Browse Topic: Public transportation systems

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Quantifying the Energy Consumption of HVAC Operation and Its Impact on the Range of Electric Buses Across Diverse Climatic Conditions2026-26-0204To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric buses (e-buses) are essential to sustainable public transport, but their real-world efficiency and range are heavily affected by auxiliary systems, particularly the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system. This study investigates how ambient temperature variations and HVAC loads influence energy consumption, range, and efficiency in e-buses operating under diverse climatic conditions. The methodology combines field data collection from urban e-buses across seasons—including extreme summer and winter—with controlled lab testing. Field measurements included ambient temperature, HVAC demand, vehicle speed, state of charge (SOC) variation, and energy consumption. These inputs were used to develop real-world duty cycles, replicating actual thermal loads, passenger profiles, idling periods, and driving patterns. In the lab, these cycles were simulated using a chassis dynamometer and environmental chamber, with HVAC systems tested at controlled ambient temperatures
Vishe, Prashant, Dalela, Saurabh, Saraswat, Shubham, Joshi, Madhusudan
A Comprehensive Study: The Potential of Wireless Charging in Future E Mobility.2026-26-0195To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric mobility is no longer a distant vision, it is a global imperative in the journey of fight against the climate change and the urban pollution. Yet, despite of explosive growth in the electric vehicle adoptions, a major bottleneck remains which is efficient and convenient charging. The current reliance on physical plug in charging station creates inconvenient, time consuming experience and also faces significant technical and economic challenges those threaten to stall the smooth clean transportation revolution. Without innovation in how we recharge our vehicle the promise of electric mobility appears under threat which is undermined by less efficient, less compatible, and infrastructure hurdles. Wireless charging technology stand out as the game changing breakthrough poised to tackle these all critical problems head on. By enabling the effortless, cable-free charging system across the wide spectrum of electric vehicles, from the personal cars to the public transport fleets and
Jain, Gaurav, Premlal, P, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang
Indian City Electric Bus Powertrain Optimization Using Active Learning Simulation Methodology2026-26-0657To be published on 01/16/2026
Public transport electrification is going to play a massive role in India's COP26 pledge to achieve net zero emissions by 2070. India plans to electrify 800,000 buses in a push towards 30% EV penetration by 2030. Further encouraged by government incentives under National Electric Bus Program (NEBP), eBus market is expected to grow at a CAGR of ~86% annually over the next 5 years. With most OEMs going for fleet electrification for reducing CO2 emissions and to cater to growing demand in Indian cities for cleaner public transport, improving powertrain efficiency and performance of state-of-the-art eBuses is a natural progression of e-mobility sector development in India. The first step in designing powertrain for an electric city bus is to determine the motor(s) size and transmission specifications (number of gears, gear ratios etc.). Complications arise due to a wider and non-linear operation range of eBus. This study focuses on powertrain optimization for a medium duty electric city
Sandhu, Rouble, Chen, Bicheng, Emran, Ashraf, Xia, Feihong, Lin, Xiao, Berry, Sushil
Regenerative braking control strategy for electric commercial bus under Indian road condition using artificial neural network2026-26-0645To be published on 01/16/2026
The main objective of this research is to create a more efficient regenerative braking control strategy for electric commercial buses operating under Indian road conditions. The strategy uses Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to optimize the regenerative braking process. Regenerative braking helps to recover energy that would otherwise be lost during braking and convert it back into usable power for the vehicle. The challenge is to design a system that works effectively on the diverse and often challenging road conditions found in India, such as varying gradients, traffic patterns, and road surface types. This study begins by collecting data (which includes vehicle speed, road gradient, traffic condition, etc.) from real-world driving conditions and aims to train an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) using a large set of driving data collected under various conditions to predict the most efficient regenerative braking settings for different driving scenarios. While the results are
Saurabh, Saurabh, Bhardwaj, Rohit, Patil, Nikhil, Gadve, Dhananjay, Amancharla, Naga Chaithanya
Cybersecurity threats for connected passenger EV Buses of state transport units in India.2026-26-0610To be published on 01/16/2026
There are several chances to enhance fleet management, passenger safety, and operational efficiency by integrating connected technology into electric passenger buses, especially in Indian state transport agencies. But this connectivity also brings with it a fresh set of cybersecurity threats that might jeopardize these cars' dependability and security. With an emphasis on India's state-run bus fleets, this study examines the cybersecurity risks unique to connected electric vehicles (EVs) utilized for public transportation. Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and fleet management communication systems are examined for key vulnerabilities. Potential attack vectors are highlighted, including data interception, GPS spoofing, unauthorized access, and cyberattacks on charging stations. We also look at how these cybersecurity threats affect public safety, operational disruptions, and passenger privacy. This paper also assesses the difficulties Indian state transport
Mokhare, Devendra Ashok
Revolutionizing Mass Mobility: Sustainable, Safe, and Smart Transport Ecosystems2026-26-0360To be published on 01/16/2026
Mass Mobility Systems are critical for a sustainable and progressive society. As the world confronts the serious challenges of global warming and urban traffic congestion, efficient mass mobility solutions become critical in reducing carbon footprints and enabling equitable access. Advancement in mass mobility is not limited to electric buses alone but also includes innovations across conventional ICE vehicles, autonomous vehicles, Trains and other integrated transport networks. Safety, and accessibility for users remain critical to the sustainability of future mass mobility concepts. The COVID-19 pandemic exposed vulnerabilities in public transportation, highlighting the urgent need for safer and more resilient systems. Road safety, passenger well-being, and hygienic standards must be deeply embedded into future mobility solutions. Furthermore, strong last-mile connectivity will be essential to ensure that mass mobility truly meets the needs of all citizens. An effective Mass Mobility
Vasudevan, M, Kumar S, Ashok, Sridevi, M, Kumar, Rajiv, Kumar, Om
Optimization Model of Express–Local Train Schedules under Cross-Line Operation of Suburban Railway2025-99-024512/23/2025
Cross-line operation is a key direction for the integrated development of multi-level rail transit systems in urban agglomerations. Optimizing train operation under cross-line conditions is essential for improving the overall efficiency and service quality of rail networks. This paper addresses the joint problem of suburban railway cross-line operation and express–local train coordination. This paper develops a train scheduling optimization framework that jointly selects service patterns and departure schedules, with the objective of reducing overall costs, including passenger travel time and operating expenses. To solve the model efficiently, an extended Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search (ALNS) algorithm is developed. The proposed approach provides a practical framework for timetable planning in complex cross-line rail systems and contributes to enhancing integrated transit operations.
