Browse Topic: Engine lubricants

Items (914)

Preparation and Evaluation of lubricating properties of Neem seed oil under the influence of an Anti-wear additive as Sustainable alternative to commercial Engine oil

2025-28-0116To be published on 02/07/2025

The search for environmentally friendly and sustainable lubricants for automotive and industrial applications has led to extensive research on bio lubricants as a viable alternative to conventional engine oils and mineral oils. The biodegradable and ecofriendly nature of vegetable oil, makes it an excellent replacement for the depleting mineral oils. Still, a good number of modifications must be brought in, to overcome the drawbacks of vegetable oils. In this work, the preparation and evaluation of lubricating properties like tribological, rheological, thermal etc. of neem seed oil with and without additives were carried out and effectively compared with the lubricating properties of synthetic oil, Poly alpha olefin 6 (PAO6) and with a commercial engine oil, SAE20W40. The copper oxide nano particles were dispersed in neem seed oil as additive in various proportions (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 wt.%) to enhance the tribological properties. The tribological analysis were carried out to

Menon, Krishnaprasad S, R, Ambigai

Enhancing Engine Lubrication: Design and Evaluation of Oil Sump Surge Control in Racing Vehicles

2024-36-0074

12/20/2024

During accelerations and decelerations of a race car whose engine has a wet sump, the forces generated by the vehicle’s motion cause the engine oil to vigorously shift towards the walls of the oil pan and crankcase, contributing to the phenomenon known as ‘sloshing.’ This phenomenon often leads to fluctuations in oil pressure, resulting in oil pressure surge, when the oil is pushed away from the pump pickup point. Via the logged data, the Formula UFSM FSAE Team had witnessed a recurrent lack of oil pressure in the race track during the 2023 Brazilian FSAE competition. In the AutoCross Event, the recurrence of this problem was 80% of the right corners on lateral accelerations between 0.80G and 1.30G. The average oil pressure in this condition was 0.80 bar, even reaching 0.10 bar above 5000 RPM. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a new set of baffles for the oil pan, capable of minimizing the effects of sloshing and, consequently, the oil surge. As a method of research, a test bench

Zimmermann, Natalia Diovana, Junior, Luiz Alfredo Coelho, Martins, Mario, Hausen, Roberto

IMPACT OF FRICTION REDUCTION TECHNOLOGIES ON FUEL ECONOMY FOR GROUND VEHICLES

2024-01-3096

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT The Department of Defense is a major consumer of petroleum products – over 700 million gallons per day. While the majority of fuel consumed is for aircraft, in terms of logistics and exposure of personnel to hazardous conditions, the amount of fuel consumed in ground vehicles is considerable, with the cost (in-theatre, delivered) ranging from $100 to $600/gallon. This paper addresses the impact that parasitic friction mechanisms (boundary lubrication and lubricant viscosity) have on engine friction and overall vehicle efficiency. A series of mechanistic models of friction losses in key engine components was applied to investigate the impact of low-friction technologies on the fuel consumption of heavy-duty, on-road vehicles. The results indicate that fuel savings in the range of 3 to 5% are feasible by reducing boundary friction and utilizing low-viscosity engine lubricants. The paper will discuss the implications of the studies (as performed for commercial heavy-duty trucks

Fenske, G. R., Erck, R. A., Ajayi, O. O., Masoner, A., Comfort, A. S.

Evaluation of Single Common Powertrain Lubricant (SCPL) Candidates for Fuel Consumption Benefits in Military Equipment

2024-01-3286

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT The Single Common Powertrain Lubricant (SCPL) program is seeking to develop an all-season (arctic to desert), fuel-efficient, multi-functional powertrain fluid with extended drain capabilities. To evaluate candidate lubricants for the purpose of fuel consumption effects, a test cycle was developed using the GEP 6.5L(T) engine found in the HMMWV. Field data collected at Ft. Hood, TX was used to determine a set of speed, load and temperature points which could be reproduced consistently in test-cell operation. These points were condensed into a 14-mode cycle for use within the SCPL program. In addition to fresh condition oil, some lubricants were evaluated at end-of-life drain conditions to determine consumption effects over time. Results from the program indicated a significant fuel consumption benefit with lower viscosity lubricants when compared to current in-use military engine oils

Warden, Robert, Hansen, Gregory, Comfort, Allen

A Step towards Pragmatic Carbon Emission Reduction in Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles through Differentiated Diesel and Green Combo Lubricants

2024-01-4303

11/05/2024

With all the environmental concern of diesel fuelled vehicle, it is a challenge to phase out them completely specifically from Heavy duty application. Most pragmatic solution lies in solutions which improves the fuel economy and reduce the carbon emission of existing diesel fuelled vehicle fleet and retain the economic feasibility offered by present diesel fuelled vehicle fleets. With implementation of Bharat Stage IV (BS VI) emission norms across country from April 2020, supply of BS VI complaint diesel fuel started and BS VI complaint vehicles with upgraded engine technologies and after treatment devices started to come which made present vehicle fleets heterogeneous with substantive number of BS IV vehicle. Beside improvement of engine technologies, existing BS IV vehicle fleet performance can be enhanced through improved fuel and lubricants solutions. The present research work is a step towards improving the fuel economy of existing BS IV diesel vehicles through the intervention of

Mishra, Sumit Kumar, Singh, Punit Kumar, Chakradhar, Maya, Seth, Sarita, Singh, Sauhard, Arora, Ajay, Harinarain, Ajay Kumar, Maheshwari, Mukul

Towards Robust Hydrogen Combustion: Precise Lube Oil Consumption Measurement as an Enabler for Tackling Pre-Ignition

2024-01-4290

11/05/2024

The use of carbon-free fuels, such as ammonia or hydrogen, or at least carbon neutral fuels, such as green methane or methanol is one of the most important paths in the development of low-carbon internal combustion engines (ICE). Especially for large, heavy-duty engines, this is a promising route, as replacing them with battery electric or fuel cell drives poses even greater challenges, at least for the time being. For some applications or areas of the world, small ICEs for trucks, passenger cars or off-road vehicles, operated with alternative fuels will still remain the means of choice. One of the biggest challenges in the development of hydrogen combustion engines is achieving high compression ratios and mean effective pressures due to combustion anomalies, caused by the low ignition delay and broad flammability limit of hydrogen. Oil droplets are considered to be one of the main triggers for pre-ignition and knocking. This paper will give a brief introduction, showing the results of

