Browse Topic: Maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO)

Items (1,118)

Material Adapted Method for the Repair of Curved Thermoplastic Composite Structures by Induction Welding of Patches

2025-01-0165To be published on 05/02/2025

Thermoplastic fiber-reinforced polymer composites (TPCs) are gaining importance in aviation due to their high strength, stiffness, and recyclability. To maximize their potential, efficient repair methods are needed to maintain aircraft safety and structural integrity. This article introduces a novel repair technique for damaged TPC structures, involving the insertion of a repair patch with a susceptor material. The susceptor consists of a material with high electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability and therefore reacts stronger to the electromagnetic field than the composite, even if it is carbon fiber based. This means that the thermal energy is specifically concentrated in the repair area. The susceptor can be placed on the patch surface or in the welding zone. The process begins by identifying and preparing the damaged area, followed by precise scarfing. Care is taken to ensure that the surrounding material remains intact and that an exact stepped structure is created, which

Geiger, Markus, Glaap, Anton, Schiebel, Patrick, May, David

Enhancing Airworthiness Security: SysML-Based Approach to Modelling Security Scope Definitions

2025-01-0172To be published on 05/02/2025

Airworthiness certification of aircraft requires an Airworthiness Security Process (AWSP) to ensure safe operation under potential unauthorized interactions, particularly in the context of growing cyber threats. Regulatory authorities mandate the consideration of Intentional Unauthorized Electronic Interactions (IUEI) in the development of aircraft, airborne software, and equipment. As the industry increasingly adopts Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) to accelerate development, we aim to enhance this effort by focusing on security scope definitions – a critical step within the AWSP for security risk assessment that establishes the boundaries and extent of security measures. However, our findings indicate that, despite the increasing use of model-based tools in development, these security scope definitions often remain either document-based or, when modeled, are presented at overly abstract levels, both of which limit their utility. Furthermore, we found that these definitions

Hechelmann, Adrian, Mannchen, Thomas

Air Conditioning Service Procedures for Off-Road Work Machines and Agricultural Tractors Using HFC-134a or HFO-1234yf Refrigerant

J3126_202504 (Historical)

04/14/2025

This SAE Recommended Practice is intended to provide technicians with safe and efficient techniques and general equipment recommendations for servicing mobile air conditioning systems in off-road, self-propelled work machines as defined in SAE J1116 and tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry as defined in ASABE standard ANSI/ASAE S390. Both refrigerants HFC-134a (R-134a) and HFO-1234yf (R-1234yf) are covered. Many service procedures are similar for both refrigerants, but recovery, recycling, charging, and electronic leak detection tools can be unique to each refrigerant.

HFTC6, Operator Accommodation

SAE TOMORROW TODAY UNPLUGGED - The Fragmentation of the Robotaxi Market

1351004/10/2025

The robotaxi market is experiencing significant change, with the once-dominant Waymo now facing competition from new entrants like Nuro and Wayve who are licensing their autonomous driving technology -- a strategy that could reshape the industry. In addition, Tesla's Cybercab is aiming to launch a commercial service by the end of 2025 that allows owners to generate revenue through the Tesla network. Lyft and Uber are also adapting through the power of partnership, emphasizing the importance of fleet management in the operation and maintenance of robotaxis. In this Unplugged episode of SAE Tomorrow Today, host Grayson Brulte breaks it all down and discusses how the impact of a fragmented market will likely result in a convergence of personally owned AVs, traditional robotaxis, and niche players. Have your own thoughts on this topic? We'd love to hear from you! Share your comments, questions or ideas for future topics with Grayson on Twitter or send them to podcast@sae.org. Follow SAE on

Hineman, Marcie

Telematics-Based Managed EV Charging: A Pilot Case Study for Utility Bulk and Distribution Grid Services

2025-01-8122

04/01/2025

Growth in the EV market is resulting in an unprecedented increase of electrical load from EV charging at the household level. This has led to concern about electric utilities’ ability to upgrade electrical distribution infrastructure at an affordable cost and sufficient speed to keep up with EV sales. Adoption of EVs in the California market has outpaced the national average and offers early insight for other regions of the United States. The Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) partnered with two grid-edge Distributed Energy Resource Management System (DERMS) providers, the OVGIP (recently incorporated as ChargeScape, a joint venture of Ford, BMW, Honda, and Nissan) and Optiwatt, to deliver a vehicle telematics-based active managed charging pilot. The pilot program, launched in Summer 2022 enrolled approximately 1,200 EVs over two years including Tesla, Ford, BMW, and GM vehicles. The goal of this pilot program was to evaluate the business case for managed charging to mitigate

Liddell, Chelsea, Schaefer, Walter, Dreffs, Kora, Moul, Jacob, Kay, Carol, Aswani, Deepak

Matchit: A Domain-Adaptable Information Extraction and Categorization Tool for Enhanced Decision Making

