The proportion of pedestrian injuries in motor-vehicle-crash-induced injuries in the U.S. has been increasing in recent years. Although extensive police-reported data on pedestrian injuries is available, the incomplete nature of the crash and injury information in these datasets presents a significant challenge for statistical injury analysis and pedestrian protection research. This study aims to address this issue by combining simulation data and field data to impute critical missing crash information in pedestrian crash cases through machine learning techniques. A total of 9,000 MADYMO simulations were generated using maximal projection design, incorporating variables such as pedestrian demographics, crash conditions, and vehicle impact parameters. Gaussian process (GP) surrogate models were trained to predict injury risks with simulation parameters calibrated using the complete crash information in the Pedestrian Crash Data Study (PCDS) dataset. Maximum likelihood estimations were

Song, Xiaoyang, Sun, Wenbo, Hu, Jingwen, Flannagan, Carol, Karlow, Jared, Bowman, Patrick, Farooq, Iskander, Kalra, Anil

Investigation of Driving Characteristics for Road Alignments with High Traffic Accident Rates on Hilly and Mountainous Roads Using a Motorcycle Simulator

2025-32-0035

11/03/2025

Single motorcycle accidents are common in Nagano Prefecture where is mountainous areas in Japan. In a previous study, analysis of traffic accident statistics data suggested that the fatality and serious injury rates for uphill right curves and downhill left curves are high, however the true causes of these accidents remain unclear. In this study, a motorcycle simulator was used to evaluate the driving characteristics due to these road alignments. Evaluation courses based on combinations of uphill/downhill slopes and left/right curves were created, and experiments were conducted. The subjects of the study were expert riders and novice riders. The results showed that right curves are even more difficult to see near the entrance of the curve when accompanied by an uphill slope, making it easier to delay recognition and judgment of the curve. Expert riders recognized curves faster than novice riders. Additionally, expert riders take a large lean of the vehicle body, actively attempted to

Kuniyuki, Hiroshi, Katayama, Yuta, Kitagawa, Taisei, Numao, Yusuke

Upper Body Robotic Exoskeleton

TBMG-54123

11/01/2025

Innovators at the NASA Johnson Space Center have developed a soft, wearable, robotic upper limb exoskeleton garment designed to actively control the shoulder and elbow, both positioning the limb in specific orientations and commanding the limb through desired motions. The invention was developed to provide effective upper extremity motor rehabilitation for patients with neurological impairments (e.g., traumatic brain injury, stroke).

Research and Analysis on Airbag Dangerous Deployment Evaluation Based on 2024 Version C-NCAP

2025-99-0073

10/17/2025

Research on the subjective items of airbag dangerous deployment in the 2024 version of C-NCAP regulations, which includes two aspects: the action of the airbag sweeping over the face and the speed of airbag deployment. This article starts from other aspects. On the one hand, when examining the action of airbags sweeping over the face, it is necessary to consider the acceleration index. Based on the head injury index of the front dummy in collision in C-NCAP, the injury index of face - sweeping risk is defined; On the other hand, the force level of facial injury should also be examined, and the definition and experimental methods should be discussed based on the force level that the head can withstand. Added airbag deployment hazard assessment for the HIII 5 female dummy.

Tian, Wei, Xue, Kaile, Wang, Qinggui

Injury Patterns in Road Traffic Collisions: A Visual Investigation of Affected Body Parts

09-13-02-0010

10/07/2025

Background. Road safety is a major public concern, as road traffic accidents result in numerous casualties and significant economic losses. In traffic collisions, the pattern of injuries sustained by drivers often varies depending on various accident factors. The interactions between safety device use, alcohol consumption status, and injury locations can reveal important association patterns and insights. Therefore, we examine patterns in injury locations, accounting for safety device use and alcohol consumption. Method. In this study, we applied two complementary graphical approaches, including multiple correspondence (MCA) analyses and mosaic plots (MPs). Results. The MPs reveal the existence of meaningful patterns between injury location, alcohol consumption, and safety device. Likewise, the MCA reveals that head/neck injuries are more likely to be associated with alcohol impairment. In particular, sober status and safety device used tend to be associated with all injury locations

