Browse Topic: Computer simulation

Items (4,557)

Sensitivity Analysis of the Vehicle Dynamic Simulation Software Package Within Virtual Crash 5 Using Design of Experiments (DOE

2025-01-8693To be published on 04/01/2025

Previous papers have utilized a design of experiments (DOE) to evaluate the sensitivity of vehicle dynamics simulation of the postimpact motion of a vehicle that included high initial rotational rates. The previous papers analyzed four vehicle dynamic simulation softwares; HVE (SIMON and EDSMAC4), PC-Crash and VCRware, and applied the DOE to determine the most sensitive factors present in each simulation software. This paper will include Virtual Crash 5 into this methodology to better understand the significant variables present within this simulation model. This paper will follow a similar DOE to that which was conducted in the previous paper. 32 trials were conducted which analyzed ten factors. Aerodynamics, a factor included in the previous DOE, was not included within this DOE due to Virtual Crash 5 not accounting for that factor. The same three response variables from the previous DOE were measured to determine the effect of the various factors. These response variables are the x

Roberts, Julius, Civitanova, Nicholas, Stegemann, Jacob, Buzdygon, David, Thobe, Keith

Stability Control for Distributed Drive Electric Vehicles Using Particle Filter and Fuzzy Integral Sliding Mode Control

2025-01-8811To be published on 04/01/2025

The Distributed Drive Electric Vehicles (DDEVs) features independently controllable torque at each wheel, with motors that respond quickly and precisely, effectively enhancing vehicle stability. Traditional vehicles typically employ hydraulic braking systems as actuators for Electronic Stability Control (ESC). In contrast, DDEVs can also achieve ESC control requirements with four independent drive motors. However, there are significant differences in control precision and response speed between the two types of actuators, rendering traditional ESC control strategies unsuitable for DDEVs. This paper proposes a layered ESC control strategy for DDEVs based on Particle Filte (PF) and Fuzzy Integral Sliding Mode Control (FISMC). First, the state estimation layer utilizes the PF algorithm to accurately estimate the center-of-gravity sideslip angle. The target torque decision layer consists of a PI vehicle speed tracking controller and a yaw moment controller. The yaw moment controller uses

Li, Xiaolong, Zheng, Hongyu, Kaku, Chuyo

Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control of Intelligent Electric Vehicles Based on Phase Plane Stability Domain Boundaries

2025-01-8802To be published on 04/01/2025

In order to effectively improve the chassis handling stability and driving safety of intelligent electric vehicles (IEVs), especially in combing nonlinear observer and chassis control for improving road handling. Simultaneously, uncertainty with system input, are always existing, e.g., variable control boundary, varying road input or control parameters. Due to the higher fatality rate caused by variable factors, how to precisely chose and enforce the reasonable chassis prescribed performance control strategy of IEVs become a hot topic in both academia and industry. To issue the above mentioned, a fuzzy sliding mode control method based on phase plane stability domain is proposed to enhance the vehicle’s chassis performance during complex driving scenarios. Firstly, a two-degree-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model, accounting for tire non-linearity, was established. Secondly, combing with phase plane theory, the stability domain boundary of vehicle yaw rate and side-slip phase plane based

Liao, Yinsheng, Wang, Zhenfeng, Guo, Fenghuan, Deng, Weili, Zhang, Zhijie, Zhao, Binggen, Zhao, Gaoming

A Conjugate Heat Transfer Numerical Framework Applied to Energy-Assisted Ignition of Jet Fuel in a Rapid Compression Machine

