Browse Topic: Particulate filters

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Thermal Management and Engine Calibration Strategies for Enhanced Passive DPF Regeneration in CEV Stage V CI Engines2026-26-014101/16/2026
Meeting the stringent emissions norms of CEV stage V for medium BMEP engines, CI engines present significant challenges. These stringent norms call for a highly efficient DPF. With the increasing demands for high-performance DPFs, the issue of soot accumulation and cleaning presents significant hurdles for DPF longevity. This paper explores the potential of passive DPF regeneration, which leverages naturally occurring exhaust gas conditions to oxidize accumulated soot, offering a promising approach to minimize fuel penalty and system complexity compared to active regeneration methods. The study investigates engine calibration techniques aimed at enhancing passive regeneration performance, emphasizing the optimization of thermal management strategies to sustain DPF temperatures within the passive regeneration range. Furthermore, the paper aims to expand the applicability of passive regeneration across diverse engine loads common in off-highway applications with effective passive
Saxena, Harshit, Gandhi, Naresh, Lokare, Prasad, Shinde, Prashant, Patil, Ajit, Raut, Ashish
DPF Passive Regeneration Approach for CEV/TREM-V Off-Highway Applications2026-26-021101/16/2026
With introduction of Diesel Particulate Filter to achieve CEV/TREM V Emission Limits for off-highway segment, there is a requirement of DPF regeneration at defined intervals depending on time of operation and soot loading in DPF. This can be achieved by two methods. First is the frequent regeneration or Active regeneration, wherein fuel is injected before DOC (Diesel Oxidation Catalyst) at specific temperature to burn the soot in the DPF. The second method is the continuous or Passive regeneration, where soot is burnt based on NO2. DPF frequent regeneration (Active Regeneration) requires soot load estimation in DPF over entire engine operation range as well as vehicle operation in different climatic conditions. Frequent regeneration leads to oil dilution and penalty in the fuel consumption. More frequent regeneration promotes the chemical aging of DOC, leading to the poor performance of DOC which results in deteriorating performance of SCR(Selective Catalytic Reduction) situated
Sharma, Rakshit, Garg, Varun, Dhiman, Nitish, Grauenfels, Attila
Development of a Passive Regeneration Diesel Particulate Filter System for an Agricultural Tractor Engine2026-26-021701/16/2026
This paper presents the development and evaluation of a passive regeneration Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) system for a 4-cylinder, 3.18-liter naturally aspirated agricultural tractor engine based on the mDI engine family. The primary objective is to significantly reduce particulate matter (PM) emissions while maintaining optimal engine performance and fuel economy. The passive regeneration DPF system leverages the engine's operating conditions to generate sufficient heat for the oxidation of trapped particulate matter, eliminating the need for active regeneration techniques. The paper details the design process, including the selection of DPF material, filter geometry, and integration into the exhaust system. Rigorous experimental testing was conducted to assess the performance of the DPF system under various engine load and speed conditions. Results demonstrate substantial reductions in PM emissions without compromising engine power, torque, or specific fuel consumption. This
Maddali, Varun Suman, Jidigonti, Shashank, Kannan, S, Ramesh, Natrajan
Gasoline Particulate Filter for Future Indian Regulation2026-26-021401/16/2026
Globally, emission regulations for LDVs (Light Duty Vehicles) are becoming increasingly stringent. In Europe, EU7 regulations will tighten the PN (Particulate Number) requirements by applying PN10 with PN value target 6.0+E11 [#/km] and changing the CF (Conformity Factor) value from 1.5 to 1.34 for RDE (Real Driving Emission). This necessitates the use of GPF (Gasoline Particulate Filter) capable of meeting these PN regulations. Similarly, India is also tightening its PN regulations by referencing European standards. Under the current BS VI Stage 2, in-use compliance test procedures, including RDE measurements using PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement System), necessitate GPFs for GDI (Gasoline Direct Injection) engines. Furthermore, around April 2027, the transition from BS VI Stage 2 to BS VI Stage 3 is expected, with a change of driving cycle from MIDC to WLTC up to Phase 3. Additionally, discussions on BS VII regulations, referencing EU7, have begun, and similar stricter PN
Sugimoto, Kentaro, Ohashi, Kenichi, Mori, Reon, Matsumoto, Tasuku, Aoki, Takashi, Sugiura, So, Hibi, Noriyuki
A Comprehensive Strategy for Diesel Particulate Filter Calibration to Address the Diverse Applications of Stage V Construction Equipment Vehicles2026-26-014301/16/2026
The legislation of CEV Stage V emission norms has necessitated advanced Diesel Particulate Filter calibration strategies to ensure optimal performance across diverse construction equipment applications in the Indian market. Considering the various duty cycles of cranes, backhoe loaders, forklifts, compactors, graders, and other equipment, different load conditions and operational environments require a comprehensive strategy to enhance DPF efficiency, minimize regeneration frequency, and maintain compliance with emission standards. The DPF, as an after-treatment system in the exhaust layout, is essential for meeting emission standards, as it effectively traps particulate matter. Regeneration occurs periodically to burn the soot particles trapped inside the DPF through ECU management. Therefore, understanding soot loading and in-brick DPF temperature behavior across various applications is key. This paper explores the challenges in DPF calibration for CEV Stage V and provides a
Mohanty, Subham, Chaudhari, Kuldeepak, Patil, Lalit, Mahajan, Atish, Madhukar, Prahlad
Optimizing Engine Combustion and Exhaust After treatment System for Passive Regeneration in Off-Highway Applications2026-26-022101/16/2026
The Bharat TREM V regulations in the off-highway segment mandates the use of Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) to reduce gaseous emissions and Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) to trap solid particulates from engine exhaust. DPFs undergo regeneration, where trapped soot is burned, converting it into CO2 with ash as main byproduct. Regeneration can be active, using late post fuel injections to raise temperatures above 550°C, or passive, relying on NO2 formation at 300-400°C. Passive regeneration is preferred as a safer mode for both DPF health and longevity as well as reduction in fuel penalty and oil dilution. This paper highlights the selection and optimization of combustion hardware and Exhaust Aftertreatment System to achieve the desired NO2 formation which is suitable for passive regeneration. Key considerations in engine hardware selection include the design of piston bowl, injector hole configuration to increase heat release rate and combustion temperature resulting in higher NOx
Gautam, Aman, Rawat, Saurabh, Dogra, DaljitSingh, Singh, Sachleen, Ranjan, Piyush
Leveraging Advanced AI/ML Algorithms to Derive Actionable Insights from Fleet Vehicle In-Use Performance Ratio Monitoring (IUPRm) Data2026-26-063701/16/2026