2025-01-8107

04/01/2025

This paper presents Matchit, a novel method for expediting issue investigation and generating actionable insights from textual data. Recognizing the challenges of extracting relevant information from large, unstructured datasets, we propose a domain-adaptable approach by integrating expert domain knowledge to guide Large Language models (LLMs) to automatically identify and categorize key information into distinct topics. This process offers two key functionalities: fully automatic topic extraction based solely on input data, providing a concise overview of the problem and potential solutions, and user-guided extraction, where domain experts can specify the type of information or pre-defined categories to target specific insights. This flexibility allows for both broad exploration and focused analysis of the data. Matchit's efficacy is demonstrated through its application in the automotive industry, where it successfully extracts repair diagnostics from diverse textual sources like

Wang, Lijun, Arora, Karunesh

Enhancing Tire Predictive Maintenance with Next-Generation TPMS Sensors

2025-01-8759

04/01/2025

This paper presents findings on the use of data from next-generation Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS), for estimating key tire states such as leak rates, load, and location, which are crucial for tire-predictive maintenance applications. Next-generation TPMS sensors provide a cost-effective and energy-efficient solution suitable for large-scale deployments. Unlike traditional TPMS, which primarily monitor tire pressure, the next-generation TPMS used in this study includes an additional capability to measure the tire's centerline footprint length (FPL). This feature offers significant added value by providing comprehensive insights into tire wear, load, and auto-location. These enhanced functionalities enable more effective tire management and predictive maintenance. This study collected vehicle and tire data from a passenger car hatchback equipped with next-generation TPMS sensors mounted on the inner liner of the tire. The data was analyzed to propose vehicle-tire physics

Sharma, Sparsh, Son, Roman

Next-Gen Italian Urban Mobility: Emissions LCA and TCO Prospective for Innovative Transportation Solutions

2025-01-8593

04/01/2025

Reducing vehicle numbers and enhancing public transport can significantly cut emissions in the transport sector. Hydrogen-fueled and battery electric buses show the potential for decarbonization, but a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is essential to evaluate carbon emissions from energy production and manufacturing. In addition, even associated pollutant emissions, together with components’ wear, must be taken into account to evaluate the overall environmental impact. Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) analysis complements this by assessing long-term expenses, enabling stakeholders to balance environmental and economic considerations. This study examines carbon and pollutant emissions alongside TCO for innovative urban mobility powertrains (compared with diesel), focusing on Italian current and future hydrogen and electricity mix scenarios, even considering 100 % green hydrogen (100GH), the goal being to support sustainable decision-making and to promote eco-friendly transport solutions. The

Brancaleoni, Pier Paolo, Damiani Ferretti, Andrea Nicolò, Corti, Enrico, Ravaglioli, Vittorio, Moro, Davide

Decoding User Experience: A Study of Public EV Charging Stations Based on Amap Comments

2025-01-8115

04/01/2025

The rapid expansion of the electric vehicle (EV) market has intensified the need for robust charging infrastructure. The quality of their experiences at public charging stations has become crucial to sustaining this transition. Key factors such as station accessibility, charging speed, and pricing transparency significantly affect user satisfaction. In Guangzhou, a China's major metropolitan city with an EV penetration rate exceeding 50%, this city offers an ideal context to assess the alignment between expanding EV infrastructure and user needs. This study examines user satisfaction with EV public charging stations in Guangzhou using a dataset of over 2,000 user comments from Amap. The comments are first processed using the Jieba segmentation library, with sentiment analysis conducted through the Natural Language Processing tool SnowNLP, categorizing comments by sentiment (419 positive, 156 neutral, and 1,690 negative). Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency(TF-IDF) is then applied

Guo, Haifeng, Ou, Shiqi (Shawn), Jing, Hao, Qi, Hao, Shi, Lanxin

Designing Software for SAE J1939 ECUs to Improve Cybersecurity

2025-01-8082

04/01/2025

SAE J1939 is a CAN-based standard used for connecting various ECUs together within a vehicle. There are also some related protocols sharing many of the features of SAE J1939 across other industries including ISO11783, RVC and NMEA 2000. The standard has enabled the easy integration of electronic devices into a vehicle. However, as with all CAN-based protocols, several vulnerabilities to cyberattacks have been identified and are discussed in this paper. Many are at the CAN-level, whilst others are in common with those protocols from the SAE J1939 family of protocols. This paper reviews the known vulnerabilities that have been identified with the SAE J1939 protocol at CAN and J1939-levels, along with proposed mitigation strategies that can be implemented in software. At the CAN-level, the weaknesses include ways to spoof the network by exploiting parts of the protocol. Denial of Service is also possible at the CAN-level. At the SAE J1939-level, weaknesses include Denial of Service type

