expectations, leading to an "anything, anywhere, anytime" culture. The Mobility Society emerged, a constant evolution transcending place and time. This transformation is expertly explored and defined by the insightful mind of Paul Warburton, who has been at the forefront of this movement for over a decade. His "Now – Near – Far" structure has become a powerful tool in planning and understanding the changes that lie ahead. This book weaves together the complex web of technological and societal changes shaping the Mobility Society. For those involved in these transformations, this book offers fascinating insights, while for those in policymaking roles, it is a crucial guide to understanding and preparing for the inevitable evolution.
Warburton, Paul
Autonomous Navigation (AN) in complex-heterogeneous environments is an unsolved issue for both commercial and defense Autonomous Vehicle (AV) applications: A) Based on accumulated data through 2021 there are on average 9.1 driverless car crashes per million miles driven compared to 4.1 human-driven car crashes. B)The US Army recently reduced the requirement for its current Bradley replacement program of record from an “optionally manned fighting vehicle” to a system that “will not be something you operate entirely unmanned in its initial configuration”. C) Between 2021 and 2023 Ford, UBER, Lyft and Tesla have limited their fully AV operations due to safety related business concerns. It is clear a research breakthrough is needed to ensure AV software is mature to a point where it can handle complex driving scenarios. In complex dynamic domains (e.g. intersections or congested terrain) the expected mode of operation for ensured safety of these unmanned systems is still direct human control (whether through direct vehicle input or teleoperation). This paper summarizes results of a completed PHD focused on the creation of an autonomous vehicle safety reasoning copiloting system that works.
Frederick, Philip A.
Ridesharing is a shared vehicle service with the potential to meet the growing travel demand and shortage in transportation infrastructure capacity. Ridesharing services reduce the number of vehicles and reduce traffic congestion and emissions while providing mobility services to the same number of people with no additional transportation infrastructure investment. One of the significant challenges in implementing ridesharing services is matching drivers and riders. Conflicts between matching objectives in satisfying the interests of diverse stakeholders influence ridesharing efficiency in a transportation system. This study investigates the conflicts between two ridesharing matching objectives (i.e., minimization of system-wide trip time [TT] and minimization of system-wide vehicle miles traveled [VMT]) by applying a multi-objective optimization technique. The results indicate that an acceptable performance of a ridesharing system in terms of TT and VMT can be achieved by optimizing a ridesharing system for conflicting objectives. A trade-off analysis was performed to evaluate the compromise needed between two conflicting objectives in satisfying diverse stakeholders’ interest in a ridesharing system.
Nasr Azadani, MohammadAbolhassani, Amir
This paper proposes the use of an on-demand, ride hailed and ride-Shared Autonomous Vehicle (SAV) service as a feasible solution to serve the mobility needs of a small city where fixed route, circulator type public transportation may be too expensive to operate. The presented work builds upon our earlier work that modeled the city of Marysville, Ohio as an example of such a city, with realistic traffic behavior, and trip requests. A simple SAV dispatcher is implemented to model the behavior of the proposed on-demand mobility service. The goal of the service is to optimally distribute SAVs along the network to allocate passengers and shared rides. The pickup and drop-off locations are strategically placed along the network to provide mobility from affordable housing, which are also transit deserts, to locations corresponding to jobs and other opportunities. The study is carried out by varying the behaviors of the SAV driving system from cautious to aggressive along with the size of the SAV fleet and analyzing their corresponding performance. It is found that the size of the network and behavior of AV driving system behavior results in an optimal number of SAVs after which increasing the number of SAVs does not improve overall mobility. For the Marysville network, which is a 9 mile by 8 mile network, this happens at the mark of a fleet of 8 deployed SAVs. The results show that the introduction of the proposed SAV service with a simple optimal shared scheme can provide access to services and jobs to hundreds of people in a small sized city.