Rossegger, Bernhard, Grabner, Peter, Gschiel, Kevin, Vareka, Martin

Reproducing Internal Injector Deposits Found in Heavy-Duty Vehicles with a Novel Injector Rig

2024-01-4298

11/05/2024

In recent years, deposit formation in fuel systems for heavy-duty engines, using drop-in fuels, have become increasingly common. Drop-in fuels are particularly appealing because they are compatible with existing engines, allowing for higher proportions of alternative fuels to be blended with conventional fuels. However, the precipitation of insoluble substances from drop-in fuels can result in fuel filter clogging and the formation of internal injector deposits, leading to higher fuel consumption and issues with engine drivability. The precise reasons behind the formation of these deposits in the fuel system remain unclear, with factors such as operating conditions, fuel quality, and fuel contamination all suggested as potential contributors. In order to reproduce and study the formation of internal injector deposits, for heavy-duty engines under controlled conditions and to facilitate a more precise comparison to field trials, a novel injector test rig has been developed. This newly

Pach, Mayte, Hittig, Henrik, Theveny, Arnaud, Kusar, Henrik, Hruby, Sarah

The Effect on Soot Handling and Friction of Selected Dispersant Additives for Next Generation Transportation Sector Oils

2024-01-4301

11/05/2024

Next generation lubricating oils for transportation sector require higher durability in operation, compatibility with new engine technologies and aftertreatment devices as well as high fuel economy (FE), thus contributing to the reduction of CO2 emissions, both in passenger cars and heavy-duty vehicles. The current paper aims to highlight the impact of dispersant main properties in preventing sludge and deposits formation on engine surfaces. The effect on frictional properties of lubricating oils through a multi-step activity was evaluated. Oil contamination by soot is a big concern not only for diesel but also for new generation of direct injection gasoline (GDI) engines. The presence of soot leads to oil thickening that heavily impacts on friction coefficient thus enhancing the role of dispersant in controlling soot and related viscosity increase and, indirectly, fuel consumption for long running periods. After an introduction on dispersant technologies, the focus of the paper moves

Lattuada, Marco, Manni, Massimo, Notari, Marcello, Ferraro, Giovanni, Fratini, Emiliano

The Single Technology Matrix Process for Fully Formulated Engine Oil Capability Testing

2024-01-4299

11/05/2024

The American Petroleum Institute’s (API) Single Technology Matrix (STM) is a data-based, Virtual Testing process and protocol (utilizes test data, characteristics and features of base stocks and blends coupled with statistical methods and analysis) used to predict the performance capability of a specific engine oil additive technology in a single specified base oil, in a given engine test. The concept was first introduced in 2002, codified and implemented by API in 2007, and updated in 2022. The previously published advantages of STM in the proof-of-performance of engine oils, remain relevant. These advantages include a data space focused on interpolation, documented statistical analysis protocol, limitation to a specific formulation, flexibility in understanding complicated, interactive, or non-linear technology and base oil relationships, and timeliness. There have been numerous changes to, and in, the engine oil industry since the introduction of STM in 2007. These include advances

Zielinski, Christine, Scinto, Philip, Chen, Min, Gibbons, Greer, Baker, Charles

Performance Evaluation & Development of Engine Oil with Re-Refined Base Oil for Automotive Applications

2024-01-4302

11/05/2024

The focus on sustainability has encouraged innovation across industries with a growing emphasis on minimizing environmental impact. In the transportation sector, optimizing engine lubricants emerges as a crucial avenue for achieving sustainable performance as used engine oil is the primary lubricants waste stream. Re-Refined Base Oil (RRBO) presents a compelling solution, offering a sustainable alternative to virgin base oils. By reclaiming and reprocessing used oil, RRBO not only minimizes waste but also embodies the ideology of circularity, promoting resource efficiency and environmental conservation. This study presents the collaborative efforts between an Indian Automotive OEM and Lubricant Technology Partner towards the development of engine oil utilizing Re-Refined Base Oil (RRBO) for automotive applications. Specifically, two formulations were targeted: a 5W-30 A5/B5 oil for Bharat Stage IV passenger car usage and a 15W-40 CI4+ oil for Bharat Stage IV commercial vehicle

Tyagarajan, Sethuramalingam, Singh, Samsher, Bondre, Sushil, Thanapathy, Saravana Raja, Dalvi, Preshit

Influence of Lube Oil and Fuel Additives on the Particulate Raw Emission Behavior of Gasoline Engines

04-18-01-0004

10/03/2024

The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of different combinations of engine oil and oil additive as well as additivated and unadditivated fuel on particulate emissions in gasoline engines. To accomplish this, load, speed, and type of oil injection were varied on a single-cylinder engine, and the influence on particle number concentration and size distribution were evaluated. The tests were supplemented by an optical investigation of their in-cylinder soot formation. The investigation of fuel additives showed no significant differences compared to the reference fuel without additives. However, in the case of oil additives, detergents led to a significant increase in the number of particles in the <20 nm range. This effect occurred when used as both a single additive and a component in the standard engine oil. While viscosity improvers also lead to a measurable, but less pronounced, increase in the particle number concentration, no significant influence can be determined

Böhmeke, Christian, Heinz, Lukas, Wagner, Uwe, Koch, Thomas

24TOFHP10_13

10/01/2024

Shell Rotella hosted journalists at the National Tractor Pulling Championships in Bowling Green, Ohio, in August, where the company was sponsoring tractors run by Koester Racing in the mini-modified division. Karin Haumann, OEM technical manager of Shell Global Solutions, was onsite and spoke with TOHE about the approaching proposed category 12 (PC-12) heavy-duty diesel engine oil category. PC-12 engine oils are in development and will be licensed for use on January 1, 2027. The current engine oil categories, CK-4 and FA-4, were introduced in 2016. Development of the new category is necessary due to advancements in engine technology, and it aligns with stricter emissions regulations that begin in 2027, said Haumann, who serves as chairperson of the API new category development team. “As diesel engine technology evolves, they require oils that offer increased oxidation performance and wear reduction, can handle higher temperatures, and improve fuel economy,” she said. Lubricant

