Browse Topic: Fleet management

Items (111)
This article addresses the problem of optimal vehicle sampling for fleet-wide in-use emissions monitoring, a necessity driven by the absence of direct emissions sensors in modern production vehicles and the variable impact of in-use changes and operational factors (mileage, time-in-service, workload) on emissions performance across a fleet. Recognizing that comprehensive fleet testing is impractical due to significant downtime and cost, we propose a novel approach to identify a small, yet optimally informative subset of vehicles for sampling. The proposed approach leverages submodular function maximization, a technique rooted in optimal experimental design, specifically D-optimal design, to maximize the determinant of the information matrix (e.g., of XTX, where X is the regressor/design matrix in the case of a linear in parameters model). This approach ensures that the collected data yields maximum information for refining and building accurate models for emissions changes. We compare the submodular maximization strategy with conventional uniform and extreme sampling methods. Our simulation results demonstrate the potential for the submodular approach to outperform both alternatives by achieving lower variance (as measured by standard deviation and coefficient of variation) in estimating parameters for the assumed linear, quadratic, and simplified quadratic models for emission changes. The application of submodular function maximization is thus shown to be beneficial in vehicle fleet management for data collection in resource-constrained environments and leading to more accurate in-use emissions prediction. The envisioned process, in which a limited number of vehicles selected by our methodology are tested and the data are utilized to improve emissions models, can support the implementation of model-based strategies for engine emissions management.
Zhang, JiadiLi, XiaoKolmanovsky, IlyaTsutsumi, MunecikaNakada, Hayato
State Transport Units (STUs) are increasingly using electric buses (EVs) as a result of India's quick shift to sustainable mobility. Although there are many operational and environmental benefits to this development, like lower fuel prices, fewer greenhouse gas emissions, and quieter urban transportation, there are also serious cybersecurity dangers. The attack surface for potential cyber threats is expanded by the integration of connected technologies, such as cloud-based fleet management, real-time monitoring, and vehicle telematics. Although these systems make fleet operations smarter and more efficient, they are intrinsically susceptible to remote manipulation, data breaches, and unwanted access. This study looks on cybersecurity flaws unique to connected passenger electric vehicles (EVs) that run on India's public transit system. Electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE), telematics control units (TCUs), over-the-air (OTA) update systems, and in-car networks (such as the Controller Area Network or CAN bus) are important areas of interest. Potential interruptions to vehicle functionality and passenger safety are examined in relation to common attack techniques such spoofing, data injection, denial-of-service (DoS), and remote code execution. In comparison to international standards like ISO/SAE 21434 and UNECE rules R155/R156, the report also assesses regulatory and compliance deficiencies in India. It lists the operational difficulties that Indian STUs encounter, including as antiquated infrastructure, a deficiency in cybersecurity knowledge, and a lack of established protocols. The paper suggests a plan for installing a Cybersecurity Management System (CSMS) in STU-operated EV fleets in order to reduce these threats. Strong incident response mechanisms, focused training initiatives, and the creation of cybersecurity standards tailored to India are among the recommendations. Implementing these measures will enhance the resilience of electric vehicle infrastructure against emerging cyber risks. Furthermore, collaboration between government agencies, industry stakeholders, and academic institutions is emphasized to ensure a comprehensive cybersecurity framework.
Mokhare, Devendra Ashok
Overloading in vehicles, particularly trucks and city buses, poses a critical challenge in India, contributing to increased traffic accidents, economic losses, and infrastructural damage. This issue stems from excessive loads that compromise vehicle stability, reduce braking efficiency, accelerate tire wear, and heighten the risk of catastrophic failures. To address this, we propose an intelligent overloading control and warning system that integrates load-sensing technology with real-time corrective measures. The system employs precision load sensors (e.g., air below deflection monitoring via pressure sensors) to measure vehicle weight dynamically. When the load exceeds predefined thresholds, the system triggers a multi-stage response: 1 Visual/Audio Warning – Alerts the driver to take corrective action. 2 Braking Intervention – If ignored, the braking applied, immobilizing the vehicle until the load is reduced. Experimental validation involved ten iterative tests to map deflection-to-voltage relationships, confirming linearity in load detection. System modelling in MATLAB demonstrated consistent linear responses in load-deflection-voltage interactions, proving theoretical efficacy. A Proteus-based simulation further validated the system’s operational logic. Key Contributions Preventive Safety Mechanism – Proactively restricts vehicle operation under unsafe loads. Regulatory Compliance – Ensures adherence to legal weight limits. Economic & Infrastructural Benefits – Reduces maintenance costs and road wear.
Raj, AmriteshPujari, SachinLondhe, MaheshShirke, SumeetShinde, Akshay
This study addresses one of the challenges in the energy transition of heavy-duty vehicles by converting a diesel Refuse Collection Vehicle (RCV) into a hydrogen-powered prototype. The research is part of the VeH2Dem project funded by NextGenerationEU and focuses on dimensioning the complete hydrogen propulsion system for a RCV, including the energy storage capacity, without compromising payload or operational functionality. The development of the propulsion system is based on a comprehensive analysis of operational data extracted from fleet management systems, complemented by detailed instrumental monitoring of various collection routes. This methodology ensured that the prototype inherits performance equivalent to the original internal combustion engine vehicle across all evaluated scenarios. The vehicle performance objectives were established following a comparative analysis with solutions currently available in the RCV market, incorporating statistical analyses to ensure continuous operation capability across multiple work shifts.