In recent years, growing concerns over environmental pollution have led to the implementation of increasingly stringent emission regulations worldwide. These regulations require not only the reduction of pollutant emissions but also robust monitoring of critical emission control components under real-world driving conditions. The In-Use Performance Ratio Monitoring (IUPRm) framework quantifies how frequently onboard diagnostic systems evaluate these components within defined operational boundaries for each vehicle. IUPRm is organized into several monitoring groups, including catalyst monitoring, oxygen sensor monitoring, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) monitoring, and gasoline particulate filter monitoring. The specific groups and monitoring requirements vary based on fuel type (gasoline or diesel), engine technologies (such as variable valve timing or EGR), and exhaust system configurations (single or dual bank). For automakers, analyzing these parameters across large vehicle fleets
Ghadge, Ganesh Narayan, Jadhav, Marisha, Hosur, Viswanatha
Calibration strategies to overcome the Challenges for Naturally Aspirated Off-Highway Engines for Trem-V emissions2026-26-021001/16/2026
The transition to Trem V emission norms presents significant challenges for naturally aspirated (NA) off-highway engines. Off-highway applications like construction and agriculture segments require high load variability and extended duty cycles with increased BMEP resulting in high PM emissions, and increased exhaust temperatures with lower lambda levels. Given the cost-competitive nature of the segment, it also requires designing leaner intake and exhaust system. To overcome above mentioned challenges, holistic calibration strategies need to be adapted during development phase. To meet Trem V emission norms, solutions like advanced combustion, high-pressure fuel injection, EGR (exhaust gas recirculation), and optimized calibration had to be explored in meeting Trem V emission norms with aftertreatment systems like Diesel Particulate Filters and Diesel oxidation catalysts. Implementation of aftertreatment systems for Trem-V introduces this segment with pre-dominantly with naturally
Patil, Madhavi M., Ravukutam Sr, Aniketh, Raghu, M Y, Madhukar, Prahlad
Komatsu augments intelligent machine control in new excavator25TOFHP12_0612/01/2025
Komatsu has launched a new excavator, the PC220LCi-12, that features its latest intelligent machine control technology. IMC 3.0 incorporates automation enhancements and a reported “construction-industry first” technology - factory-integrated 3D boundary control - designed to boost operator productivity. The intelligent machine, displayed previously at Bauma 2025 in Munich, Germany, has many of the same features as the new PC220LC-12 excavator, including a cab that is 28% larger, with 30% more legroom and 50% improved visibility compared to the PC210LC-11 model. Other advantages the new machines offer are up to a 20% increase in fuel efficiency thanks to a new electrohydraulic system and 129-kW (173-hp) next-generation engine, and up to a 20% reduction in maintenance costs due to longer replacement intervals for hydraulic oil and oil filters and longer cleaning intervals for the particulate filter.
Gehm, Ryan
Experimental Analysis of Hydrocarbon Injection Strategies and In-Cylinder Injection Impact on Oil Properties in Diesel Engines2025-28-023811/06/2025
The engine has played a pivotal role in controlling regulated pollutants at the in-cylinder combustion level through strategies such as Direct Injection, Common Rail Systems, and Exhaust Gas Recirculation up to Bharat (CEV/Trem) Stage-III. With the advent of more stringent emission norms, specifically Bharat (CEV/Trem) Stage-IV and V, the importance of Exhaust After-Treatment Systems (EATS) in managing emissions outside the engine has significantly increased. The inclusion of Particulate Number (PN) limits in Bharat (CEV/Trem) Stage-V necessitates the use of Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF), which trap soot particles that must be periodically removed through a process known as regeneration. Regeneration requires elevated exhaust temperatures, typically achieved via exothermic reactions in the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC), facilitated by diesel fuel addition through external injection or in-cylinder injection strategies. This study investigates both external and in-cylinder injection
Bandaru, Balaji, M, Balasubramanian, V, Shunmuga, G, Senthil Kumar, Mahesh, P
Smart Idle Control - Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) Overheat Protection2025-28-023711/06/2025
The current and upcoming Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) emission norms are very stringent. It is difficult to meet emission standards with just combustion optimization techniques. As a result, post-treatment is required for Engine-out emissions. Otherwise, these hazardous gases impact the ecosystem of living beings. Many technologies are implemented at the exhaust for reducing the emissions. Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) is one such technique to achieve lower Particulate Matter (PM) and Particulate Number (PN) emission goals. In order to achieve such emission reduction, the DPF undergoes periodic cleaning called regeneration. During regeneration, the exhaust systems including DPF are maintained at elevated temperatures to achieve proper cleaning. When the vehicle is in regeneration, sudden braking or accelerator pedal release leads to engine Drop to Idle speeds (DTI), which sharply increases the temperature gradient inside the DPF which may result in physical damage like cracks
Anandakrishnan, Abhishek, A L, Prathima, Benni Matada, Ajay
On Board Monitoring of Water Injection Inducement System and Particulate Filter for 3-Wheeler BS VI OBD II B Diesel Vehicle Norms2025-32-008611/03/2025
To mitigate greenhouse emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxides (CO2), oxide of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter reduction Government of India implemented Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) norms from year 2020. Moving to more stringent emission norms poses challenges for automakers in several ways such as meeting exhaust emissions, on board diagnostic, drivers’ inducement, and particulate filter monitoring on vehicle. It is imperative to upgrade engine management system for on-board diagnostics (OBD) that refers to a vehicles self-diagnostic and reporting ability. On board diagnostics systems enables owner of vehicle to gain access of the various vehicle sub-systems. OBD-II standards were made more rigid, requiring the malfunction indicator lamp (MIL) to be activated if emission-related components fail. Also, vehicle emissions carbon monoxide (CO), oxide of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter not to exceed OBD thresholds. Consequently, the use of specific oxide of nitrogen
Jagtap, Pranjal, Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Bhoite, Vikram, Reddy, Kameswar
Experimental Simulation of a Real Mission for Identifying a Telematics-Based Diagnostic Model in Connected Light Commercial Vehicles2025-24-012409/07/2025