Gehm, Ryan

Physics Informed Machine Learning for Advanced Diagnostics & Prognostics of Ground Combat Vehicles

2024-01-4089

09/16/2024

We introduce novel approaches utilizing Physics Informed Machine Learning (PIML) for advanced diagnostics & prognostics of ground combat vehicles (CV). Specifically, we present the development of a PIML model designed to predict the health of engine oil in diesel engines. The condition of engine oil is closely linked to engine wear, thus serving as a crucial indicator of engine health. Our model integrates a physics-based simulation of engine wear in diesel engines, leveraging a time history of engine oil viscosity and engine speed as key input parameters. Furthermore, we conduct uncertainty quantification to assess the impact of varying parameters on engine oil health prediction. Additionally, our model demonstrates the capability to enhance low-fidelity physics models through the integration of a limited set of experimental data. By combining data-driven techniques with physics-based insights, our approach offers enhanced diagnostics and prognostics capabilities for ground combat

Betts, Juan F., Alizadeh, Arash

Improved Monitoring and Classification of Engine Oil Condition through Two Machine Learning Techniques

04-18-01-0005

09/14/2024

This study explores the effectiveness of two machine learning models, namely multilayer perceptron neural networks (MLP-NN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS), in advancing maintenance management based on engine oil analysis. Data obtained from a Mercedes Benz 2628 diesel engine were utilized to both train and assess the MLP-NN and ANFIS models. Six indices—Fe, Pb, Al, Cr, Si, and PQ—were employed as inputs to predict and classify engine conditions. Remarkably, both models exhibited high accuracy, achieving an average precision of 94%. While the radial basis function (RBF) model, as presented in a referenced article, surpassed ANFIS, this comparison underscored the transformative potential of artificial intelligence (AI) tools in the realm of maintenance management. Serving as a proof-of-concept for AI applications in maintenance management, this study encourages industry stakeholders to explore analogous methodologies. Highlights Two machine learning models, multilayer

Pourramezan, Mohammad-Reza, Rohani, Abbas

The Effects of the Oil Temperature Warm-Up on Engine Fuel Consumption

2024-01-2411

04/09/2024

The need for even more efficient internal combustion engines in the road transportation sector is a mandatory step to reduce the related CO2 emissions. In fact, this sector impacts significantly on greenhouse gases worldwide, and the path toward hybrid and electric powertrains has just begun. In particular, in heavy-duty vehicles the full electrification of the powertrain is far to be considered as a really feasible alternative. So, internal combustion engines will still play a significant role in the near/medium future. Hence, technologies having a low cost to benefits (CO2 reduction) ratio will be favorably introduced in existing engines. Thermal management of engines is today a recognized area of research. Inside this area, the interest toward the lubricant oil has a great potential but not yet fully exploited. Engine oil is responsible of the mechanical efficiency of the engine which has a significant potential of improvement. A faster warm-up during a daily urban trip when the

Di Giovine, Giammarco, Di Battista, Davide, Cipollone, Roberto

An Assessment of Performance of Compression Ignition Engine Fueled with Recycled Waste Engine Oil Waste Cooking Oil and Waste Plastic Oil as Fuel

2024-01-2699

04/09/2024

Using the recycled waste oils are to be focused for the protection of environment by reducing the land pollution and disposal costs. This study is to use the recycled waste engine oil, waste cooking oil and waste plastic oil along with Bio-butanol from the waste cut vegetables and fruits. Initially, properties and solubility were tested for choosing a suitable blend for fueling into diesel engine from various proportions. These three blends from the base of three waste oils are then tested by modifying and standard engine operating parameters for performance. The properties tests results as 18% of waste engine oil (by volume) with bio-butanol, 16% of waste cooking oil (by volume) with bio- butanol and 24% of waste plastic oil (by volume) with bio-butanol are found competent for fueling engine. These blends produces low efficiency in lower brake powers and the emissions of smoke, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are also higher during the operation under standard parameters. To upkeep

B, Prabakaran, Yasin, Mohd Hafizil Mat

Advanced Engine Cooling System for a Gas-Engine Vehicle Part I: A New Coolant Flow Control During Cold Start

2024-01-2414

04/09/2024

In this paper, we present a novel algorithm designed to accurately trigger the engine coolant flow at the optimal moment, thereby safeguarding gas-engines from catastrophic failures such as engine boil. To achieve this objective, we derive models for crucial temperatures within a gas-engine, including the engine combustion wall temperature, engine coolant-out temperature, engine block temperature, and engine oil temperature. To overcome the challenge of measuring hard-to-measure signals such as engine combustion gas temperature, we propose the use of new intermediate parameters. Our approach utilizes a lumped parameter concept with a mean-value approach, enabling precise temperature prediction and rapid simulation. The proposed engine thermal model is capable of estimating temperatures under various conditions, including steady-state or transient engine performance, without the need for extra sensors. Moreover, it exhibits greater robustness compared to temperature estimation systems

Chang, Insu, Sun, Min, Edwards, David

Prediction of Air Generation in Engine Oil Pan by MPS and DEM

2024-01-2727

04/09/2024

Recent automobile engines are equipped with many devices that are driven by oil pressure. Generally, engine oil is used for oil pressure, and in addition to its conventional functions of lubrication and cooling, etc., it also plays an important role in accurately driving such devices. One of the factors that can interfere with the characteristics of engine oil is air contamination. Excessive air contamination can cause issues with driving devices. Although there are various factors that contribute to air contamination, this paper focuses on, and attempts to help predict, the air generated by engine oil falling and colliding with the surface of the oil in the oil pan as it returns from the top to the bottom of the engine. Using the particle method as the prediction method, the coupled Moving Particle Simulation (MPS) and Discrete Element Method (DEM) calculations were used to represent the generation of air. Basic tests were conducted to computationally reproduce the behavior of each of