Cano, PabloBarrio, RobertoRoche, Marinade-Lima, DanielaBatista, SaraBertolí, Xavier
The rapid evolution of intelligent transportation systems has made drivers’ attentiveness and adherence to safety protocols more critical than ever. Traditional monitoring solutions often lack the adaptability to detect subtle behavioral changes in real time. This paper presents an advanced AI-powered Driver Monitoring System designed to continuously assess driver behavior, fatigue, distractions, and emotional state across various driving conditions. By providing real-time alerts and insights to vehicle owners, fleet operators, and safety personnel, the system significantly enhances road safety. The system integrates lightweight AI/ML algorithms, image processing techniques, perception models, and rule-based engines to deliver a comprehensive monitoring solution for multiple transportation modes, including automotive, rail, aerospace, and off-highway vehicles. Optimized for edge devices, the models ensure real-time processing with minimal computational overhead. Alerts are communicated through web and mobile platforms, supplemented by audio-visual cues for prompt user responses. Data from multi-camera setups, auditory sensors, and vehicle CAN bus inputs are processed by a real-time analytics engine that detects abnormal behaviors and safety violations, improving situational awareness and enabling timely interventions. For both individual drivers and fleet managers, the platform serves as an intelligence hub that boosts situational awareness, operational efficiency, and safety compliance. Drivers receive real-time feedback on their behavior, allowing them to make proactive adjustments and reduce risks. Fleet managers can leverage cloud-based connectivity to access predictive analytics, real-time monitoring, and detailed historical behavior data. This enables the identification of unsafe driving patterns, enforcement of safety protocols, and optimization of fleet performance. The system also simplifies regulatory reporting and auditing processes, ensuring compliance with safety standards. By continuously monitoring driver behavior, managers can foster a culture of safety and performance while improving overall fleet operations.
Chikhale, ShraddhaSing, SandipHivarkar, UmeshMardhekar, Amogh
This paper offers recent ideas and its implementation on leveraging AI for off highway Autonomous vehicle Simulations in SIL and HIL frameworks. Our objective is to enhance software quality and reliability while reducing costs and efforts through advanced simulation techniques. We employed multiple innovative solutions to build a System of Systems Simulation. Physics based models are a prerequisite for detailed and accurate representation of the real-world system, but it poses challenges due to its computational complexity and storage requirements. Machine learning algorithms were used to create surrogate/reduced order models to optimize by preserving the expected fidelity of models. It helped to speed up simulation and compile model code for SIL & HIL Targets. Built AI driven interfaces to bridge windows, Linux and Mobile Operating systems. Time synchronization was the key challenge as multiple environments were needed for end-to-end solutions. This was resolved by reinforcement learning & optimization algorithms so that loss of information can be prevented. John Deere Operations Center™ Fleet management was integrated with vehicle simulators so that remote monitoring and control of machine configurations and settings for various autonomy mode could be validated in virtual environment. Gen AI based tools were used for creation of Test plan and its Automation to accumulate several hundred hours of test execution for autonomy related features. The team tested various SW & HW fault conditions to understand the impact and behavior of the system in autonomy mode. As part of the next steps this framework would be further scaled for future autonomy programs and product lines This adoption of AI-based methods has expedited the delivery of autonomous vehicles, ensuring they are technologically advanced and customized to meet customer needs.
Karegaonkar, Rohit P.Aole, SumitDasnurkar, SwapnilSingh, VishwajeetSaha, Soumyadeep
Tillage, a fundamental agricultural practice involving soil preparation for planting, has traditionally relied on mechanical implements with limited real-time data collection or adjustment capabilities. The lack of real-time data and implement statistics results in fleet managers struggling to track performance, driver behavior, and operational efficiency of the implements. Lack of data on vehicle performance can result in unexpected breakdowns and higher maintenance costs, ensuring compliance with regulations is challenging without proper data tracking, potentially leading to fines and legal issues. Bluetooth-enabled mechanical implements for tillage operations represent an emerging frontier in precision agriculture, combining traditional soil preparation techniques with modern wireless technology. Implement mounted battery powered BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) modules operated by solar panel based rechargeable batteries to power microcontroller. When Implement is operational turns module active and establishes communication with BLE capable wireless controller to share implement statistics and parameters. Sensors like magnetic pickup rotary shaft speed and accelerometer sensors interfaced with module to acquire implement working shaft speed, depth of implement operation in field. Based on dynamic data collected by module such as hours of usage, Trip hours, Oil change alert, maintenance alerts made available to the fleet managers. BLE module transmits acquired data to the tractor mounted wireless controller which makes data available on cloud, to fleet managers using dedicated applications to track all tillage implement statistics. Also, this solution helps implement manufacturers to track implement usage and avoid false warranty claim issues.
Kaniche, OnkarRajurkar, KartikGokhale, SourabhaVadnere, Mohan
Off-highway vehicles (OHVs) are essential in heavy-duty industries like mining, agriculture, and construction, as equipment availability and efficiency directly affect productivity. In these harsh settings, conventional maintenance plans relying on set intervals frequently result in either early component replacements or unexpected breakdowns. This document presents a Connected Aftermarket Services Platform (CASP) that utilizes real-time data analysis, predictive maintenance techniques, and unified e-commerce functionalities to evolve OHV fleet management into a proactive and smart operation. The suggested system integrates IoT-enabled telematics, cloud-based oversight, and AI-powered diagnostics to gather and assess machine health indicators such as engine load, vibration, oil pressure, and usage trends. Models for predictive maintenance utilize both historical and real-time data to produce advance notifications for component failures and maintenance requirements. Fleet managers get practical alerts and enhanced service suggestions, reducing unexpected downtime. The platform includes an e-commerce interface that enables smooth ordering of spare parts informed by predictive diagnostics and lifecycle data of components. The system includes features like auto-generated parts lists, supplier comparisons, and inventory tracking, allowing for efficient and cost-effective maintenance activities. Simulation studies demonstrate a 21% decrease in maintenance expenses, a 32% reduction in unplanned downtime, and enhanced inventory turnover rates within the simulated OHV fleets. These findings emphasize the effect of integrated services on operational effectiveness, cost reductions, and sustainability. The CASP model reimagines lifecycle support for OHVs by establishing a digital thread from field operations to aftermarket logistics, offering a scalable, data-driven approach for contemporary fleet management.