Zhu, Jingyi, Guo, Xin, Pan, Jianju
Pure Electric Bus of Operational Consulting and Analysis Transit: A Case Study of Wuhu City2025-99-025212/23/2025
As China’s socio-economic progress accelerates, residents’ mobility preferences are growing more varied. Owing to their eco-friendliness, high capacity, fixed routes and low prices, pure-electric buses have become a key component of urban transit. Yet day-to-day service is hindered by low fleet availability, limited daily kilometres and poor service quality, all of which erode operation efficiency. Taking Wuhu’s public transport network as a case study, this paper builds a performance-assessment framework for electric bus routes. Using stop-level topology, vehicle specifications and spatiotemporal passenger-flow data from eight representative routes, the study applies the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). A three-tier hierarchy—goal, criteria and alternatives—is constructed; index weights and pairwise comparison matrices are then computed to rank overall route effectiveness. The findings accurately pinpoint operational bottlenecks and furnish quantitative guidance for adaptive network
Hu, Tingting, Liang, Zijun, Li, Xiaoyan, Zhang, Xinyi, Wang, Mengru, Hu, Yufeng, Jiang, Kang
Study on the Influence of Liquid Composite Swivel Arm Positioning Nodes on the Dynamic Performance of High-Speed Trains2025-99-025512/23/2025
Rubber components are an important part of the suspension system of high-speed trains, and the complex nonlinear characteristics of rubber parts have a significant impact on the vehicle dynamic performance. This paper establishes a nonlinear dynamics model of the liquid composite swivel arm positioning node, which can reflect the dynamic stiffness and dynamic damping characteristics of the rubber components that change nonlinearly with the frequency and amplitude, and also has a fast calculation speed. The vehicle dynamics simulation model considering the longitudinal stiffness nonlinear characteristics of the arm node is established, and the influence of the stiffness nonlinearity of the liquid composite arm positioning node on the dynamic performance of the vehicle, such as straight-line stability and curve passing ability, is studied in depth through numerical simulation.
Cheng, Junqiang, Yang, Chen, Li, Longtao, Cong, Rilong, Hu, Tingzhou
Study on the Environment of Subway Stations from the Passengers’ Perception: A Case Study of Shenzhen Metro2025-99-023012/23/2025
As a part of high-capacity public transportation system, subway stations necessitate evaluations from passengers’ perspective, which is the goal of this study. It took Shenzhen Metro as an object, employing field observations and questionnaire interviews as primary methods. The questionnaire was structured across four dimensions: subjects demographics, travel routines and in-station experiences, evaluations of wayfinding systems and facilities, and suggestions for improvements. Data analysis reveals that the majority of the subjects use the subway for daily commuting, and the congestion spots are concentrated at station entrances/exits, security checkpoints, vertical circulation points, and train door zones. The subjects’ overall satisfaction with Shenzhen Metro is quite high, driven primarily by wayfinding signage efficacy, route fluency (entry/exit/transfer), and safety perceptions. Subway station design should take spatial layouts and passenger flow optimization into consideration
Wu, Xiangyang, Gan, Xuanci
Current Challenges and Technological Opportunities for Implementing Autonomous Vehicles in Urban Public Transport2025-36-008512/18/2025
Driven by technological advances in artificial intelligence, sensors, connectivity and sustainable mobility, autonomous buses are a reality in many contexts where their application is viable and efficient. The potential of the technology is a clear theme and has been widely discussed over the last two decades, due to various factors such as reducing accidents, increasing operating cost efficiency, improving the efficiency of public transport, reducing environmental impact and offering mobility solutions for increasingly congested urban areas. Due to the implementation of the General Safety Regulation (GSR II) in the European Union, with the aim of reducing traffic accidents and paving the way for fully autonomous vehicles, autonomous vehicles are getting closer to becoming a viable reality on the streets and highways of developed countries [1]. In order to guarantee the necessary safety in autonomous systems, data reliability is fundamental. To this end, it is essential to implement
Gameiro, João, Pirocchi, Amanda, Matias, Brenda, Paterlini, Bruno, Souza, Kerylli de, Angelone, Luca, Gama, Ulisses
Digital Site Selection Analysis of Airport Control Tower Based on BIM2025-99-035912/17/2025
This paper analyzes the problems encountered in the site selection of large domestic airport towers. Combined with the site selection results of many large airports in China and a large number of scenarios simulated by FAA VIS software, multiple key factors such as line of sight angle, lateral resolution angle, target detection probability, and target recognition probability are analyzed, and quantitative calculation formulas are given. Finally, BIM software is used to simulate the airport and tower, and give coverage analysis for runways, taxiways, and aprons.