Chen, Ching-Fu, Wa Lukusa, Martin Tshishimbi

Better Data for Bodies in Motion

TBMG-53580

08/07/2025

The return to Earth is a rough ride for astronauts, from the violent turbulence of atmospheric entry to a jarring landing. Hitting the ground in a Soyuz capsule is the equivalent of driving a car backward into a brick wall at 20 mph, and it’s resulting in more head and neck injuries than NASA computer models predicted. To collect more data, NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston commissioned a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) project to develop a wearable data recorder for astronaut spacesuits. One result, created by Diversified Technical Systems Inc. (DTS), is a miniature commercial device that now collects and transmits data for any application from airplane test flights to tracking high-value shipments.

Traumatic Head and Brain Injuries in Helmeted Motorcycle Crashes

2025-22-0006

06/27/2025

This study presents an analysis of 364 motorcycle helmet impact tests, including standard certified full-face, open-face, and half-helmets, as well as non-certified (novelty) helmet designs. Two advanced motorcycle helmet designs that incorporate technologies intended to mitigate the risk of rotational brain injuries (rTBI) were included in this study. Results were compared to 80 unprotected tests using an instrumented 50th percentile Hybrid III head form and neck at impact speeds ranging from 6 to 18 m/s (13 to 40 mph). Results show that, on average, the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) was reduced by 92 percent across certified helmets, compared to the unhelmeted condition, indicating substantial protection against focal head and brain injuries. However, findings indicate that standard motorcycle helmets increase the risk of AIS 2 to 5 rotational brain injuries (rTBI) by an average of 30 percent compared to the unprotected condition, due to the increased rotational inertia generated by

Lloyd, John

Observers for Laser Safety in the Navigable Airspace

ARP5535B (Current)

06/17/2025

This document applies to safety observers or spotters involved with the use of outdoor laser systems. It may be used in conjunction with AS4970.

G-10T Laser Safety Hazards Committee

Assessment of the Skull Fracture Prediction Capability of Finite Element Head Models

2025-22-0005

06/16/2025

The development of drones has raised questions about their safety in case of high-speed impacts with the head. This has been recently studied with dummies, postmortem human surrogates and numerical models but questions are still open regarding the transfer of skull fracture tolerance and procedures from road safety to drone impacts. This study aimed to assess the performance of an existing head FE model (GHBMC M50-O v6.0) in terms of response and fracture prediction using a wide range of impact conditions from the literature (low and high-speed, rigid and deformable impactors, drones). The fracture prediction capability was assessed using 156 load cases, including 18 high speed tests and 19 tests for which subject specific models were built. The GHBMC model was found to overpredict peak forces, especially for rigid impactors and fracture cases. However, the model captured the head accelerations tendencies for drone impacts. The formulation of bone elements, the failure representation

Pozzi, Clément, Gardegaront, Marc, Allegre, Lucille, Beillas, Philippe

Head Accelerations and Concussion Risks in Low-to-Moderate–Speed Rear-End Collisions

2025-01-5041

06/10/2025

Recent studies have investigated head injury metrics, including mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), or concussion risks, in low- to moderate-speed rear-end collisions, with linear and angular head accelerations contributing to the risk of developing a concussion. The present study analyzes head acceleration values in rear-end collisions at an impact severity of 5–30 km/h delta-V. Biomechanical data was obtained from HIII 50th percentile male anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) seated in the target subject vehicles and utilizing safety restraints and head rests. Concussion risks were calculated from resultant linear and angular head accelerations recorded in the ATDs, and a linear regression model was used to determine what, if any, relationship existed between these head injury metrics and impact severity. The results indicate that there is a significant and positive relationship between head acceleration metrics and impact severity, particularly in the sagittal plane, with F-values