Vashisht, Shruti
Electrification of heavy-duty on-road trucks used for regional freight transportation is a viable option for fleets to reduce operation and maintenance costs and lower their carbon footprint. However, there is considerable uncertainty in projecting their daily range because highly variable payload mass, among other factors, confounds battery state of charge (SOC) prediction algorithms. Previous work by the authors proposed an electric vehicle range prediction model based on two parallel recurrent neural networks (RNNs). The first RNN used mean-variance estimation to output a predicted mean and variance, and the second used bounded interval estimation to provide bounds on the SOC required to complete a trip. The dual RNN approach resulted in estimating the remaining range and error bands of the SOC over the route. The previous work was limited because it did not incorporate driving conditions, like road type and ambient temperature, that affect driver behavior and energy consumption. This work includes embedding additional contextual information about the road network and environmental conditions to narrow the error bands, which leads to more accurate state-of-charge prediction. The road-aware RNN algorithm is trained and tested on time series data collected from electric heavy-duty trucks over 30 months. The proposed model shows that the bands of uncertainty in the prediction of the remaining range can be improved by 67% compared to the previous model, thereby increasing confidence in daily operation by lowering the likelihood of unexpected battery depletion. Further, interpretation of the analysis shows that the algorithm can adapt to route geometry and ambient conditions, giving fleet managers a more robust basis to plan charging schedules under daily route variability. As a result, this refined approach for contextual road-awareness accelerates the adoption of electric heavy-duty trucks by mitigating range anxiety and improving operational planning.
Jayaprakash, BharatEagon, MatthewNorthrop, William F.
This study presents a novel approach for predicting fuel consumption in heavy-duty vehicles using a Machine Learning-based model, which is based on feedforward neural network (FFNN). The model is designed to enhance real-time vehicle monitoring, optimize route planning, and reduce both operational costs and environmental impact, making it particularly suitable for fleet management applications. Unlike traditional physics-based approaches, the FFNN relies solely on a refined selection of input variables, including vehicle speed, acceleration, altitude, road slope, ambient temperature, and engine power. Additionally, vehicle mass is estimated using a methodology presented elsewhere and is included as an input for a better generalization of the consumption model. This parameter significantly impacts fuel consumption and is particularly challenging to obtain for heavy-duty vehicles. Engine power is derived from both engine torque and speed (RPM), ensuring a direct relationship with fuel consumption while keeping computational complexity low. Experimental data were collected from a fleet of heavy-duty trucks under real-world operating conditions. In particular, the study focuses on a turbocharged diesel truck with a maximum power output of 353 kW. The acquisition system is based on an On-Board Unit (OBU) featuring CANbus connectivity, GPS tracking and 4G/LTE-5G communication. The OBU enables continuous logging of vehicle and engine parameters over each mission. Additional road data, such as altitude and slope, were obtained from external mapping services. For the purpose of FFNN development, the training dataset was compiled from approximately 10 different routes, capturing diverse driving conditions, while validation was conducted on 10 independent routes to assess model generalization. Before training, input data were pre-processed using normalization and standardization techniques to ensure stable convergence and mitigate the impact of scale differences among input variables. A correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the relationships among available parameters and fuel consumption, guiding the selection of the most informative inputs. This step reduced redundancy in the dataset and improved network efficiency. Furthermore, hyperparameter optimization was conducted using a Randomized Grid Search algorithm, enabling the identification of an optimal network architecture - specifically in terms of the number of layers and hidden neurons - and training parameters while minimizing overfitting. The final model demonstrated high predictive accuracy across various validation routes, confirming the effectiveness of the FFNN in estimating fuel consumption with a reduced input set. Accuracy was tested on up to 50 routes, whose data where not considered for both training and validation; it was assessed that fuel consumption percentage error per route never exceeded 2%. This approach provides a practical and computationally efficient solution for fleet operators, facilitating advanced route planning and enabling more sustainable transportation strategies through cost-effective fuel management and emissions reduction.
Vicinanza, MatteoPandolfi, AlfonsoArsie, IvanGiannetti, FlavioPolverino, PierpaoloEsposito, AlfonsoPaolino, AntonioAdinolfi, Ennio AndreaPianese, CesareFrasci, Valentino
Technological solutions to monitor and manage fleets are important to increase efficiency and reduce cargo transport costs. This work presents a SaaS (Software as a Service) platform for fleet management, aimed at optimizing operational efficiency and improving vehicle safety. It distinguishes itself as an innovative solution by integrating various functionalities related to cargo transport into a unified environment. The platform allows for route tracking, with different alert notifications generated from sensors, virtual geographic fences, driver identification, and smart cameras. Tire management is another critical aspect that encompasses the unique identification of each tire and its association with vehicles, along with monitoring data such as mileage, speed, temperature, pressure, tread wear, retreading, and performance based on distance traveled. Alerts for tire rotation, tread depth measurements, and excessive tread wear enhance performance management, while key performance indicators and historical data support effective management of the tire life cycle. A maintenance module allows for the registration of parts and planned inspections for each vehicle, documenting maintenance activities and sending preventive maintenance notifications. Additionally, the platform enables the identification of vehicles that require management intervention or driver training to enhance operational efficiency. This work details the architecture and features of the developed platform.
Fonseca, Murilo L.Mochiutti, EricRosa, Rodrigo K.Benczik, Paulo H.Gonçalves, Vitor M.Zanolli, Willians S.