Quigley, Christopher

Machine Learning-Based Digital Twin for Optimizing Automotive Components

2025-01-8206

04/01/2025

This paper presents a Digital Twin approach based on Machine Learning (ML), aimed at creating software-based sensors to reduce the auxiliary devices of the vehicle and enabling predictive maintenance, thus reducing carbon footprint. The solution is applied to the electric Lubrication Oil Pump (eLOP), a crucial component within a vehicle's powertrain system. The proposed eLOP Digital Twin integrates ML-based sensors to estimate critical parameters such as temperature, pressure and flow rate, reducing the reliance on physical sensors and associated hardware. This approach minimizes manufacturing complexity and cost, enhancing energy efficiency during both production and operation. Furthermore, the Digital Twin facilitates predictive maintenance by continuously monitoring the component's performance, enabling early detection of potential failures and optimizing maintenance schedules. This leads to lower energy consumption and reduced emissions throughout the component's lifecycle. The

Khan, Jalal, D'Alessandro, Stefano, Tramaglia, Federico, Fauda, Alessandro

Kalmar launches 3rd-gen electric terminal tractor

25TOFHP04_10

04/01/2025

Electric vehicle (EV) growth may be stagnant in certain market sectors amid pushback on EV mandates along with lingering infrastructure and TCO concerns, but in terminal tractor operations electrification is growing in demand. As part of its initial Run on Less - Electric demonstration, the North American Council for Freight Efficiency (NACFE) concluded that terminal tractors are “one of the best, if not the best, paths for heavy-duty tractor fleets to learn about and implement a BEV in a fleet operation.” Fleets operating in ports, intermodal yards and other logistics hubs have a new option from which to choose now that Kalmar officially began sales of its Ottawa T2 EV electric terminal tractor. The order book opened at the Technology & Maintenance Council's (TMC) 2025 Transportation Technology Exhibition in Nashville, Tennessee, in March. Kalmar states that select customers have already placed preorders. Initial deliveries will begin in Q2 2025.

Gehm, Ryan

Advancing Oil Maintenance Practices: Insights from Viscosity Analysis

2025-01-5019

03/21/2025

There is a lack of data to support the efficacy of traditional mileage and time-based criteria for oil changes in vehicles. In this study, used-oil samples from 63 vehicles were collected and analyzed. Besides dynamic viscosity, viscosity index and activation energy were evaluated as measures of thermal stability of viscosity. The results revealed that mileage and time of use are not significantly correlated with (p > 0.05) and are thus poor indicators of oil viscosity and viscosity thermal stability measures. These findings highlight the limitations of current criteria and underscore the need for new sensing and evaluation methods to reduce costs, waste, and environmental impact while ensuring vehicle performance.

Salvi, Nilesh, Tan, Jinglu

The Logistic Lasso and Ridge Regression Algorithm-Based Airline Passenger Satisfaction Prediction Model

2025-01-7168

03/19/2025

Airline passenger satisfaction is important for airline operation service quality management. When airline companies carry out advertisement campaigns or plan a marketing strategy, the resources and budgets are not unlimited. Thus, an airline can only focus on improving a few factors that drive passenger satisfaction. To understand the key satisfies for the young and the old adults, respectively, we leverage five airline passenger satisfaction methods to identify the key factors that explain the airline service satisfaction of different passengers. In particular, we investigate and compare the ridge and the Lasso regularization in terms of the resulting model’s sparsity and computational efficiency. The top three important factors that influence the old’s satisfaction are departure and arrival time convenience, legroom service, and baggage handling. Our findings indicate that the young people place a higher value on entertainment, while the old adults place a higher value on usefulness

Ma, Jie, Hu, Song, Wang, Haipeng

Traffic Event Extraction and Geographization from Natural Language Web Text

2025-01-7213

03/19/2025

Real-time traffic event information is essential for various applications, including travel service improvement, vehicle map updating, and road management decision optimization. With the rapid advancement of Internet, text published from network platforms has become a crucial data source for urban road traffic events due to its strong real-time performance and wide space-time coverage and low acquisition cost. Due to the complexity of massive, multi-source web text and the diversity of spatial scenes in traffic events, current methods are insufficient for accurately and comprehensively extracting and geographizing traffic events in a multi-dimensional, fine-grained manner, resulting in this information cannot be fully and efficiently utilized. Therefore, in this study, we proposed a “data preparation - event extraction - event geographization” framework focused on traffic events, integrating geospatial information to achieve efficient text extraction and spatial representation. First

Hu, Chenyu, Wu, Hangbin, Wei, Chaoxu, Chen, Qianqian, Yue, Han, Huang, Wei, Liu, Chun, Fu, Ting, Wang, Junhua

Isolation and Corrosion Protection of Dissimilar Materials, Carbon Composite Structure Repair

ARP4118C (Current)

03/05/2025

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides methods and guidelines for isolating dissimilar repair patch materials from carbon fiber reinforced plastic (herein also referred to as carbon composite) structure during a repair operation.