Shi, Yongtao, Wang, Shuo
Spatial Distribution Pattern and Accessibility Analysis of Hexi Corridor2025-99-034512/17/2025
In order to better understand the development level and the degree of development of the transportation network in different areas of the Hexi Corridor, the accessibility of the transportation network in the Hexi Corridor is studied. Firstly, calculate the road density of each county and district in the Hexi Corridor. Then, in view of the topographic characteristics of the Hexi Corridor, introduce the shortest travel time and travel cost into the gravity model, consider the accessibility of both road and railway transportation modes between nodes, construct a comprehensive accessibility model, and analyze the spatial characteristics of the comprehensive accessibility of each county and district in the Hexi Corridor. Secondly, the gravitational model is used to analyze the economic connection intensity among the counties and districts in the Hexi Corridor. Finally, calculate the Gini coefficient, draw the Lorenz curve, and analyze the fairness of the comprehensive accessibility of the
Jiang, Ping, Mu, Haibo, Peng, Zhiwei
Key Construction Technology of Subway Station In Urban Narrow Area2025-99-035812/17/2025
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Liu, Yao
Research on Risk Analysis of Emergencies in Heavy-Haul Railway Operations Based on Knowledge Graph2025-99-034712/17/2025
Heavy-haul railways are a critical component of China’s dedicated freight rail network, serving as the primary land transport channel for energy and resource intermodal transportation. Their safe operation and transportation is essential for ensuring the reliable delivery of energy and raw materials. Taking the Shuohuang Heavy-haul Railway as a case study, based on the hazards identified across its entire operational chain, an ontology model structured as "professional module–task–process–hazard–risk attribute–management object" is constructed in this paper. Based on this model, a knowledge graph for heavy-haul railway operational emergencies is established. The study analyzes the connectivity between different nodes (e.g., work processes and hazards) in the knowledge graph and their potential relationships with risk values. Using directed graph-based degree centrality analysis, a risk assessment method incorporating node centrality is proposed. Risk values are computed at both the
Fu, Liqiang, Ren, Xiaolin, Rong, Lifan
Analysis of the Effect of High-Speed Train Travel on The Characteristics of Flow Field Distribution Near Wrist Arm Insulators in Tunnels2025-99-032712/17/2025
With the continuous progress of modern high-speed railroad technology, the speed of train operation is increasing, and its aerodynamic effect when traversing the tunnel is also getting more and more attention from researchers. In this paper, we constructed a three-dimensional flow field model of the wrist-arm insulator in the tunnel and considered the train speed, tunnel structure, size and position of the wrist-arm insulator, and other factors, and then through the simulation software, we simulated the change of the airflow in the tunnel when the high-speed train enters the tunnel. Through the simulation analysis, we obtained the characteristics of the flow field distribution around the wrist-arm insulator in the tunnel when the high-speed train crosses the tunnel. The results show that when the train crosses the tunnel at a high speed, the airflow inside the tunnel is strongly squeezed and disturbed by the train, forming a complex airflow field. When the train passes by, the wrist
Zhang, Kangkang, Ma, Jianqiao
Optimization Method for the Layout of Sponge-Like Drainage Ditches in Large Airports Based on BIM-3DGIS Coupling2025-99-035612/17/2025
The control of rainfall runoff drainage in large airports presents significant challenges, particularly in terms of real-time coupling with meteorological warnings. This paper proposes an optimization method for the layout of sponge-like drainage ditches in large airports under BIM-3DGIS coupling. A BIM water supply and drainage model is constructed, with detailed inspections conducted on the functions and connections of the pipeline system in Revit software. The flow velocity and equivalent water supply pressure within the pipelines are analyzed, and collision detection is performed on the components. Based on 3DGIS technology, an optimization model for the layout of sponge-like drainage ditches is established, taking into comprehensive consideration various factors such as airport topography, rainfall characteristics, and surrounding environment. By calculating the water level changes within the infiltration and drainage ditches under different design rainfall scenarios, the storage
Geng, Liangsui, Zhao, Zhenyu, Hu, Jing
Experimental Study on Key Technologies of Prefabricated Fuel Hydrant Well2025-99-036312/17/2025
With the rapid development of the aviation industry, there is an increasing demand for safe apron operations and support capabilities. As a key facility in the apron fuel supply pipeline network, the performance and stability of the fuel hydrant well are crucial. However, the traditional repair and replacement process for fuel hydrant wells faces challenges, including lengthy construction times and significant impacts on airport operations. To address these issues, this article proposes a prefabricated refueling hydrant well technology, aimed at achieving rapid replacement of hydrants under non-stop construction conditions. Through on-site experiments, we have verified the feasibility of this prefabricated fuel hydrant well technology, determined the minimum dismantling boundary, and studied the rapid dismantling process, prefabricated pavement structure and installation process, as well as the application of self-compacting and fast-setting high-strength wellbore filling materials
Ren, Yucheng, Zhao, Kunyang, Chang, Lingsu, Wang, Xiangjun, Han, Tianhui, Li, Zonghe
Identification of Runway Friction Coefficient Using Extended Kalman Filter09-13-02-001212/11/2025