Warehouse logistics increasingly rely on automation in the form of autonomous mobile robots (AMRs), scanners, complex conveyors, and fleet management systems for seamless operation, but it’s the ubiquitous, century-old pallet that remains the critical support system. Make no mistake, if even one of those thousands of pallets is defective, it can create havoc in the warehouse.
Traditional safe-life methodologies for rotorcraft structural components often result in overly conservative life estimates, increasing maintenance costs and reducing aircraft availability. This study explores the integration of digital twin concepts with probabilistic modeling and machine learning to enhance structural life assessment, demonstrated through a practical case involving the Royal Canadian Air Force CH-146 Griffon helicopter. A probabilistic fatigue model determines a fatigue life distribution by incorporating material variability and uncertain operational loads inferred directly from flight data. Unlike conventional approaches, this method dynamically estimates load spectra, including uncertainty instead of relying on conservative assumptions. Monte Carlo simulations are used to quantify structural risk and assess the impact of load and material uncertainties. Sensitivity analyses highlight these uncertainties’ contributions to failure probability. The proposed approach provides probabilistic life predictions, supporting risk-based maintenance strategies to potentially optimize operational efficiency. The long-term goal is to develop an adaptive digital twin model that continuously updates with new operational flight data, enhancing predictive accuracy for helicopter fleet management.
Asaee, ZohrehRenaud, GuillaumeBombardier, YanCheung, Catherine
SAE TOMORROW TODAY BRIEFS - Scaling Software-Defined EV Fleets135124/25/2025
When it comes to electrifying commercial vehicle fleets, one company offers a transformative modular platform that can drastically reduce the time to market. REE Automotive is a publicly traded company that designs and manufactures advanced software-defined vehicles (SDVs) that are fully electric, capable of autonomy, and compatible with existing fleet management software. The company recently began production on its first medium-duty truck for the US market and has since seen a 230% growth in reservations, indicating strong customer interest and positive feedback. To learn more, Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, recently sat down with Daniel Barel, CEO, and Pete Dow, VP of Engineering, to discuss REE Automotive's revolutionary approach to scaling software-defined commercial EV fleets. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There, you can check out our podcast on the state of NEVI. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and strategists making it all happen--and give us a review on your preferred podcasting platform. Follow SAE on LinkedIn, Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. Follow host Grayson Brulte on LinkedIn, Twitter, and Instagram.
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY BRIEFS - How to Scale EV Charging at Gas Stations1349312/30/2024
As EV charging infrastructure grows and evolves, so too does the role of gas stations, convenience stores, and auto repair shops -- all of which are key players in a thriving mobility ecosystem. Enter Vontier, a global industrial technology company transforming fueling and charging infrastructure, convenience store technology and fleet management. By helping service station owners become "charge point operators," Vontier is a enabling a shift to better support consumers? needs and increase profitability in an evolving market. To learn more, Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, sat down with Mark Morelli, CEO, Vontier, to discuss how his company is harnessing its market-leading expertise in mobility technologies to usher in a new era of convenience. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There, you can learn about the latest EV announcements from the LA Auto Show including the Hyundai Ioniq 9. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and strategists making it all happen--and give us a review on your preferred podcasting platform. Follow SAE on LinkedIn, Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. Follow host Grayson Brulte on LinkedIn, Twitter, and Instagram.
Hineman, Marcie
Within the heavy commercial vehicle sector, fleet availability stands as a crucial factor impacting the productivity and competitiveness of companies. Despite this, the core element of maintenance strategies applied in the sector still relies solely on mileage or component usage time. On the other hand, the evolution of the industry, particularly the advancement of Industry 4.0 enabling technologies such as sensorization embedded in components, now provides a vast amount of operational data. The severity levels of application, driving style influence, and vehicle operating conditions can be indicated through the treatment of these data. However, there is still little practical application of using this data for effective decision-making regarding maintenance strategy in the sector, correlating the severity level with component failure possibility. Seeking a disruptive approach to this scenario where data analysis supports decisions related to component maintenance strategy, a literature review was conducted to understand how aspects of Industry 4.0 and data analysis can influence maintenance strategies. As a result of this review, a methodology is proposed for applying structured data analysis based on a robust statistical foundation. A case study of applying this methodology is presented, with the analysis of operational data from a specific component installed in a fleet of heavy commercial vehicles. Through the application of statistical techniques, a variable representing component wear is correlated with variables describing application severity, demonstrating that enhancing maintenance strategies based on data analysis is feasible. With the increased accuracy of component maintenance criteria, a 10% increase in availability is estimated.
de Moraes Seixas, Ricardo
Commercial transportation is the key pillar of any growing economy. Light and Small commercial vehicles are increasing every day to cater the logistics demand, but there is always a gap between customer’s actual and desired operational efficiency. This is because of lack of organized fleet and efficient fleet operation. The major requirement of fleet owners is timely delivery, high productivity, downtime reduction, real time tracking, etc., Automakers are now providing fleet management application in modern LCV & SCV to satisfy the fleet operator requirement. However, any feature malfunction, consignment mismatch, wrong notification, missed alerts, etc., can incur huge loss to fleet operator and disrupt the entire supply chain. Hence it is very critical to extensively validate the telematics features in fleet management application. This paper explains the approach for exhaustive validation strategy of fleet management applications (B2B) from end user perspective. An effective test methodology was established to validate every feature against the real-world possibilities and actual data (CAN/sensor values). Key feature such as Consignment Assignment can be verified by recreating all real-world circumstances such as different delivery scenario, consignment pickup scenario, breakdown scenario, true testing, mock testing, consignment transfer in case of breakdown, partial consignment delivery scenario, etc. The driver and vehicle efficiency mapping feature such as Mileage monitoring, driver monitoring, scheduled maintenance, fuel logs, trip logs can be verified by recreating all customer and field use cases. All the location and real time tracking based features are verified against the instrumented Geo position sensors. Vehicle-based alerts such as idle alert, start stop alert, overspeed, door alert, etc., can be verified against the vehicle logger data values. Lastly, the User interface and user experience of the application is also validated up to icon level in every screen, to ensure ease of use and adaptability for the customer. Thus, an innovative and customer centric approach is established to validate Telematics feature for fleet customers, which is robust and time efficient.