Sato, Kenji, Takano, Junpei

Aspects of Engine Lubricant Operating Conditions and Fuel Economy Differentiation; In-Vehicle Comparisons of Standard Internal Combustion Engine with Two Types of Hybrid Electric

2024-01-2824

04/09/2024

Due to the global drive for carbon neutrality, passenger vehicle gasoline engines are transitioning to higher levels of electrification, such as hybrid electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, HEVs and PHEVs. Compared with conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, the HEV or PHEV engine whilst in ICE only operation, typically operates for multiple shorter periods, in turn the engine coolant and lubricant temperatures are lower. Conventional internal combustion engines are often able to yield valuable fuel economy benefits by selecting appropriate engine lubricating oils, typically employing reduced viscosity and suitable additives. There are commercial engine tests available for measurement, often in an engine test cell for precision. Steady state testing is also a simplified option. Such efforts require care, as the accurate measurement is technically and practically challenging. This level of difficulty is again increased by the further complication of

Butcher, Richard, Bradley, Nathan, Jamieson, Matthew, Chambers, Thomas

Development of Low Viscosity Fuel Economy Engine Oil for Commercial Vehicles

2024-26-0040

01/16/2024

Sustainability has evolved from being just a niche engagement to a fundamental necessity. The reduction of carbon emissions from aspects of human activity has become desirable for its ability to mitigate the impact of climate change. The Transportation industry is a critical part of the global economy – any effort to curb emissions will have a significant impact on CO2 reduction. Engine lubricant can play an efficient and key role to enhance powertrain performance that have undergone significant hardware changes to reduce emissions. As part of a significant collaborative programme between Tata Motors and Infineum, a new engine oil formulation SAE 5W-30 API FA-4 has been developed and commercially introduced for use in the modern Bharat Stage 6 Phase 2 engines. Introduction of SAE 5W-30 API FA-4 engine oil for Tata Commercial Vehicle application is a step towards delivering a sustainable option beyond improved fuel economy, longer drain interval and enhanced engine wear protection

Tyagarajan, Sethuramalingam, Singh, Samsher, Thanapathy, Saravana Raja, Bondre, Sushil, Pollington, Mark, Lim, Pei Yi, Madan, Lalit

Effect of Tire Pressure on the Fatigue Life of an Automotive Three-Wheeled Vehicle’s Chassis & Body

2024-26-0365

01/16/2024

The need and dependency on objective measurements are increasing rapidly across all industries for reliable and faster data for product validation, and the automotive industry is no different. Objective measurements are becoming increasingly popular than subjective evaluation as they offer objectivity and repeatability. Typical industry practice for structural validation is to acquire the vehicle responses, viz. spindle accelerations, wheel displacements, wheel forces, speed, strain at a few critical locations, and others as per the requirement. Vehicle responses are usually acquired on specific road surfaces, test tracks, and proving grounds. Prior to the tests or measurements, the vehicles are configured as per the company's recommendation, such as tire pressure, camber angles, engine oil, coolant oil type and quantity, load, and load distribution, to name a few. The test vehicles with which these measurements are carried are usually only with these vehicle settings. However, the

Polisetti, Sagar

A Study of Engine Oil Aeration in IC Engines and Factors Contributing

2024-26-0370

01/16/2024

The lubrication system of an internal combustion engine is a crucial component that performs a variety of functions, including lowering friction, cooling, supporting the load, and cleaning debris from the engine’s various moving components. Oil aeration refers to the phenomenon of trapping air bubbles in lubricating oil. High oil aeration can have a detrimental effect on engine performance since modern engines are equipped with parts such as VVT, HLA, RFF, PCJ, LCJ, and other components; whose operation is substantially impacted by the amount of air in circulating oil. In this study, an Inline 4-cylinder NA DOHC gasoline engine was tested with a densimeter-type aeration measuring machine. Test equipment layout which consists of hoses of various diameters and lengths were designed, fabricated, and instrumented to operate under different test conditions. Visual observations and quantitative measurements of oil aeration were performed in the oil sump. The purpose of this study is to

Attri, Mayank, Yadav, Vimal, Kamboj, Jagdish

Diesel Emissions and Their Control, Second Edition

R-53312/20/2023

Engineers, applied scientists, students, and individuals working to reduce emissions and advance diesel engine technology will find the second edition of Diesel Emissions and Their Control to be an indispensable reference. Whether readers are at the outset of their learning journey or seeking to deepen their expertise, this comprehensive reference book caters to a wide audience. In this substantial update to the 2006 classic, the authors have expanded the coverage of the latest emission technologies. With the industry evolving rapidly, the book ensures that readers are well-informed about the most recent advances in commercial diesel engines, providing a competitive edge in their respective fields. The second edition has also streamlined the content to focus on the most promising technologies. This book is rooted in the wealth of information available on DieselNet.com, where the "Technology Guide" papers offer in-depth insights. Each chapter includes links to relevant online materials

Majewski, Addy, Jaaskelainen, Hannu

Elastomer: Fluorocarbon (FKM) Rubber High-Temperature-Fluid Resistant Low Compression Set / 85 to 95 Type A Hardness For Seals in Fuel Systems and Specific Engine Oil Systems

AMS3218E (Current)

11/10/2023

This specification covers a fluorocarbon (FKM) elastomer that can be used to manufacture product in the form of sheet, strip, tubing, extrusions, and molded shapes. For molded rings, compression seals, molded O-ring cord, and molded-in-place gaskets for aeronautical and aerospace applications, use the AMS7259 specification

AMS CE Elastomers Committee

Engine Operating Conditions, Fuel Property Effects, and Associated Fuel–Wall Interaction Dependencies of Stochastic Preignition