Aircraft operations during landing or takeoff depend strongly on runway surface conditions. Safe runway operations depend on the tire-to-runway frictional force and the drag offered by the aircraft. In the present research article, a methodology is developed to estimate the braking friction coefficient for varied runway conditions accurately in real-time. To this end, the extended Kalman filtering technique (EKF) is applied to sensor-measured data using the on-ground mathematical model of aircraft and wheel dynamics. The aircraft velocity and wheel angular velocity are formulated as system states, and the friction coefficient is estimated as an augmented state. The relation between the friction coefficient and wheel slip ratio is established using both simulated and actual ground roll data. Also, the technique is evaluated with the simulated data as well as real aircraft taxi data. The accuracy of friction estimation, with and without the measurement of normal reaction force on the
T.K., Khadeeja Nusrath, Singh, Jatinder
Aircraft Cross Taxiing Conflict Prediction and Avoidance Methods2025-99-042312/10/2025
With the rapid development of the civil aviation industry, the increasing number of flights has made ensuring the safety and efficiency of airport surface movements a pressing issue. This study establishes a mathematical model to predict the collision risk of aircraft in the intersection area in real time, and proposes appropriate intervention zones for avoidance, implementing a deceleration avoidance strategy. The model is validated using historical operational data from Beijing Capital International Airport, and the results indicate that the proposed model effectively reduces the collision probability to below 0.3. It demonstrates strong performance in predicting cross-path conflicts and reducing conflict risks. Additionally, the deceleration avoidance strategy further lowers the collision probability, improving both the safety and efficiency of airport surface operations. This research offers valuable insights for enhancing the operational efficiency and proactive safety levels of
Zhang, Ting, Lian, Guan, Zhang, Guoxin, Zhao, Yeqi
Resilience Evaluation Method for Rail Transit Networks Considering Dynamic Passenger Flows2025-99-043812/10/2025
This study proposes an urban rail transit network resilience assessment method based on dynamic passenger flow, which quantifies the overall system performance from the structural and functional dimensions. At the structural level, the relative size of the largest pass subgraph is introduced to measure the network integrity, and the average node degree is used to evaluate the network connectivity; At the functional level, the passenger travel efficiency ratio is used to measure the operation efficiency of the supply side, and the proportion of unaffected passengers is used to evaluate the service support capability of the demand side. The weight of each index is determined by entropy weight method, and then the comprehensive performance evaluation model of rail transit system is constructed. Taking Nanjing Metro as an example, the empirical study shows that the performance change trend reflected by the introduction of dynamic passenger flow is significantly different from the
Wang, Junhang, Shao, Jiayu, Yang, Haofan, Zhang, Ning
Collaborative Pushback and Taxiing Coordination Departure Control Method for Multi-Runway Airports2025-99-043612/10/2025
In order to improve the operational efficiency of a multi-runway airport, an aircraft pushback and taxiing cooperative departure operation control method is proposed. First, a Markov decision process (MDP) model for dynamic pushback control is established based on the two-runway model. Then, the genetic simulated annealing algorithm is used as the optimization algorithm, and the DPC-GSAA algorithm solution model is proposed to find the conflict-free path with the least fuel consumption for the aircraft and runway selection. Finally, the effectiveness of the model and algorithm is verified by simulation experiments in Beijing International Airport, and the results show that the method can significantly reduce the taxiing waiting time of aircraft and improve the overall operational efficiency of the airport.
Luo, Weizhen, Lian, Guan, Wu, Yingzi, Li, Wenyong, Huang, Haifeng
A Cosine-Based Dynamic Pushback Control Method Considering Airport Traffic Congestion2025-99-043112/10/2025
The rapid growth of the civil aviation industry has placed significant pressure on limited airport runway resources, leading to increased taxiing delays and excessive fuel consumption. These challenges are exacerbated by the constant rise in air traffic, which necessitates more efficient management of airport operations. To mitigate these issues, this study proposes a flexible management approach that categorizes busy periods based on airport traffic density, taking into account the fluctuating load demand at different times of the day. This approach ensures that resource allocation aligns with actual traffic conditions, optimizing operational efficiency. Additionally, leveraging the existing dynamic pushback control framework, this research develops a cosine-based dynamic pushback control model, which incorporates parking stand waiting penalties. This model aims to reduce departure costs by dynamically adjusting the pushback rate according to congestion levels. To further optimize the
Wu, Yingzi, Lian, Guan, Luo, Weizhen, Li, Wenyong, Zhao, Yeqi, Zhang, Hao
4D Trajectory Prediction and Vertical Guidance Algorithm for Fuel-Optimal2025-99-040412/10/2025
It is necessary to save fuel, shorten flight time and reduce cost in order to achieve maximum economic benefits. In this paper, based on the flight performance of aircraft, a database based on the optimal index of fuel saving is established, and the corresponding four dimension (4D) trajectory prediction information and vertical profile are generated on this basis. Finally, the vertical guidance simulation is carried out to verify the effectiveness of the algorithm. The algorithm can reduce air traffic congestion and improve airport operation efficiency while saving fuel.
