Browse Topic: Computer simulation

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Research on Fault-Tolerant Control Strategy for Drive System Failure of Corner Module-by-Wire Chassis Vehicles2026-01-0620To be published on 04/07/2026
As an emerging research focus, corner module-by-wire chassis vehicles address the pain points of traditional chassis in flexibility, cost, and development efficiency, and have become one of the key infrastructures in the autonomous driving era. However, their large number of actuators significantly increases the risk of failures. This paper analyzes the characteristics of such vehicles and studies the fault-tolerant control for their drive system failures. Firstly, a full-vehicle dynamic model was established, with mathematical modeling conducted for the vehicle body, motor, tire, and corner module system models. Secondly, a hierarchical yaw stability control strategy was designed for the non-faulty actuator scenario: the decision-making and control layer adopted both Sliding Mode Control (SMC) and fuzzy PID control, selecting the method with better performance to output the additional yaw moment; the control allocation layer used a quadratic programming algorithm based on tire load
Zheng, Hongyu, Zhang, Tianhao, Zhang, Yuzhou
Modelling and Analysis of Rolling Truck Tire over Dry and Snow-Covered Surfaces Using Advanced Computational Techniques2026-01-0591To be published on 04/07/2026
This paper presents a novel approach to modelling and analyzing a 315/80R22.5-sized truck tire under snow-covered road conditions. The tire is modelled using Finite Element Method (FEM) in ESI Virtual Performance Solutions (VPS) software. The tire model consists of various parts representing the tread, under tread, carcass, sidewalls and beads in addition to the rim. The tire model is then verified in both static and dynamic domains against experimental data. The experimental results were conducted over a dry surface at a high-speed test track in Hällered, Sweden, at a constant travelling speed of 80 km/h, and a constant vertical load of 27 kN with sensors depicting both temperature and inflation pressure changes throughout a 40-minute run. A tire thermal model is developed, and the simulation results are correlated with the measured temperature of the tested tires. In addition, the rolling resistance variation with speed, temperature and inflation pressure is predicted and analyzed
Opatha, Dillon, Oijer, Fredrik, El-Sayegh, Zeinab, El-Gindy, Moustafa
Advancing Vehicle Safety with Onboard Smart Technology for Real-Time Occupant Protection2026-01-0554To be published on 04/07/2026
Keeping passengers safe during accidents is a top priority for modern vehicles. Most current safety systems rely on preset responses or cloud services to react during emergencies, which can sometimes cause delays. This study explores a new way to protect occupants using smart processors built right into the vehicle. These processors work with sensors placed in seats, such as pressure pads and small cameras, to watch how passengers sit and move in real time. When a crash or sudden movement happens, the system quickly understands who might be in danger and adjusts safety features like airbags and seatbelts to better protect each person. By using detailed computer models to design and test the system before building physical prototypes, the research ensures that it can respond effectively and quickly. The setup is designed to work independently without relying on outside connections, which makes it reliable even in critical situations. Initial tests show this smart, in-car system can
Saraswat, Shubham, Vishe, Prashant
Automotive Crash Dynamics Modeling Accelerated with Machine Learning2026-01-0568To be published on 04/07/2026
Crashworthiness assessment is a critical aspect of automotive design, traditionally relying on high-fidelity finite element (FE) simulations that are computationally expensive and time-consuming. This work presents an exploratory comparative study on developing machine learning-based surrogate models for efficient prediction of structural deformation in crash scenarios using the NVIDIA PhysicsNeMo framework. Given the limited prior work applying machine learning to structural crash dynamics, the primary contribution lies in demonstrating the feasibility and engineering utility of the various modeling approaches explored in this work. We investigate two state-of-the-art neural network architectures for modeling crash dynamics: MeshGraphNet, a graph neural network that is widely employed in physics-based simulations, and Transolver, a transformer-based architecture with a physics-aware attention mechanism designed to maintain linear computational complexity with respect to geometric
Nabian, Mohammad Amin, Chavare, Sudeep, Akhare, Deepak, Ranade, Rishikesh, Cherukuri, Ram, Tadepalli, Srinivas
Model-Based Design and dSPACE/MathWorks Environment Enable Innovative Engineering Education2026-01-0073To be published on 04/07/2026
The exponentially growing complexity of engineering systems, such as a robotic system, an autonomous vehicle, and an unmanned aerial vehicle, requires sophisticated control strategies that can efficiently coordinate the system’s operation in various environments. The traditional control design approaches present significant challenges for control engineers to keep up with the increasing complexity and changing requirements. To advance embedded control system design, a paradigm shift from traditional development approaches toward more structured, systematic methodologies that can manage the multi-domain nature of control systems is critically needed. Model-based design approach is emerging as a solution for this demand. Model-based design approach uses a system model for control system development, from requirements capture to control system design, implementation, and testing. It provides an integrated environment for design, implementation, automatic code generation, and validation
Repaka, Sindhura, Chen, Bo
Pre-Impact Seat Rotation for Mitigating Lumbar Injury in Flying Car Crash2026-01-0558To be published on 04/07/2026
Flying cars have already been used in tourism, firefighting, and logistics, and might be soon used for short-distance commute. However, the lumbar spine injury risks in flying car crash accidents have raised safety concerns. This is because the crash load of a flying car is largely aligned with the orientation of the occupant’s spine. This study introduces a countermeasure of actively adjusting seat posture for mitigating lumbar injury in crash events. A flying car crash usually has a few seconds of warning time before collision to ground. The pre-impact warning time is enough to rotate the seat and occupant together using seat motors. Posteriorly rotating seat can alter the angle between the crash load and the spinal axis, thereby reducing lumbar injury risk. Using numerical simulations, the 30g deceleration pulse defined in SAE-AS-8049 was applied to seat of flying car. The THUMS (Total Human Model for Safety) human body model was used to model occupant, sitting in a typical vehicle
Zhuang, Ziao, Puyuan, Tan, Shen, Wenxuan, Zhou, Qing, Gu, Gongyao
Optimization of Ride Comfort and Handling Using Advanced Control Strategies for Semi-Active Suspension Systems2026-01-0211To be published on 04/07/2026
Semi-Active suspensions are decisive for both comfort and handling. This study develops a quarter‑vehicle model that captures pitch and roll and compares control strategies under realistic road inputs. The controller employs an adaptive control suggested design that updates online to reject road‑induced disturbances and parameter drift, while a bio‑inspired optimizer sharpens the gains for robust, deployment‑oriented performance. The framework evaluates seat travel, body and passenger accelerations, suspension deflections, tire deformation at each wheel, and body pitch/roll, with sensor demand kept deliberately low. Across representative road profiles, time‑ and frequency‑domain assessments in MATLAB/Simulink show clear and consistent superiority of the adaptive design—and even stronger performance for the optimized variant—over the conventional sliding‑mode baseline. Vibration is decisively suppressed, suspension and tire‑load excursions are tightly contained, and overall stability
M.faragallah, Mohamed, Metered, Hassan, Abdelaziz, Taha, Mohamed, M.A.