2023-01-1615

10/31/2023

This work for the Coordinating Research Council (CRC) explores dependencies on the opportunity for fuel to impinge on internal engine surfaces (i.e., fuel–wall impingement) as a function of fuel properties and engine operating conditions and correlates these data with measurements of stochastic preignition (SPI) propensity. SPI rates are directly coupled with laser–induced florescence measurements of dye-doped fuel dilution measurements of the engine lubricant, which provides a surrogate for fuel–wall impingement. Literature suggests that SPI may have several dependencies, one being fuel–wall impingement. However, it remains unknown if fuel-wall impingement is a fundamental predictor and source of SPI or is simply a causational factor of SPI. In this study, these relationships on SPI and fuel-wall impingement are explored using 4 fuels at 8 operating conditions per fuel, for 32 total test points. The fuels were directly injected at two different injection timings: an earlier injection

Splitter, Derek, Boronat Colomer, Vicente, Neupane, Sneha, Partridge, William

The Effect of Sulfated Ash Content in Lubricant Oil on Particulate Emission of Gasoline Engine

2023-01-1647

10/31/2023

On a 1.5L TGDI gasoline engine bench(without GPF), 4 lubricant oils A/B/C/D with different sulfated ash content (1.1wt.%/0.8wt.%/0.7wt.%/0.5wt.%) were used to test the impact on the emission of PN and PM under WLTC condition. In the test results, the PN and PM values of Oil A are the largest, 7.12E+12 p/km and 2.60mg/km respectively, the PN and PM values of Oil B and C are the equivalent, 5.58E+12 p/km&5.72E+12 p/km,1.81 mg/km & 2.03 mg/km respectively, and the PN and PM values of Oil D are 5.38E+12 p/km and 1.65mg/km respectively. The test results indicate that the sulfated ash content of engine oil affects the particulate emission level of the engine. Oil with high sulfated ash content(1.1 wt.%) has high emission values(PN&PM); Oils with low sulfated ash content (0.8wt.%) have lower emission values (PN&PM). When the sulfated ash content of the oil is below 0.8wt.%, there is almost no significant difference in emission values (PN&PM

Ling, Lei, Sun, Ruiyu, Xu, Jinshan

Improving Reliability of 2 Wheelers Using Predictive Diagnostics

2023-01-1836

10/24/2023

The On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) system can detect problems with the vehicle’s engine, transmission, and emissions control systems to generate error codes that can pinpoint the source of the problem. However, there are several wear and tear parts (air filter, oil filter, batteries, engine oil, belt/chain, clutch, gear tooth) that are not diagnosed but replaced often or periodically in motorcycles/ power sports applications. Traditionally there is a lack of availability of in-field and on-board assistive tools to diagnose vehicle health for 2wheelers. An alert system that informs the riders about health and remaining useful life of their motorcycle can help schedule part replacements, ensuring they are always trip-ready and have a stress-free ownership and service experience. This information can also aid in the correct assessment during warranty claims. With the increase of onboard sensors on vehicles, there has been a notable increase in the availability of condition-monitoring data

Vijaykumar, Srikanth, Sabu, Abhijith, PRADHAN, DEBAYAN, Shrivardhankar, Yash

The Performance of Diesel Engine Oil using Ashless Anti-Wear Additive and Detergent

2023-32-0027

09/29/2023

To comply with increasingly strict emission regulations, diesel vehicles are equipped with Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) to capture fine particulate matter (PM) from exhaust gas. However, due to the limited capacity of DPF to capture soot, periodic regeneration processing is required to burn it off. The ash created by metal-based additives in engine oil accumulates in DPF, leading to issues such as increased regeneration frequency and decreased fuel efficiency. To solve this problem, researchers have developed diesel engine oil with reduced ash content. However, the authors are taking it a step further and developing a diesel engine oil without metal-based detergents and anti-wear additives, for even more significant environmental impact reduction. This paper describes the development of an ashless engine oil with DH-2 performance, the effects of the developed engine oil on DPF, and the results of engine and actual field tests

Shimizu, Yasunori, Fujinami, Yukitoshi, Kasai, Moritsugu

Low Ash SP/GF-6 Fuel Eco Gasoline Engine Oil

2023-32-0036

09/29/2023

A gasoline particulate filter (GPF) is installed in a passenger vehicle for new exhaust regulation. However, ash in gasoline engine oil has a risk of clogging as well as performance decrease in the GPF. Therefore, new gasoline engine oil whose ash contents decrease to 0.8 mass% was developed in order to avoid the GPF clogging. In addition to this, our developed oil improves fuel efficiency (+0.2% from our SN 0W-16 fuel eco type oil) as well as anti-wear performance for gasoline engine, which resulted in meeting API SP/ILSAC GF-6 0W-16 official certification

Yamada, Naohiro, Nakano, Seiichi, Koike, Yusuke, Suzuki, Rika, Okuda, Sachiko, Konishi, Shozaburo

A Study on the Mechanism of Piston Ring Rotation of an Engine

2023-32-0033

09/29/2023

Engine oil consumption must be reduced because it produces particulate matter in exhaust gases and poisons the catalyst in an aftertreatment system. Oil transport upward via piston ring gaps is one of the factors for oil consumption. It is known that piston rings rotate circumferentially during engine operation, and that oil consumption increases when the ring gaps of multiple piston rings are close to each other. Force acting on a piston ring in the circumferential direction was investigated in a past study [3], and a wave form of the force was measured against the crank angle. Furthermore, the forces were varied according to the measurement position in the circumferential direction. It means that the ring gap tends to stay where the force showed a small value. The force shows a periodic wave form against the crank angle for each cycle, and some parts of the waveform show a correlation with piston slap motion [3]. Piston motion consists of lateral motion, tilting motion and up-and

Kanemoto, Kaito, Ito, Akemi

Characterization of Gaseous and Particle Emissions of a Direct Injection Hydrogen Engine at Various Operating Conditions

2023-32-0042

09/29/2023

This paper investigates the gaseous and particulate emissions of a hydrogen powered direct injection spark ignition engine. Experiments were performed over different engine speeds and loads and with varying air- fuel ratio, start of injection and intake manifold pressure. An IAG FTIR system was used to detect and measure a variety of gaseous emissions, which include standard emissions such as NOX and unburned hydrocarbons as well as some non-standard emissions such as formaldehyde, formic acid, and ammonia. The particle number concentration and size distribution were measured using a DMS 500 fast particle analyzer from Cambustion. Particle composition was investigated using ICP analysis as well as a Sunset OC/EC analyzer to determine the soot content and the presence of any unburned engine oil. The results show that NOX emissions range between 0.1 g/kWh for a λ of 2.5 and 10 g/kWh λ of 1.5. The highest particle concentration was found for low loads and low intake pressures, with peaks