Remote monitoring of commercial vehicles is taking an increasingly central position in automotive companies, driven by the growth of the on-road freight transportation sector. Specifically, telematics devices are increasingly gaining importance in monitoring powertrain operability, performance, reliability, sustainability, and maintainability. These systems enable real-time data collection and analysis, offering valuable support in resolving issues that may occur on the road. Moreover, the fault codes, called Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs), that arise during actual road driving constitute fundamental information when combined with several engine parameters updated every second. This integration provides a more accurate assessment of vehicle conditions, allowing proactive maintenance strategies. The principal goal is to deliver an even faster response for resolving sudden issues, thus minimizing vehicle downtime. High-resolution data transmission and failure event information
D'Agostino, Valerio, Cardone, Massimo, Mancaruso, Ezio, Rossetti, Salvatore, Marialto, Renato
AeroSolfd: Advancing Air Quality through Retrofitted Gasoline Particulate Filters – Insights from Laboratory and Real-World Evaluations2025-24-008809/07/2025
This article details the experimental and testing activities of the EU project AeroSolfd, with a particular focus on the project's efforts to reduce combustion-based nanoparticle emissions in exhaust gases for the European fleet of vehicles by developing a GPF retrofit solution. The technical activities undertaken the process of developing such a retrofit are examined in this article. The findings illustrate the viability of reducing nanoparticle levels in gasoline-powered vehicles with the utilization of appropriate GPFs. For this purpose, in addition to a fleet, four vehicles were examined in great detail and underwent the process of obtaining component approval for the particulate filter. The vehicles were measured in a preliminary state, then following the installation of the GPF, and subsequently after several months of continuous field operation. A total of four vehicles were selected for evaluation as a representative subgroup of a larger test fleet of vehicles in the project
Engelmann, Danilo, Mayer, Andreas, Comte, Pierre, Rubino, Lauretta, Larsen, Lars
Influence of the SCR Reactivity on Passive Soot Oxidation for Vanadium-Coated and Uncoated (S)DPF2025-24-008609/07/2025
In modern diesel exhaust aftertreatment systems (EATS), combining a catalytic coating for selective NOx reduction (SCR) with a diesel particulate filter (DPF) enables simultaneous particulate filtration and NOx reduction. In such systems, soot regeneration is primarily influenced by the NO2 supply in the exhaust gas, particularly at low exhaust temperatures (250-400 °C). Several investigations found that in SCR-coated filters with urea-water solution (UWS) dosing upstream, particle oxidation is partially inhibited by NH3. However, at higher temperatures (>400 °C), this effect seems to be reduced. In this study, numerical modelling approaches based on engine test bench results are utilised to examine the impact of SCR reactivity on passive soot oxidation for a highly porous vanadium-coated SDPF. To identify the interaction mechanism between the SCR reaction and soot oxidation, further investigations were conducted using a filter with a washcoat without SCR-active component. The
Prchal, Niklas, Wegmann, Andreas, Müller, Werner, Günthner, Michael
The VERT GPF-Retrofit Program for Cleaner Urban Mobility within the HORIZON Europe AeroSolfd Project2025-24-009509/07/2025
Launched in 2022, AeroSolfd, a HORIZON Europe project, aims to advance clean urban mobility by developing affordable and sustainable retrofit solutions for gasoline vehicles. This three-year initiative addresses not only tailpipe emissions but also brake emissions and pollution in semi-enclosed environments. Within AeroSolfd, the Swiss-based VERT association focuses on reducing tailpipe emissions using state-of-the-art Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) technology featuring an uncoated ceramic multicell wall-flow filter. VERT, in partnership with HJS, CPK, BFH, developed and tested a GPF-retrofit system at Technology Readiness Level 8 (TRL 8). Results demonstrate over 99% filtration efficiency for particles smaller than 500 nm on standard cycles (WLTC) and real-world driving cycles (RDE). Forty-two gasoline vehicles (GDI and PFI) were retrofitted with the GPF retrofit across Germany, Switzerland, Israel, and Denmark over a 6 to 8-month operational period. No issues were observed with
Rubino, Lauretta, Mayer, Andreas C., Lutz, Thomas W., Czerwinski, Jan, Larsen, Lars C.
In Situ Observation of Different Soot Layers in a Model Filter Channel during Its Regeneration2025-01-031207/02/2025
In order to comply with increasingly stringent emission regulations and ensure clean air, wall-flow particulate filters are predominantly used in exhaust gas aftertreatment systems of combustion engines to remove reactive soot and inert ash particles from exhaust gases. These filters consist of parallel porous channels with alternately closed ends, effectively separating particles by forming a layer on the filter surface. However, the accumulated particulate layer increases the pressure drop across the filter, requiring periodic filter regeneration. During regeneration, soot oxidation breaks up the particulate layer, while resuspension and transport of individual agglomerates can occur. These phenomena are influenced by gas temperature and velocity, as well as by the dispersity and reactivity of the soot particles. Renewable and biomass based fuels can produce different types of soot with different reactivities and dispersities. Therefore, this study focuses on the influences of soot
Desens, Ole, Hagen, Fabian P., Meyer, Jörg, Dittler, Achim
Impact of Reduced Catalytic Activity on Passive Regeneration of Catalyzed Diesel Particulate Filters2025-01-018506/16/2025
Oxidation catalysts can greatly improve the regeneration efficiency of diesel particulate filters (DPF) by providing sufficient levels of NO2 for low-temperature soot oxidation. As for other automotive catalysts, catalyzed DPFs are subject to aging effects, resulting in decreased performance of the NO oxidation reaction. The life span of DPFs generally only considers the elevated back pressure as a consequence of the accumulation of ash. However, with reduced catalytic activity and impaired functionality of the regeneration process there is a risk of premature replacement of the catalyzed DPF or accumulation of soot above critical levels. In this study, a new exhaust aftertreatment system has been developed to accommodate laboratory-scale catalysts and DPFs for testing with full-size heavy-duty engines. The modified exhaust aftertreatment set-up was used together with a rig for accelerated soot and ash loading to assess the impact of catalyst aging on regeneration performance under
af Ugglas, Samuel, Finker, Pascal, Ersson, Anders, Yao, Dawei, Pettersson, Lars J., Kusar, Henrik
Technical Outlook on the Potential of HVO and Biodiesel Blends for Cleaner Combustion2026-01-031604/07/2025
The increasing need to decarbonize the transport sector is accelerating the adoption of renewable fuels, particularly biofuels, as sustainable alternatives to conventional diesel. For compression ignition engines, Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) represents a promising solution due to its clean combustion profile and high-quality fuel properties. HVO is a paraffinic fuel obtained via hydrotreatment of renewable lipids. It is characterized by a high cetane number (>70), very low particulate emissions, and excellent oxidative stability. However, the absence of polar molecules results in poor lubricity, which raises durability concerns for high-pressure fuel systems. Biodiesel, composed of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) derived from vegetable oils or used cooking oil, is known for its renewable origin and favorable lubricity. Its ester content enhances lubricity and contributes to reductions in carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (HC), and particulate matter. Nonetheless