AMS G9 Aerospace Sealing Committee

Synthetic On-Board Diagnostics Data Generation and Evaluation for Vehicle Diagnostic Testing

2025-01-5010

03/04/2025

The generation of data plays a vital role in machine learning (ML) techniques by providing the foundation for training and improvement of forecast models. As one application area for these models, in-vehicle systems, like vehicle diagnostics, have the potential to enhance the reliability and durability of vehicles by utilizing ML models in the testing phases. However, acquiring a high volume of quality onboard diagnostics (OBD) data is time-consuming and poses challenges like the risk of exposing sensitive information. To address this issue, synthetic data generation offers a promising alternative that is already in use in other domains. Thereby, synthetic data allows the exploitation of knowledge found in original data, ensuring the privacy of sensitive data, with less time costs of data acquisition. The application of such synthetically generated data could be found in predictive maintenance, predictive diagnostics, anomaly detection, and others. For this purpose, the research

Vučinić, Veljko, Hantschel, Frank, Kotschenreuther, Thomas

R-1234yf Service Hose, Fittings, and Couplers for Mobile Refrigerant Systems Service Equipment

J2888_202502 (Current)

02/25/2025

This SAE Standard covers fittings, couplers, and hoses intended for connecting service hoses from mobile air-conditioning systems to service equipment such as charging, recovery, and recycling equipment (see Figure 1). This specification covers service hose fittings and couplers for MAC service equipment service hoses, per SAE J2843 and SAE J2851, from mobile air-conditioning systems to service equipment such as manifold gauges, vacuum pumps, and air-conditioning charging, recovery, and recycling equipment.

Interior Climate Control Service Committee

Tunnel Lining Crack Intelligent Recognition Based on YOLOv11 Algorithm

2025-01-7137

02/21/2025

Tunnel linings are an important safeguard for the integrity and stability of tunnels. However, cracks in the tunnel lining may have extremely unfavourable consequences. With the acceleration of urbanisation and the increasing construction of tunnels, the problem of cracks in the concrete lining is becoming more and more prominent. These cracks not only seriously affect the stability of the structure, but also pose a serious threat to the safety of tunnel operation. If left unchecked, the cracks may expand further and cause various safety hazards, such as water leakage and falling blocks. This in turn will undermine the normal function of the tunnel and endanger the lives of tunnel users. It has been proved that the traditional manual method of detecting cracks in tunnels has problems such as low accuracy and low efficiency. In order to solve this problem, it is very necessary for this study to pioneer an intelligent method for identifying tunnel lining cracks using the YOLOv11

Zhang, Yalin, Niu, Pei, Guo, Feng, Yan, Wei, Liu, Jian, Kou, Lei

Classification of Pavement Distress Images Using Fusion Convolutional Neural Network of Dual Branch

2025-01-7131

02/21/2025

In recent years, the issue of highway maintenance has become increasingly prominent. How to precisely detect and classify fine cracks and various types of pavement defects on highways through technical means is an essential foundation for achieving intelligent road maintenance. This paper first constructs the DenseNet201-PDC and MobileNetV2-PDC sub-classification networks that incorporate the three-channel attention judgment mechanism MCA. Secondly, based on the principle of parallel connection, a brand-new dual-branch fusion convolutional neural network DBF-PDC capable of classifying pavement defects in highway scenarios is proposed. Finally, this paper builds the Pavement Distress Datasets of Southeast University and conducts relevant ablation experiments. The experimental results demonstrate that both the attention mechanism module and the feature fusion strategy can significantly enhance the network's ability to classify pavement defects in highway scenarios. The average

Zhang, Ziyi, Zhao, Chihang, Shao, Yongjun, Wang, Junjun

Modeling Internal Node Impedance in High-Speed Rail Passenger Hubs Based on Queuing Theory

2025-01-7172

02/21/2025

High-speed railway (HSR) hubs play a pivotal role in the integrated transport system, efficiently connecting various modes of transport and facilitating transport integration. Characterized by their large scale, complex functional spatial layouts, and diverse interchange types, these hubs see a growing proportion of passenger traffic annually. Thus, studying the interchange impedance in high-speed railway passenger transport hubs is crucial for enhancing interchange efficiency and service quality. However, current research lacks a quantitatively comparable impedance model for high-speed railway hubs, particularly under peak passenger flow conditions. This paper addresses this gap by examining the internal node impedance at Nanjing South Railway Station, focusing on the entry gate turnstile node and security check node. It begins by analyzing passenger passing behavior at these nodes and then constructs a integrated queuing model for inbound gates and security checks, considering the

Zhang, Zhenyu, Wang, Jian

Research on Triple-Frequency Dual-Ionosphere-Free Combination PPP Based on PPP-B2b Service

2025-01-7157

02/21/2025

The recent public release of the PPP-B2b service, along with advancements in multi-frequency and multi-GNSS systems, has opened up significant new opportunities for the development of Precise Point Positioning (PPP) technology. Utilizing the precise orbit and clock corrections provided by PPP-B2b and the increasing availability of multi-frequency signals, this paper introduces a novel tri-frequency, dual ionosphere-free PPP model based on PPP-B2b services. The model is designed with twelve unique tri-frequency combinations, tailored to various frequency choices, combination methodologies, and single/dual GNSS systems. Results from static positioning experiments indicate that the BDS-only tri-frequency dual ionosphere-free model offers substantial improvements over traditional models. Specifically, it achieves approximately a 25% increase in vertical accuracy and reduces convergence time by around 30% when compared to the BDS-only tri-frequency undifferenced uncombined model. This