Garcia, Beatriz, Emanet, Hatice Seyda, Hoffman, Austin

Investigation of Injury Risk Functions of THOR-AV 50th Percentile Male Dummy

2025-22-0004

06/05/2025

This research investigated injury risk functions (IRF) for the THOR-AV 50th percentile male dummy in accordance with ISO TS18506, focusing on areas with design changes. The IRF development utilized a combination of physical tests and finite element (FE) model simulations. For certain postmortem human subject test cases lacking physical dummy tests, the validated Humanetics THOR-AV FE model (v0.7.2) was used to quickly generate data, with the understanding that final IRFs based on full physical test data might offer greater accuracy. Log-logistic, log-normal, and Weibull survival functions were fitted with 95% confidence intervals. The Akaike Information Criterion, Goodman-Kruskal-Gamma, Area under the Curve of Receiver Operating Characteristic, and Quantile-Quantile plot were employed to assess the prediction strength and relative quality of the final IRF selections. Among the three survival distributions, the Weibull distribution provided the best fit. The lumbar Fz was identified as

Wang, Z. Jerry, Hu, George

Proposed Reformulation of Brain Injury Criteria (BrIC) Using Head Rotation-Induced Brain Injury Thresholds Simulated and Derived Directly from A Subhuman Primate Finite Element Model

2025-22-0003

05/13/2025

Recent studies have found that Brain Injury Criteria (BrIC) grossly overpredicts instances of real-world, severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, as it stands, BrIC is the leading candidate for a rotational head kinematics-based brain injury criteria for use in automotive regulation and general safety standards. This study attempts to understand why BrIC overpredicts the likelihood of brain injury by presenting a comprehensive analysis of live primate head impact experiments conducted by Stalnaker et al. (1977) and the University of Pennsylvania before applying these injurious conditions to a finite element (FE) monkey model. Data collection included a thorough analysis and digitization of the head impact dynamics and resulting pathology reports from Stalnaker et al. (1977) as well as a representative reconstruction of the Penn II baboon diffuse axonal injury (DAI) model. Computational modeling techniques were employed on a FE Rhesus monkey model, first introduced by Arora et al

Demma, Dominic R., Tao, Ying, Zhang, Liying, Prasad, Priya

Analysis of Lane Departure Caused by Inadequate Motorcycle Driving Maneuvers Due to Road Alignment

2024-32-0034

04/18/2025

There are many riders who drive motorcycles on winding mountain roads and caused single motorcycle traffic accidents on curved roads by lane departure. Driving a motorcycle requires subtle balancing and maneuvering. In this study, in order to clarify the influence of lane departure caused by inadequate driving maneuvers against road alignment, the authors analyzed the required curve initial operation and driving maneuvers in curves depending on the traveling speed using a kinematics simulation for motorcycle dynamics. In addition, it was analyzed how inadequate driving maneuvers for curved roads can easily cause lane departure. As a result, it shows that the steering maneuvers and the lean of motorcycle body during the curves are highly affected by the vehicle speed, and the required maneuvers increases rapidly with increasing speed. The inadequate maneuver in the curves, especially for the lean of motorcycle body and steering torque, even by 10%, may cause failure to follow the

Kuniyuki, Hiroshi, Takechi, So

A Study on Affections of Different Skull-Brain Interface Modeling Approaches on Intracranial Responses in Finite Element Analysis

2025-01-8733

04/01/2025

The skull-brain interface is structurally complex, and various simplification methods have been employed in existing head models to simulate the interaction between the skull and the brain. The modeling approach of the skull-brain interface determines how loads are transmitted to the interior, which is critical for accurately simulating head injuries. Thus, understanding the impact of current skull-brain interface modeling approaches on intracranial simulation results is significant. This study aims to explore the influence of different skull-brain interface modeling methods on the results of finite element models during the development of Advanced Chinese Human Body Models (AC-HUMs) based on the LS-DYNA solver. By comparing the responses of rigidly bonded connections (tied Contact), failure-allowing bonded contacts (tiebreak Contact), shared nodes, and arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) methods under the Nahum 37 test load conditions, the study analyzes the effects of different

Gan, Qiuyu, jiang, Yejie, Junpeng, Xu, Zhou, Runzhou, Zhang, Liying, Jiang, Binhui

Analysis and Comparison of Metrics to Assess Submarining Behavior with the Hybrid III 5th Percentile Dummy in the Rear Seat