Zaccai, Martina, Chiavola, Ornella, Palmieri, Fulvio, Verdoliva, Francesco
AirCARE: Assessing the Impact of an Integrated Air Purification System on Vehicle Thermal Management2026-01-027204/07/2025
The increasing concentration of atmospheric pollutants in urban environments necessitates innovative solutions to mitigate their impact on public health and the environment. This work presents the AirCARE project, which investigates the integration of a catalytic converter and a particulate filter with a vehicle's radiator to create an active air purification system. The primary objective is to evaluate the feasibility and performance implications of this integrated system on the vehicle's thermal management. A comprehensive methodology combining computational modeling and experimental testing was employed. A 1D longitudinal vehicle model was developed to simulate the powertrain's heat generation and the cooling system's performance under various representative driving conditions. This model allows for a parametric study of the radiator, assessing the impact of the additional components on its heat exchange efficiency. Concurrently, experimental tests were conducted on a radiator to
de Carvalho Pinheiro, Henrique, Sartoretti, Enrico
Passive Soot Regeneration Observations on a GPF-equipped vehicle for PM exhaust emission control.2026-01-036604/07/2025
The gasoline particulate filter (GPF) will be a common technology adopted by EPA Tier4 emission compliant vehicles, starting as early as model year 2017 in North America. For those Tier-4 compliant gasoline-powered powertrains, their GPF solutions will require that the captured soot can be safely removed through passive oxidation. This clean-out process is driven by occasional fuel-cut events, such as engine motoring, which would provide an excess of oxygen in the exhaust gas flow to the hot, soot-loaded GPF. Here, a study has been conducted where a modern vehicle with a 3L engine displacement was upfitted with appropriately sized GPFs for soot capture in the dual-bank exhaust line. These GPFs were weighed to track their soot-load trends between representative real-world driving routes, where sensor data and ECU parameters were recorded. Thus, characterization of the passive soot regeneration process in the GPF was linked to the preceding exposure of gaseous flow temperatures, oxygen
Craig, Angus, Warkins, Jason
Technology Development of Novel Aftertreatment High Pressure Diesel Delivery Unit to Meet Future Emission Regulations for Medium-Heavy Duty Diesel Engines2026-01-035804/07/2025
Future emission regulations (Euro VII, LEV IV, Tier V, China VII, etc.) will impose more stringent requirements both in terms of regulated pollutants emissions and CO2 for On-Road and Off-Road Diesel applications. The higher regulatory stringency will require more complex AfterTreatment System (ATS) architectures featuring a more frequent implementation of a Diesel Dosing Unit (DDU) in the exhaust as technology enabler for the overall compliance. Currently available DDUs work at low pressure (LP) fuel supply around 5 bar and often require a mixer downstream in the exhaust line to ensure the right level of fuel atomization, evaporation and mixing. The usage of high pressure (HP) fuel supply at around 200 bar, together with component design enhancement and dedicated spray targeting generates advantages in terms of CO2 and pollutant emissions both during Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) regeneration and normal modes. To quantify the advantages, steady state and transient tests were
Ciaravino, Claudio, Belgiorno, Giacomo, Negro, Cosma, Cosseddu, Cinzia, Gestri, Luca, Soriani, Matteo, Cipriani, Massimiliano, Cibella, Marco, Giannantoni, Lorenzo, Di Nieri, Aldo, Mital, Rahul
Evaluation of Current and Next-Gen Diesel Particulate Filter Performance for US EPA MY27+ LD/MD Particulate Mass Emissions Regulation2026-01-036904/07/2025
Diesel particulate filters (DPF) have been part of vehicle after-treatment solutions in the US since being adopted in 2007 as the “go-to” solution for meeting particulate mass (PM) standards as set by the EPA for HD diesel engines. Within the highly popular LD/MD truck segment, defined as trucks weighing between 8501lb-14000lb, these limits have seen additional reduction in PM levels to 8 or 10 mg/mile as these vehicles have transitioned mostly over to chassis-based certification since 2014-2017. However, these reductions in PM requirements have been relatively minor allowing for the DPF technology used on these platforms to remain mostly unchanged over the same time period. With the finalization of MY27+ LD/MD vehicle emissions standards; PM limits are now set to make significant reductions down to 0.5 mg/mile, with phase-in to be completed by MY31. While the new limits present significant challenges for gasoline vehicles and most likely will require the use of gasoline particulate
Warkins, Jason, Sadek, Ghadi, He, Suhao
A Quantitative Approach for Mapping and Assessing Diesel Particulate Filter Regeneration Events in Diesel Engines2026-01-037704/07/2025
Regeneration of diesel particulate filters (DPFs) is crucial for maintaining the performance of diesel engines and minimizing harmful particulate matter (PM) emissions from exhaust. However, conventional regeneration strategies often suffer from incomplete soot removal and inefficient monitoring. These issues lead to increased exhaust back pressure, reducing engine efficiency, and potentially damaging the particulate filter. In this paper, a new approach is proposed for mapping and quantifying the real-world DPF regeneration process for diesel engines complying with the stringent emission standards. We introduce a novel metric, the differential pressure drop percentage (DPDP), to detect regeneration events and quantify soot burn quality. The proposed method utilizes real-time sensor data obtained through the vehicle’s On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) system. The algorithm processes sensor data and robustly maps the regeneration quality. The performance of regeneration event detection and
Bagga, Harleen Kaur, Nagare, Mukund B., Patil, Bhushan D., Ravishankar, Hariharan, Melapudi, Vikram, Patil, Abhijit
Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) OBD Monitoring Requirements2026-01-029004/07/2025
This paper presents the collaborative efforts of the USCAR GPF OBD Working Group to evaluate and recommend On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) monitoring requirements for Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPFs). The group, comprising of representatives from major US OEMs, aims to establish a unified understanding of GPF monitoring capabilities and propose regulatory recommendations to CARB. The paper explains how the physics of soot generation and soot burning determine GPF operating strategies and the applicability of proposed OBD monitors. Since there was no section in the OBD regulation for GPFs, the "group" started with Monitoring Requirements for Diesel/Compression-Ignition Engines section on Diesel particulate filter regulations and evaluated their relevance and applicability to GPFs. This effort furthermore motivates the regulatory interpretations, and diagnostic strategies, culminating in a proposed framework for GPF OBD compliance.