Xu, Dawei, Gao, Chengfa, Xu, Zhenhao, Zhan, Kaidi, Guo, Songlin

Intelligent Pavement Maintenance Optimization Technique for Automatic Driving

2025-01-7153

02/21/2025

Compared to manual driving, autonomous driving is more prone to the rapid development and deterioration of pavement distress due to the concentration of driving paths. Therefore, a reasonable and efficient maintenance strategy is required. To address the challenges posed by the numerous constraints and objectives in the maintenance strategy generation process, this paper proposes a multi-objective optimization-based method for generating pavement maintenance strategies. The approach leverages advanced pavement distress detection technologies to establish an initial maintenance program, incorporating a range of constraints and maintenance objectives, such as cost-efficiency, performance longevity, and environmental impact. The method applies a genetic algorithm (GA) to iteratively refine and optimize the maintenance strategy, ensuring that the solutions align with both immediate and long-term performance goals for autonomous vehicle operations. A case study utilizing real-world road

Yang, Liwenyun, Li, Wei, Chen, Leilei

Maintenance Scheduling Optimization of Urban Non-intrusive Road Intelligent Transportation System Equipment under the Autonomous Driving Environment

2025-01-7148

02/21/2025

The increasing traveling demands are putting higher pressure on urban networks, where the efficient driving modes highly depend on various non-intrusive ITS equipment for interaction, which asks for higher maintenance scheduling plans minimizing network loss. Current studies have researched methodologies with the aspects of deterministic methods and metaheuristic algorithms under different scenarios, but lack the simulation considering maintenance work type, urban traffic characteristics as well as the ITS equipment. This study aims to optimize the maintenance scheduling plan of urban ITS systems by using the genetic algorithm (GA) and Dijkstra algorithm, as well as other judgmental algorithms to minimize traffic delays caused by maintenance activities, and presents a novel method to assess economic losses. A mixed integer programming model is established simulating the real urban network while considering multiple constraints, including the route selection principle, network updating

Pei, Haoyi, Ji, Yanjie, Chen, Ziang

REPAIR SLEEVE, LARGE WIRE/CABLE INSULATION DAMAGE, ELECTRIC, PERMANENT, ENVIRONMENT RESISTANT, 260 °C MAXIMUM OPERATING TEMPERATURE, TYPE II

AS6224/2A (Current)02/07/2025

AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Launching Human Space Travel with a Luxury Balloon

1349801/23/2025

Imagine a six-hour journey to outer space that includes a world-class meal, cocktail service, Wi-Fi, and unprecedented views of Earth. This experience could soon become reality. Space Perspective, the world's first carbon-neutral spaceflight experience company, is commercializing space travel with Spaceship Neptune, a pressurized capsule propelled by a giant SpaceBalloon(TM). The experience is designed to be gentle and accessible with no rockets, weightlessness, heavy g-forces, or training required. Alongside world-class meal and cocktail service, space travelers will also enjoy views through the largest windows ever flown to space, Wi-Fi, and a proper restroom. To learn more, we sat down with Taber MacCallum, Founder and Chief Technology Officer, Space Perspective, to discuss the technical development of the SpaceBalloon(TM) and how the company is unlocking the market for space travel in a new and innovative way. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for

Hineman, Marcie

Wrap-Around Insulation Repair and Protection Sleeve, Permanent, Electric, Environment Resistant

AS6224A (Current)

01/21/2025

The AS6224 specification covers environment resistant, permanent insulation repair sleeves for repairing different types of insulation damages of wire or cable jackets in installed applications. The repair sleeve is intended to repair damaged primary wire or cable jacket covers where the shielding and wire conductors are not damaged.

AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee

Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engine Lubricants Performance and Service Classification

J2116_202501 (Current)

01/21/2025

This SAE Standard was prepared by Technical Committee 1, Engine Lubrication, of SAE Fuels and Lubricants Council. The intent is to improve communications among engine manufacturers, engine users, and lubricant marketers in describing lubricant performance characteristics. The key objective is to ensure that a correct lubricant is used in each two-stroke-cycle engine.

Fuels and Lubricants TC 1 Engine Lubrication

Maintenance Interval Chart

J753_202501 (Current)

01/21/2025

Instructions on this chart are intended to be used as a ready reference by personnel responsible for servicing off-road self-propelled work machines described in SAE J1116, categories 1, 2, 3, and 4. Detailed maintenance and service guidelines are reserved for maintenance, operator, and lubrication manuals as defined in SAE J920.