2025-01-8352To be published on 04/01/2025

Airborne compression ignition engines operating with aviation fuels are a promising option for reducing fuel consumption and increasing the range of hybrid-electric aircraft. However, the consistent ignition of Jet fuels at high-altitude conditions can be challenging. A potential solution to this problem is to ignite the fuel sprays by means of a glow-plug-based ignition assistant (IA) device. The interaction between the IA and the spray, and the subsequent combustion event result in thermal cycles that can significantly affect the IA's durability. Therefore, designing an efficient and durable IA requires detailed understanding of the influence that the IA temperature and insertion depth have on the complex physics of fuel-air mixture ignition and flame propagation. The objective of this study is to design a conjugate heat transfer (CHT) modeling framework that can numerically replicate F-24 Jet fuel spray ignition using a glow-plugbased IA device in a rapid compression machine (RCM

Oruganti, Surya Kaundinya, Lien, Hao-Pin, Torelli, Roberto, Motily, Austen, Lee, Tonghun, Kim, Kenneth, Mayhew, Eric, Kweon, Chol-Bum

Development and Validation of Rear Head Surround Foam Performance Specification for Stock Car Racing

2025-01-8353To be published on 04/01/2025

Over the last two decades many improvements have been made in stock car racing driver safety. The head surround of the NASCAR (National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing, LLC) seating environment serves as an effective restraint for head protection during lateral and rear impacts. However, previous rear head foam material specifications did not address low severity impacts that occur frequently during typical driving, such as race restart vehicle nose to tail contact. This study focused on developing a test methodology for comprehensive evaluation of rear head surround foam materials for repeated helmet-to-foam impacts of varying severity. Specifically, this study aimed to formulate a specification that maintains previous material performance at high speed, while decreasing head accelerations at low speed. Quasi-static and dynamic drop tower testing of sample materials was used to analyze the energy absorption capabilities of various foams and served to develop finite element

Gray, Alexandra N., Harper, Matthew G., Mukherjee, Sayak, Patalak, John P.

3D CHT Simulation of Oil-Cooled Electric Motors: A Comparative Study of Standard and Paperless Designs

2025-01-8181To be published on 04/01/2025

Conjugate heat transfer (CHT) analysis of cooling in an electric motor, featuring both the standard and the paperless stator designs, was conducted using the CFD package Simerics-MP+ to assess the predictive accuracy of the numerical simulations. The condition investigated involved the motor running at 14,000 RPM. The high rotor speed was modeled using a novel hybrid approach for mesh rotation to make the problem more tractable. The two immiscible fluids, oil and air were modeled using the interface capturing, volume of fluid (VOF) method. The traditional CHT approach is computationally expensive for electric motor cooling applications due to the heat transfer time scale differences between the fluid and the solid. Temperature changes in solids occur over a much slower time scale owning to their higher thermal inertia compared to fluids. Therefore, we model the fluid and solid domains separately and use a mixed-time scale approach to exchange the heat transfer data between them. The

Varghese, Joel, Srinivasan, Chiranth, Chen, Yawei, Bhunia, Srijohn, Schlautman, Jeff

A drive anti-slip and lateral stability control technique for distributed three-axis drive vehicle

2025-01-8303To be published on 04/01/2025

The research object of this project is the longitudinal and lateral control of the distributed three-axis drive tractor. Which is different from the traditional four motors power system layout is that the third axel have two motors while the second axel only have one motor. Compared with the traditional design, it can reduce the dependence on battery performance and maintain motor operation in high efficiency range by switching different working model. For example, when driving at high speed, only the two-axis motor works, which can improve motor efficiency. When accelerate or climb, all motors work to provide a large power output. In the research, established the vehicle model in Simulink firstly, and then Co-simulated with Trucksim. The longitudinal control identified the optimal slip rate of the road firstly, then used the adaptive sliding mode control to obtain the driving torque of each wheel, which can achieve well control effect under various road conditions and motion modes

Shen, Ruiteng, Zheng, Hongyu, Kaku, Chuyo, Zong, Changfu

Modern Simulink DevOps Integration

2025-01-8077To be published on 04/01/2025

Model-based developers are turning to DevOps principles and toolchains to increase engineering efficiency, improve model quality and to facilitate collaboration between large teams. Mature DevOps processes achieve these through automation. This paper demonstrates how integrating modern version control (git) with collaborative development practices and automated quality measures can streamline workflows for large teams using Simulink. The focus is on enhancing model consistency, enabling team collaboration, and development speed