Van Nieuwstadt, Michiel, Ramappan, Vijay, Johnson, Lonny, Wendling, Timothy
Effect of Fuels on Compression Ignition Engine Particle Size Distribution and DPF Filtration Efficiency2025-01-850304/01/2025
A diesel engine was run on off-highway cycle sequence on nine (9) fuels and blends. Number-weighted solid particle size distribution (PSD) in the size range from 5.6 nm to 560 nm was measured at inlet and outlet of a diesel particulate filter (DPF) on a sequence of five (5) non-road transient cycles (NRTCs) and five (5) non-road steady-state cycles (NRSCs). The measurements were used to correlate the fuel properties to the DPF-In concentrations and filtration of different size particles in the DPFs. The data showed an expected trend with the DPF-In emissions. Ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) had the highest solid particle number (SPN) concentrations and biodiesels (soy-based biodiesel (B100) and rapeseed-based biodiesel (RME)) had the lowest concentrations. The geometric number mean diameter (GNMD) of DPF-In PSD correlates with the concentrations. The calculated GNMD was the highest for ULSD and lowest for B100/RME. An opposite trend for the GNMD was observed at the DPF-Out where the
Lakkireddy, Venkata, Khalek, Imad, Buffaloe, Gina
Experimental Study of DOC-on-Filter Using Next Generation Filter Solutions for Non-Road Applications2025-01-847904/01/2025
Upcoming California Tier 5 non-road limits mandate 90% and 75% reductions in NOx and PM respectively, from current Tier 4F emission standards. Similarly, lower NOx and PN/PM limits can be expected from a next round of European Non-Road regulations. To meet these limits, more SCR volume for greater NOx reduction, and better filtration efficiency filters for greater PN/PM reduction, may be required. The challenge is to accommodate larger SCR volume while maintaining oxidation (DOC) and filtration (DPF) functionality of the aftertreatment system within a limited packaging space on non-road machineries. Consolidating DOC and DPF into a single component as DOC-on-filter instead of separate DOC and DPF substrates to achieve space saving has been previously discussed in literature. This study expands on the current understanding and explores various functional performance characteristics of the DOC-on-filter concept in comparison with DOC + bare DPF, DOC + PGM coated DPF. The three test
Dam, Mrinmoy, Warkins, Jason, He, Suhao
Effect of Catalyst Coating Strategy on NOx Reduction and Passive Soot Oxidation for Selective Catalytic Oxidation-Selective Catalytic Reduction Catalyst on Diesel Particulate Filter2025-01-849004/01/2025
Selective catalytic oxidation/reduction catalysts coated on diesel particulate filters (SDPF) are an important technology route to meet next-stage emission regulations. The previous research of the research group showed that compared with SDPF coated with Cu-SSZ-13, the SDPF coated with novel selective catalytic oxidation-selective catalytic reduction (SCO-SCR) catalyst, which combined MnO2-CeO2/Al2O3 and Cu-SSZ-13, can simultaneously improve NOx reduction and soot oxidation performance. Catalyst coating strategy is an important parameter affecting the performance of SDPF. In this study, the effects of different coating strategies of SCO-SCR catalysts (C25, C50, C75, and C100) on the performance of NOx reduction and soot oxidation in SDPF were investigated. The results show that, as the inlet gas temperature increases, NO emissions first decrease and then increase, NOx conversion efficiency first increases and then decreases, and the rich-NO2 area, NH3 oxidation rate, N2O, CO, CO2
Chen, Ying-jie, Tan, Piqiang, Yao, Chaojie, Lou, Diming, Hu, Zhiyuan, Yang, Wenming
Gasoline Particulate Filter Modeling with Catalytic Washcoat and Ash Accumulation and Transient Soot Distribution Prediction2025-01-848304/01/2025
The upcoming EURO 7 and EPA Tier 4 regulations and the possible China 7 are expected to tighten the tailpipe particulate emissions limits significantly. High performance Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPFs) with high filtration efficiency and low pressure drop would be mandated for gasoline engines to meet these stringent regulations. Due to packaging constraints, GPFs are often coated with three-way catalyst (TWC) materials to achieve four-way functionality. Ash accumulation in GPFs also has a significant impact on the performance of GPFs. This paper utilizes 3D CFD to predict the transient filtration efficiency and pressure drop of a washcoated GPF with ash accumulation during the soot loading process. Simulation results show a decent match with experimental data. The 3D CFD model also provides detailed information on soot penetration in the GPF wall substrate and soot cake characteristics on the wall. These information can be crucial for GPF wall substrate design and washcoating
Yang, Pengze, Cheng, Zhen
High Performance DPF to Tackle Nano Particulate Emissions for Off-Highway Applications2025-01-850104/01/2025
Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs) have been used extensively worldwide as a Particle Mass (PM) / Particle Number (PN) reduction technology for various diesel applications. Based on CARB’s latest Tier 5 regulation workshop, PM emission targets are expected to become a lot more stringent; from 0.02 g/kWh to 0.005 g/kWh (75% reduction compared to Tier 4 Final (Tier 4f)). Also, CO2 emission targets are expected to be introduced for Tier 5. In parallel, EU Stage VI emission regulation standards and implementation timing could be announced sometime in late 2024. It is expected that PN emission standards will be tightened such as extending measurement range of PN from 23 nm to 10 nm. With Tier 5 and EU Stage VI regulations approaching, several OEMs are considering implementing a common aftertreatment system that can meet emission targets for both regions. High filtration efficiency and low backpressure DPFs will be required to meet PM/PN and CO2 emission standards. NGK has developed several
Fakih, Hussein, Elizondo, Zachery, Ishikawa, Hiroaki, Yoshioka, Fumihiko, Kato, Kyohei, Suzuki, Hiroaki, Aoki, Takashi, Ito, Yoshitaka
Effect of Fuels on Compression Ignition Engine Particle Number and Mass Emissions and DPF Filtration Efficiency2025-01-850204/01/2025
As part of decarbonization, alternative fuels are likely to be used in compression ignition internal combustion engines as a substitute for diesel fuel. There have been many studies on the effect of these alternative fuels on emissions and catalytic aftertreatment systems. Past research has reported lower particulate matter (PM) and higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) with biofuels. However, there are limited studies on the effect of PM on the performance of diesel particulate filters (DPFs), especially in its effectiveness of PM filtration. PM emissions from four (4) types of fuels and five (5) of their blends, a total of nine fuels, were investigated using PM2.5 mass, soot mass, solid particle number (> 10 nm SPN10 and > 23 nm SPN23) and size distribution (6 nm to 560 nm) measurements at inlet and outlet of a DPF. The PM emissions were measured over a non-road regulatory cycle sequence consisting of five (5) non-road transient cycles (NRTCs) and five (5) non-road steady-state cycles
Lakkireddy, Venkata, Khalek, Imad, Buffaloe, Gina
Decarbonization of Off-Road Engines by Methanol Mixing-Controlled Compression Ignition with Ignition Enhancer2025-01-841104/01/2025