B, SakthivelShams, TausifLalasure, SantoshKarnure, Shabbir LalasoRajakumar, K.
In a rush to move towards a sustainable future, the number of electric vehicles has risen significantly in recent years. With this, the need for power to charge those vehicles has also increased. In any electric vehicle fleet location, there could be many vehicles with different arrival and departure times and energy requirements, which might vary every day. Depending on the geographical location, the available solar energy might differ. The electricity costs might change on an hourly basis. This in total can affect the charging costs. In addition, a non-optimal sizing of the energy components could result in an under-sized system, where the energy demands are not met, or it could result in an over-sized system, where the owner must invest more than required. Based on all the information related to vehicle charging load, electricity charges, energy intensity profile of renewable energy generation like solar and wind, an optimal size of components, operational cost, and investment required to operate the station can be determined by various optimization methods. The paper is a comprehensive study of a method of optimization that would result in benefitting the fleet managers to operate their vehicles with minimum costs considering load management, renewable energy investment as well as predictively calculating the energy demand of the fleet. This would then help developers, engineers, and OEMs to calculate the required investments to set up charging infrastructure for fleets.
Munirajappa, ChandrashekaraShrivastava, HimanshuPrasad P, Shilpa
In recent years, the automotive industry has seen an exponential increase in the replacement of mechanical components with electronic-controlled components or systems. engine, transmission, brake, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), lighting, driver-assist technologies, etc. are all monitored and/or controlled electronically. Connected vehicles are increasingly being used by Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) to collect and transmit vehicle data in real-time via the use of various sensors, actuators, and communication technologies. Vehicle telematics devices can collect and transmit data about the vehicle location, speed, fuel efficiency, State Of Charge (SOC), auxiliary battery voltage, emissions, performance, and more. This data is sent over to the cloud via cellular networks, where it can be processed and analyzed to improve their products and services by automotive companies and/or fleet management. This data can also be used for a variety of purposes, including enhancing the driving experience, improving safety, understanding customer driving patterns, vehicle functionality utilization, SOC monitoring, battery thermal monitoring, prognostic health review, and providing new services to drivers and passengers. By collecting and analyzing this data, connected vehicles can provide a wealth of insights that can be used to improve safety, reduce congestion, and risky driving behavior, review pending diagnostics codes in vehicles, and enhance the overall driving experience. This paper investigates and explores the opportunities related to connected vehicle data analytics, vehicle health prognostics, and possible monetization associated scope.
Kumar, VivekZhu, DiDadam, Sumanth Reddy
With the increase of heavy-duty transportation, more fuel efficient technologies and services have become of great importance due to their environmental and economical impacts for the fleet managers. In this paper, we first develop a new analytical model of the heavy-truck for its dynamics and its fuel consumption, and valid the model with experimental measurements. Then, we propose a bi-level optimization approach to reduce the fuel consumption, thus the CO2 emissions, while ensuring several safety constraints in real-time. Numerical results show that important reduction of the fuel consumption can be achieved, while satisfying imposed safety constraints.
Zhu, JiaminMichel, PierreZonetti, DanieleSciarretta, Antonio
This SAE Information Report attempts to provide a list of potential digital data recording devices that may be interrogated for forensic purposes. This list may not be exhaustive, but it lists sources of data that may be useful in the investigation of incidents such as motor vehicle collisions. This list is not intended to give instruction on how to access and preserve the data. This list is only to inform investigators that these known data sources may contain important information and should, if applicable, be searched for and queried. It is recognized that as the state of technology advances there may be additional data sources that become available.
Crash Data Collection and Analysis Standards Committee
21SIAT-0638 - Fleet Analytics - A Data-Driven and Synergetic Fleet Validation Approach2021-26-04999/22/2021
Current developments in automotive industry such as hybrid powertrains and the continuously increasing demands on emission control systems, are pushing complexity still further. Validation of such systems lead to a huge amount of test cases and hence extreme testing efforts on the road. At the same time the pressure to reduce costs and minimize development time is creating challenging boundaries on development teams. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to utilize testing and validation prototypes in the most efficient way. It is necessary to apply high levels of instrumentation and collect as much data as possible. And a streamlined data pipeline allows the fleet managers to get new insights from the raw data and control the validation vehicles as well as the development team in the most efficient way. In this paper we will demonstrate a data-driven approach for validation testing. Managing the requirements and deriving the test cases is essential to continuously monitor the testing progress. Digitalization of the vehicle meta data as well as the driver feedback and combining this information with the measurement data enables new ways of analytics. Latest technologies in advanced data science can be applied to provide a new level of automation. Digitalization of the validation process and advanced data analytics can provide great benefits such as reduction of prototypes or reduced testing time of fleets. But also lead to improved product quality due to verified test case coverage.
Schagerl, GerhardBrameshuber, DanielRom, Karl HeinzHammer, Michael
This paper proposes a practical optimal-time window-based path-planning approach for a fleet of autonomous vehicles. Specifically, autonomous vehicles in this work refers to fleet of tractors that performs spraying operations in a vineyard field. The approach involves two main steps. In the first step based on a behavior and actions of the tractors that mimic manual spraying operations, a linear integer programming (ILP) optimization model is constructed. The second step then seeks a solution for this MIP model to obtain paths for autonomous navigation of the tractors in a vineyard field. The simulation results on a real-world data collected using Google Maps application for Sula vineyards located in the Nashik region [1] is reported. The obtained results show effectiveness of the proposal with respect to manual operator driven fleet management.