Thermal Characterization of an Automotive High Voltage Junction Box2026-01-0390To be published on 04/07/2026
The high voltage battery junction box (HVJB) controls and protects the high voltage connections of the battery pack to the traction, auxiliary and charging systems. HVJBs are composed of busbars, contactors, fuses and other protection systems. The health of the HVJB is paramount to ensure performance and reliability of electric vehicles. However sensing and monitoring in the HVJB is often lacking due to cost, causing limited capability of the vehicle controller to estimate the status and health of the unit. This publication focuses on the experimentation of an automotive HVJB to characterize the operation and build the foundation for the development of prognostic algorithms for HVJB. A production HVJB has been acquired and heavily instrumented. Extensive testing are performed in adiabatic and in ambient conditions at various current levels for various durations of operation. The testing setup was calibrated and iterated based on preliminary results, and the testing conditions were
Arigo, Sam, Borgerson, Joe, D'Arpino, Matilde, ZHU, Di, Zhang, Liwen
Research on Parameter Matching and Control Strategy of Electric Semi trailer Power System2026-01-0449To be published on 04/07/2026
Reducing carbon emissions is an important issue for environmental protection, while also saving fossil fuels for all mankind and preventing global warming. Therefore, reducing carbon emissions is of great significance. The carbon emissions in the transportation sector account for an important proportion of global carbon emissions, and the carbon emissions of heavy-duty commercial vehicles also account for an important proportion of the carbon emissions in the transportation sector. Therefore, the electrification of heavy-duty commercial vehicles is one of the important ways to save energy and reduce emissions for heavy-duty vehicles. Especially the research topic of this article: semi-trailer trains. Similar to passenger cars, semi-trailer trains also have two electrification ideas: hybrid and electric drive. Considering the high energy demand of heavy-duty commercial vehicles, the high cost of large capacity batteries, the current low level of development of electric heavy-duty
Zheng, Hongyu, Zhu, Kaixuan, Zhang, Yuzhou
AirCARE: Assessing the Impact of an Integrated Air Purification System on Vehicle Thermal Management2026-01-0272To be published on 04/07/2026
The increasing concentration of atmospheric pollutants in urban environments necessitates innovative solutions to mitigate their impact on public health and the environment. This work presents the AirCARE project, which investigates the integration of a catalytic converter and a particulate filter with a vehicle's radiator to create an active air purification system. The primary objective is to evaluate the feasibility and performance implications of this integrated system on the vehicle's thermal management. A comprehensive methodology combining computational modeling and experimental testing was employed. A 1D longitudinal vehicle model was developed to simulate the powertrain's heat generation and the cooling system's performance under various representative driving conditions. This model allows for a parametric study of the radiator, assessing the impact of the additional components on its heat exchange efficiency. Concurrently, experimental tests were conducted on a radiator to
de Carvalho Pinheiro, Henrique, Sartoretti, Enrico
Operational Feasibility of Battery Swapping in U.S. Transit: A Case Study of King County Metro2026-01-0402To be published on 04/07/2026
Battery swapping technology has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional plug-in charging for electric bus fleets, offering rapid turnaround times and improved vehicle availability. This paper investigates whether battery swapping can be integrated into U.S. public transit bus operations without disrupting existing timetables. A Seattle based public transit agency- King County Metro is taken as a case study in this paper. Using General Transit Feed Specification data from King County Metro, a MATLAB model was built that reconstructs blocks and layovers, extracts dwell-time opportunities, and performs block distance and block time analyses to understand operational rhythms. A mathematical energy model was developed that maps route mileage, efficiency, and layover availability to swap decisions, using a look-ahead rule that defers exchanges whenever the next feasible layover can still be reached while respecting a minimum state-of-charge. The workflow estimates how many swaps
Vadlapatla, Taraka Rishi, Jankord, Gregory, D'Arpino, Matilde
Experimental analysis and numerical simulation of the performance parameters of pyrolytic tire oil in a compression ignition engine.2026-01-0345To be published on 04/07/2026
The search for alternative solutions for non-fossil fuels has led to several studies worldwide. This study focuses on environmentally responsible solutions to accelerate tire degradation, focusing on the transformation of these residues into fuel for diesel engines. The objective of this study was to experimentally evaluate, through numerical simulation, the performance of a compression ignition engine operating with Diesel S10, crude and refined pyrolytic tire oil, and mixtures in proportions of 20, 40, and 60% with Diesel oil. The experimental tests were performed on a single-cylinder engine coupled to a dynamometer bench, and the numerical simulation was performed using the Diesel Engine RK software. The experimental results indicated that increasing the proportion of refined pyrolytic oil in diesel slightly improves engine performance up to approximately 2750 RPM, after which the performance is reduced compared to pure Diesel. The addition of crude pyrolytic oil slightly improves
Santana, Claudio Marcio, Prudente, Lucas Rhuan, ROCHA, ANA MAURA, Peixoto, Claudio
A Study on Fatigue Life Prediction Method for Point-Based Joints Considering Multiple Fracture Modes – FDS, Blind Rivet, and Blind Nut Focus2026-01-0180To be published on 04/07/2026
The application of light weight alloys for vehicle bodies such as aluminum alloys and composite materials are rapidly advancing to support the construction of multi-material vehicle bodies. These materials play a crucial role in reducing overall vehicle weight, enhancing fuel efficiency, and complying with increasingly strict environmental regulations. As the automotive industry continues to evolve toward electrification and sustainability, the integration of lightweight and high-performance materials has become a key design strategy. However, the use of multiple materials introduces new challenges in manufacturing, particularly in joining technologies. Since different materials have varying mechanical properties, thermal behaviors, and surface characteristics, selecting appropriate joining methods is essential to ensure structural integrity and durability. Depending on the material types, thicknesses, production processes, and cost constraints, various joining techniques—such as
Takuno, Sougo, Isono, Toshiyuki, Urakawa, Kazushi, Goto, Suguru, Kawamura, Hiroaki, Niisato, Eita, Ishigami, Yuta