Meneses Cime, KarinaGuvenc, LeventAksun Guvenc, Bilin
Challenges that persons with disabilities face with current modes of transportation have led to difficulties in carrying out everyday tasks, such as grocery shopping and going to doctors’ appointments. Autonomous vehicles have been proposed as a solution to overcome these challenges and make these everyday tasks more accessible. For these vehicles to be fully accessible, the infrastructure surrounding them need to be safe, easy to use, and intuitive for people with disabilities. Thus, the goal of this work was to analyze interview data from persons with disabilities, and their caregivers, to identify barriers to accessibility for current modes of transportation and ways to ameliorate them in pick up/drop off zones for autonomous vehicles. To do this, interview subjects were recruited from adaptive sports clubs, assistive living facilities, and other disability networks to discuss challenges with current public transit stops/stations. Responses to questions were recorded and later analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively to determine 1) common challenges with the current infrastructure around public transit and 2) the number of people who experienced each common challenge. Four challenges were mentioned by nearly every participant: timing or scheduling the transportation, uneven surfaces near the pick up/drop off zone, weather, and steep inclines around the pick up/drop off zone. Each challenge hampered the interview subjects’ ability to access their target vehicle and were mentioned by 90% of the subjects. These challenges informed solutions that could be applied to autonomous vehicle pick up/drop off zones and included on-site ride hailing mechanisms and enclosed, or at least covered, raised platforms with appropriately graded inclines. These solutions were explored using design software. Challenges with current transportation infrastructure were identified in this work, and their respective solutions can help ensure that future autonomous vehicles are accessible to persons with disabilities, a population for whom they have significant benefit.
Scott, JustinD'Arcangelo, MicahOlness, BenjaminGrimm, MicheleBush, Tamara
Autonomous, Connected, Electric and Shared Vehicles: Disrupting the Automotive and Mobility SectorsR-51710/28/2022
We are at the beginning of the next major disruptive cycle caused by computing. In transportation, the term Autonomous, Connected, Electric, and Shared (ACES) has been coined to represent the enormous innovations enabled by underlying electronics technology. The benefits of ACES vehicles range from improved safety, reduced congestion, and lower stress for car occupants to social inclusion, lower emissions, and better road utilization due to optimal integration of private and public transport. ACES is creating a new automotive and industrial ecosystem that will disrupt not only the technical development of transportation but also the management and supply chain of the industry. Disruptions caused by ACES are prompted by not only technology but also by a shift from a traditional to a software-based mindset, embodied by the arrival of a new generation of automotive industry workforce. In Autonomous, Connected, Electric and Shared Vehicles: Disrupting the Automotive and Mobility Sectors, Umar Zakir Abdul Hamid provides an overview of ACES technology for cross-disciplinary audiences, including researchers, academics, and automotive professionals. Hamid bridges the gap among the book's varied audiences, exploring the development and deployment of ACES vehicles and the disruptions, challenges, and potential benefits of this new technology. Topics covered include: • Recent trends and progress stimulating ACES growth and development • ACES vehicle overview • Automotive and mobility industry disruptions caused by ACES • Challenges of ACES implementation • Potential benefits of the ACES ecosystem While market introduction of ACES vehicles that are fully automated and capable of unsupervised driving in an unstructured environment is still a long-term goal, the future of mobility will be ACES, and the transportation industry must prepare for this transition. Autonomous, Connected, Electric and Shared Vehicles is a necessary resource for anyone interested in the successful and reliable implementation of ACES. "ACES are destined to be a game changers on the roads, altering the face of mobility." Daniel Watzenig, Professor Graz University of Technology, Austria
Abdul Hamid, Umar Zakir
The changing mobility landscape of India reveals that the erstwhile transport modes of the 20th century i.e., railways and road buses are making way for airlines, personal vehicles, shared mobility, metro rails. Rapid technological changes, stricter regulations, new transport cultures autonomous, connected, electric and shared (ACES), state-of-the-art and environmental concerns are shaping up the eco-system for automobiles. Despite these challenges roadways and automobiles will continue to be most prominent solution in India for future. But for that, the automobile sector should be agile, innovative, and adaptable to changing eco-system, vigilant to thwart threat of alternate mobility solutions and must provide sustainable solutions for the future. The purpose of this paper to evaluate various mobility solutions, ascertain prominence of upcoming automobile solutions and their sustainability for future in India. A systems engineering approach has been adopted to the eco-system influencing sustainable automobile solutions, for identifying the key attributes (drivers and barriers) and validating the resultant V-model. Data was collected from extensive literature review and questionnaire surveys conducted in India and a hybrid MCDM (multi criteria decision making) technique, suitable for the hierarchical and interdependent attributes, was adopted to arrive at the rankings of the key attributes in relation to sustainable automobile solutions.