Patil, BhagyeshBhansari, VeerJadhav, Vinoba
Connected vehicle data unlock compelling solutions for vehicle owners and fleet managers. In selecting machine learning algorithms for use in predicting a connected vehicle signal value, time series dependency is critical to understand. With little to no time series dependency, conventional machine learning models may be used with a feature set that has few or no lag variables. If there is a lot of time series dependency including long-term dependencies, deep learning architectures like variants of recurrent neural networks (RNN) may be a better approach. Further, at any time step, RNN features may be specified to use some number of past time steps to predict the latest value. This paper seeks to identify time series dependency of connected vehicle signals, and selection of the number of time steps to look back in the features set to minimize error.
Meroux, DominiqueTelenko, CassandraJiang, Zhen
AVSC Best Practice for Metrics and Methods for Assessing Safety Performance of Automated Driving Systems (ADS)AVSC000062021033/25/2021
This AVSC Best Practice for Metrics and Methods for Assessing Safety Performance of Automated Driving Systems (ADS) (AVSC00006202103) recommends a set of metrics that may be used to assess ADS safety performance of the dynamic driving task (DDT). These metrics and methods are principally designed to provide evidence of safety performance for a manufacturer’s decision to deploy (and monitor) fleet-operated/managed SAE level 4 and 5 ADS-dedicated vehicles (ride-hailing or product delivery). This document lays out a performance-based, technology-neutral approach for measuring and analyzing safety performance. It supports long-term, socially-important safety goals (like reducing crashes). ADS safety performance metrics in this document support system-level analyses, i.e. they are practical to implement for any system regardless of architecture. The best practice provides: Metrics to Support ADS Safety Recommended Safety Outcomes Recommended Predictive Safety Metrics Methods for Assessing DDT Performance Metrics The metrics and methods provided in this document are intended for use by the technical community (developers, manufacturers, testers, etc.) to aid in the safe development and deployment of ADS. They may also be useful to stakeholders who have interest in better understanding the safety posture of ADS deployments.
Automated Vehicle Safety Consortium
Vehicle miles traveled (VMT) statistics is a key parameter which has many applications, such as the assessment of vehicle quality, evaluation of driving behavior and oil consumption, and other applications in vehicle monitoring system. In the earlier studies, the calculation of VMT usually focused on improving the accuracy and frequency of vehicle GPS data, but the VMT estimation error due to them were getting smaller with the development of positioning technology. Nowadays in the practical application of internet of vehicles, errors due to the out-of-order location data which caused by communication mechanism have become increasingly obvious. In this paper, we propose a VMT estimate method based on improved ant colony algorithm and local search method which is suitable for dealing with timestamp chaotic location data sequence. To evaluate our method, we use real-world vehicle data gathered by China mobile’s vehicle fleet management products, the analysis result shows the MRE of proposed ant colony algorithm is usually less than 8%, at least 3 percentage points lower than that of uniform motion distance accumulation statistics, at least 7 percentage points lower than that of Euclid distance accumulation statistics.
Liu, WeiHao, LiLi, Feng
Military rotorcraft engines operating in harsh environments routinely ingest large quantities of mineral dust, which can degrade components and ultimately reduce operability. Time off-wing for unscheduled maintenance is a costly burden, both financially and operationally. Rapidly predicting engine deterioration rates as a function of the mission presents an opportunity to optimise flow of supplies, better manage fleets, and perform safety risk assessments when dust loading is expected to be particularly high. In the current contribution, we present our ongoing efforts in this field with a new methodology for assessing the effectiveness of inertial particle separators and quantifying the changes they impart to the inbound dust. We demonstrate that both the concentration reduction and the modification to the particle size distribution can be made on the basis of a single independent variable- a generalised Stokes number for inertial particle separators- and a single performance parameter- the corrected separation efficiency. To develop these parameters we conduct numerical simulations of the flow through a generic axi-symmetric inertial particle separator, over a range of five mass flow rates, three scavenge mass flow rates, and 16 particle diameters. In addition to this, a framework is presented to enable an estimation of the dust concentration at the engine intake. This is achieved by correlating the total wake strength to an existing dust landing trial dataset. A coupled rotorcraft-engine model is then used to combined the two methodologies to investigate the influence of engine mass flow rate on dust ingestion rate. A weak non-linear relationship is observed, which arises due to the simultaneous increase in wake strength with engine mass flow rate as rotor power requirements increase. The additional dust stirred up by the stronger wake leads causes this non-linearity. Finally, we show that an improvement in separation efficiency caused by higher engine mass flow rate is far outweighed by the associated increase in dust loading in this condition.
Bojdo, NicholasAppleton, WesleyEllis, MatthewFilippone, AntonioHee, Jee-Loong
Data Acquisition from Light-Duty Vehicles Using OBD and CANR-45811/15/2018
Modern vehicles have multiple electronic control units (ECU) to control various subsystems such as the engine, brakes, steering, air conditioning, and infotainment. These ECUs are networked together to share information directly with each other. This in-vehicle network provides a data opportunity for improved maintenance, fleet management, warranty and legal issues, reliability, and accident reconstruction. Data Acquisition from Light-Duty Vehicles Using OBD and CAN is a guide for the reader on how to acquire and correctly interpret data from the in-vehicle network of light-duty (LD) vehicles. The reader will learn how to determine what data is available on the vehicle's network, acquire messages and convert them to scaled engineering parameters, apply more than 25 applicable standards, and understand 15 important test modes. Topics featured in this book include: • Calculated fuel economy • Duty cycle analysis • Capturing intermittent faults Written by two specialists in this field, Richard P. Walter and Eric P. Walter of HEM Data, the book provides a unique roadmap for the data acquisition user. The authors give a clear and concise description of the CAN protocol plus a review of all 19 parts of the SAE International J1939 standard family. Data Acquisition from Light-Duty Vehicles Using OBD and CAN is a must-have reference for product engineers, service technicians fleet managers and all interested in acquiring data effectively from the light-duty vehicles.