2025-01-8711

04/01/2025

Real-world data show that abdominal loading due to a poor pelvis-belt restraint interaction is one of the primary causes of injury in belted rear-seat occupants, highlighting the importance of being able to assess it in crash tests. This study analyzes the phenomenon of submarining using video, time histories, and statistical analysis of data from a Hybrid III 5th female dummy seated in the rear seat of passenger vehicles in moderate overlap frontal crash tests. This study also proposes different metrics that can be used for detecting submarining in full-scale crash tests. The results show that apart from the high-speed videos, when comparing time-series graphs of various metrics, using a combination of iliac and lap belt loads was the most reliable method for detecting submarining. Five metrics from the dynamic sensors (the maximum iliac moment, maximum iliac force drop in 1 ms, time for 80% drop from peak iliac force, maximum pelvis rotation, and lumbar shear force) were all

Jagtap, Sushant R, Jermakian, Jessica S, Edwards, Marcy A

Study on the Improvement of Pedestrian and Vehicle Visibility by Geometric Patterns Projection Lighting

2025-01-8663

04/01/2025

The proportion of pedestrian fatalities due to traffic accidents is higher at night than during the day. Drivers can more easily recognize pedestrians by setting their headlights to high beam, but use of high beam poses the issue of increasing glare for pedestrians. This study proposes a lighting technology that increases the noticeability of pedestrians for drivers and the noticeability of approaching vehicles for pedestrians while at the same time helping to reduce glare for pedestrians. The newly designed lighting enables geometric patterns projection lighting that makes use of projection technology. This geometric pattern projection lighting was compared with conventional low beam and high beam headlights to verify the effectiveness. Tests were conducted on a closed course with the participation of 20 drivers to evaluate the functionality of each headlight type. In these tests, subjects performed specific tasks such as evaluation of pedestrian visibility from the driver’s point of

Kawamura, Kazuyuki, Oshida, Kei

Active and Passive Security Generalization Algorithm and Typical Case Analysis

2025-01-8744

04/01/2025

In order to effectively predict the vehicle safety performance and reduce the cost of enterprise safety tests, a generalized simulation model for active and passive vehicle safety was proposed. The frontal driver-side collision model under the intervention of the Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) was created by using the MADYMO software. The collision acceleration obtained from the sled test was taken as the original input of the model to conduct simulation for the working conditions under different sitting postures of the human body. The injury values of various parts of the Hybrid III 50th dummy were read. Based on the correlation between the two, an active and passive simulation model was established through the Back Propagation (BP) neural network. The input of the model was the inclination angle centered on the dummy's waist, and the output was the acceleration of the dummy's head. The results showed that the comprehensive prediction accuracy rate exceeded 80%. Therefore, the

Ge, Wang, fengyao, LV

Predicting Head Injury Criterion in Real-World Frontal Impacts

2025-01-8709

04/01/2025

Research on modeling head injury metrics and head acceleration waveforms from real-world collisions has been limited compared to vehicle crash pulses. Prior studies have used rectangular, triangular, polynomial, half-sine, and haversine pulse functions to model vehicle crash pulses and have employed more complex approximations for head injury metrics. This study aimed to develop a method to predict 15 ms Head Injury Criterion (HIC15) in frontal passenger vehicle impacts using these simple pulse functions, where only occupant peak head acceleration and head impact duration are known. Vehicle crash tests from the New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) were selected for frontal impacts that included driver occupants. Head acceleration and shoulder belt load channels of Hybrid III 50th percentile male anthropomorphic test devices were collected and separated for training a set of ratios and testing their performance. Rectangular, triangular, quadratic, half-sine, and haversine pulse functions

Westrom, Clyde, Tanczos, Rachel, Adanty, Kevin, Shimada, Sean

The Influence of out-of-Position Displacement during Emergency Braking on Occupant Whiplash Injury in Subsequent Rear-End Collisions

2025-01-8720

04/01/2025

In the pre-crash emergency braking scenario, the occupant inside the vehicle will move forward due to inertia, deviating from the standard upright seating position for which conventional restraint systems are designed. Previous studies have mainly focused on the influence of out-of-position (OOP) displacement on occupant injuries in frontal collisions, and provided solutions such as active pretensioning seatbelts (APS). But little attention has been paid to the influence of OOP on whiplash injury during a subsequent rear-end collision. To investigate the forward OOP impact on whiplash injuries and the effectiveness of APS in this accident scenario, a vehicle interior model with an active human body model (AHBM) was setup in the MADYMO simulation platform. Different braking strengths (0.8g and 1.1g), APS triggering times (from 0.2s before to 0.2s after the braking initiation) and pretensioning forces (from 100N to 600N) were input to the simulation matrix. The occupant’s forward OOP