Mathews, Jon, Tamrawi, Ahmed, Ferrero, Sergio, Sauceda, Jeremias

Optimization method of phase change energy storage device for electric vehicle batteries based on numerical simulation

2025-01-8603To be published on 04/01/2025

Phase change energy storage devices are extensively utilized in latent heat thermal energy storage and hold significant potential for application in the thermal management of automotive batteries. By harnessing the high-density energy storage capabilities of phase change materials to absorb heat released by the batteries, followed by timely release and utilization, there is a substantial improvement in energy efficiency. This approach aligns with the objective of promoting low-carbon environmental protection and presents an opportunity to enhance the operational performance and energy utilization efficiency of electric vehicle batteries in low-temperature conditions. However, the thermal conductivity of medium and low temperature phase change materials is poor, leading to its inefficient utilization. This paper focuses on optimizing the structure of a phase change heat exchanger in a phase change energy storage device to improve its performance. A basic design of the phase change heat

Zhang, Haonan, Sun, Mingzhe, Zheng, Haoyun, Zhang, Tianming

Design of A Differential Braking Controller Based on Road Reaction Force Estimation to respond to Steering System Failure in Autonomous Driving Situations

2025-01-8797To be published on 04/01/2025

As the electrification of chassis systems accelerates, the demand for fail-safety strategies is increasing. In the past, the steering system was mechanically connected, so the driver could respond directly to some extent. However, the Steer-By-Wire system is composed of the column and rack bar as electrical signals, so the importance of response strategies for steering system failure is gradually increasing. When a steering system failure occurs, a differential braking control using the difference in braking force between the left and right wheels was studied. Recently, some studies have been conducted to model the wheel reaction force generated during a differential braking. Those studies linearly modeled the reaction force generated at the kingpin axis. Since actual tires and road surfaces are nonlinear and cause large model errors, model-based control methods have limited performance. Also, in previous studies assumed that the driver normally operates the steering wheel in a failure

Kim, Sukwon, Kim, Young Gwang, Kim, SungDo, Moon, Sung Jin

Research on Seakeeping Performance of Amphibious Rescue Vehicle Based on CFD

2025-01-8795To be published on 04/01/2025

Amphibious vehicles are widely used in civil and military scenarios due to their excellent driving performance in water and on land, unique application scenarios and rapid response capabilities. In the field of civil rescue, the hydrodynamic performance of amphibious vehicles directly affects the speed and accuracy of rescue, and is also related to the life safety of rescuers. In the existing research on the hydrodynamic performance of amphibious vehicles, seakeeping performance has always been the focus of research by researchers and amphibious vehicle manufacturers, but most of the existing research focuses on the navigation performance of amphibious vehicles in still water. In actual application scenarios, amphibious vehicles often face complex water conditions when performing emergency rescue tasks, so it is very important to study the navigation performance of amphibious vehicles in waves. Aiming at the goal of studying the navigation performance of amphibious vehicles in waves

Zhang, Yu

Material Characterization of the Newly Developed Advanced High Strength Steels for Prediction of Crash Performance

2025-01-8220To be published on 04/01/2025

New highly ductile AHSS steel grades with tensile strength greater than 980 MPa have been developed with the aim of combining high strength and excellent formability. The new jetQ[TM]-Family offers high local and global ductility which is expected to contribute to the improvement of vehicle crash performance. For reliable design and management of vehicle crash performance, material modeling including work hardening behavior, strain rate dependence and material failure strain plays an important role in numerical simulation. Especially, the accuracy of material failure prediction is important for the development of crash performance. In this study, the fracture behaviors of both the 980jetQ[TM] and conventional Dual-Phase (DP) are investigated through simple tensile and V-bending fracture tests incorporating experiment-numerical hybrid ductile fracture analysis. Based on the experimental results, the material parameters in Hosford-Coulomb fracture model are determined for the numerical