Hui, Huihui, Li, Zhiyi
Micro-Circulation Bus Route Area Identification under the TOD Concept2025-99-013611/11/2025
Based on the TOD (Transit-Oriented Development) concept, this paper addresses the “last mile” issue in urban public transportation. It proposes a multidimensional decision-making model for identifying micro-circulation bus route areas. By integrating indicators such as the TOD comprehensive index, short-distance demand intensity, and branch network density, relevant data is processed using FME linking ArcGIS. The model combines entropy-weighted TOPSIS and unsupervised consensus clustering analysis techniques, utilizing ArcGIS spatial analysis functions to accurately identify priority deployment areas for micro-circulation buses. Taking Jiangbei District in Chongqing as an example, the model divides the study area into four types of traffic zones: (1) Core high-density areas, which require an increase in micro-circulation bus routes due to extremely high short-distance travel demand; (2) Periphery active population areas, which require flexible shuttle services due to transit gaps and
Jiang, Tao, Jia, Xiaoyan, Li, Jie
Vehicle to Vehicle Recharge and Power Sharing for Modular Public Transportation Systems: Design and Testing of the UNIFI fleet at ENEA CASACCIA Research Center2025-32-009511/03/2025
The synergistic adoption of automated driving technologies and the electrification of the vehicle power train offers the possibility of proposing new and innovative solutions for public transportation systems. In particular, an interesting solution is represented by modular systems in which multiple autonomous vehicles/transportation modules can be aggregated to form reconfigurable compositions according to desired transportation demand. In this work, a configurable connection between vehicles is adopted, as convoying ensures the possibility of power sharing between vehicles, allowing coordinated power management throughout the composition. Connected vehicles can also share power between batteries for battery recharge that is performed using a custom solution from a tram-like catenary. In this work, the authors design a demonstrator to investigate the feasibility of the proposed solution. Once designed, the proposed system has been assembled and tested at the ENEA Casaccia Research
Alessandrini, Adriano, Berzi, Lorenzo, Fabbri, Marco, Franci, Michael, Gulino, Michelangelo Santo, Pugi, Luca, Ortenzi, Fernando, Vitiello, Francesco
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Fast-Tracking Hydrogen's Role in Aviation1354110/31/2025
If you still think hydrogen was the cause of the Hindenburg disaster, allow Danielle McLean, Founder and Executive Director of HYSKY Society, to debunk that myth for you. What first began as a hydrogen-powered eVTOL startup quickly revealed a bigger challenge for the aerospace engineer: the need for scalable, affordable clean hydrogen. In response, Danielle united engineers, entrepreneurs, and energy experts to form HYSKY Society -- a global nonprofit advancing hydrogen aviation through collaboration, education, and advocacy. Listen in as Danielle busts myths about the Hindenburg disaster, explains why regional airports could be the launchpad for hydrogen-powered planes, and details what it will take for hydrogen to go mainstream by 2045. You'll also get a sneak peek at FLYING HY, the world's largest hydrogen aviation event, and learn why "I want my hydrogen" just might be the future slogan of the aviation. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future
Patterson, Lori
Research on the Degree of Airport Intelligence Level Based on Three-Scaled Hierarchical Analysis Method2025-99-003710/17/2025
Smart airport is a key driver for the future development of civil aviation and a cornerstone of China’s ongoing “Four Airport” construction initiative. It is important to improve technology in many areas. This includes airport building, daily work, management, and making decisions. As air travel changes, using new tools like artificial intelligence, big data, and the Internet of Things (IoT) is very important. These tools help make airports more efficient, safe, and better for the environment. Because of this, building smart airports is not just a big goal but also a new way to deal with the challenges in today’s air travel systems. A key part in building smart airports is making a full evaluation system to check how well the projects are working. When a strong index system is made for smart airports, people involved can see clearly what is working well and what is not. So, chose using a three-scale hierarchical analysis method gives a clear and step-by-step way to look at different
Li, Shi-ling, Fu, Lu
Finite Element-Based Study on the Frangibility of Airport Navigation Light2025-99-006210/17/2025
This study establishes models of airport vertical navigation lights and aircraft vulnerable components (wings and landing gear) using SOLIDWORKS. Based on the frangibility standards for airport navigation facilities, the control dimensions of the circular tube model for navigation lights are determined. Numerical simulations are conducted in ANSYS Workbench to analyze collisions between aircraft wings/landing gear and navigation lights under three different velocity conditions. Internal energy analysis, bidirectional force response, and stress nephograms during the impact process are evaluated. The results indicate that current standards ensure that collisions with vertical navigation lights during takeoff and landing do not cause deformation or damage to aircraft vulnerable components, thereby guaranteeing the safety of aircraft and pilots.
Wang, Jianwu, Song, Xiaobo, Wei, Yan, Liu, Hongwei, You, Shengnan, Sun, Jinkun
Baltimore Urban Road Network Research: The Impact of Bridge Collapse on Different Groups of People and Transportation System Improvement Strategies2025-99-004310/17/2025
This paper studies the transportation demands of different stakeholders, namely urban residents, entrepreneurs and tourists. It also studies the construction of network model optimization functions and corresponding indicators, and analyzes what kind of impact the bridge collapse will have on different stakeholders. Urban residents attach great importance to convenience in their daily lives. They usually like to travel by walking or cycling. They also prefer to use public transportation facilities. Entrepreneurs mainly rely on the efficiency of goods transportation to develop their businesses. They pay more attention to the accessibility of commercial and industrial areas. Tourists, on the other hand, prefer convenient connections between tourist attractions and hotels, as this makes their visits more convenient. After the bridge collapsed, the traffic pressure shifted to other main roads, such as I-95 and I-895. This led to longer commuting times and a significant increase in
Xiang, Xiaohong, Ying, Rongrong, Zhou, Lin