Fei, Jing, Qiu, Hang, Wang, Peifeng, Liu, Yu, Cheng, James Chih, Zhou, Qing, Tan, Puyuan

A Preliminary Study of Occupant Kinematics and Injuries in a Frontal Crash with Occupant Face-to-Face Scenario

2025-01-8736

04/01/2025

This paper investigates a novel seating arrangement where occupants face each other, focusing on occupant safety during a 56 km/h frontal impact, a standard test condition for assessing crashworthiness. A preliminary study was carried out, examining three distinct cases: a forward-facing 50th percentile occupant in third row seat, a rear-facing 50th percentile occupant in second row seat, and the interaction between these two occupant orientations. The study utilized both elastic flexible and rigid seat designs to analyze the impact on occupant kinematics and injury outcomes. The results demonstrate that the seating position has a significant influence on occupant injuries. Rear-facing occupants are primarily at risk due to seat design, whereas forward-facing occupants face a higher risk of injury from the increased space between occupants, lacking a reactive surface to mitigate impact forces. Notably, direct interaction between occupants did not result in severe injuries. However

Liu, Chong, Li, Kun, Liu, Yutao, Lv, Xiaojiang, Wang, Yonghui, Zhou, Dayong, Yang, Heping

Design Methodology and Evaluation Techniques for Pelvic Pusher Energy Absorption Pad

2025-01-8615

04/01/2025

Pelvic pusher energy absorption pad in a vehicle saves the occupant from pelvic injuries in the event of a crash, especially side or pole crash. This pelvic pusher pad plays a crucial role in absorbing the impact energy from the body side and minimizing the impact to the occupant. Positioning of pelvic pusher pad with respect to occupant manikin position and torso angle, stiffening criteria for the energy absorption pad, maximum force and energy absorption target setting methodology and evaluation methods through CAE and part level physical validations are all discussed in detail. Pelvic pusher pad are of various types such as EPP moulded, blow moulded or injection moulded and the criteria differ for each type. For EPP moulded type, based on the EPP grade, S-S Graph gets converted to F-S Graph and validated accordingly. F-S Graph for a test vehicle is generated through sled test where the sled is made to impact the pelvis of ES2 Dummy at a constant velocity and the F-S Graph is

S M, Rahul, d, Anantha, Kakani, Phani Kumar, Malliboina, Mahendra

Assessment of Injuries in Rear Impacts

2025-01-8727

04/01/2025

Rear impacts make up a significant portion of crashes in the United States. To date, regulations on rear impacts have focused on fuel system integrity and seat performance, while most research has focused on seat performance in relation to occupants’ injuries, with some analyses of crash severity and seat belt effects. The performance of seats and seat belts may vary depending on the size of the occupant. Understanding how occupant characteristics, as well as crash scenarios, affect injury outcomes can show opportunities for further enhancements in rear impact occupant protection. This paper presents analyses using survey weighted logistic regression models to understand the factors affecting serious injury outcomes (i.e., MAIS 3+) in rear impacts, exploring the potential for improving occupant outcomes. Three separate models are evaluated, focusing on 1) overall injury level, 2) head, neck, and cervical-spine injuries, and 3) thorax, abdomen, thoracic- and lumbar-spine injuries for

Greib, Joshua, Jurkiw, Renee, Kryzaniwskyj, Tanja, Owen, Susan, Van Rooyen, Paul, Whelan, Stacey, Williamson, John

Literature Review and Framework for Identifying Seat Belt Misuse and Misrouting in Frontal Collisions