Embedded Real-Time Control of a Distributed Trailer Propulsion System with Regenerative Braking for Net Neutral Load Towing2026-01-0065To be published on 04/07/2026
Towing significantly degrades vehicle efficiency, reducing battery-electric vehicle (BEV) range by up to 50% and increasing internal-combustion engine (ICE) fuel consumption by ~30%. To address this challenge, this paper presents a real-time embedded control architecture for a distributed trailer propulsion system that actively regulates drawbar force to achieve net neutral load towing while enabling regenerative braking. Unlike prior e-trailer concepts, this platform demonstrates a cost-effective, fully networked, model-based control implementation using commercial off-the-shelf components. The control system integrates dual Raspberry Pi controllers running ROS 2: one samples a hitch-mounted load cell at 100 Hz and the other processes OBD-II/CAN messages. Controllers designed in MATLAB/Simulink are deployed to a 5 kWh LiFePO₄ pack and a 5 kW traction motor, utilising embedded Linux for real-time scheduling and onboard data logging. Two operating modes are implemented: (i) PI
Joshi, Gaurav, Adelman, Ian, Liu, Jun, Donnaway, Ruthie
Research on Reliability Test Methods for Electric Drive Axle Differentials2026-01-0007To be published on 04/07/2026
With the rapid socio-economic development, global issues such as the energy crisis and environmental pollution have become increasingly severe. Electric vehicles have garnered growing attention due to their environmental friendliness, simple structure, and high energy efficiency. Electric drive technology is regarded as the most ideal universal driving solution for pure electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles. The electric drive axle, as a new type of integrated mechatronic transmission system, is being increasingly adopted owing to its advantages such as high drive efficiency, flexible spatial arrangement, and facilitation of digital and automated chassis control. This study focuses on reliability testing methods for the differential in electric drive axles, mainly including the extraction of reliability test conditions and feasibility analysis of the test scheme. The main research contents are as follows: First, based on specific parameters of an electric
Zheng, Hongyu, Li, Ziyu, Wang, Dajiang, tian, kai
Simulink DevOps Evolution: Bridging Interactive Platforms for Accelerated Model-Based Workflows2026-01-0080To be published on 04/07/2026
This paper builds on last year’s paper presenting DevOps automation in the context of model-based development. Following that paper, we interviewed Simulink users in passenger automotive, motorsports, commercial vehicles, aviation, rocketry, and industrial automation. We discovered that much of the benefit of DevOps platforms to reduce product development cycle time relies on their interactive features. We prototyped new tools to bridge interactive DevOps Git-based platforms with model-based development workflows, and then gathered reactions from another round of interviews. Here we present these interactive DevOps workflows with the feedback from these interviews to contextualize how engineering teams could adopt them to accelerate their own model-based workflows.
Mathews, Jon, Ferrero, Sergio, Tamrawi, Ahmed, Sauceda, Jeremias
Embedded Coding Agent: Natural-Language Driven Generation of AUTOSAR & Non-AUTOSAR Embedded C/C++ code2026-01-0105To be published on 04/07/2026
Embedded software development in the automotive sector is becoming more demanding as engineers balance performance, safety, and certification requirements. Traditional approaches such as manual coding or model-based workflows require significant effort in writing boilerplate code, ensuring AUTOSAR compliance, and preparing verification artifacts for audits. Commercial tools like MathWorks Simulink Embedded Coder already provide model-to-code generation capabilities, but these solutions are often costly and may not be viable for budget-sensitive domains such as two-wheelers and three-wheelers. This creates a strong need for alternative, more accessible approaches that can deliver efficiency without compromising on quality. This paper introduces an embedded coding agent designed to address this gap. The agent accepts natural language or structured prompts and generates AUTOSAR-compatible ARXML as well as embedded C and C++ implementations. Unlike general-purpose coding assistants, it is
Daware, Kartik
Integrated Design and Validation of a Robust Lane Centering Controller for Automated Driving.2026-01-0037To be published on 04/07/2026
Lane centering is a critical active safety feature whose effectiveness depends on robust design and validation across diverse driving conditions. This paper presents the development of a Lane Centering Controller (LCC) using a structured model-based design workflow in MATLAB and Simulink. A kinematic bicycle model was employed to simulate vehicle dynamics and evaluate an angle based steering controller integrating both feedforward and feedback control paths. The controller was tested across multiple road geometries and speeds up to 65 mph to ensure tracking consistency and stability under nominal and perturbed conditions. Perception noise models for lane curvature and curvature rate were extracted from onboard camera data under controlled conditions, revealing Gaussian characteristics. No filtering was applied, allowing direct evaluation of the controller’s inherent robustness to raw signal variability. The LCC maintained a peak lateral offset within ±0.35 m and lateral jerk within ±9
Bijinepalli, Ravi Teja, Tambolkar, Pooja, Midlam-Mohler, Shawn
The Impact of Extreme Ambient Temperatures on Electric Vehicle Performance in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia2026-01-0133To be published on 04/07/2026
The rapid expansion of Saudi Arabia’s electric vehicle sector driven by manufacturers such as CEER Lucid Tesla and BYD necessitates evaluating vehicle performance under extreme thermal conditions. This study investigates the impact of high ambient temperatures on electric vehicle operation by analyzing a 60 kWh NMC battery pack under representative Riyadh summer conditions of up to 47 °C using MATLAB Simulink simulations. The results show that elevated temperatures accelerate state of charge (SOC) depletion and increase battery internal resistance. To maintain safe operating limits the BTMS must operate continuously consuming up to 20 percent of the available energy. Cooling demand increases nonlinearly with temperature exceeding 40 kW at 50 °C which leads to significant parasitic losses and a 15 to 20 percent reduction in driving range. At the system level this increased energy demand raises charging frequency and intensifies electricity load during peak summer periods thereby
Bedywi, Lama Mohammed A, AlJuhani, Haneen, Duan, Chen, AbdulNour, Bashar
Exploring Bionic Twisted TPMS Designs for Improved Energy Absorption2026-01-0243To be published on 04/07/2026
Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) lattice structures have emerged as a promising class of customizable mechanical metamaterials owing to their outstanding potential in lightweight design and multifunctional engineering applications. However, previous studies have mainly concentrated on global parameters such as wall thickness, cell size, and periodicity, while the local deformation and pre-deformation characteristics of unit cells, particularly the twist effects along specific directions, have not been systematically investigated. To address this gap, a bioinspired twisted design strategy was proposed in this study, in which controllable pre-twist was introduced along the build direction to tailor the energy absorption behavior of lattice structures. Twisted lattice specimens with different twist angles were fabricated using selective laser melting, and their mechanical properties were comprehensively examined through numerical simulations and experimental validation. The results
Liu, Zhe, Lian, Yuehui, Li, Youguang, Guo, Pengbo, Zhong, Gaoshuo
Is Implicit Knowledge Enough for LLMs? A RAG Approach for Tree-based Structures2026-01-0111To be published on 04/07/2026
Large Language Models (LLMs) are effective at generating responses using contextual information, which is especially useful when working with structured data like code. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances this capability by retrieving relevant documents to supplement the model’s context. However, the best way to represent retrieved knowledge—particularly for hierarchical structures such as trees—remains underexplored. In this work, we introduce a novel method to linearize tree-structured knowledge, making it suitable for storage in a knowledge base and direct use with RAG. We compare this approach to applying RAG on raw, unstructured code, evaluating both the accuracy and quality of the generated responses. Our results show that while response quality is comparable between the two methods, our linearized approach reduces the number of vector documents by almost 4x. Without any loss of generality, we applied and benchmarked our method to a specific automotive use case, that is
Gupte, Mihir, Giusto, Paolo, S, Ramesh
Computational Modeling and Optimization of Shape Memory Polymer-Based Energy Absorbers2026-01-0573To be published on 04/07/2026
Shape memory polymers (SMPs) provide tunable thermomechanical properties and enable the design of recoverable crash structures for automotive applications. This paper introduces a computational framework for the design and optimization of SMP-based crash absorbers with periodic auxetic microstructures. A finite element (FE) model is developed and validated against experimental data reported in the literature. The model is used to simulate crushing and recovery behavior under different temperature conditions. A parametric study is performed by varying key microstructural features, including wall thickness, cell size, and cell shape. Structural performance is evaluated in terms of specific energy absorption (SEA), peak force, and recoverability under axial crush loading. To efficiently explore the high-dimensional design space, surrogate models based on machine learning are constructed, and multi-objective optimization is carried out to identify Pareto-optimal designs that balance
Zhu, Yingbo, Zhu, Feng, Deb, Anindya
A Cooperative AFS/DYC Control for FWDIEV Based on Dissipative Energy Method2026-01-0619To be published on 04/07/2026
To enhance the lateral stability of four-wheel-drive intelligent electric vehicles (FWDIEV) under extreme operating conditions, this paper proposes a cooperative control strategy integrating active front steering (AFS) and direct yaw moment control (DYC) based on dissipative energy method. A nonlinear three-degree-of-freedom vehicle model is established to analyze the evolution of the vehicle state phase trajectory. A quantitative lateral stability index is constructed using dissipative energy to accurately evaluate the vehicle's lateral dynamics. Utilizing dissipative energy and its gradient information, a time-varying stability boundary is defined under dynamic constraints, and adaptive weighting coordination between the AFS and DYC systems is designed to achieve coordinated control of front steering angle and additional yaw moment. A feedforward–model predictive control (FF-MPC) framework is developed, in which a feedforward module generates compensation based on driver intent to
Zhao, Kun, Zhao, Zhiguo, Wang, Yutao, Xia, Xue, Chen, Xi, Hu, Yingjia
Correlating CFD and experimental vehicle aerodynamics using multi-fidelity simulation approaches2026-01-0595To be published on 04/07/2026
The automotive industry faces several challenges requiring faster product development, where numerical simulations and digitalization are key enablers to reduce time to market and development costs. Numerical methods require both short turnaround times and high-fidelity results. Capturing small differences across vehicle designs, by accurately predicting complex flow phenomena is crucial for aerodynamics optimization. The disruptive and fast development of GPGPU computing hardware, promising accelerated turnaround times at lower costs, found its natural position in this landscape. This paper describes simulation approaches with increasing fidelity applied to a set of variants of a Stellantis estate production car: these include geometrical, yaw angle and ride height changes, and all were tested in wind tunnel test facilities. Correlation between aerodynamics CFD simulations using Simcenter STAR-CCM+ and wind tunnel measurements is verified by comparing drag trends, pressure probes and
Landi, Simone, Altmann, Peter, Cannavacciuolo, Ciro, Johannesson, Mani, Borowiec, Grzegorz, RIBES, Charles, Guzman, Arturo, Miretti, Luca
Study of suppression properties on traffic waves of periodic vehicular platoons with typical platoon configurations2026-01-0167To be published on 04/07/2026
To investigate the suppression characteristics on traffic waves in the periodic configurations vehicular platoons, this paper analyzes the bandgap properties and frequency transmission characteristics of three typical platoon configurations: predecessor-following (PF), bidirectional (BD), and predecessor-leader-following (PLF). First, dynamic models of periodically structured platoons are developed for each configuration. Then, taking the BD periodic platoon as an example, the spacing error transfer matrix is derived by the lumped mass method, and a bandgap computation approach is formulated based on Bloch’s theorem. Building on this, the frequency transmission characteristics of periodic platoons using PF, BD, and PLF configurations are numerically solved and analyzed. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted to assess the suppression effect of platoons on traffic waves, comparing the bandgap properties and frequency transmission characteristics across different configurations
Yang, Xiujian, Zhuang, Qingyuan, Wu, Ruiqiong, Wang, Shenyi
A study on Crack propagation characteristics of interlaced holes for key automotive components.2026-01-0186To be published on 04/07/2026
Aiming at the engineering problem that the stress interference of interlaced holes dominates crack propagation and directly affects driving safety in the hole group structure of key components such as chassis and body frame in the automotive field, in order to accurately reveal the quantitative influence of key parameters of interlaced hole placement (crack deflection Angle, longitudinal hole spacing) on the crack evolution of automotive hole group components, This study adopts the approach of numerical simulation combined with variable control to conduct systematic analysis. Taking an aluminum alloy thin plate with two relatively initial cracks (a commonly used structural material for automobiles) as the research object, multiple sets of typical interlocking hole structure variable models of automotive components covering different crack deflection angles and longitudinal hole spacings were constructed in the ABAQUS software. The J-integral was calculated by the circumscribed line