Tillu, Prasanna GajananReosekar, RaviDigalwar, Abhijeet
One-way car-sharing services (CSSs) are believed to be a promising transportation mode for urban mobility. Due to the disparity of city functional areas and population, travel demand and vehicle supply in a CSS may inevitably tend to be imbalanced as well. Therefore, an essential requirement of one-way CSSs is the capability of providing fleet management solutions to improve quality of service and system performance. In other words, a CSS depends heavily on technologies that offer strategic decisions on topics like Fleet sizing Location and capacity of depots and charging stations Matching of travelers with vehicles Relocation of vehicles and dispatchers for fleet rebalancing Balancing and charging schedules of electric vehicles Car-sharing Mobility-on-Demand Systems addresses trending CSS technologies and outlines some insights into the existing unsettled issues and potential solutions. The discussions and outlook are presented as a collection of key points encountered in system planning, configuration, and especially fleet operation. In doing so, the focus is on innovation in technologies, policies, operations, and regulations that impact operators, users, and transport management authorities. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Guo, GeHou, YuqinKang, Ming
Facial recognition software (FRS) is a form of biometric security that detects a face, analyzes it, converts it to data, and then matches it with images in a database. This technology is currently being used in vehicles for safety and convenience features, such as detecting driver fatigue, ensuring ride share drivers are wearing a face covering, or unlocking the vehicle. Public transportation hubs can also use FRS to identify missing persons, intercept domestic terrorism, deter theft, and achieve other security initiatives. However, biometric data is sensitive and there are numerous remaining questions about how to implement and regulate FRS in a way that maximizes its safety and security potential while simultaneously ensuring individual’s right to privacy, data security, and technology-based equality. Legal Issues Facing Automated Vehicles, Facial Recognition, and Individual Rights seeks to highlight the benefits of using FRS in public and private transportation technology and addresses some of the legitimate concerns regarding its use by private corporations and government entities, including law enforcement, in public transportation hubs and traffic stops. Constitutional questions, including First, Forth, and Ninth Amendment issues, also remain unanswered. FRS is now a permanent part of transportation technology and society; with meaningful legislation and conscious engineering, it can make future transportation safer and more convenient. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Eastman, Brittany
A single main rotor helicopter with a wing is one proposed design for the U.S. Army Future Vertical Lift (FVL) Capability Set 1 (CS-1). While there are many single main rotor aircraft, there are a few with stub wing designs and even fewer with a large wing appropriate for high speed operating conditions expected for FVL. In this work, a flight dynamics model of generic single main rotor helicopter with a wing is designed to meet the FVL CS-1 class of aircraft. The generic design is derived from open literature and well studied UH-60A, Bo-105, and XV-15 aircraft. The design is implemented in a blade element flight dynamics model which is subsequently used to develop a preliminary flight control design. The complete aircraft design approach is detailed and design tradeoffs with respect to trim, flight dynamics, and maneuverability are presented.