Walter, EricWalter, Richard
Plug-in hybrid (PHEV) technology offers the ability to achieve zero tailpipe emissions coupled with convenient refueling. Fleet adoption of PHEVs, often motivated by organizational and regulatory sustainability targets, may not always align with optimal use cases. In a car rental application, barriers to improving fuel economy over a conventional hybrid include: diminished benefits of additional battery capacity on long-distance trips, sparse electric charging infrastructure at the fleet location, lack of renter understanding of electric charging options, and a principle-agent problem where the driver accrues fewer benefits than costs for actions that improve fuel economy, like charging and eco-driving. This study uses high-resolution driving data collected from twelve Ford Fusion Energi sedans owned by University of California, Davis (UC Davis), where the vehicles are rented out for university-related activities. The data is analyzed to understand the degree to which the electric battery is taken advantage of by fleet management and end users to reduce fuel costs and emissions. Specifically, characteristics of trips assigned to those vehicles, driver behavior, locations of charging events and missed charging opportunities, state of charge (SOC) at the start of rentals, and segments of trips typically covered by electric driving range are examined. Finally, machine learning techniques, including a decision tree analysis, are used to understand predictors of fuel economy for this fleet. Conversations with fleet management, including presentation of analysis results, are used to generate policy recommendations. We find that due to the typical length of trips, a conventional hybrid would achieve roughly equivalent fuel economy in the UC Davis motor pool, although the plug-in option offers an opportunity to expand exposure of drivers to electrification. Steps for improvement include expanding on-site fleet charging infrastructure, educating users on charging options prior to rental, and consideration of trip destination in vehicle selection for rental.
Meroux, DominiqueTal, Gil
ABSTRACT Defense fleet managers require maintenance strategies that deliver high readiness, reliable and sustainable combat equipment in the face of operational uncertainty and chaotic tactical environments. Shaping depot maintenance strategy is complex: aircraft, vehicles, and weapons systems operate in unpredictable and dynamic environments while component aging, convoluted maintenance practices, and overlapping sustainment programs all influence requirements. Yet, most predictive analytics efforts are focused on short-term tactics and historical data. As a result, these models cannot deliver the needed long-run precision suitable for depot strategies. Despite new big-data feeds, cloud applications, and innovative visualizations, most underlying predictive models are not suited for the challenge due to a simple reason: The past does not represent the future. Without the appropriate predictive tools, fleet managers lean heavily and cautiously towards doing more maintenance. The underlying assumption is that more maintenance yields more readiness. Four case studies, show successful predictive modeling of depot maintenance complexities. An advanced, approach towards predictive analysis across the lifecycle of defense programs can accurately shape strategies and identify cases where too much maintenance is scheduled.
Posadas, Serg
ABSTRACT For large populations of vehicles, it is often difficult to estimate how changes to scheduled maintenance plans will impact future operational availability, especially when component failure rates may not be known precisely or the operational environment changes. The primary objective of this contribution is to illustrate a Modeling and Simulation (M&S) approach which determines the minimum amount of maintenance necessary to keep a given threshold of operational availability. The analysis was performed using discrete-event simulation, maintenance data, and anecdotal information from technicians. The information was combined within a model containing over 15 variables including labor and process constraints. The analysis yielded a decision tool that can be utilized to assess several potential long term storage maintenance policies, focused on cost minimization while meeting readiness requirements.
Vergenz, PeterBanghart, Marc
Airframes in the future will include a significant amount of composite material components that need to be designed for both optimal structural efficiency and damage tolerance. Current composite design methodology relies on the establishment of worst-case scenarios for each of the factors that influence the structural capacity and life of airframe components. The layered application of these factors can result in excessive levels of conservatism and maintenance requirements that reduce aircraft availability. The combat aircraft of the future can be designed and maintained based on specific knowledge derived from data driven methodologies to define risk, threat impact, and measured structural response in order to maximize aircraft availability, while ensuring safety and reliability. This work describes an Advanced Structural Integrity Framework (ASIF) that probabilistically models composite residual strength. Full-scale damage tolerance tests of a UH-60M stabilator provided input data for various threat types and severities. Threat probabilities were derived from prior studies and recent fleet repair data. The model estimated the risk of failure in various structural zones to identify areas for reducing conservatism. Trend studies confirmed that the model appropriately responded to changes in composite material properties and threat exposures, thus showing its potential as a powerful structural risk assessment tool for design and fleet management.
Weintraub, AlexanderGurvich, MarkBordick, NathanielFurnes, KennethBates, PrestonKiser, Jay
The use of the United States’ Global Positioning System (GPS) to assist with the management of large commercial fleets using telematics is becoming commonplace. Telematics generally refers to the use of wireless devices to transmit data in real time back to an organization. When tied to the GPS system telematics can be used to track fleet vehicle movements, and other parameters. GPS tracking can assist in developing more efficient and safe operations by refining and streamlining routing and operations. GPS based fleet telematics data is also useful for reducing unnecessary engine idle times and minimizing fuel consumption. Driver performance and policy adherence can be monitored, for example by transmitting data regarding seatbelt usage when there is vehicle movement. Despite the advantages for fleet management, there are limitations in the logged data for position and speed that may affect the utility of the system for analysis and reconstruction of traffic collisions. The U.S. Air Force is responsible for maintaining and operating the GPS space and control segments and publishes information about these limitations. The most significant of these limitations do not have serious effects on the use of this data for daily fleet operations, but may have effects and limitations for use in accident reconstruction. These limitations are specific to the accuracy of the position data, the reported vehicle speed, and changes in vehicle speed during acceleration maneuvers. User segment GPS telematics data generated during typical vehicle dynamic maneuvers of medium-duty commercial delivery vans was studied and their accuracy analyzed and discussed. Testing of various maneuvers was conducted at a western U.S. location and an eastern U.S. location. The telematics data validity and reliability was assessed by comparison to data gathered using the GPS based Racelogic VBOX III data acquisition system with a corrected signal, via a GPS Base Station, for baseline reference. The findings present the calculated accuracies for speed and position data.
