Browse Topic: Lubricant contamination
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines the materials, apparatus and procedure for microscopic sizing and counting of particulate contamination of fluid power systems by membrane filtration using microscopic counting
This ARP describes a gravimetric method for the determination of particulate contaminant in hydraulic fluids by the control filter technique. NOTE: With this method, detectable contamination levels down to 0.2 mg (7.0 × 10-6 ounces) per sample can be obtained with a standard deviation of ±0.1 mg (±3.5 × 10-6 ounces
Over the years during which fluid filtration systems have been developing, many terms have come into use for descriptions of characteristics of filter media, filter assemblies, test methods, and test materials. Inevitably, some terms have been applied loosely, so that the same term may have different meaning to different people, or in different frames of reference. Recognizing the need for clearly defined terms, which can have only one meaning for all persons in all circumstances, so that documents dealing with standard methods of evaluation of filters will have only one interpretation, the Filter Test methods Subcommittee of the SAE Engine Committee has compiled this Glossary of related terms. No attempt has been made to produce an all-inclusive document, containing definitions of all terms related to all types of fluid filters. Instead, the Glossary is confined to the terms likely to be encountered in relation to filters for lubricating oil and fuels. At the same time, we have
With the worldwide trend towards CO2 emission reduction, renewable fuels such as ethanol are gaining further importance. However, the use of ethanol as a fuel can bring some tribological impacts. Friction and wear of engine parts when lubricants are contaminated with ethanol are not very well understood. Within this scenario, the present paper introduces a new procedure to investigate the ethanol dilution on the performance of engine oils. Friction and wear of actual piston ring and liner were evaluated in a reciprocating test designed to emulate real thermomechanical conditions of both urban and highway car use. In addition to fresh oil, lubricant/ethanol emulsions were prepared carefully following two different procedures - unheated and heated mixing. The former to emulate cold start and “bakery” driving use, the latter to reproduce what happens after the engine heats in normal conditions. Thus, four contamination recipes: ethanol and water-ethanol, unheated and heated mixing prior
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) establishes a method for evaluating the particulate matter extracted from the working fluid of a hydraulic system or component using a membrane. The amount of particulate matter deposited on the membrane due to filtering a given quantity of fluid is visually compared against a standard membrane in order to provide an indication of the cleanliness level of the fluid
Wheel end bearing is one of the critical components of the vehicle as it directly faces the road loads for harsh operating environment. Bearing being a precisely manufactured component and rotating at high speed, utmost care is required while assembling as well as during operation. In operating condition wheel end is directly exposed to outside environment making it prone to entry of contamination. This contamination if not prevented from entering into wheel end through proper sealing it would cause lubricant contamination and consequently bearing failure. Bearing replacement and overall wheel end service is time consuming activity reducing the turn out time of the vehicle. In wheel ends, one side is sealed with the help of seal while the other side is protected by cap and gasket. This cap-gasket interface is very critical from sealing perspective and utmost importance needs to be taken while designing the same. This paper focuses on the various aspects of design to be considered while
Debris are progressively generated just after wear occurred by the interaction of various mechanical elements inside the engines, steering gear boxes, transmissions, differentials, etc. Besides, debris could interfere with the normal operation of such components generating even more damage in other parts due to three-body abrasion. Hence, dynamic seals are susceptible to interact with very fine debris accumulated in the working lubes. Recently, owing to many test advantages, the micro-scale abrasion test has been extensively used to reproduce three-body abrasion in hard materials, coatings, polymers, etc., however, it has not been before employed for the wear assessment of elastomeric materials. This paper presents an adaptation of the micro-scale test method to study three-body abrasive behavior of an elastomeric dynamic seal (samples extracted from an automotive commercial Acrylonitrile-butadiene NBR rotary seal) under lubricated conditions. This work looks generate three-body
The economics of operating internal combustion engines in cars, buses and other automotive equipment is heavily affected by friction and wear losses caused by abrasive contaminants. As such, dust is a universal pollutant of lubricating oils. Road dust consists of depositions from vehicular and industrial exhausts, tire and brake wear, dust from paved roads or potholes, and from construction sites. Present research investigates the influence of dust powder of size 5 μm-100 μm as contaminant in SAE 20W-40 lubricant on the relative motion of a plane surface over the other having circular surface in contact. A pin-on-disk setup as per ASTM G99 has been used to conduct the experiments, firstly at increasing rpm keeping constant load of 118 N, and secondly by increasing loads, keeping rpm constant at 1000. The contaminated lubricant has been used to study its influence on friction and wear rate at the interface of pin of 12 mm diameter and disk at track diameter of 98 mm. Based on the