Chen, Yechao, Zhan, Zhenfei, Tang, Weiqin, Yang, Yutong, Gan, Yuan, Yan, Kaibo, HUANG, Shiyao
Vault-Induced Pitchover Crash Testing of a Recreational Off-Highway Vehicle (ROV)2026-01-0546To be published on 04/07/2026
VVehicle pitchover crashes can result in very severe accelerations and forces. Literature and test data available on pitchover crashes is sparse. This paper presents the results of a full-scale pitchover/rollover crash test using an instrumented vehicle in a controlled and documented off-road environment. The test vehicle was driven to the launch point by an off-board operator using remote steering and throttle controls. The test vehicle then experienced an airborne phase during which forward pitching occurred, followed by a front-to-ground impact which induced additional pitchover motion. Then, following the initial front and rear impacts, the vehicle transitioned from a pitchover to rollover motion before coming to rest. The resulting vehicle motion, vehicle damage markings, and ground markings were documented with various slow motion and real time camera views. The test vehicle was instrumented with accelerometers, rotation rate sensors, and other sensors, the results of which
Warner, Mark, Warner, Wyatt, Swensen, Grant, Perl, Mark
Finite-time multi-target tracking based on the super-twisting algorithm2026-01-0254To be published on 04/07/2026
This paper focuses on multi-agent systems with known boundaries of complex disturbance factors, where the specific disturbance factors include parameter uncertainties and external perturbations. A finite-time hierarchical control algorithm based on the super-twisting algorithm is proposed to solve the finite-time multi-target tracking control problem.Firstly, the Euler-Lagrange dynamic equations are adopted to model the multi-agent system, and the control objectives of the considered problem are put forward simultaneously. Secondly, by utilizing the super-twisting algorithm and a tracking error observer, a finite-time hierarchical control algorithm is designed, which consists of a local layer algorithm and an estimation layer algorithm. Then, stability analysis is conducted on the estimation layer algorithm: the finite-time stability of the closed-loop system for the estimation layer is derived via the Lyapunov stability principle. Subsequently, stability analysis is performed on the
Tong, Gang
Analysis of the Impact on Ride Comfort from Splitting the Unsprung Mass in Vehicle Modeling2026-01-0212To be published on 04/07/2026
The study was conducted to investigate the differences in ride comfort analysis between treating the unsprung mass as a whole and modeling it separately. A classical two-degree-of-freedom single-wheel vehicle vibration model and a three-degree-of-freedom single-wheel vehicle vibration model with split unsprung mass were established, with their state-space descriptions determined. The fundamental vibration response quantities of both models were identified, and time-domain simulations under random road excitation were performed using Matlab/Simulink. The results indicate that the two modeling approaches exhibit minimal differences in ride comfort analysis for the sprung mass, but there are certain differences for the unsprung mass. Additionally, for the three-degree-of-freedom single-wheel vehicle vibration model with split unsprung mass, the axle-to-wheel mass ratio was introduced to analyze the changes in the fundamental vibration response quantities when the unsprung mass increases
Jie, Li, Wei, Deng
Acoustic simulation for a vehicle audio system across the full audible frequency2026-01-0226To be published on 04/07/2026
Audio system is an important part of vehicle cabin for various purposes. In vehicle development process, it need be tuned for optimal acoustic performance. Traditionally, this process is performed physically on vehicles. In this paper, a methodology is developed to simulate the acoustic performance of the audio system across the full audible frequency range. To quantify the effectiveness, the p/v acoustic transfer functions of the sound pressures at passengers’ ears over the voltage inputs are measured for 12 different speakers in a production vehicle. As the sound perceived by the passengers depends on both the source and the path, the effort of the numerical study mainly concentrates on two aspects: characterization of the loudspeaker parameters and representation of cabin environment. The speaker parameters are characterized from the sound radiation data measured in 2pi chamber. To represent the vehicle cabin, pure finite element model is applied under 1k Hz while a hybrid FE-SEA is
Yang, Wenlong, Patra, Suresh, Hawes, David, Shorter, Phil
Advancing Safe Battery Design through Experimental Cell Characterization of Thermal, Electrical and Mechanical Properties2026-01-0408To be published on 04/07/2026
Lithium-ion batteries are critical to electric vehicles and grid-scale energy storage. Safe design of battery systems relies on accurate simulation of battery thermal runaway under electrical, thermal, and mechanical abuse. A predictive battery simulation requires the characterization of electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the battery at the full cell and cell-component levels. In this study, a commercial cell from an electric vehicle was disassembled, and testing was conducted to support both homogenized and detailed computational models. At the cell level, electrical properties were characterized using Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization (HPPC) testing to assess the cell power capability. Cell punch tests were conducted to characterize mechanical behavior under deformation. These tests were used to develop a multi-physics homogenized cell model. On the other hand, detailed cell modeling that includes different component layers could help users understand localized cell
Challa, Vidyu, Rostami-Angas, Masoud, kong, Kevin, Wang, Leyu, Reichert, Rudolf, Kan, Cing-Dao
Multiple-Parameter Joint Estimation for Unmanned Mining Trucks Based on Real-Time Cornering Stiffness Identification2026-01-0618To be published on 04/07/2026
High-precision estimation of key vehicle–road state parameters is essential for accurate and safe vehicle control, as well as for reliable trajectory tracking and path planning. However, the strong nonlinearity of tire forces makes real-time estimation of tire cornering stiffness challenging, and the uncertainty of this parameter significantly limits the performance of conventional estimation methods. To overcome this issue, this study proposes a novel joint estimation framework that integrates the Square-Root Cubature Kalman Filter (SCKF) with Moving Horizon Estimation (MHE). In the proposed approach, the SCKF provides high-accuracy estimation of the vehicle sideslip angle, while the MHE enables real-time identification and updating of tire cornering stiffness using vehicle state information over a short horizon. This establishes a closed-loop joint estimation mechanism between sideslip angle and cornering stiffness. Furthermore, the real-time updated cornering stiffness is