Berg, Victor, Koopmans, Lucien, Sjöblom, Jonas, Dahlander, Petter

Hybrid Operation Characteristics and Their Impact on Engine Oil Requirements

2023-32-0172

09/29/2023

With the increasing regulatory stringency on emission reduction and efficiency improvement, the automotive industry has experienced a significant shift in the hardware platform. Among technology candidates, hybrid technology is still considered one of the most viable approaches to meet the regulation requirement (both emission and efficiency) at an affordable cost to both the customer and the manufacturer. New engine operating characteristics are expected in hybrid applications which would potentially result in different performance requirements for the engine oil. Therefore, it is crucial to understand those characteristics of a hybrid powertrain, from which the insights of fluid requirements can be derived. A hybrid vehicle test study was conducted to evaluate the engine operation of different kinds of hybrid platforms. The hybrid operation has been well characterized by thoroughly analyzing parameters on each engine. The temperature profile from each hybrid powertrain was evaluated

Garelick, Kenneth, Shao, Huifang, Hidetaka, Hoshino, Li, Yanfei, Shuai, Shijin

Mechanism for Internal Injector Deposits Formation in Heavy-duty Engines using Drop-in Fuels

2023-32-0053

09/29/2023

Heavy-duty transportation is one of the sectors that contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. One way to reduce CO2 emissions is to use drop-in fuels. However, when drop-in fuels are used, i.e., higher blends of alternative fuels are added to conventional fuels, solubility problems and precipitation in the fuel can occur. As a result, insolubles in the fuel can clog the fuel filters and interfere with the proper functioning of the injectors. This adversely affects engine performance and increases fuel consumption. These problems are expected to increase with the development of more advanced fuel systems to meet upcoming environmental regulations. This work investigates the composition of the deposits formed inside the injectors of the heavy-duty diesel engine and discusses their formation mechanism. Injectors with internal deposits were collected from field trucks throughout Europe. Similar content, location and structure were found for all the deposits in the studied injectors. The

Pach, Mayte, Hittig, Henrik, Couval, Romain, Kusar, Henrik, Engvall, Klas

Maximizing engine oil fuel efficiency in the same SAE grade without compromising oil consumption - An investigation into the relationship between Noack evaporation and oil consumption in state-of-the-art turbocharged gasoline engines

2023-32-0034

09/29/2023

Improving fuel efficiency is a major goal of the automotive industry. One approach is to lower an engine oils viscosity grade raising durability concerns and requiring engine re-design. Study [6] demonstrates that higher fuel efficiency is also achieved in the same SAE grade by increasing the Noack evaporation loss and using advanced viscosity index improvers like comb polymers. Increased Noack volatility might raise concerns of oil consumption. Evonik investigated this in a state-of-the- art engine using a test matrix including multiple Noack volatilities, SAE grades and base stocks. Additionally base oil viscosities and VII treat rate were investigated. All parameters showed no correlation with engine oil consumption. This allows to maximize fuel efficiency within the same SAE grade through optimized viscometric performance

Seemann, Michael, Strube, Sabrina, Hutchinson, Phil, Eisenberg, Boris, Melchior, Helmut, Markwart, Jens, Kempf, Stephanie, Schimmel, Thomas, Mori, Masahito

The Fuel Economy Improvement Effect of MoDTC with Low Viscosity Engine Oil under Hybrid Electric Vehicle

2023-32-0112

09/29/2023

In order to confirm friction and fuel economy performance of engine oils, laboratory bench tests, motored engine tests and chassis dynamo tests with HEV under WLTP were conducted. The fuel economy improvement effect of reducing viscosity and MoDTC were confirmed under these tests. Moreover, MoDTC (std.) exhibited excellent fuel economy improvement effect compared to MoDTC (L) under low temperature condition particularly. Low viscosity oils formulated with MoDTC (std.) showed superior fuel economy performance even at HEV with relatively lower oil temperatures in this study

Takano, Koichi, Iino, Shinji, Yamamoto, Kenji, Moriizumi, Yukiya

Improving fuel economy without compromising wear and oxidative viscosity control in ultra-low viscosity engine oils

2023-32-0114

09/29/2023

The automotive industry is continuously looking to improve fuel economy in order to meet stringent government regulations around carbon emissions reduction. To achieve fuel economy targets, OEMs have explored lowering the viscosity of the engine oil to reduces energy losses. Many OEMs are currently designing engines that operate with 0W-20 viscosity engine oil and lower. Recently, ultra-low viscosity engine oil categories, such as JASO GLV-1, have been developed to further improve fuel economy through fluid design (reduction of friction of the engine oil). However, as the viscosity of the fluid is reduced, the fluid’s ability to control viscosity and wear is often also reduced. This paper details a holistic formulation approach to deliver improved fuel economy without compromising wear and oxidative viscosity control. Advanced fuel economy studies were conducted which combined simulated fuel economy modelling with a fired engine fuel economy test to provide fluid formulations with

Garelick, Ken, Field, Sam, Anderson, William B., Engelman, Kristi, Hoshino, Hidetaka

Lubricant Performance and Reliability of Ammonia Fueled Internal Combustion Engines

2023-32-0104

09/29/2023

Using ammonia as a fuel has been experimented since the nineteenth century in different types of ground and air vehicles but it was never able to replace fossil- based hydrocarbon fuels at scale. Nevertheless, this concept has gained a new momentum following recent policies to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions in fuel intensive sectors such as power generation and transportation. Following the strategy of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to reduce the carbon intensity from international shipping by at least 50 percent by 2050, the implementation of zero-carbon fuels on a tank to wake basis, such as ammonia, is being strongly considered by the maritime ecosystem. Additionally, initiatives from other industries have emerged recently, demonstrating a broader interest in ammonia fuel for sustainable operations such as heavy duty and off-road applications. Whereas its toxicity and handling protocols fuel numerous discussions and working groups, ammonia reactivity