Methanol is one of the most promising fuels for the decarbonization of the off-road and transportation sectors. Although methanol is typically considered an alternative fuel for spark ignition engines, mixing-controlled compression ignition (MCCI) combustion is typically preferred in most off-road and medium-and heavy-duty applications due to its high reliability, durability and high-efficiency. In this paper, methanol MCCI combustion was enabled using ignition improvers and the potential benefits of this approach compared to conventional diesel combustion were investigated. Methanol was blended with 7%vol of 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) and experiments were performed in a single-cylinder production-like diesel engine with a displacement volume of 0.8315 L and a compression ratio of 16.5:1. The conditions of the ISO 8178 C1 regulatory cycle for off-road engines were tested, and performance and emissions over the cycle were calculated. Methanol MCCI shows 5.3% lower fuel consumption (in
Lee, Sanguk, Lopez Pintor, Dario, MacDonald, James, Narayanan, Abhinandhan, Chan, Adrian
Research on NOx Emission Prediction Model for Delivery Trucks Based on Machine Learning and Its Application in Smart Transportation2025-01-718002/21/2025
With the rapid development of smart transport and green emission concepts, accurate monitoring and management of vehicle emissions have become the key to achieving low-carbon transport. This study focuses on NOx emissions from transport trucks, which have a significant impact on the environment, and establishes a predictive model for NOx emissions based on the random forest model using actual operational data collected by the remote monitoring platform.The results show that the NOx prediction using the random forest model has excellent performance, with an average R2 of 0.928 and an average MAE of 43.3, demonstrating high accuracy. According to China's National Pollutant Emission Standard, NOx emissions greater than 500 ppm are defined as high emissions. Based on this standard, this paper introduces logistic regression, k-nearest neighbor, support vector machine and random forest model to predict the accuracy of high-emission classification, and the random forest model has the best
Lin, Yingxin, Li, Tiezhu
Catalyzed Gasoline Particulate Filter Performance from Fresh to Full Useful Life2024-01-431111/05/2024
The gasoline particulate filter (GPF) represents a durable solution for particulate emissions control in light-duty gasoline-fueled vehicles. It is also seen as a viable technology in North America to meet the upcoming US EPA tailpipe emission regulation, the proposed “Multipollutant Rule for Model Year 2027”. The goal of this study was to track the evolution of tailpipe particulate emissions of a modern GTDI light duty vehicle under typical North American mileage accumulation; from a fresh state to 4000-mile, and finally to its full useful life of 150,000-miles. For this purpose, a production TWC + GPF after-treatment system was installed in place of the T3B85 TWC-only system. Chassis dyno emissions testing was performed at the pre-determined mileage points with on-road driving conducted for the necessary mileage accumulation. This report will show the outstanding filtration durability and enhanced particulate control and of the current GPF technology all the way to 150,000 miles for
Craig, Angus, Warkins, Jason, Beattie, James, Nipunage, Sanket, Moser, David, Day, Ryan, Banker, Vonda
Multiphase Flow Simulation of Blow-by and Fuel-in-Oil Dilution via the Piston Ring Pack Using the Level-Set Method04-18-01-000309/09/2024
Modern diesel engines temporarily use a very late post-injection in the combustion cycle to either generate heat for a diesel particulate filter regeneration or purge a lean NOx trap. In some configurations, unburned fuel is left at the cylinder walls and is transported via the piston rings toward the lower crankcase region, where fuel may dilute the oil. Reduced oil lubrication shortens the oil service intervals and increases friction. Beside diesel fuel, this problem may also occur for other types of liquid fuels such as alcohols and e-fuels. The exact transport mechanism of the unburned fuel via the piston ring pack grooves and cylinder wall is hard to measure experimentally, motivating numerical flow simulation in early design stages for an in-depth understanding of the involved processes. A new CFD simulation methodology has been developed to investigate the transient, compressible, multiphase flow around the piston ring pack, through the gap between piston and liner, and its
Antony, Patrick, Hosters, Norbert, Behr, Marek, Hopf, Anselm, Krämer, Frank, Weber, Carsten, Turner, Paul
Impact of AdBlue Composition and Water Purity on Particle Number Increase2024-01-301207/02/2024
Previous studies have shown that dosing AdBlue into the exhaust system of diesel engines to reduce nitrogen oxides can lead to an increase in the number of particles (PN). In addition to the influencing factors of exhaust gas temperature, exhaust gas mass flow and dosing quantity, the dosed medium itself (AdBlue) is not considered as a possible influence due to its regulation in ISO-standard 22241. However, as the standard specifies limit value ranges for the individual regulated properties and components for newly sold AdBlue, in reality there is still some margin in the composition. This paper investigates the particle number increase due to AdBlue dosing using several CPCs. The increase in PN is determined by measuring the number of particles after DPF and thus directly before dosing as well as tailpipe. Several AdBlue products from different sources and countries are measured and their composition is also analyzed with regard to the limit values regulated in the standard. This
Herold, Tim, Noone, Patrick, Beidl, Christian, Boldt, Thomas, Hochholzner, Michael, Kontin, Sinisa
Kinetic Model Development for Selective Catalytic Converter Integrated Particulate Filters2024-01-263104/09/2024
To meet the stringent NOx and particulate emissions requirements of Euro 6 and China 6 standard, Selective Catalyst Reduction (SCR) catalyst integrated with wall flow particulate filter (SCR-DPF) has been found to be an effective solution for the exhaust aftertreatment systems of diesel engines. NOx is reduced by ammonia generated from urea injection while the filter effectively traps and burns the particulate matter periodically in a process called regeneration. The engine control unit (ECU) effectively manages urea injection quantity, timing and soot burning frequency for the stable functioning of the SCR-DPF without impacting drivability. To control the NOx reduction and particulate regeneration process, the control unit uses lookup tables generated from extensive hardware testing to get the current soot load and NOx slip information of SCR-DPF as a function of main exhaust state variables. In the current work, engine dynamometer tests were conducted on a SCR-DPF at different
Kannan, Rajesh, Paramadhayalan, Thiyagarajan, Mital, Rahul, Gustafson, Erik, Edwards, David
System Level Simulation of H2 ICE after Treatment System2024-01-262504/09/2024
Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines (H2 ICE) are gaining recognition as a nearly emission-free alternative to traditional ICE engines. However, H2 ICE systems face challenges related to thermal management, N2O emissions, and reduced SCR efficiency in high humidity conditions (15% H2O). This study assesses how hydrogen in the exhaust affects after-treatment system components for H2 ICE engines, such as Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), Hydrogen Oxidation Catalyst (HOC), and Ammonia Slip Catalyst (ASC). Steady-state experiments with inlet H2 inlet concentrations of 0.25% to 1% and gas stream moisture levels of up to 15% H2O were conducted to characterize the catalyst response to H2 ICE exhaust. The data was used to calibrate and validate system component models, forming the basis for a system simulation. System model validation involved comparing the model against real-world data from production diesel engine after-treatment systems for transient cycles, including Federal Test
Chundru, Venkata Rajesh, Sharp, Christopher, Rahman, Mohammed Mustafizur, Balakrishnan, Arun
Leveraging DOConFilter to Improve Exhaust System Packaging2024-01-213104/09/2024
Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) made of cordierite are generally used for diesel engine aftertreatment systems in both on-road and commercial off-highway vehicles to meet today’s worldwide emission regulations. PM/PN and NOx emission regulations will become more stringent worldwide, as represented by CARB2027 and Euro7. Technologies that can meet these strict regulations are required. As a result, aftertreatment systems have become more complex with limited space. Recently, off-highway OEMs have been interested in downsizing the aftertreatment system using concepts such as DOConFilter in an effort to reduce the size of the exhaust system. DOConFilter can effectively replace DOC + CSF or DOC + bare DPF systems with a single zone coated particulate filter. DOConFilter systems have an increased amount of coating compared to CSF as higher-filtration filters will become the norm. An undesirable increase in pressure drop is expected by adopting this new technology. In addition, soot
Kinoshita, Takashi, Tanaka, Katsunori, Furuta, Yasuyuki, Aoki, Takashi, Sakamoto, Hirofumi, Fakih, Hussein, Fukumi, Yuki, Yoshioka, Fumihiko, Kato, Kyohei
Evaluation of Uncoated Gasoline Particulate Filter Performance for US EPA MY27+ Particulate Mass Emissions Regulation2024-01-238304/09/2024
The gasoline particulate filter (GPF) represents a practical solution for particulate emissions control in light-duty gasoline-fueled vehicles. It is also seen as an essential technology in North America to meet the upcoming US EPA tailpipe emission regulation, as proposed in the “Multi-pollutant Rule for Model Year 2027”. The goal of this study was to introduce advanced, uncoated GPF products and measure their particulate mass (PM) reduction performance within the existing US EPA FTP vehicle testing procedures, as detailed in Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) part 1066. Various state-of-the-art GPF products were characterized for their microstructure properties with lab-bench checks for pressure drop and filtration efficiency, then pre-conditioned with an EPA-recommended 1500 mile on-road break-in, and finally were tested on an AWD vehicle chassis-dyno emissions test cell at both 25°C and -7°C ambient conditions. A modern, T3B70, GTDI light-duty truck served as the test vehicle
Craig, Angus, Warkins, Jason, Wassouf, Bassel, Beall, Douglas, Banker, Vonda, Madaffari Jr, Dominick
Cost-Effective D-DPF Design of Aftertreatment System for Non-Road Mobile Machinery China Stage IV2024-01-213604/09/2024
Since Non-Road Mobile Machinery (NRMM) China stage IV legislation has been implemented from 2022, some engines within maximum rated power between 37 to 560 kW are required for gaseous emissions, particulate matter (PM) and particulate number (PN) control, evaluated over testing cycle of Non-Road Transient Cycle (NRTC) and Non-Road Steady Cycle (NRSC). The pollutants from diesel engines, widely used in NRMM applications, can be controlled using aftertreatment systems which are comprised of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and a diesel particulate filter (DPF), or optionally a selective catalytic reduction (SCR). In this paper, a compact D-DPF design is introduced and discussed on application in harvesters, tractors, and forklifts. Because harvesters have higher exhaust gas temperature than other applications, more passive regeneration behaviors were observed. Subsequently, a compact design of DOC catalyst on DPF (D-DPF) was studied, in other words is to coat DOC catalyst on DPF. For a
Chen, Jian, He, Chiyi, Wang, Xuhua, Liu, Yi, Yu, Lei
Improved Coated Gasoline Particulate Filters for China 7 and US Tier 4 Legislations2024-01-238704/09/2024
The impending emission regulations in both China (CN7) and the United States (Tier 4) are set to impose more stringent emission limits on hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM). CN7 places particular emphasis on reducing particulate number (PN) thresholds, while the forthcoming United States Tier 4 legislation is primarily concerned with reducing the allowable particulate matter (PM) to an assumed limit of 0.5 mg/mile. Given the more stringent constraints on both PN and PM emissions, the development of enhanced aftertreatment solutions becomes imperative to comply with these new regulatory demands. Coated Gasoline Particulate Filters (cGPFs) play a pivotal role as essential components for effective PN and PM abatement. These filters are typically deployed in one of two configurations: close-coupled to the turbocharger positioned downstream of a primary three-way catalyst (TWC) or located further downstream of the exhaust system in an
Schoenhaber, Jan, Kawashima, Shota, Gotthardt, Meike, Schühle, Johannes
Particulate filter performance mapping for in-service conformity2024-01-238204/09/2024
The proposed Euro-7 regulations are expected to build on the significant emissions reductions that have already been achieved using advanced Euro VI compliant after treatment systems (ATS). The introduction of in-service conformity (ISC) requirements during Euro VI paved the way for enabling compliance during real-world driving conditions. The diverse range of applications and resulting operating conditions greatly impact ATS design and the ability of the diesel particulate filter (DPF) to maintain performance under the most challenging boundary conditions including cold starts, partial/complete regenerations, and high passive soot burn operation. The current study attempts to map the particle number (PN) filtration performance of different DPF technologies under a variety of in-use cycles developed based on field-data from heavy duty Class-8 / N3 vehicles. Access to such performance maps can allow original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to select DPF technologies to suit different
Viswanathan, Sandeep, Sadek, Ghadi, Reddy, Vishal, He, Suhao, Alam, Rabeka
Next Generations of Gasoline Particulate Filters for Catalyzed Applications2024-01-238404/09/2024
Gasoline particulate filters (GPF) have become a standard aftertreatment component in Europe, China, and since recently, India, where particulate emissions are based on a particle number (PN) standard. The anticipated evolution of regulations in these regions towards future EU7, CN7, and BS7 standards further enhances the needs with respect to the filtration capabilities of the GPFs used. Emission performance has to be met over a broader range in particle size, counting particles down to 10nm, and over a broader range of boundary conditions. The requirements with respect to pressure drop, aiming for as low as possible, and durability remain similar or are also enhanced further. To address these future needs new filter technologies have been developed. New technologies for uncatalyzed GPF applications have been introduced in our previous publications. In this contribution we will describe novel Generation 2 and 3 technologies of Corning’s high porosity Corning® DuraTrap® GC HP filters