2025-01-8721

04/01/2025

The effect of seat belt misuse and/or misrouting is important to consider because it can influence occupant kinematics, reduce restraint effectiveness, and increase injury risk. As new seatbelt technologies are introduced, it is important to understand the prevalence of seatbelt misuse. This type of information is scarce due to limitations in available field data coding, such as in NASS-CDS and FARS. One explanation may be partially due to assessment complexity in identifying misuse and/or misrouting. An objective of this study was to first identify types of lap-shoulder belt misuse/misrouting and associated injury patterns from a literature review. Nine belt misuse/misrouting scenarios were identified including shoulder belt only, lap belt only, or shoulder belt under the arm, for example, while belt misrouting included lap belt on the abdomen, shoulder belt above the breasts, or shoulder belt on the neck. Next, the literature review identified various methods used to assess misuse

Gu, Emily, Parenteau, Chantal

Lattice Based Localized Energy Absorber for Improved Vulnerable Road User Performance for a Vehicle

2025-01-8723

04/01/2025

A passenger vehicle hood is designed to meet Vulnerable Road User (VRU) regulatory requirements and consumer metric targets. Generally, hood inner design and its reinforcements, along with deformable space available under the hood are the main enablers to meet the Head Impact performance targets. However, cross functional balancing requirements, such as hood stiffness and packaging space constraints, can lead to higher Head Injury Criteria (HIC15) scores, particularly when secondary impacts are present. In such cases, a localized energy absorber is utilized to absorb the impact energy to reduce HIC within the target value. The current localized energy absorber solutions include the usage of flexible metal brackets, plastic absorbers etc. which have limited energy absorbing capacity and tuning capability. This paper focuses on usage of a novel 3D printed energy absorbers, based on various kinds of lattice structures. These absorbers are either sandwiched between the inner and the outer

Kinila, Vivekananda, Agarwal, Varun, V S, Rajamanickam, Tripathy, Biswajit, Gupta, Vishal

A Sled Test Methodology for 25% Offset Crash Tests

2025-01-8737

04/01/2025

Sled crash tests are an important tool to develop automotive restraint systems. Compared with full-scale crash tests, the sled test has a shorter development cycle of the restraint system and lower cost. The objective of the present study is to create a cost-effective sled test methodology, calculate the optimal static yaw angle and loading curves, and analyze the motion response and injuries of the dummy in the small overlap crash test. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology was verified under two typical small overlap frontal crash modes: “energy-absorption” and “sideswipe”. The results show that with the calculated yaw angle α, the HIC was different from the small overlap crash model, but all remaining indices were within 5% of the injury criteria. All International Organization for Standardization (ISO) values between the combined accelerations of all parts of the dummy and those of the basic model exceeded 0.75, and some values were above 0.8. Therefore, the proposed sled

Yu, Liu, Chen, Jianzhuo, Wan, Ming Xin, Fan, Tiqiang, Yang, Peilong, Nie, Zhenlong, Ren, Lihai, Cheng, James Chih

Study on the Impact of Vehicle Pitch During Braking on Pedestrian Leg Injuries

2025-01-8741

04/01/2025

With the increasing prevalence of Automatic Emergency Braking Systems (AEB) in vehicles, their performance in actual collision accidents has garnered increasing attention. In the context of AEB systems, the pitch angle of a vehicle can significantly alter the nature of collisions with pedestrians. Typically, during such collisions, the pedestrian's legs are the first to come into contact with the vehicle's front structure, leading to a noticeable change in the point of impact. Thus, to investigate the differences in leg injuries to pedestrians under various pitch angles of vehicles when AEB is activated, this study employs the Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) pedestrian finite element model, sensors were established at the leg location based on the Advanced Pedestrian Legform Impactor (APLI), and a corresponding vehicle finite element model was used for simulation, analyzing the dynamic responses of the pedestrian finite element model at different pitch angles for sedan and Sport

Hong, Cheng, Ye, Bin, Zhan, Zhenfei, Liu, Yu, Wan, Xinming, Hao, Haizhou

Biofidelity Evaluation of AC-HUMs Pedestrian Model Based on Generic Sedan Buck Model