Lopez, MarkPadthe, AshwaniBerger, TomTobias, EricGlover, Emily
Shared mobility will become an important part in the future smart transportation and contribute to sustainable development. However, recently a large number of pioneers in this market have failed in making profits, and have to declare bankrupt or give up this promising business. One main cause is that it is difficult to find a method to allocate the profits to all the partners reasonably. In other words, there is still no effective business model in smart mobility. This study discusses cooperation among all stakeholders, including four species of participants, in smart mobility business alliance based on the theory of community ecology. The leaders are the enterprises who offer business platforms for the other players. The enablers include OEMs, hardware and software suppliers who contribute to smart mobility with intelligent vehicle products and technologies. The supporters can provide infrastructure and market channels. And the parasites are able to create added value with services and contents on basis of the platforms and products from other species. This paper establishes a cooperative game model composed of profit functions for all the stakeholders, considering both car sharing and private travel in the era of intelligent vehicles. A profit distribution strategy is proposed with Shapley value method, which ensures the efficiency and fairness. A quantitative analysis based on Chinese market data is conducted. The results indicate that the leaders and enablers will gain the most of the benefits of smart mobility, accounting for more than 80 percent. The cooperation improves the whole profits by around 60 percent, compared to the situation in which each species operates alone. Thus, the supporters and parasites who can benefit more from cooperation should assist in developing the market and reducing the operating costs of the whole business alliance.
Kuang, Xu
Challenges of Complex Software Development for Emerging Technologies in Automotive Industry: Bridging the Gap of Knowledge Between the Industry Practitioners2022-01-01093/29/2022
Automotive is currently one of the most rapidly evolving industries in the world. Topics such as ride-sharing, connectivity, electrification and automation saw the fastest developments in the industry. These include the more extended influence of software and computer science expertise into the previously a more mechanical-engineering based industry. However, complex software development is a relatively new topic for the automotive industry, which brings a lot of challenges which were unforeseen in the past. For example, changes in development methodology have seen the discussions of agile methodology adoption into the said industry. Moreover, concepts inherent to the field of software engineering, such as 'technical debt' and 'feature prioritization' which arose due to unsystematized software development should also be highlighted. To yield the new innovations into the market safely, the challenges of software development for emerging technologies in the automotive industry should be understood. This paper highlights the challenges related to complex software development in the automotive industry. It highlights the pain points which need to be addressed for further improvements. The paper is aimed specifically at educating the practitioners, researchers, product and business experts in the automotive industry about the importance of producing good software quality for the automotive software-based product. The authors are convinced the paper will benefit the practitioners in the industry as well as the generic audience with interests in this topic. It will also bridge the knowledge gap between ‘computer science’-background and ‘conventional automotive’-background engineers in the automotive software development and safety topics.
Abdul Hamid, Umar ZakirIrimescu, Doru StefanZaman, Mohammed Tousif
The author has been conducting research on UV based photocatalytic air purifier systems for the past 5 years to eliminate living organic germs, bacteria, pathogens, etc. from the cabin air. An HVAC system has been developed by using a filter impregnated by titanium di-oxide (TiO2) with UV lights to improve and maintain cabin air quality. The designed system can be used for conventional vehicles, EVs, ride sharing and for autonomous vehicles. The author has designed and constructed a 3rd generation HVAC unit for cabin air purification for automobiles that is based on UV photocatalytic process by using UV-C LEDs to eliminate viruses that typically exist in conditioned space. The author has conducted tests with the following viruses and bacteria that are typically encountered in a conditioned environment: (i) Staph Epidermititus: Infections in wounds (Anthrax) (ii) Erwinia Herbicola: Bacteria (Infection in soil and water) (iii) MS2: RNA, COVID-19 (iv) Phi-174: DNA, Herpes and HIV (v) Bacillus Globigii: Virus - influenza (vi) Aspergillus Niger: Mold spore (Black mold) Percentage destruction rates for the above viruses and bacteria at 15, 30, 45 and 60 minute intervals are presented in this paper. The developed system is able to reduce the viruses by almost 99.99% (log 4 reductions) in first 15 minutes of unit operation. Aspergillus Niger destruction rates were lower - approx. 90.3% in 15 minutes (log 1 reduction). The developed system out performs the industry standard of log 4 reductions in 60 minutes! Using a UV-C and UV-A LED light sources with titanium dioxide filter makes this a unique application for automobile HVAC systems. Additional tests have been planned in 2022 to ensure the developed system is able to eliminate Omicron, a variant of COVID-19.