Obrecht, Nicolas, Griffaton, Bruno, Rappo, Maria

Understanding degradation of engine oil additives and its effect on abnormal combustion in a gasoline engine

2023-32-0035

09/29/2023

Engine oils and their additives are formulated to meet required performance areas such as lubrication, detergency, dispersancy, anti-wear, and so on. Understanding degradation of engine oil additives is important to formulate oils with long time durability. Engine oil additives have been found to affect abnormal combustion in turbocharged gasoline direct injection (TGDI) engines, called low speed pre-ignition (LSPI). Some of metal containing additives such as zinc dithiophosphates (ZnDTP) and molybdenum dithiocarbamates (MoDTC) have been found to reduce LSPI events. In this study, we investigated degradation of ZnDTP and MoDTC in gasoline engine operation and effects of the degradation on LSPI performance

Onouchi, Hisanari, Tanaka, Isao, Elliott, Ian, Ketterer, Nicole

Evaluation of Different Gasoline Formulations on a High-Performance Engine

2023-24-0038

08/28/2023

The future of the combustion engine will to some extent depend on the use of CO2-neutral eFuels to avoid further fossil CO2 emissions. Also, the use of synthetic fuels offers the possibility to improve various engine properties, such as thermodynamics, EGR compatibility or emissions, through targeted influence on specific fuel properties. To this end, a methodology was generated to attribute various engine effects to particular fuel properties. Therefore, the Chair of Combustion Engines (LVAS) at the TU Dresden developed a fully automated testbed for motorcycle engines, including clutch and gear switching mechanisms. Hitherto, emissions measurements for motorcycles were done mostly on chassis dynamometers, with the disadvantage of a large spread of results. Due to the lack of consistency the analysis of fuel properties was not possible. To prove the developed methodology, a test campaign including 15 different gasoline fuels was elaborated in cooperation with KTM R&D GmbH. Before

Graßmeyer, Marius, Atzler, Frank

Correlation of Oil Originating Particle Emissions and Knock in a PFI HD SI Engine Fueled with Methanol

2023-24-0036

08/28/2023

A viable option to reduce global warming related to internal combustion engines is to use renewable fuels, for example methanol. However, the risk of knocking combustion limits the achievable efficiency of SI engines. Hence, most high load operation is run at sub-optimal conditions to suppress knock. Normally the fuel is a limiting factor, however when running on high octane fuels such as methanol, other factors also become important. For example, oil droplets entering the combustion chamber have the possibility to locally impact both temperature and chemical composition. This may create spots with reduced octane number, hence making the engine more prone to knock. Previous research has confirmed a connection between oil droplets in the combustion chamber and knock. Furthermore, previous research has confirmed a connection between oil droplets in the combustion chamber and exhaust particle emissions. However, the co-variation between oil originating particle emissions and knock has not

Ainouz, Filip, Adlercreutz, Ludvig, Cronhjort, Andreas, Stenlaas, Ola

Application of Metal Oxide Gas Sensors for the Detection of Fuel Contamination in ICEs Oil

2023-24-0101

08/28/2023

In modern internal combustion engines, oil represents a real component. It carries out the essential tasks: lubrication and heat dissipation. On one hand, it directly influences the vehicle performances and, on the other hand, it is subjected to an unavoidable dirtying and degradation process during operation. For these reasons, it requires a dedicated maintenance program which traditionally consists in a scheduled substitution without the analysis of its actual state. To this purpose, the current work aims to show the potential use of nanostructured metal oxides (MOX) gas sensors to develop a new online, on-board, non-invasive device for the oil monitoring. Indeed, they could analyze the oil vapors from the recirculation pipe directly in the engine head. For this analysis, two traditional engine oils have been considered and used in the same test bench. It is equipped with a small spark ignition engine operated in different conditions and fed in turn with different fuels or blends

Fioravanti, Ambra, Sequino, Luigi, Sementa, Paolo

Piston Pre-Heating Using a Pressurized-Heated Oil Buffer: A Practical Method to Reduce ICE Emissions and Fuel Consumption

2023-24-0123

08/28/2023

Engine cold start is characterized by sub-optimal combustion efficiency due to the low temperature of the combustion chamber; this heavily increases engine raw emissions at start. One driving phenomenon is a limited fuel evaporation rate. Consequently, a liquid fuel film remains on the piston top at ignition. Liquid fuel deposited on the piston top is a well-known cause of “pool-fire”, leading to high levels of particle emissions; a problem particularly noticeable with bio-based renewable fuels. Engine piston pre-heating can be deployed to prevent or limit the formation of such fuel film and associated pollutants. In this work a practical technique is proposed to effectively pre-heat the pistons immediately before engine cold start. The device consists of a pressurized-heated oil buffer which pre-heats the pistons via the existing piston cooling nozzles. The device provides further benefits in emissions and fuel consumption in two ways: 1) the warm oil pre-lubricates the engine working

Bovo, Mirko, Mubarak Ali, Mohammed Jaasim

Application of a One-Dimensional Dilution and Evaporation Lubricant Oil Model to Predict Oil Evaporation under Different Engine Operative Conditions Considering a Large Hydrogen-Fuelled Engine

2023-24-0009

08/28/2023

The increasing environmental concern is leading to the need for innovation in the field of internal combustion engines, in order to reduce the carbon footprint. In this context, hydrogen is a possible mid-term solution to be used both in conventional-like internal combustion engines and in fuel cells (for hybridization purposes), thus, hydrogen combustion characteristics must be considered. In particular, the flame of a hydrogen combustion is less subjected to the quenching effect caused by the engine walls in the combustion chamber. Thus, the significant heating up of the thin lubricant layer upon the cylinder liner may lead to its evaporation, possibly and negatively affecting the combustion process, soot production. The authors propose an analysis which aims to address the behavior of different typical engine oils, (SAE0W30, SAE5W30, SAE5W40) under engine thermo-physical conditions considering a large hydrogen-fuelled engine. The operative conditions are obtained by means of