2025 5th International Conference on Smart City Engineering and Public Transportation (SCEPT)2025-99-000110/17/2025
TOC
Influence of MPC Based Driver Types on the Energy Consumption of Battery Electric Vehicles2025-24-011309/07/2025
Electric vehicles are increasingly important for emission reduction and the promotion of sustainable mobility. Despite their advantages over conventional vehicles, the energy consumption of electric vehicles is heavily influenced by various factors such as driving behavior, elevation profile, and environmental conditions. In particular, the driving style plays a crucial role in determining range and energy consumption. This influence is also observed in the context of the Interreg project FreeE-Bus. This project focuses on the development of optimized charging management for electric buses in the public transport system of the Lake Constance region. Due to strict data protection regulations that prevent a detailed analysis of driver data, assessing the impact of driving styles is difficult. This paper addresses this issue by developing an innovative driver model that simulates different driver types and analyzes their effects on energy consumption. The driver model employs a Model
Konzept, Anja, Reick, Benedikt, Miller, Marius, Rautenberg, Philip, Störzer, Martin
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - How Buses Are Leading the Self-Driving Revolution1352908/08/2025
Thanks to their fixed routes and predictable environments, commercial vehicles like airport shuttles and public transit buses are proving to be the perfect match for SAE Level 4 automation. One company at the forefront of this transformation is Fusion Processing, a global leader in automated driving, situational awareness, and control systems. Fusion has logged over 90,000 kilometers of on-highway autonomous driving -- more than any other AV company in Europe. Their innovative technologies, including CAVstar and CycleEye, are already delivering tangible benefits in real-world commercial vehicle fleets, from freight to passenger services. To learn more, we sat down with Jim Hutchinson, Co-Founder and CEO, to discuss the future of transit and how Fusion is working to scale autonomous buses globally. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast
Patterson, Lori
The Automation Concept of the U-Shift II Vehicle2025-01-028107/02/2025
Autonomous driving technology enables new and innovative driverless vehicle concepts to emerge, like U-Shift. Designed from the ground up, the U-Shift II platform, called driveboard, exemplifies the advantages of separating a vehicle’s driving capability from the intended transportation task. It allows different so-called capsules, such as public transport or cargo, to be transported using the same U-shaped driving platform. The driveboard can change the capsules autonomously, thus providing high flexibility for fleet operators. This novel approach introduces new challenges to the task of autonomous driving. On one hand, changing sensor and vehicle configurations, e.g., when transporting a capsule with its own sensors to compensate for occlusions of the driveboard sensors by the capsule itself, requires an adaptive approach to environmental perception. On the other hand, different environments and driving tasks, as well as the augmented motion capabilities of the driveboard, require
Buchholz, Michael, Wodtko, Thomas, Schumann, Oliver, Authaler, Dominik
Simulation-Based Investigation and its Experimental Validation of the Thermal Behaviour of a Battery Electric City Bus2025-01-026607/02/2025
Electrification of city busses is an important factor for decarbonisation of the public transport sector. Due to its strictly scheduled routes and regular idle times, the public transport sector is an ideal use case for battery electric vehicles (BEV). In this context, the thermal management has a high potential to decrease the energy demand or to increase the vehicles range. The thermal management of an electric city bus controls the thermal behaviour of the components of the powertrain, such as motor and inverters, as well as the conditioning of the battery system and the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) of the drivers’ front box and the passenger room. The focus of the research is the modelling of the thermal behaviour of the important components of an electric city bus in MATLAB/Simscape including real-world driving cycles and the thermal management. The heating of the components, geometry and behaviour of the cooling circuits as well as the different mechanisms of
Schäfer, Henrik, Meywerk, Martin, Hellberg, Tobias
Low-Temperature Coolant Circuit Nomenclature and ApplicationsJ3136_202506 (Current)06/17/2025
The document provides clarity related to multiple temperature coolant circuits used with on-highway and off-highway, gasoline, and light-duty to heavy-duty diesel engine cooling systems, or hybrid vehicle systems. These multiple temperature systems include engine jacket coolant plus at least one lower temperature system. Out of scope are the low temperature systems used in electric vehicles. This subject is covered in SAE J3073. Note that some content in SAE J3073 is likely to be of interest for hybrid vehicles. Out of scope are the terms and definitions of thermal flow control valves used in either low-temperature or high-temperature coolant circuits. This subject is covered in SAE J3142.
Cooling Systems Standards Committee
3D-Printed Porous Media Combined with Biomimetic Distributor for Small-Scale Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells2025-01-019606/16/2025
This study presents a novel biomimetic flow-field concept that integrates a triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) porous architectures with a hierarchical leaf-vein-inspired distribution zone, fabricated through 3D printing. By mimicking natural transport systems, the proposed design enhances oxygen delivery and water removal in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The results showed that I-FF and G-FF significantly improved mass transport and water management compared to conventional CPFF. The integrated design I-FF-LDZ achieves up to 32% improvement in power density at 1.85 A/cm2@0.4 V and delays the onset of mass transport losses. The study also reveals that optimizing the volume fraction Vf significantly affects gas penetration, with lower Vf (30%) improving performance in the mass-limited region. These findings underscore the promise of nature-inspired, 3D-printed flow-field architectures in overcoming key transport limitations and advancing the scalability of next
Ho-Van, Phuc, Lim, Ocktaeck
Methods to Reduce Transmission of Airborne Viruses in a Bus Cabin02-18-04-002105/19/2025