Mathur, Gursaran
The development of carsharing can reduce the number of private cars, which can save resources. Due to the limited supply of vehicles and diversified demands of users, it is necessary to plan the temporal and spatial distribution of cars. Predicting the pick-up time of carsharing users is of great significance to understand the travel preference of carsharing users, which can help operators formulate operational strategies such as relocation and pricing. To this end, this study adopts an improved decision tree (DT) to analyze and predict pick-up time for carsharing users. Firstly, the ordered clustering method is used to discretize time. Secondly, the random forest (RF) model is constructed to extract key features. Finally, the model of the C5.0 DT is constructed to predict the pick-up time of users. A case study is conducted to demonstrate the proposed model. The results indicate that the prediction accuracy of users’ pick-up time can reach 87%. The characteristic of pick-up time of carsharing users is clearly analyzed.
Sai, QiuyueBi, JunWang, YongxingZhi, RuLu, Chaoru
Target Development for Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Powertrain Sound Design2021-01-10178/31/2021
Relative to Combustion Engine vehicles, electric powertrains are a blank canvas for sound. There are an increasing number of applications where sound is added to enhance the driving experience and increase pedestrian safety. In Hybrid vehicles, the combustion engine sound is not always present and must properly blend in with any additional sound added to the vehicle. Vehicle manufacturers have an opportunity to reinforce their brand identity through the addition of the perfect, target sound. Each brand, market segment, and powertrain require unique sounds. In addition, shuttle or ride sharing applications highlight the need for added sound during other scenarios to reinforce the brand sound. Traditional sound quality measurements and preference testing are very limited in defining the perfect sound due to the subjective nature of sound design. This paper describes an improvement over prior sound quality process development through the incorporation of several subjective input tools: Semantic Differential and Visual Mood Boards. These tools complement traditional sound quality subjective evaluation methods such as Rank Analysis and Paired Comparisons. Several case study examples are presented to illustrate these techniques across various vehicle and powertrain types. A final design demonstrates the above process and highlights the new approach to develop a sound that meets the target brand character in the context of the NVH challenges specific to each powertrain application.
Trumpy, DavidKrueger, SebastianTousignant, Todd
This SAE Recommended Practice provides a taxonomy of terms related to local and regional on-demand and shared mobility services (including ground, aviation, and maritime) and their enabling technologies. Functional definitions for shared modes (both fleet sharing and ride services), services, business models, and mobility applications are defined in this SAE Recommended Practice. This SAE Recommended Practice also provides a taxonomy of related terms and definitions. Though public transport is part of shared mobility, it is not included in this SAE Recommended Practice because its definition is well-established and documented. This document does not provide specifications or otherwise impose requirements on on-demand and shared mobility.
Shared and Digital Mobility Committee
In a photocatalytic air purifier system, the catalyst that cleans the air is typically titanium dioxide and it is energized by ultraviolet (UV) light. When UV light shines on the titanium dioxide, electrons (negatively charged particles inside atoms) are released at its surface. The electrons interact with water molecules (H2O) in the air, breaking them up into hydroxyl radicals (OH·), 9which are highly reactive, short-lived, uncharged forms of hydroxide ions (OH−). These small, agile hydroxyl radicals then attack bigger organic (carbon-based like virus) pollutant molecules, breaking apart their chemical bonds and turning them into harmless substances such as carbon dioxide and water. Current investigation uses the above principle to kill living organic germs, bacteria; pathogen, etc. from the cabin air in recirculation mode. A HVAC system has been developed by using a filter impregnated by titanium di-oxide (TiO2) with UV lights to improve and maintain cabin air quality. The developed system has been developed to kill virus, germs, pathogens and bacteria that typically exist in a conditioned space. The designed system can be used for conventional vehicles, EVs, ride sharing and for autonomous vehicles. Tests were conducted at a certified laboratory with MS2, a bacteriophage size of 0.027 microns. MS2 is a proxy for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 with a size of 0.125 microns. Effectiveness of the destruction rate was determined for the developed system. Detailed summary will be presented in the paper.