Machine Technical Steering Committee

Evaluation of Superficial Damage of Mechanical Components through Digital Image Analysis Using Deep Learning Framework

2024-36-0034

12/20/2024

Mechanical component failure often heralds superficial damage indicators such as color alteration due to overheating, texture degradation like rusting or false brinelling, spalling, and crack propagation. Conventional damage assessment relies heavily on visual inspections performed by technicians, a practice bogged down by time constraints and the subjective nature of human error. This research paper delves into the integration of deep learning methodologies to revolutionize surface damage evaluation, addressing significant bottlenecks in diagnostic precision and processing efficiency. We detail the end-to-end process of developing an intelligent inspection system: selecting appropriate deep learning architectures, annotating datasets, implementing data augmentation, optimizing hyperparameters, and deploying the model for widespread user accessibility. Specifically, the paper highlights the customization and assessment of state-of-the-art models, including EfficientNet B7 for

Cury, Rudoniel, Gioria, Gustavo, Chandrasekaran, Balaji

Multi Criteria Analysis Selection of Cylindrical Spur Gears

2024-36-0117

12/20/2024

Organizations need to maintain their processes at high levels of efficiency to be competitive, asset management and industrial maintenance are extremely important to obtain positive results in optimizing operating costs, saving energy resources, reduction of environmental impacts among other characteristics that are considered differential for organizations. In this scenario, methods are increasingly being sought to assist managers in decision-making processes that contain several alternatives and selection criteria involved. The AHP and TOPSIS methods have been widely associated with prioritization studies, cost evaluation, resource selection, suppliers, among others. Thus, the selection of equipment and industrial elements can be evaluated by means of multicriteria decision methods where the criteria considered important by specialists in the area are inserted into the model. The objective of this article was to present a selection process for spur gears based on stress analysis and

de Oliveira, Geraldo Cesar Rosario, de Oliveira, Vania Aparecida Rosario, Silva, Carlos Alexis Alvarado, Guidi, Erick Siqueira, Salomon, Valério Antonio Pamplona, Rosado, Victor Orlando Gamarra, de Azevedo Silva, Fernando

HELICOPTER TURBINE ENGINE WASH

AIR4416 (Current)

12/18/2024

Engines subject to dust, industrial pollution, saltwater contamination or other chemically laden atmosphere (including pesticides and herbicides) lose performance due to deposits of contaminants on surfaces in the aidgas flow path. Engine wash and engine rinse procedures are utilized to restore turbine engine performance. These procedures are generated by the engine manufacturer and are included in the Engine Maintenance/Service Manuals. For most turbine engines these procedures are similar in concept and practice; however, application details, choice of solvents and many other service features can vary from engine manufacturer to engine manufacturer and may even vary within the range of engine models produced by any manufacturer. The intent of this SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is to outline the general nature, considerations, and background of engine wash and engine rinse and is directed towards the needs of the entry level engineer, service engineer, and those involved in

S-12 Powered Lift Propulsion Committee

Portable Controlled Contamination Area (CCA)

AIR7522 (Current)

12/18/2024

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides guidelines for the design of portable Controlled Contamination Areas (CCAs) that can provide localized environmental control when processing a repair at the airplane or in a hangar environment. The use of a portable CCA may result in a better quality repair. The use of a portable CCA may assist in achieving the environmental requirements for bonded repairs specified in an approved repair procedure. This provides an option to accomplish a repair on nonremovable structure or difficult to remove components.

AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee

AI-Driven Diagnostic System for Vehicles: Leveraging AI for Accurate and Efficient Automotive Problem Solving

2024-01-5225

12/10/2024

Traditional vehicle diagnostics often rely on manual inspections and diagnostic tools, which can be time-consuming, inconsistent, and prone to human error. As vehicle technology evolves, there is a growing need for more efficient and reliable diagnostic methods. This paper introduces an innovative AI-based diagnostic system utilizing Artificial Intelligence (AI) to provide expert-level analysis and solutions for automotive issues. By inputting various details such as the vehicle’s make, model, year, mileage, problem description, and symptoms, the AI system generates comprehensive diagnostics, identifies potential causes, suggests step-by-step repair solutions, and offers maintenance tips. The proposed system aims to enhance diagnostic accuracy and efficiency, ultimately benefiting mechanics and vehicle owners. The system’s effectiveness is evaluated through various experiments and case studies, showcasing its potential to revolutionize vehicle diagnostics.

Sasikala, T., Swathi, B., Raj, J. Joshua Daniel, Shetty, G. Shreyas, Didagur, Darshan

Bio-Ink for 3D Printing

TBMG-52189

12/01/2024

Biomedical engineers have developed a “bio-ink” for 3D-printed materials that could serve as scaffolds for growing human tissues to repair or replace damaged ones in the body. Bioengineered tissues show promise in regenerative, precision, and personalized medicine; product development; and basic research, especially with the advent of 3D printing of biomaterials that could serve as scaffolds or temporary structures to grow tissues.

Cable Carriers Promote Efficiency in an Autonomous Hospitality Robot

TBMG-52187

12/01/2024

Since the COVID-19 pandemic that advanced contactless service, robots are increasingly being seen conducting routine deliveries around hospitals and hotels. Developed by Robotise Technologies, JEEVES is one such autonomous service robot used in hotels, healthcare facilities, offices, airports, and other settings. Its main duty is to transport materials and products.