Steiner, John C.Armstrong, ChristopherKress, TylerWalli, TomGallagher, Ralph J.Ngo, JustinSilva, Andres
This paper proposes a low-cost but indirect method for occupancy detection and occupant counting purpose in current and future automotive systems. It can serve as either a way to determine the number of occupants riding inside a car or a way to complement the other devices in determining the occupancy. The proposed method is useful for various mobility applications including car rental, fleet management, taxi, car sharing, occupancy in autonomous vehicles, etc. It utilizes existing on-board motion sensor measurements, such as those used in the vehicle stability control function, together with door open and closed status. The vehicle’s motion signature in response to an occupant’s boarding and alighting is first extracted from the motion sensors that measure the responses of the vehicle body. Then the weights of the occupants are estimated by fitting the vehicle responses with a transient vehicle dynamics model. This two stage approach is further used to determine how many occupants are staying in the car. The effectiveness of the proposed approaches has been verified in vehicle tests through a variety of occupancy configurations.
Luo, DaweiLu, JianboGuo, Gang
Characterizing or reconstructing incidents ranging from light to heavy crashes is one of the enablers for mobility solutions for fleet management, car-sharing, ride-hailing, insurance etc. While crashes involving airbag deployment are noticeable, light crashes without airbag deployment can be hidden and most drivers do not report these incidents. In this paper, we are using vehicle responses together with a dynamics model to trace back if abnormal forces have been applied to a vehicle so as to detect light crashes. The crash location around the perimeter of the vehicle, the direction of the crash force, and the severity of the crashes are all determined in real-time based on on-board sensor measurements which has further application in accident reconstruction. All of this information will be integrated to a feature called “Incident Report”, which enable reporting of minor accidents to the relevant entities such as insurance agencies, fleet managements, etc. The developed algorithms are being pursued for implementation in a wireless on-board-diagnostic (OBD) dongle using the hardware specific Java format. CAN-bus data, accessed through OBD-II port, are from on-board sensors and the information originated from the control functions such as ABS, TCS, ESC, and/or RCM. The impact triggers are first detected and confirmed, the computed variables are then transferred to the cloud. At this moment, the incident report algorithm, has been developed and verified in CARSIM simulation environment, and is implemented in real-time Java environment.
Panigrahi, SmrutiLu, JianboHong, Sanghyun
ABSTRACT Defense programs require accurate estimates of future asset performance and cost to manage the life cycles of both new and aging platforms. Traditional forecasting techniques and business intelligence applications typically fall short. Simulation-driven predictive analysis can deliver detailed insights that extend well beyond traditional methods. Advances in computing power and data management technologies now unshackle asset managers from the limitations of traditional forecasting. Clockwork’s simulation platform and predictive analysis approach leverages experience developed through serving defense programs. A case study on the allocation of maintenance resources illustrates this technique. Balancing manpower levels across multiple echelons and multiple geographic locations is accomplished after running nearly one thousand simulation scenarios—each spanning the full life cycle of the complete set of weapons systems. Historical data is merely a starting point—the distinctive, compelling value emerges from volumes of data about the future—not just the past. Powerful predictive solutions are driven by accurate representation of future performance and a structured approach that generates meaningful insights about the future. The simulation-driven predictive analysis platform applied by Clockwork Solutions illustrates the power available to asset managers that seek accuracy and detail that exceed traditional predictive methods.
Posadas, Sergio
Health and Usage Monitoring Systems (HUMS) generate a significant amount of data used for on-board and off-board monitoring of the health of the aircraft and its components. When this data is aggregated over the life of an aircraft, it becomes an invaluable resource that enables decision making for diagnostics, prognostics, and fleet management. At the fleet level, the amount of data being ingested, stored, and processed becomes a challenge in itself. The capability to easily handle data of this size is critical to be responsive to time-critical inquiries, iterate on data modeling, and enable efficient diagnostics and prognostics algorithm development. This paper discusses how massively scalable data analytics technologies have been used to enable rapid decision support using HUMS and other data sources. Several use cases are highlighted to show the novel opportunities enabled by these technologies along with associated challenges.
Koelemay, MichaelSulcs, Peter
According to the recent study, Thailand has the 2nd most dangerous road in the world. Based on many researches, the driver is the main influencers of the traffic fatalities. Since the more dangerous the driver drive, the more chance of accident become. Therefore, driver’s monitoring system become one of the solutions that acceptable and reliable, especially for fleet management and public transportation. This paper’s goal is to find an algorithm that can distinguish driving behaviour based on cars’ acceleration and velocity, calling it as Risk Driving Score (RDS). The algorithm was tested by driving test by volunteers on highways with observers, who were told to rank the drivers in terms of driving risk from the 1-5 point. Meanwhile, the drivers were asked to drive in 3 different styles, normal, safety, and hurry. All drives were recorded by satellite and video data then filtered and used for the algorithm calculation. After that, the linear regression shows that there is a trend of driving score evaluated by algorithm and observers in term of linear equation with high correlation. In conclusion, the algorithm can replace the observers in driver monitoring method and can be used with satellite data.
Winitthumkul, NattPhondeenana, PeerapatNoomwongs, Nuksit
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