De Renzis, Edoardo, Mariani, Valerio, Bianchi, Gian Marco, Falfari, Stefania, Cazzoli, Giulio

In Situ Assessment of Oil Quality Sensor Performance in Engine Lubricant Flow

04-17-02-0007

07/13/2023

Assessing the functional quality of an engine lubricant through real-time sensing could pave the way for development of comprehensive engine health monitoring systems. In this study, a permittivity-based, commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) oil quality sensor was implemented in the lubricant flow of a diesel engine after detailed evaluation on a benchtop test facility. The sensor was mounted on the oil filter housing of the engine in the post-filter oil flow, and its implementation required no modifications to the engine block. Simultaneously, the lubricant flow was visualized by incorporating a novel test cell in the oil flow path. Both the sensor assembly and the flow visualization cell were fully characterized on the benchtop facility prior to implementation on the engine. In these experiments, fresh and used samples of the engine’s recommended oil were tested, and the sensor’s oil quality measurements showed noticeable differences between the engine and benchtop studies, a feature

Schepner, Cameron, Smith, Adam, Schafer, David, Anilkumar, Amrutur

Rubber: Fluorosilicone (FVMQ), Engine Oil / Fuel-Resistant, For Seals in Engine Oil Systems/Fuel Systems

AMSR25988B (Current)

06/27/2023

This material has resistance to diester-based engine oil (MIL-PRF-7808) and fuel, but usage is not limited to such applications. This material is not suitable for use in synthetic phosphate ester based hydraulic fluids (AS1241) or helicopter transmission lubricating oils (DOD-PRF-85734, MIL-PRF-32538). For gas turbine engine lubricating oils (AS5780, MIL-PRF-23699), resistance varies by class and should be evaluated individually (see Note regarding high performance oils). This material has a typical service temperature range of -70 to +392 °F (-56.7 to +200 °C) for Class 1 and Class 2 and -70 to +437 °F (-56.7 to +225 °C) for Class 3. The service temperature range of the material is a general temperature range, but the presence of particular fluids and specific design requirements may modify this range. Each application should be considered separately. It is the responsibility of the user to determine that this specification is appropriate for the environments (temperature range

null, null

O-RING MOLDED FROM AMS7379 FLUOROCARBON (FKM) MATERIAL

AS5729B (Current)

06/06/2023

THIS STANDARD ESTABLISHES THE DIMENSIONAL AND VISUAL QUALITY REQUIREMENTS, LOT REQUIREMENTS AND PACKAGING AND LABELING REQUIREMENTS FOR O-RINGS MOLDED FROM AMS7379 FLUOROCARBON (FKM) RUBBER. IT SHALL BE USED FOR PROCUREMENT PURPOSES

A-6C2 Seals Committee

Standard Reference Elastomers (SREs) for Characterizing the Effect of Liquids on Vulcanized Rubbers

J2643_202305 (Current)

05/10/2023

This SAE Standard specifies requirements for vulcanized rubbers in sheet form for use as standards in characterizing the effect of test liquids and service fluids. The appendices contain the standard reference elastomer formulas. The property changes of the SRE in contact with the indicated fluid under specified test conditions are the responsibility of the user. See 7.3 and Table 1. This standard is not designed to provide formulations of elastomeric product compositions for actual service

Committee on Automotive Rubber Specs

Hybrid Electric Vehicle Engine Operation and Engine Oil Degradation: A Research Approach

04-17-01-0001

05/04/2023

Hybrid electric vehicles (xHEV) are a critical enabler to fulfil the most recent CO2 and fuel economy requirements in key markets like North America, China, and Europe [1, 2]. Different levels of hybridization exist; the main differentiator is the power of the electric system and battery capacity. Increased electrical power enables the vehicle to run more often in electric mode and recuperate energy from braking, which enhances the saving potential [3]. Mild (MHEV) and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV) impose different duty cycles on the engine compared to a conventional powertrain, potentially altering the degradation mechanisms of the lubricant, and challenging the basis on which the lubricant should be condemned [4]. The biggest concerns are water and fuel dilution [5], which promote corrosion and can form emulsions [6]. This may result in so-called white sludge formation (a thick and creamy emulsion) which can deposit inside the engine on colder surfaces, potentially blocking pipes

Growney, David, Joedicke, Arndt, Williams, Megan, Robin, Mathew, Mainwaring, Robert, Davies, Mark

Minimum Performance Requirements for Non-Refrigerant Tracer Gases and Electronic Tracer Gas Leak Detectors

J2970_202305 (Current)

05/01/2023

This SAE Standard provides the testing and functional requirements guidance necessary for a leak detection device that uses any non-A/C refrigerant tracer gas, such as helium or a nitrogen-hydrogen blend, to provide functional performance equivalent to a refrigerant electronic leak detector. It explains how a non-refrigerant leak detector’s calibration can be established to provide levels of detection equal to electronic leak detectors that meet SAE J2791 for R-134a and SAE J2913 for R-1234yf

Interior Climate Control Service Committee

Real Time Observations of Water Entering and Leaving Internal Combustion Engine Oil, Over Both Standard Engine, ICE and Plug-in Hybrid, PHEV Dynamic Drive-Cycles

2023-01-0342

04/11/2023

Due to the global drive for carbon neutrality, passenger vehicle gasoline engines are transitioning to higher levels of electrification, such as hybrid electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, HEVs and PHEVs. Compared with conventional internal combustion, ICE only operation, the combustion engine in a HEV or PHEV typically operates for shorter periods. In turn the engine coolant and lubricant temperatures are often lower. Such cooler engine running is particularly noticeable for a variety of conditions including short journeys in charge-sustaining mode, urban motoring, a journey length towards the end of the electric range, at cold ambient temperatures, or a combination of these conditions. All C-type piston rings allow limited combustion gases to escape through the ring end-gap. Though the crankcase ventilation system will remove the blowby gases into the engine air inlet system, the crankcase blowby gases are able to mix with the lubricating oil as it returns to the

Butcher, Richard, Bradley, Nathan, Powell, Timothy

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