Browse Topic: Particulate filters
With the implementation of BS6 Norms, there is an increased focus on reducing particulate matter emissions from gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines. GPFs are effective in capturing particulate matter (PM) and particulate number (PN) but their calibration is critical to ensure optimal performance and emissions compliance. This paper presents a study on the calibration of Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPF) to comply with Bharat Stage-6 (BS6) emissions norms. The focus is on thermal management, soot loading, ash loading, and the unique challenges faced in the Indian market. Thermal management strategies include active and passive methods to optimize GPF regeneration and prevent thermal degradation. Soot load detection involves engine-out simulation-based approach as well as delta-Pressure-based approach for accurate soot modelling. Impact of ash loading and its effects on filtration efficiency and pressure drop will also be discussed. Further the strategies to overcome the challenges
The automobile industry is going through one of the most challenging times, with increased competition in the market which is enforcing competitive prices of the products along with meeting the stringent emission norms. One such requirement for BS6 phase 2 emission norms is monitoring for partial failure of the component if the tailpipe emissions are higher than the OBD limits. Recently PM (soot) sensor is employed for partial failure monitoring of DPF in diesel passenger cars.. PM sensor detects soot leakage in case of DPF substrate failure. There is a cost factor along with extensive calibration efforts which are needed to ensure sensor works flawlessly. This paper deals with the development of an algorithm with which robust detection of DPF substrate failure is achieved without addition of any sensor in the aftertreatment system. In order to achieve this, a thermodynamic model of DPF substate was created using empirical relations between parameters like exhaust flow rate, exhaust
Recent legislations require very low soot emissions downstream of the particulate filter in diesel vehicles. It will be difficult to meet the new more stringent OBD requirements with standard diagnostic methods based on differential sensors. The use of inexpensive and reliable soot sensors has become the focus of several academic and industrial works over the past decade. In this context, several diagnostic strategies have been developed to detect DPF malfunction based on the soot sensor loading time. This work proposes an advanced online diagnostic method based on soot sensor signal projection. The proposed method is model-free and exclusively uses soot sensor signal without the need for subsystem models or to estimate engine-out soot emissions. It provides a comprehensive and efficient filter monitoring scheme with light calibration efforts. The proposed diagnostic algorithm has been tested on an experimentally validated simulation platform. 2D signatures are generated from soot
A multi-functional membrane filter was developed through deposition of agglomerated Three-Way Catalyst particles with a size of 1 ~ 2 microns on the conventional bare particulate filter. The filtration efficiency reaches almost 100 % from the beginning of soot trapping with a low pressure drop and both reductions of NO and CO emission were achieved
This research aimed to improve the PN filtration efficiency of a catalyst coated gasoline particulate filter (cGPF) to meet the next generation of emissions regulations for internal combustion engines. This paper proposes a concept that improves the PN filtration performance while maintaining low pressure drop by forming a thin PM trap layer on the surface of the cGPF substrate. The design guidelines for the coating particle size and coating amount of the PM trap layer were investigated, and actual manufacturing issues were also identified. The validity of this concept and guidelines was then verified on an actual vehicle
Thermal management in off road vehicles is critical because it directly or indirectly affects engine performance, fuel economy, safety, and emission. With the introduction of stringent exhaust emission norms such as the EU stage V and EPA Final Tier 4, modern engines use a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) to trap the soot particles present in the exhaust gases. These soot particles are burned using a process called regeneration where skin temperature of DPF increases beyond 400 °C. Situation becomes more worst when the vehicle is shutdown just after the regeneration, where the coolant fan is off and there is no active airflow. Hot air gets trapped and start increasing under hood temperature, affecting the performance of other sub systems like air intake, electrical components, aftertreatment sensors etc. There are several ways to manage this heat load. Normally the heat built up in the under-hood compartment escape to the environment by two paths - convection and radiation. This
To meet stringent emission norms and commercial vehicle customer demands, the selection of an after-treatment system (ATS) plays a considerable role. Therefore, the selected ATS should substantially reduce nitrogen oxide emission by proper decomposition of ammonia and particulate matter without significantly increasing the thermal stress on DPF. Though the BS-VI after-treatment architecture is derived from EURO-VI, only a certain level of technology for the vehicle operating conditions in India can be implemented. However, numerous vehicle operating condition challenges in the Indian market must be explicated. Correspondingly, it should be addressed with a robust durability validation methodology to enhance the ATS product performance in challenging environments. This paper discusses SCR catalysts emission performance and ammonia decomposition durability validation methodology for commercial vehicles. In addition, during various vehicle duty cycle conditions, the effectiveness of DPF
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