Xia, Xue, Shen, Peihong, Jiao, Leqi, Li, Tao, Chen, Huiyong, Zhao, Kun, Jiao, Leqi, Zhao, Zhiguo
Vehicle Test Platform with Experimentally Correlated Tire Model for Torque Vectoring Control2026-01-0622To be published on 04/07/2026
This paper presents a testing platform for torque vectoring controls utilizing a 10 degree of freedom (DOF) vehicle simulation and a ⅕ scale radio control test vehicle. These vehicle simulations or “Digital Twins” have been widely adopted throughout the automotive industry for their lower operating costs and ease of implementation. Virtual models are not perfect representations of reality, however, and physical testing is still necessary to validate systems for use in the real world. This is especially true when testing safety-critical features such as Advanced Driver Assist Systems (ADAS). As a result, a simulation environment working in conjunction with a test vehicle represents an optimal hybrid approach. In this work, a 1/5 scale radio controlled vehicle with torque vectoring capability is designed and assembled. A high fidelity vehicle model is then constructed in the Matlab/Simulink environment to model test vehicle behavior. The test vehicle features independent suspension for
Petersen, Nicholas Conner, Robinette, Darrell
Curb Impact: Non-linear structural FE analyses in Multibody Dynamics Models2026-01-0219To be published on 04/07/2026
In a few extreme customer abuse load cases such as Curb Impact and Potholes, automotive structures see non-linear (plastic) deformations as well as large rigid body motion. The load cases can be simulated by crash analysis tools such as LS-Dyna or multi-body dynamics analysis tools like Ansys Motion. The crash analysis has a better representation of structural compliances including large deformation with large rigid body motion. However, it requires a well-defined FE model and suspension multi-body models in detail. Furthermore, it takes a long time to get a result. On the other hand, the multi-body dynamics approach is very quick to get a result, while it has a limitation of representing structural compliance. The limitation is true in representing structural non-linearity such as large deformation associated with plastic yielding. In this study, a curb impact simulation was performed using the multi-body dynamic approach with nonlinear structural analysis capabilities included in
Hong, Hyung-Joo, Kim, Wangoo
Multi-Body Dynamics Control Integration Tool Application in Hybrid Vehicle System Identification2026-01-0417To be published on 04/07/2026
The multi-body dynamics (MBD) model and the MATLAB Simulink model can be integrated to create a control-integration model. Using a high-fidelity MBD model to represent the vehicle as the plant, this integrated model can be used to analyze vehicle system physics and develop control strategies. For hybrid vehicles, this process is more complex because the powertrain and other vehicle systems are often built as separate MBD models. This paper describes a method for integrating a powertrain model developed in AMESIM, a vehicle model developed in SIMPACK, and a control model developed in MATLAB Simulink. The resulting integrated model was then used to perform frequency sweep analysis to identify driveline system properties. In particular, the driveline frequency and the amplitude of the transfer function between motor speed and motor torque are critical parameters. By applying active damping control to the driveline system, the peak amplitude and driveline vibrations can be reduced. The
Xing, Xing, Mathew, Vino
Research on MPC-based Control of Electric Active Anti-roll Bar2026-01-0632To be published on 04/07/2026
To enhance vehicle lateral stability and anti-roll performance, a model predictive controller (MPC) is designed for an electrically driven active anti-roll bar. First, a vehicle roll dynamics model and an active anti-roll bar model based on motor drive are established. Then, model predictive controllers for the front and rear suspension anti-roll bars are designed to calculate the anti-roll moments for the front and rear suspensions. Finally, co-simulation using Carsim and Simulink is conducted to simulate typical vehicle driving scenarios. The simulation results of passive suspension, PID and MPC control are compared to validate the improvement in vehicle stability achieved by MPC control, and the sensitive parameters of the controller affecting anti-roll performance are analyzed. The research results show that, compared to passive suspension and traditional PID control, the maximum roll angle with model predictive control is reduced by 80% and 40%, respectively. The MPC controller
Shen, Leiming
Research on Economy Mode Control Algorithm for Pure Electric Tractor with Powered Trailer2026-01-0425To be published on 04/07/2026
This research presents a comprehensive investigation into the electrification development pathway and energy-saving optimization methodologies for commercial tractor vehicles. Given the pivotal role that commercial vehicles play in modern logistics and transportation sectors, their propulsion systems are undergoing a fundamental transition from traditional internal combustion engines toward more sustainable hybrid and pure electric architectures. Simultaneously, the emerging trend of trailer electrification has gained considerable attention, where conventional trailers are retrofitted with motorized axles to form cooperative powertrain systems, demonstrating substantial energy-saving potential as confirmed by multiple research studies. Utilizing an integrated Trucksim and MATLAB/Simulink co-simulation platform, this study developed sophisticated vehicle dynamics models, detailed electric drive system models, and advanced battery models, which were subsequently integrated to establish a
tong, zi yu, Zheng, Hongyu, Li, Gang
A Comprehensive Modelling tool for Heavy-Duty Hybrid Fuel Cell/Battery Powertrains2026-01-0430To be published on 04/07/2026
The global transition towards sustainable transportation is driving the development of efficient, low-emission propulsion systems. Battery-electric solutions are effective in urban contexts but face limitations in heavy-duty and long-haul applications due to the size and weight of the required energy storage. Hybrid battery/fuel cell powertrains offer a promising alternative for such use case, reducing vehicle mass and charging times while maintaining high energy efficiency. This study presents a zero-dimensional MATLAB/Simulink model of a parallel hybrid fuel cell/battery system for heavy-duty vehicles. The model encompasses the main vehicle subsystems, including the fuel cell stack with auxiliaries, the battery pack, the electric drive, the transmission and vehicle longitudinal dynamics, coordinated through a rule-based energy management strategy. Two representative vehicle configurations were analysed: a Group 2 urban delivery vehicle, and a Group 5 long-haul truck. Model validation
Montecchi, Gianluca, Martoccia, Lorenzo, D'Adamo, Alessandro