The performance of lubricant oils and, consequently, the performance of the engine and its useful life are significantly affected by the degree of contamination with fuel such as gasoline and ethanol. The determination of such contamination is of utmost importance both during the development of the engine components and for field verification. The official existing method is ASTM D3525, which is based on gas chromatography and requires significant investments in equipment and facilities, without mentioning the need for qualified personnel for the operation. Thus, the development of a reliable, simple, rapid and low cost method is required. This work was intended to prove the efficacy of the gravimetric method for the determination of fuel in lubricant oil. Such verification was conducted by comparing the results obtained through gravimetric and chromatographic methods. In this regard, both results were similar between each other being that the gravimetric method results were closer to
The overall performance of direct injection (DI) engines is strictly correlated to the fuel liquid spray evolution into the cylinder volume. More in detail, spray behavior can drastically affect mixture formation, combustion efficiency, cycle to cycle engine variability, soot amount, and lubricant contamination. For this reason, in DI engine an accurate numerical reproduction of the spray behavior is mandatory. In order to improve the spray simulation accuracy, authors defined a new atomization model based on experimental evidences about ligament and droplet formations from a turbulent liquid jet surface. The proposed atomization approach was based on the assumption that the droplet stripping in a turbulent liquid jet is mainly linked to ligament formations. Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) simulation method was adopted for the continuum phase while the liquid discrete phase is managed by Lagrangian approach. To simulate the complete evolution of the injected droplets, the
The purpose of this SAE Information Report is to provide information on refrigerant issues of concern to the mobile air-conditioning industry
The purpose of this SAE Standard is to establish the specific minimum equipment performance requirements for recovery and recycling of HFC-134a that has been directly removed from, and is intended for reuse in, mobile air-conditioning (A/C) systems. It also is intended to establish requirements for equipment used to recharge HFC-134a to an accuracy level that meets Section 9 of this document and SAE J2099. The requirements apply to the following types of service equipment and their specific applications. a Recovery/Recycling Equipment, b Recovery/Recycling-Refrigerant Charging, c Refrigerant Recharging Equipment Only
A debris-contaminated lubrication environment is inherent in many equipment applications and requires mechanical components that, as much as possible, are resistant to the potential detrimental effects of debris particles. In addition, lubricants are formulated with chemistry targeted to prevent wear in mechanical systems, and standard tests are used to evaluate the lubricant's ability to impact this failure mechanism. However, many researchers and lubricant specialists often overlook potential relationships between the various failure modes and the engineering solutions that are created to overcome them. The role played by lubricant additives and debris-contaminated lubricants in the failure mechanisms of bearings is just one example requiring closer consideration. Performance evaluation results of tapered roller bearings in the areas of material fatigue and wear in connection with lubricant contamination and lubricant chemistry will be discussed. Several conclusions are drawn in
A series of engine dynamometer tests was carried out with 100% ethyl ester of soya oil as fuel and six different diesel engine lubricants. In each case the lubricant became contaminated by unburnt fuel during the tests with measured dilution rates of up to 0.2% of the fuel throughput. The lubricant/fuel mixture eventually underwent degradation to such an extent that phase separation occurred. The tests were terminated when the lubricant lost all dispersancy, as evaluated by a blotter-spot teat. Used oil analysis revealed that rapid oxidation of some of the fatty acid ester components of the fuel diluent had occurred in the later stages of the tests. At the high levels of fuel dilution recorded in these tests there was little difference between the performances of the six lubricants, despite their differing performance categories. It is therefore concluded that conventional performance categories cannot be used to define the grade of lubricant necessary for use with 100% vegetable oil
Ideal lubrication requires that the body and the viscosity of the lubricant shall be preserved. The flash-point also must not be appreciably lowered. Contamination seriously interferes with perfect lubrication and consists of (a) fuel end-points, termed “dilution,” (b) water, (c) acid, and (d) solid matter. Each of these is discussed in turn, together with the degree to which it enters into the contamination of the lubricant and its effect in producing wear on the engine. The average dilution obtained in more than 500 samples of oil during the winter of 1924-1925 showed 39 per cent of fuel and 1 per cent of water, the maximum being 92 per cent of fuel and 3 per cent of water. The result was a reduction of all the original lubricating properties of the oil. Water causes rust, emulsifies a poor oil, is responsible for oil-pump freezing, and combines with sulphur products to form acids. Acid corrosion is evidenced by the “etching” of the crankshaft and excessive wear or stretching of the
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