Army Completes Satellite as a Managed Service Research Project

TBMG-52133

12/01/2024

Intelsat McLean, VA melissa.longo@intelsat.com

Where Do EV Batteries Go When They Die?

TBMG-52138

12/01/2024

At Cox Automotive’s EV Battery Solutions center in Oklahoma City, the conglomerate most famous for its KBB, Autotrader, and Manheim auction brands, has become a go-to for EV battery research, repair, remanufacturing, and recycling.

Design and Maintenance Considerations for Aircraft Exterior Lighting Plastic Lenses

ARP5637A (Current)

11/21/2024

The information in this document is intended to apply to commercial jet transport category airplanes that incorporate plastic (polycarbonate or acrylic) lenses on exterior light assemblies, or are being considered for such an application as opposed to glass lens designs. Exterior lighting applications include position light assemblies, anticollision light asemblies, and landing light assemblies. However, much of the material provided herein is general in nature and is directly applicable to many aircraft categories including, but not limited to, helicopters, general aviation aircraft, and military aircraft.

A-20B Exterior Lighting Committee

Evaluation Criteria for Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) Processes

JA1011_202411 (Current)

11/06/2024

This SAE Standard for reliability-centered maintenance (RCM) is intended for use by any organization that has or makes use of physical assets or systems that it wishes to manage responsibly.

G-11M, Maintainability, Supportability and Logistics

Nanoparticle Technology Helps Treat Hearing Loss

TBMG-51997

11/01/2024

Just as a business needs an effective and reliable service to deliver its goods to customers, medications need an effective delivery system to get them to the specific area of the body where they can have an impact.

By the Numbers: Principles of Automotive Parts Management, Second Edition

R-57710/28/2024

In By the Numbers, industry expert Gary J. Naples offers a comprehensive guide to navigating the complexities of modern parts department management. Designed for both new and experienced professionals, this book provides a solid foundation in essential business and personnel management techniques. Understanding that effective parts management requires more than just product knowledge, the author explores the broader aspects of the role, including: • Business acumen: Develop the financial and operational skills needed to succeed. • Inventory management: Optimize stock levels and reduce costs. • Team leadership: Build and motivate a high-performing team. • Customer service: Deliver exceptional service to enhance customer satisfaction. Featuring a new self-assessment tool, Inventory Effectiveness Quotient (IEQ), this book empowers parts managers to measure and benchmark their department's performance. With clear explanations, practical examples, and real-world case studies, By the Numbers

Naples, Gary

Monitoring the Thermal Aging of Rubber Bearings Using Virtual Temperature Sensors

2024-01-5099

10/21/2024

Recurring thermal loads in a vehicle can lead to the failure of rubber bearings due to thermal aging within the expected vehicle lifetime. The disadvantages of a preventive or reactive maintenance strategy are high warranty costs and low customer satisfaction, respectively. This work proposes a predictive maintenance system, which monitors the thermal aging of rubber bearings and indicates their timely replacement. Since no real temperature sensors are installed at rubber bearings in production vehicles, virtual temperature sensors are used to monitor component temperatures during customer operation. As a virtual sensor, a feedforward neural network is trained on measurement data in order to learn to predict the component temperatures of several rubber bearings in a combustion engine vehicle based on existing vehicle signals. The neural network achieves an average mean absolute error of 1.78 K and a coefficient of determination of 0.95 over all components after hyperparameter tuning

Freytag, Lukas, Rottengruber, Hermann, Enke, Wolfram

Method for Modeling Automotive Manufacturing Equipment Preventive Maintenance Derived by Multi-Criteria Decision and Synthesized Weibull Distribution

2024-01-5096

10/08/2024

To avoid equipment failures in automotive manufacturing activities, particular attention is paid to the design of an effective preventive maintenance strategy model for automotive component processing equipment. The selection of appropriate maintenance intervals as well as the equilibrium between the benefits and costs should be the primary challenges in high-quality maintenance process. In this study, a reliable preventive maintenance strategy model is proposed and the aim is to suggest an appropriated approach for the selection of maintenance intervals from a comprehensive view of importance, hazard, and maintenance cost. First and foremost, a new Fermatean fuzzy entropy (FFE) measure method on the basis of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is innovatively employed to access more objective weights of each indicator. Moreover, a more objective scoring of importance and hazard indicator is executed to aggregate the expert group judgments. Furthermore, this study emphasizes the

Ma, Zexin, Pan, Zhesheng, Wang, Chengxiang, Wei, Mingxin, Yu, Wenbin, Li, Guoxiang, Zhao, Feiyang, Zhu, Sipeng

Off-Vehicle Brake Testing for Service Brakes Over 10000 Pounds GVW Air, Hydraulic, and Mechanical Actuation

J2806_202410 (Current)