Predictive AEB Activation for Secondary Collision Risk Reduction2026-01-0518To be published on 04/07/2026
Although the evaluation criteria of New Car Assessment Programs (NCAP) continue to evolve, they still predominantly focus on one-to-one collision scenarios. However, accident analyses indicate that in real-world traffic environments, particularly at intersections with multi-lane arterial roads, complex situations involving multiple vehicles are common, and there exists a significant risk of secondary side collisions occurring immediately after Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) activation. This study aims to predict and mitigate such secondary collision risks by proposing a control strategy that adjusts braking timing and stopping position based on the motion information of multiple crossing vehicles. A control algorithm was developed to estimate the likelihood of secondary collisions and determine optimal intervention parameters. The proposed system was evaluated using a sensor-equipped test vehicle and numerical simulations. Results demonstrated a tendency to reduce secondary
Kobayashi, Fumiya, Fukuda, Kentaro, TANI, HIROAKI
Path Following Strategy for Multi-Axle Vehicles via Nash Game-Based Coordinated Control of AFS and DYC2026-01-0629To be published on 04/07/2026
Due to their complex structure and large inertia, multi-axle hub electric drive vehicles often suffer from response delays and insufficient control sensitivity. To improve path tracking accuracy and handling stability under high-speed and low-adhesion conditions, this paper proposes a coordinated control strategy that integrates a three-dimensional stability assessment with a Nash game-based approach for active front steering (AFS) and direct yaw moment control (DYC) systems. A path tracking control model tailored for multi-axle vehicles is developed, and a robust Tubular Model Predictive Control (Tube-MPC) method is employed to enhance trajectory tracking performance under model uncertainties and external disturbances. Within the prediction horizon of Tube-MPC, the system continuously evaluates whether the vehicle state remains within the stable region. If the state exceeds this region, a Nash game-based coordination mechanism is activated to formulate a multi-objective control game
Lv, Xin, Liu, Zuyang, Shen, Yanhua, Wang, Kaidi
Design, Fabrication, and Assessment of a User-Friendly Suspension System for a 2025 BAJA Vehicle2026-01-0588To be published on 04/07/2026
A suspension system was designed, fabricated, and tested following a systems design approach by the Desert Hare Off-road Team from South Dakota State University (SDSU). Compared to previous suspensions, the new suspension system is more reparable and contains a minimal number of custom parts, while still maintaining sufficient strength to withstand dynamic loads experienced when operating the vehicle. Modifications were also made to fit the newly designed vehicle body frame. As an integral part of the team’s 2025 Baja vehicle, the redesigned suspension system contributed to the vehicle’s improved performance during the 2025 SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) Baja Competition. This paper presents a detailed account of the design, development, and fabrication process of the suspension system. The final design was tested and evaluated via both computer simulations and physical tests, whose efficiency and reliability were finally demonstrated by the team’s improved ranking in the 2025
Liu, Yucheng, Anderson, Matthew, Larson, Cody, Rodgers, Joshua, Seberger, Aaron, Letcher, Todd
A Control Method for Dual Motor Redundant Steer System based on Zeroing Neural Networks2026-01-0581To be published on 04/07/2026
In the process of driving a vehicle, the steering system directly determines the vehicle's travel path and direction, serving as the physical basis for precise control in autonomous driving. Whether it is lane keeping, turning, or obstacle avoidance, high responsiveness of the steering control is required to execute the commands of the decision-making system. This study focuses on the dual-motor steer-by-wire (SBW) system, addressing the tracking issues arising from factors such as dual-motor coupling. A control strategy for coordinated dual motor drive in an autonomous driving steering system based on dual-motor redundancy is proposed. A dynamic model of the steer-by-wire system is constructed, and the software algorithm employing a zeroing neural network for the dual-motor redundant steering is used to solve the synchronization issues of the dual-motor system, based on the concept of cross-coupled control. Finally, simulation analysis was performed on the MATLAB simulation platform
Yang, Lingang, xiong, min, Zeng, Dequan, Petitti, Antonio, Nawaz, Aamir, Linh, Nguyen Vu, Hu, Yiming, Yu, Yinquan, CARBONE, GIUSEPPE, GAO, LETIAN, Jiang, Xiaomeng
Efficient casting system design through simulation for AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy2026-01-0176To be published on 04/07/2026
This study depicts the design, simulation, and fabrication of an equiatomic Al–Co–Cr–Fe–Ni high entropy alloy (HEA) through casting using Siemens NX CAD and ADSTEFAN simulation software. The part and gating system, including the sprue, runner, pouring cup, and riser, were modeled to generate the STL file and optimization was done through iterative simulation. Fluid flow and solidification analyses were performed to simulate the filling temperature, cold shut, and soundness of the casting. The optimized gating design is expected to provide uniformity in the temperature distribution, avoid defects during solidification and to eliminate shrinkage cavities in the cast alloy. HEA was fabricated by utilizing the validated gating system using vacuum induction melting of high-purity elemental granules. Further microstructural investigation using methods like SEM and EDS showed a uniformity of Al, Co, Cr, Fe, and Ni in near-equiatomic proportions. The optimization of riser-fed design
Vashistha, Saurabh, Rawat PhD, Pankaj, singh PhD, Shailesh, Pathak, Sunil
Assessing Energy Use, Cost, and Emissions of Small Regional Rail Vehicles: Methodology and Case Study on a German Track2026-01-0419To be published on 04/07/2026
The decarbonization of regional rail remains a pressing challenge in the European Union, where nearly half of the 200,000 km network remains unelectrified. Lightweight, single-car railbuses historically provided efficient service on such lines, but modern replacements are scarce. This work evaluates a standardized 30-ton, 16 m railbus platform for unelectrified regional service, focusing on propulsion system design and trade-offs between range, cost, and emissions. A MATLAB/Simulink drive-cycle model was developed to simulate energy consumption under realistic operating conditions. The Erfurt–Rennsteig route in Germany (130 km round trip, gradients up to 6 %) was selected as a representative case study. The model incorporates sub-models for traction motors, lithium-ion batteries (LFP and LTO), fuel storage, fuel cells, and ICE gensets across multiple fuel options (diesel, gasoline, methane, ethanol, methanol, HVO, FAME, and hydrogen). Battery lifetime is estimated using a combined
Ahrling, Christoffer, Tuner, Martin, Gainey, Brian, Torkiharchegani, Amir, Scharmach, Marcel, Hertel, Benedikt, ALAKÜLA, Mats