Public buses can be high-risk environments for the transmission of airborne viruses due to the confined space and high passenger density. However, advanced cabin air control systems and other measures can mitigate this risk. This research was conducted to explore various strategies aimed at reducing airborne particle transmission in bus cabins by using retrofit accessories and a redesigned parallel ventilation system. Public transit buses were used for stationary and on-road testing. Air exchange rates (ACH) were calculated using CO2 gas decay rates measured by low-cost sensors throughout each cabin. An aerosol generator (AG) was placed at various locations inside the bus and particle concentrations were measured for various experiments and ventilation configurations. The use of two standalone HEPA air filters lowered overall concentrations of particles inside the bus cabin by a factor of three. The effect of using plastic “barriers” independently showed faster particle arrival times
Lopez, Brenda, Swanson, Jacob, Dover, Kevin, Renck, Evan, Chang, M.-C. Oliver, Jung, Heejung
Local and Global Entropy Generation of Topographically Optimized Porous Reactors in Reaction-Diffusion Systems Considering Coupling Effects between Heat and Mass Transfer2024-32-006904/18/2025
As the automotive sector shifts towards cleaner and more sustainable technologies, fuel cells and batteries have emerged as promising technologies with revolutionary potential. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles offer faster refueling times, extended driving ranges, and reduced weight and space requirements compared to battery electric vehicles, making them highly appealing for future transportation applications. Despite these advantages, optimizing electrode structures and balancing various transport mechanisms are crucial for improving PEFCs’ performance for widespread commercial viability. Previous research has utilized topology optimization (TO) to identify optimal electrode structures and attempted to establish a connection between entropy generation and topographically optimized structures, aiming to strengthen TO numerical findings with a robust theoretical basis. However, existing studies have often neglected the coupling of transport phenomena. Typically, it is assumed that a single
Tep, Rotanak Visal Sok, Long, Mengly, Alizadeh, Mehrzad, Charoen-amornkitt, Patcharawat, Suzuki, Takahiro, Tsushima, Shohji
Next-Gen Italian Urban Mobility: Emissions LCA and TCO Prospective for Innovative Transportation Solutions2025-01-859304/01/2025
Reducing vehicle numbers and enhancing public transport can significantly cut emissions in the transport sector. Hydrogen-fueled and battery electric buses show the potential for decarbonization, but a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is essential to evaluate carbon emissions from energy production and manufacturing. In addition, even associated pollutant emissions, together with components’ wear, must be taken into account to evaluate the overall environmental impact. Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) analysis complements this by assessing long-term expenses, enabling stakeholders to balance environmental and economic considerations. This study examines carbon and pollutant emissions alongside TCO for innovative urban mobility powertrains (compared with diesel), focusing on Italian current and future hydrogen and electricity mix scenarios, even considering 100 % green hydrogen (100GH), the goal being to support sustainable decision-making and to promote eco-friendly transport solutions. The
Brancaleoni, Pier Paolo, Damiani Ferretti, Andrea Nicolò, Corti, Enrico, Ravaglioli, Vittorio, Moro, Davide
Bus Arrival Time Prediction Using Decomposition Technology and Deep Learning2025-01-714103/19/2025
Bus arrival time prediction is an important part of urban bus operation, which maintains the stability and punctuality of the bus system. Providing accurate public transport travel service information can attract more public transport travelers, thereby improving the public transport share. By knowing the arrival time of the bus in advance, travelers can arrange their travel time more effectively and reduce their waiting time at bus stops. In addition, accurate bus arrival time also contributes to the design, development and management of the bus system, promoting better resource scheduling and lower operating costs. However, the prediction based on historical data cannot cope with the complex changes of real-time traffic conditions and meet the requirements of public transportation information system. Therefore, current research is increasingly focused on improving the accuracy of real-time prediction, while prediction models are exploring and adjusting to adapt to complex traffic
Wang, Suyi, Li, Tiezhu, Chen, Wanjiang
Dynamic Evaluation Method for Public Transport Operation Indicators Based on Rank Transformation2025-01-721902/21/2025
This study presents a method to evaluate the daily operation of traditional public transportation using multi-source data and rank transformation. In contrast with previous studies, we focuses on dynamic indicators generated during vehicle operation, while ignoring static indicators. This provides a better reference value for the daily operation management of public transport vehicles. Initially, we match on-board GPS data with network and stop coordinates to extract arrival and departure timetable. This helps us calculate dynamic operational metrics such as dwell time, arrival interval, and frequency of vehicle bunching and large interval. By integrating IC card data with arrival timetable, we can also estimate the number of people boarding at each stop and derive passenger arrival time, waiting time, and average waiting time. Finally, we developed a comprehensive dynamic evaluation method of public transportation performance, covering the three dimensions: bus stops, vehicles, and
Zhou, Yang, Shao, Yichang, Han, Zhongyi, Ye, Zhirui
Traffic Flow Simulation Analysis of Mixed Traffic Flow Involving CAVs and Human-Driven Vehicles in Urban Work Zones2025-01-718702/21/2025
With the acceleration of urbanization, developing public transportation is an important means to alleviate travel pressure and traffic congestion in cities. Work zones that occupy urban road resources affect normal vehicle operations, leading to reduced vehicle efficiency. Based on this, the paper conducts research on traffic flow modeling and simulation analysis for work zones in a vehicle-road coordination environment. Based on the Gipps model and the SCAT model, optimizations and improvements were made to the following and lane-changing rules for three types of vehicles: human-driven vehicles (HVs), autonomous and connected vehicles (CAVs), and buses. Using cellular automata theory, it constructs a running model suitable for mixed traffic flow vehicles in work zones. MATLAB software is utilized to simulate the operation process of vehicles under work zone scenarios, analyzing changes in traffic flow from two directions: road geometric conditions (speed limits) and traffic flow
Xie, Rongkai, Sun, Bo, Zheng, Yunchao, Liao, Meixian, Zhang, Wendi, Li, Rui
A Real-Time Multiplayer SUMO-Unity Co-Simulation Platform for Vehicle-Aircraft Coordinated Operation2025-01-719702/21/2025