Mathur, Gursaran
Autonomous vehicles are expected to change our lives with significant applications like on-demand, shared autonomous taxi operations. Considering that most vehicles in a fleet are parked and hence idle resources when they are not used, shared on-demand services can utilize them much more efficiently. While ride hailing of autonomous vehicles is still very costly due to the initial investment, a shared autonomous vehicle fleet can lower its long-term cost such that it becomes economically feasible. This requires the Shared Autonomous Vehicles (SAV) in the fleet to be in operation as much as possible. Motivated by these applications, this paper presents a simulation environment to model and simulate shared autonomous vehicles in a geo-fenced urban setting. To simulate the aforementioned applications, a simulation environment that has a realistic rendering of the chosen real-world environment with realistic traffic generated around the SAVs is developed first using a geo-fenced area centered at the city of Marysville in Ohio as an example. This paper, then, presents an algorithm to optimally utilize multiple autonomous vehicles for shared rides based on modeling of pickup locations corresponding to affordable housing at the periphery of the geo-fenced area connected to destination locations corresponding to jobs and other locations of opportunity. The presented work showcases SAV operation as a solution to the spatial mismatch between affordable housing and job locations in a realistic simulation environment in an urban setting.
Meneses Cime, KarinaCantas, Mustafa RidvanFernandez, PedroAksun Guvenc, BilinGuvenc, LeventJoshi, AditFishelson, JamesMittal, Archak
Real-World Application of Variable Pedal Feeling Using an Electric Brake Booster with Two Motors (SAE Paper 2020-01-1645)1278911/6/2020
A new type of electric brake booster, which can control brake pedal feeling completely with software, has been developed to explore how a brake system can be used to differentiate and personalize vehicles. In the future, vehicles may share an increasing amount of hardware and rely more heavily on software to differentiate between models. Car sharing, vehicle subscriptions, and other new business models may create a new emphasis on the personalization of vehicles that may be achieved most cost effectively by using software. This new brake booster controls the brake pedal force and brake pressure independently based on the brake pedal stroke so that the pedal feeling is completely defined by software. The booster uses two electric motors and one master cylinder. One electric motor controls the pedal force and provides an assist force that amplifies the force that the driver applies to the brake pedal. The second electric motor moves the master cylinder piston independently of the brake pedal stroke and is used to control the brake pressure. To confirm the real-world feasibility of this concept, the booster was installed in an actual vehicle. The evaluation of this vehicle confirmed that software-defined pedal feeling is feasible to implement in a real vehicle. Pedal feeling as good as that of a mass produced vehicle could be achieved, and the pedal feeling could be quickly and easily changed without the time and expense required to change brake hardware. Additionally, using this new booster, new types of pedal feeling that are not possible to achieve on a conventional vacuum booster vehicle could be easily implemented with software.
Kakizoe, Kenta
A new type of electric brake booster, which can control brake pedal feeling completely with software, has been developed to explore how a brake system can be used to differentiate and personalize vehicles. In the future, vehicles may share an increasing amount of hardware and rely more heavily on software to differentiate between models. Car sharing, vehicle subscriptions, and other new business models may create a new emphasis on the personalization of vehicles that may be achieved most cost effectively by using software. This new brake booster controls the brake pedal force and brake pressure independently based on the brake pedal stroke so that the pedal feeling is completely defined by software. The booster uses two electric motors and one master cylinder. One electric motor controls the pedal force and provides an assist force that amplifies the force that the driver applies to the brake pedal. The second electric motor moves the master cylinder piston independently of the brake pedal stroke and is used to control the brake pressure. To confirm the real-world feasibility of this concept, the booster was installed in an actual vehicle. The evaluation of this vehicle confirmed that software-defined pedal feeling is feasible to implement in a real vehicle. Pedal feeling as good as that of a mass produced vehicle could be achieved, and the pedal feeling could be quickly and easily changed without the time and expense required to change brake hardware. Additionally, using this new booster, new types of pedal feeling that are not possible to achieve on a conventional vacuum booster vehicle could be easily implemented with software.