A Real-time Capable, Three-dimensional, and Nonlinear Multibody Model of the Mercedes-Benz G-Class for an Efficient Assessment of Off-road Performance in Early Stages of Vehicle Development2026-01-0217To be published on 04/07/2026
This article deals with the development of a real-time capable, three-dimensional model of the Mercedes-Benz G-Class with flexible ladder frame that considers nonlinear suspension kinematics and force elements. The shift to new drivetrain technologies often results in a significant increase in vehicle weight and requires corresponding design modifications - also applying to off-road vehicles. These modifications result in changed stiffness of elements such as the ladder frame or anti-roll bar, which significantly affect vehicle dynamics and off-road performance. Therefore, strategic, efficient assessments must be made in early development stages, where no detailed information about individual systems and components is available yet, to detect and avoid potential massive, costly changes in later stages. This requires a “handmade” vehicle simulation model specifically tailored to this particular application, since the use of commercial multi-purpose simulation packages is not effective
Riebler, Sandro, Pernsteiner, Samuel, Granitz, Christina, Schabauer, Martin
Dynamics and Control Research of a Momentum-Wheel-Based Two-Wheeled Self-Balancing Vehicle Based on Cascade PID2026-01-0216To be published on 04/07/2026
Momentum wheel-based two-wheeled self-balancing vehicle represent typical underactuated, nonlinear systems, posing significant challenges for stability control under varying operating conditions. To achieve self-stabilizing control during uniform horizontal motion, a cascaded PID control method is proposed. This approach stabilizes the frame tilt angle via an outer-loop PID controller while simultaneously controlling the handlebar angle and momentum wheel speed through an inner-loop PID controller, thereby enabling constant-speed self-balancing vehicle operation. First, based on the Lagrange method, the five rigid-body Lagrangian functions of the self-balancing vehicle are derived. The nonlinear dynamic equations of the self-balancing vehicle system, incorporating Lagrange multipliers, are established. Using Taylor series expansion, these equations are approximated linearly near the system's equilibrium point, leading to the linearized dynamic equations of the self-balancing vehicle
wang, nannan, lu, jiahao, zhao, yanlei, fan, yigang
Modelling of Le Mans Daytona Hybrid Hypercar Powertrain System2026-01-0270To be published on 04/07/2026
This study presents the development, validation, and application of a full-vehicle simulation model of the BMW M Hybrid V8 LMDh Hypercar, designed to investigate and optimise hybrid energy recovery strategies in compliance with FIA and IMSA 2025 technical regulations. With increasing regulatory and sustainability demands in endurance racing, the deployment and recovery of electric energy using MGU-K have become pivotal for both performance and fuel efficiency. A physics-based simulation model was constructed in GT-SUITE, incorporating a map based internal combustion engine, transmission, and 50 kW rear-axle hybrid system. Complementary to this, a novel telemetry extraction method using Optical Character Recognition (OCR) in MATLAB and Python was developed to generate real-world drive cycles from on-board race footage. The model was validated using telemetry data. Subsequently, multiple energy deployment strategies were evaluated under varying race scenarios to identify optimal control
Buysse, Alexander, Samuel, Stephen
Mitigation of Sensor-Level Cyber-Physical Attacks on Electric Vehicle Powertrains: A Simulation-Based Study2026-01-0091To be published on 04/07/2026
Electric vehicles (EVs) rely extensively on sensor feedback for safe and efficient powertrain operation. However, this dependency introduces cyber-physical vulnerabilities, especially when sensor signals are maliciously manipulated. This paper presents a simulation-based investigation into sensor-level cyberattacks on a mid-sized EV powertrain model developed in MATLAB/Simulink. The study quantifies mechanical consequences and evaluates mitigation strategies to enhance system resilience. Four representative attack scenarios were simulated. Speed sensor spoofing led the controller to misinterpret vehicle velocity, causing a 41% overshoot beyond the 50 km/h setpoint. False data injection into torque/current sensors triggered an unintended torque surge of approximately 20%, resulting in inverter current saturation within 2 seconds. Battery temperature spoofing delayed thermal protection, allowing a deviation of 1.5 °C/min beyond safe operating limits. A hybrid attack combining frozen
Tariq, Usama, Sahandabadi, Sahereh, Dianat, Ali
Common Mode Voltage Reduction in Quasi-Z Source Inverter for Electric Vehicle Applications Using MBPWM Technique2026-28-0102To be published on 02/12/2026
Unlike traditional voltage source or current source inverters, ZSI/qZSI can boost and invert DC power in a single stage, making them attractive for applications like EVs where battery voltage may vary. Common mode Voltage (CMV) is the voltage between the neutral point of the motor and ground. High CMV in motor drive systems can cause: Higher leakage currents, Electromagnetic interference (EMI), Insulation stress, bearing currents, leading to premature motor failure. Reducing CMV is essential for reliable and safe EV operation. Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is used to control the QZSI output voltage. The QZSI offers several advantages over traditional inverters, including improved efficiency, reduced cost, and increased reliability. The proposed system is designed to reduce the CMV through a combination of passive LC filtering and shoot-through (ST) modulation techniques. The LC filter is designed to attenuate high-frequency components of the CMV while the ST modulation is used to
N, Kalaiarasi, R, Rajarajeswari, D, Anitha
Preliminary Design and Analysis of a Dual Throat Fluidic Thrust Vectoring Nozzle for Supersonic Aerospace Application2026-28-0106To be published on 02/12/2026
The Dual Throat Nozzle (DTN) is a unique nozzle configuration that enables fluidic thrust vectoring (FTV), improving aircraft maneuverability while reducing the mechanical complexity of traditional vectoring systems. In this study, a two-dimensional DTN was developed based on a validated NASA Langley model, incorporating a newly designed plenum geometry guided by area expansion ratio principles. Numerical simulations were carried out in ANSYS Fluent using a density-based, steady-state solver with the SST k–ω turbulence model to capture key compressible flow features such as shock waves, flow separation, and jet deflection. Secondary injection rates were determined using choked-flow relations, and a 12-case parametric study was conducted to analyze the effects of Nozzle Pressure Ratio (NPR), injection rate, and injection angle on thrust deflection and efficiency. The simulation results at NPR = 4 with 3% injection showed strong agreement with NASA experimental data, validating the
Suresh, Vignesh, M, Akash, Senthilkumar, Nikil, Sundararaj, Senthilkumar, A, Garry Kiristen, Singh, Swaraj
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