As the demands for air travel and air cargo continue to grow, airport surface operations are becoming increasingly congested, elevating the operational risks for all entities. Conventional measurement methods in airport traffic scenarios are limited by high temporal and spatial costs, uncontrollable variables, and their inabilities to account for low-probability events. Moreover, current simulation software for airport operations exhibits weak simulation capabilities and poor interactivity. To address these issues, this study developed a virtual reality traffic simulation platform for airport surface operations. The platform integrated 3D modeling technologies, including Blender and Unity, with the Photon Fusion multiplayer platform and Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) traffic simulation software. By incorporating Logitech external devices, the platform enabled real-time human-driven simulations, multiplayer online interactions, and validation of airport traffic flow models. To
Zhang, Yuheng, Han, Zhongyi, Zhang, Yuhan, Ye, Zhirui
Privacy Risk Assessment of Travel Trajectories in Metro AFC Data2025-01-721402/21/2025
The rapid expansion of metro systems in major cities worldwide has resulted in the accumulation of vast amounts of travel data through Automatic Fare Collection (AFC) systems. While this data is crucial for enhancing and optimizing transportation networks, it also raises significant concerns regarding passenger privacy due to the potential exposure of individual travel patterns. In this paper, we propose a novel privacy risk assessment model aimed at quantifying the uniqueness of travel trajectories and evaluating the associated privacy threats. Utilizing AFC data from Chengdu collected in March 2021, we first employ an information entropy approach to assess the uniqueness of travel trajectories across different time granularities. We then apply the K-Means clustering algorithm to classify these trajectories into categories based on their uniqueness levels, enabling us to investigate how factors like travel time and routes influence trajectory uniqueness. To further understand the
Fan, Xiaoting, Qu, Xu, Yang, Hongtai
Research on Taxiing Path Planning of Hub Airport Based on Dijkstra Algorithm2025-01-719802/21/2025
Aiming at the problem of insufficient capacity of taxiways in hub airports, which combine the safety interval, conflict resolution and fair principles, a taxiway planning model is established by taking the shortest taxiway as the optimisation goal, considering fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. Dijkstra algorithm is used to transform the taxiing path into an adjacency matrix, and conflict resolution is carried out in a weighted way. Under the premise of ensuring zero conflict of taxiways, the total taxiing distance is reduced. Based on actual operational data from a hub airport in China, the results show that the proposed taxiing path planning method is feasible, shortening the aircraft taxiing distance and improving the surface taxiing efficiency.
Feng, Bocheng, Qi, Xinyue, Zhang, Hongbin
Network Feature-Enriched Machine Learning Model for Predictive Analytics of Flight Departure Delays in Smart Aviation2025-01-713302/21/2025
Due to the crucial impact on flight scheduling, airline planning, and airport operations, flight departure delay prediction has emerged as a severe and prominent issue within the realm of smart aviation systems. Accurately predicting flight departure delay durations constitutes a crucial aspect of smart aviation management. Such predictive capability empowers aviation authorities and airport regulators to implement optimized air traffic control strategies, mitigating delays and elevating airport operational efficiency, while enhancing the satisfaction of travelers. The methodology employed in flight delay prediction has undergone substantial evolution in recent years, progressing from rudimentary statistical models to more sophisticated and intricate machine learning models. In this study, we introduce a novel machine learning model enriched with network features and grid search-based parameter selection for advanced predictive analytics of flight departure delays. This model
Chen, Linxian, Shen, Xiuyu, Chen, Jingxu, Liu, Xize
Modeling Internal Node Impedance in High-Speed Rail Passenger Hubs Based on Queuing Theory2025-01-717202/21/2025
High-speed railway (HSR) hubs play a pivotal role in the integrated transport system, efficiently connecting various modes of transport and facilitating transport integration. Characterized by their large scale, complex functional spatial layouts, and diverse interchange types, these hubs see a growing proportion of passenger traffic annually. Thus, studying the interchange impedance in high-speed railway passenger transport hubs is crucial for enhancing interchange efficiency and service quality. However, current research lacks a quantitatively comparable impedance model for high-speed railway hubs, particularly under peak passenger flow conditions. This paper addresses this gap by examining the internal node impedance at Nanjing South Railway Station, focusing on the entry gate turnstile node and security check node. It begins by analyzing passenger passing behavior at these nodes and then constructs a integrated queuing model for inbound gates and security checks, considering the
Zhang, Zhenyu, Wang, Jian
A Cooperative Control Approach of Transit Signal and Trajectory Optimization for Bus Priority at Connected Intersection2025-01-719602/21/2025
This paper proposes a cooperative control of transit signal priority and speed guidance strategy for connected buses at intersections, which aims to reduce travel delays and improve driving comfort. The connected bus could pass the intersection with the green light while minimizing the impact on the social traffic flow or reduce bus waiting time at intersections. The cooperative optimal problem is described as a mixed-integer programming problem. Serval simulation tests are conducted in SUMO platform, which is proved that the total passenger delay is reduced and the average vehicle cumulative queue length at intersections is reduced, and the bus travel efficiency is improved.
Wang, Xiaoliang, Ma, Shufang, Yu, Qin, Song, Wen, Peng, Hongrui, Hu, Yiming
A Step Toward Safer X-Rays with New Detector TechnologyTBMG-5229501/01/2025
X-rays are a common component of diagnostic testing and industrial monitoring, used for everything from monitoring your teeth to scanning your suitcase at the airport. But the high-energy rays also produce ionizing radiation, which can be dangerous after prolonged or excessive exposures. Now, researchers publishing in ACS Central Science have taken a step toward safer x-rays by creating a highly sensitive and foldable detector that produces good quality images with smaller dosages of the rays.
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