10/01/2024

Subject document is specifically intended for service brakes and service brakes when used for parking and/or emergency brakes (only) that are commonly used for automotive-type, ground-wheeled vehicles exceeding 4536 kg (10000 pounds) gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR). Subject specification provides the off-vehicle procedures, methods, and processes used to objectively determine suitability of tactical and combat ground-wheeled vehicle brake systems and selected secondary-item brake components (aka aftermarket or spare parts), including brake “block” for commercial applications only, specifically identified within subject document. Subject specification is primarily based on known industry and military test standards utilizing brake inertia dynamometers. Targeted vehicles and components include, but may not be limited to, the following: a Civilian, commercial, military, and militarized-commercial ground-wheeled vehicles such as cargo trucks, vocational vehicles, truck tractors

Truck and Bus Brake Systems Committee

Implant Powers Healing after Spinal Cord Injury

TBMG-51700

10/01/2024

A research team at RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences has developed a new implant that conveys electrical signals and may have the potential to encourage nerve cell (neuron) repair after spinal cord injury.

An Economical Multilevel Backup Strategy for Electro-Hydraulic Braking System by Integrating Driving and Electronic Parking Brake Systems

10-08-04-0029

09/24/2024

The braking system stands as a vital component within a vehicle; its malfunction has the potential to precipitate catastrophic or severe accidents. There are two primary backup strategies: one involves hardware redundancy, and the other is the optimization of software strategies in conjunction with other systems. Redundancy among various actuators of the second strategy not only maximizes the vehicle’s inherent capabilities but also results in cost savings. In this article, a multilevel backup strategy that integrates electro-hydraulic braking, driving systems, and electronic parking brake systems is explored. Utilizing a self-developed braking safety control system, a proposal is made for the electronic parking brake to participate in service braking. Additionally, two functional modules, pre-clamping and deceleration following, have been meticulously designed to tackle the challenges of response delay and insufficient control precision that are commonly associated with electronic

Tian, Boshi, Li, Liang, Liao, Yinsheng, Lv, Haijun, Wang, Xiangyu, Hu, Zhiming, Sun, Yue, Qu, Wenying

Moisture Adsorption and Compression Deformation Behavior of Semimet vs. NAO Brake Pads: Effect of Pad Cure Temperatures and Moisture Adsorption on Low-Speed Friction

2024-01-3056

09/08/2024

Moisture adsorption and compression deformation behaviors of Semimet and Non-Asbestos Organic brake pads were studied and compared for the pads cured at 120, 180 and 240 0C. The 2 types of pads were very similar in moisture adsorption behavior despite significant differences in composition. After being subjected to humidity and repeated compression to 160 bars, they all deform via the poroviscoelastoplastic mechanism, become harder to compress, and do not fully recover the original thickness after the pressure is released for 24 hours. In the case of the Semimet pads, the highest deformation occurs with the 240 °C-cure pads. In the case of the NAO pads, the highest deformation occurs with the 120 0C-cure pads. In addition, the effect of pad cure temperatures and moisture adsorption on low-speed friction was investigated. As pad properties change all the time in storage and in service because of continuously changing humidity, brake temperature and pressure, one must question any

Rhee, Seong Kwan, Rathee, Aman, Singh, Shivraj, Sharma, Devendra

Development of a Predictive Model for Maintenance Strategies of Automotive Parts Processing Equipment Based on Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis

2024-01-5081

08/20/2024

With the increasing demand of human–machine interaction under a scenario of the novel Maintenance Strategy 5.0, it sparks off a growing requisition of reliable maintenance strategies to maintain operations in good order. In this study, a novel hierarchical maintenance strategy model based on multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) is proposed to pledge scientific maintenance. First, failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) based on negative information and Deng entropy is introduced to assess the equipment maintenance requirement level. Subsequently, the improved average rank method is selected to fit the Weibull distribution function, which is able to better qualify the characteristics lifespan of target equipment. Moreover, hybrid effect with multi-criteria decision-making, in aspects of risk priority, expert assessment as well as human interference of failure are deduced, which highlights the scientific significance and credibility of the recommended maintenance levels and times

Wei, Mingxin, Pan, Zhesheng, Wang, Chengxiang, Ma, Zexin, Li, Guoxiang, Zhao, Feiyang, Yu, Wenbin, Zhu, Sipeng

Assets Maintenance Strategy Based on Operational Data Analysis

2024-36-0320

08/09/2024

Within the heavy commercial vehicle sector, fleet availability stands as a crucial factor impacting the productivity and competitiveness of companies. Despite this, the core element of maintenance strategies applied in the sector still relies solely on mileage or component usage time. On the other hand, the evolution of the industry, particularly the advancement of Industry 4.0 enabling technologies such as sensorization embedded in components, now provides a vast amount of operational data. The severity levels of application, driving style influence, and vehicle operating conditions can be indicated through the treatment of these data. However, there is still little practical application of using this data for effective decision-making regarding maintenance strategy in the sector, correlating the severity level with component failure possibility. Seeking a disruptive approach to this scenario where data analysis supports decisions related to component maintenance strategy, a

de Moraes Seixas, Ricardo

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