Boger, Thorsten, Rose, Dominik, Li, Chunbo, Chijiiwa, Ryoko, Remy, Christophe, Alam, Rabeka
Optimized Soot Monitoring by Ammonia Injection in a sDPF System for BS6.2 Application2024-26-014101/16/2024
The BS6 norms (phase 1) were implemented in India from April 1, 2020 and replaced the previous BS4 norms. Phase 2 of the BS6 norms, which came into effect on April 1, 2023. In accordance with the regulation requirement, effective performance of after treatment systems like DPF and SCR demands critical hardware implementation and robust monitoring strategies in the extended operating zone. Effective OBD monitoring of DPF, which is common to all BSVI certified vehicles, such that the defined strategy detects the presence or absence of the component is imperative. A robust monitoring strategy is developed to detect the presence of the DPF in the real world incorporating the worst possible driving conditions including idling, and irrespective of other environmental factors subject to a location or terrain. The differential pressure sensor across the DPF is used to study the actual pressure drop across the DPF. Additional for BS 6 (phase 2) PM sensor becomes an important part to keep the
Sharma, Prashant, Hareesh, Sangaraju, V, Suryanarayanan, Palanisamy, Krishnaraj, P, Jagdesan, Rathiya, Akash
Soot Sensor Elimination with DPF Substrate Failure Monitoring2024-26-015301/16/2024
The automobile industry is going through one of the most challenging times, with increased competition in the market which is enforcing competitive prices of the products along with meeting the stringent emission norms. One such requirement for BS6 phase 2 emission norms is monitoring for partial failure of the component if the tailpipe emissions are higher than the OBD limits. Recently PM (soot) sensor is employed for partial failure monitoring of DPF in diesel passenger cars.. PM sensor detects soot leakage in case of DPF substrate failure. There is a cost factor along with extensive calibration efforts which are needed to ensure sensor works flawlessly. This paper deals with the development of an algorithm with which robust detection of DPF substrate failure is achieved without addition of any sensor in the aftertreatment system. In order to achieve this, a thermodynamic model of DPF substate was created using empirical relations between parameters like exhaust flow rate, exhaust
Jain, Praveer Kirtimohan, Yadav, Omkar, Chendil, Chellapandi, Krishnaraj, P, R, Sivasubramamanian, Daithankar, Parag Narsinha, Shanmugam Ramakrishnan, Muthu
GPF: An Effective Technology to Minimize Two Wheeler (2Wh) Particulate Emission2024-26-014001/16/2024
India is the world’s largest two-wheeler (2Wh) market. With the proportion of its middle class rapidly rising, 2Wh sales and the resulting emissions, are expected to grow exponentially. The decision to leap-frog from BSIV to BSVI emission norms shows India’s commitment to clean up its atmosphere. As of now, the regulation mandates Gaseous Pollutant (CO, HC, NOx) emission limits for all 2Whs and a particulate limit (PM & PN) for 2Whs powered by Direct Injection (DI) engines. Most of the 2Whs manufactured in India are powered by gasoline engines using the Port Fuel Injection (PFI) technology, and hence by definition particulate emission limits do not apply to them. Particulates when inhaled - especially of the ultrafine sizes capable of entering the blood stream - pose a serious health risk. This was the primary motivation to investigate the particulate emission levels of the 2Whs, which as on date, do not come under the purview of BSVI regulation. A study was conducted selecting a
Bhimavarapu, Aditya, Singh, Sunil Kumar, Kataria, Rohit, Rose, Dominik, Boger, Thorsten
A Holistic Approach of DPF Calibration to Address Various Off Highway Field Implements2024-26-006901/16/2024
Off-highway segment (OHW) is to meet the new emission norms of CEV BS V/Trem-V legislations. For new emission norms numerous development and validation activities need to be carried out to achieve the results with in a very short development time. The conventional Mechanical Fuel Injection system is being replaced with Common Rail Injection system and with advanced Exhaust Gas after treatment system like DOC, DPF & SCR etc. The development approach of all work package at engine/vehicle level requires huge efforts in terms of calibration and validation to meet the emission standards of various end implements specific to the Indian market. Diesel Particulate Filter has become a necessary After treatment system in OHW segments to meet new emission legislation especially for the reduction of particulate matter, wherein DPF helps in accumulation of the particulate matter. At a certain period of engine running, Particulate matter will be loaded in the DPF to its maximum extent which in turn
Thavasu, RajKumar, C, Mohana, N, Ramprasad, My, Raghu, Madhukar, Prahlad
Gasoline Particulate Filter Calibration Approach for BS6 Market2024-26-015601/16/2024
With the implementation of BS6 Norms, there is an increased focus on reducing particulate matter emissions from gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines. GPFs are effective in capturing particulate matter (PM) and particulate number (PN) but their calibration is critical to ensure optimal performance and emissions compliance. This paper presents a study on the calibration of Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPF) to comply with Bharat Stage-6 (BS6) emissions norms. The focus is on thermal management, soot loading, ash loading, and the unique challenges faced in the Indian market. Thermal management strategies include active and passive methods to optimize GPF regeneration and prevent thermal degradation. Soot load detection involves engine-out simulation-based approach as well as delta-Pressure-based approach for accurate soot modelling. Impact of ash loading and its effects on filtration efficiency and pressure drop will also be discussed. Further the strategies to overcome the challenges
Arale, Shrikant, B G, Sharath, Chaudhari, Kuldeepak, Madhukar, Prahlad, MY, Raghu
Diesel Emissions and Their Control, Second EditionR-53312/20/2023
Engineers, applied scientists, students, and individuals working to reduce emissions and advance diesel engine technology will find the second edition of Diesel Emissions and Their Control to be an indispensable reference. Whether readers are at the outset of their learning journey or seeking to deepen their expertise, this comprehensive reference book caters to a wide audience. In this substantial update to the 2006 classic, the authors have expanded the coverage of the latest emission technologies. With the industry evolving rapidly, the book ensures that readers are well-informed about the most recent advances in commercial diesel engines, providing a competitive edge in their respective fields. The second edition has also streamlined the content to focus on the most promising technologies. This book is rooted in the wealth of information available on DieselNet.com, where the "Technology Guide" papers offer in-depth insights. Each chapter includes links to relevant online materials
Majewski, Addy, Jaaskelainen, Hannu
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