2025-01-8743

04/01/2025

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the biofidelity of the Advanced Chinese Human Body Model (AC-HUMs) by utilizing a generic sedan buck model and post-mortem human surrogates (PMHS) test data. Methods: The boundary conditions of the simulation were derived from the PMHS test with the buck vehicle. The methodology involved the pose adjustment of the upper and lower extremities of AC-HUMs, executed through a pre-simulation approach. Subsequently, a 200 milliseconds whole body pedestrian crash simulation was conducted using the buck vehicle and the AC-HUMs pedestrian model. The trajectories of AC-HUMs during the period from initial position to head impact were recorded, including the Head CG, T1, T8 and pelvis. Based on the knee joint, the corridors of trajectories from the PMHS test were scaled to match the Chinese 50th percentile male to evaluate the biofidelity of AC-HUMs's kinematic response. Furthermore, the biomechanical responses were compared with the PMHS tests, including

Qian, Jiaqi, Wang, Qiang, Liu, Yu, Wu, Xiaofan, Huida, Zhang, Bai, Zhonghao

Bicycle Pitch-over Reconstruction Analysis

2025-01-8684

04/01/2025

During a pitch-over event, the forward momentum of the combined bicycle and rider is suddenly arrested causing the rider and bicycle to rotate about the front wheel and also possibly propelling the rider forward. This paper examines the pitch-over of a bicycle and rider using two methods different from previous approaches. One method uses Newton’s 2nd Law directly and the other method uses the principle of impulse and momentum, the integrated form of Newton’s 2nd Law. The two methods provide useful equations, contributing to current literature on the topic of reconstructing and analyzing bicycle pitch-over incidents. The analysis is supplemented with Madymo simulations to evaluate the kinematics and kinetics of the bicycle and rider interacting with front wheel obstructions of different heights. The effect of variables such as rider weight, rider coupling to the bicycle, bicycle speed, and obstruction height on resulting kinematics were evaluated. The analysis shows that a larger

Brach, R. Matthew, Kelley, Mireille, Van Poppel, Jon

Validation of Pedestrian Collision Reconstruction Using the PC-Crash Multibody Pedestrian Model

2025-01-8681

04/01/2025

This study validates the use of the pedestrian multibody model in the simulation software PC-Crash. If reasonable inputs are used, the pedestrian model will yield accurate simulations of pedestrian collisions, particularly in terms of accurately simulating the contact points between the pedestrian and the vehicle and in predicting the throw distance of the pedestrian. This study extends prior studies of the PC-Crash pedestrian multibody model by simulating additional staged collisions, by comparing the results of the model to widely utilized throw distance equations, by providing guidance on inputs for the pedestrian multibody, and by providing documentation of the characteristics of the multibody pedestrian. In addition, two new staged pedestrian collisions are discussed and simulated. This study demonstrates the following: (1) The center of gravity height of the PC-Crash pedestrian model is comparable to the center of gravity height reported for pedestrians in anthropometric data. (2

Rose, Nathan, Smith, Connor, Carter, Neal, Metanias, Andrew

A Study on Affections of Active Neck Muscle Force on Neck Injury Responses in Frontal Impact with Automatic Emergency Braking Conditions

2025-01-8742

04/01/2025

Neck injury is one of the most common injuries in traffic accidents, and its severity is closely related to the posture of the occupant at the time of impact. In the current era of smart vehicle, the triggered AEB and the occupant's active muscle force will cause the head and neck to be out of position which has significant affections on the occurrence and severity of neck injury responses. Therefore, it is very important to study the influences of active muscle force on neck injury responses in in frontal impact with Automatic Emergency Braking conditions. Based on the geometric characteristics of human neck muscles in the Zygote Body database, the reasonable neck muscle physical parameters were obtained firstly. Then a neck finite element model (FEM) with active muscles was developed and verified its biofidelity under various impact conditions, such as frontal, side and rear-end impacts. Finally, using the neck FEM with or without active muscle force, a comparative study was

Junpeng, Xu, Gan, Qiuyu, Jiang, Binhui, Zhu, Feng

New Implant May Help Patients Regenerate Their Own Heart Valves

TBMG-52862

04/01/2025

Every year, more than 5 million people in the United States are diagnosed with heart valve disease, but this condition has no effective long-term treatment. When a person’s heart valve is severely damaged by a birth defect, lifestyle, or aging, blood flow is disrupted. If left untreated, there can be fatal complications.

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