Kakizoe, KentaBull, Marshall
Sharing mobility has led to a reduction of car ownership with consequent decrease in impacts from a multiple economic, social and environmental perspective. One way of promoting sustainable mobility is to establish the use of electric vehicles (EVs), but insufficient knowledge and high uncertainty towards EV technology can represent a barrier to the acceptance of these new forms of mobility. Under-thirty are recognized as a prospective customer group for car sharing services, very receptive to technological innovation. Based on this premise, the study proposed a double-structured methodological framework to investigate university student user profile defining the heterogeneous preferences regarding a mix of attributes of the service design and to assess the impact of car-sharing experience on acceptance of EVs. Preferences for specific service attributes have been explored (e.g. rate, different power systems) and possible predictors have been tested (e.g. car ownership, neighborhood walkability, ecological awareness) by using a quantitative analysis with car-sharing users and non-users. This methodology has been implemented in the city of Enna (Italy), where university population constitute a high percentage of residents and a recent station-based car sharing service has been implemented. Besides the demographics characteristics, the students’ demand of mobility and acceptance of EVs have been investigated through a survey data analysis, considering several operational attributes and context-related variables in applying Likert scale. The results show that experience in using, EV vehicles leads to higher acceptance of this new technology. Furthermore, it emerged a correlation between gender distribution and operating and infrastructural characteristics of the service, like the presence of reserved parking with charging stations. This study lays the basis for more in-depth research for service design and reconversion through the introduction of shared EVs, improving their use both for home-school and home-leisure trips and discouraging the use of the private vehicle.
Campisi, TizianaIgnaccolo, MatteoTesoriere, GiovanniInturri, GiuseppeTorrisi, Vincenza
Ergonomic Study of Occupant Seating Using Near-Vertical Posture for Shared Mobility Applications2020-28-05199/25/2020
Transportation system is at the brink of revolution and many new ways of mobility are arising in the market to ease the pressure on the established transportation infrastructure. Many companies and governments around the world are exploring innovative options in the space of shared mobility to reduce the overall carbon footprint. To expedite the adoption of shared mobility in India, it is necessary to make such options comfortable and cost-effective. One of the most effective way to make shared mobility options cost effective is to comfortably increase occupancy per vehicle footprint. This paper aims to evaluate a novel method of occupant seating to identify the maximum number of passengers a vehicle can accommodate without significant impact on occupant comfort. It is assumed that shared mobility options are used for a short duration of commute, and hence the comfort of the seat can be marginally compromised to increase the total number of occupants. This paper studies the relation between occupant comfort and the seating posture. The resulting study is used to evaluate the possible increase in vehicle occupancy. Seating postures, ranging from flat seat to a near-vertical posture, are analyzed and the trade-off between number of occupants inside the vehicle and occupant comfort is studied with respect to the cushion angle. The results of the paper can be referred while designing the seating system for shared mobility.
Dutta, GunotpalBhalerao, MihirDharmar, GaneshParikh, Darshak
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: One Day Kids Will Play in the Streets Again129079/17/2020
What will cities look like as we come out of the COVID-19 pandemic? Ashwini Chhabra, Co-Founder & Principal of Electric Avenue, joins us this week to offer his take on how trends that have emerged during the shutdown can, and likely will, transfer as cities begin to open back up. First, we talk about Ashwini's background that has transitioned from the financial service sector to the New York City education system to the urban transportation space, and how he has applied private sector thinking to public sector problems. With Ashwini's background in education, the conversation looks at how schools in New York are taking advantage of available outside space and how prioritizing public space will play an important role in city planning. Ashwini discusses the importance of planning ahead to move people around in the ways they need to properly function the city by using all forms of transportation. The New York City subway system gets a long look as well with the need to rebuild confidence in a mode that is safer and cleaner than most believe. The conversation also looks at the taxis and how safety measures put in place years ago will help it rebound post COVID-19, and how ride sharing services may need to adopt similar measures to achieve growth potential. The conversation closes out with the question: What do cities look like in the future? Ashwini shares insight on how we will move, house, work and feed people as urbanization continues to rise; how we need to prioritize our use of space; his message to elected officials on zoning concerns and questions; and what hyperlocal, 15 minute cities can do to help create a sense of community and evoke a sense of comfort on streets and sidewalks. Learn more about Electric Avenue at www.electricavenue.city.
Hineman, Marcie
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