Sato, Kentaro, Sakaidani, Tomohiro, Ohnishi, Yoichiro, Paton, Adrian, Roesen, Hartwig

Research on the Boundary of Pedestrian Leg Impactor Test in Low-Speed Passive and Active Conditions

2025-01-8735To be published on 04/01/2025

With the widespread application of the Automatic Emergency Braking System (AEB) in vehicles, its impact on pedestrian safety has received increasing attention. However, after the intervention of AEB, the kinematic characteristics of pedestrian leg collisions and their corresponding biological injury responses also change. At the same time, in order to accurately evaluate the pedestrian protection performance of vehicles, the current assessment regulations generally use advanced pedestrian protection leg impactors (aPLI) and rigid leg impactors (TRL) to simulate the movement and injury conditions of pedestrian legs. Based on this, in order to explore the collision boundary conditions and changes in injury between vehicles and APLI and TRL leg impactors under the action of AEB, this paper first analyzes the current passive and active assessment conditions. Secondly, the simulation software LS-DYNA is used to build a finite element model of APLI and TRL impactor-vehicle collisions to

YE, BIN, Hong, Cheng, Wan, Xinming, Liu, Yu, Cheng, James, LONG, YONGCHENG, Hao, Haizhou

Research on Aircraft Towing Taxiing Braking Control Based on Estimation of Road Surface Friction Coefficient

2025-01-8289To be published on 04/01/2025

Towbarless aircraft towing system (TLATS) is gradually becoming the mainstream in airport operations.In aircraft towing and taxiing operation, the complex conditions of the road surface produce unpredictable potential risks to the driving state of the electric tractor, among which the road surface friction coefficient is a crucial factor that directly affects the safety and efficiency of the aircraft towing taxiing and braking. In order to achieve real-time estimation of the tire-road friction coefficient, a method is proposed for estimating the road surface friction coefficient in this paper, which is based on the normalized Dugoff tire model and the Unscented Kalman Filtering (UKF) algorithm. By establishing a dynamic model of the aircraft tractor and integrating it with the normalized Dugoff tire model, this paper uses the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) algorithm and the UKF algorithm to estimate the friction coefficients under different road surface conditions, based on the tire

Zhu, Hengjia, Wang, Junhao

Dynamics Analysis and Stability Control of a Lunar Unicycle Self-Balancing Robot

2025-01-8301To be published on 04/01/2025

The one-wheeled self-balancing mobile system has superior mobility and flexibility due to its unique configuration and single-wheel grounding feature, and can autonomously perform exploration and delivery missions on narrow, rough and unstructured surfaces. In this paper, a one-wheeled self-balancing robot traveling on the lunar surface is proposed for autonomous exploration on the lunar surface. Firstly, a multi-body dynamics model of the robot is derived using the quasi-coordinate-Hamilton equations. Wheels in soft ground not only generate velocity deviations due to slip and slide, but also introduce additional travel resistance moments at the dynamics level due to soil deformation during wheel sliding. Therefore, a three-dimensional terramechanics model is used to characterize the coupling between the robot wheel and the soil. To achieve stability control of the robot's attitude, a series PID method is used for pitch self-balancing and velocity control. A model predictive control

Shi, Junwei, Zhang, Kaidi, Duan, Yupeng, Wu, Jinglai, Zhang, Yunqing

A Modified Johnson-Cook Model Considering Strain-Temperature Coupling for Welding Simulation of Aluminum Alloy Bumper

2025-01-8243To be published on 04/01/2025

The metal inert-gas (MIG) welding technique employed for aluminum alloy automotive bumpers involves a complex thermo-mechanical coupling process at elevated temperatures. Attaining a globally optimal set of model parameters continues to represent a pivotal objective in the pursuit of reliable constitutive models that can facilitate precise simulation of the welding process. In this study, a novel piecewise modified Johnson-Cook (MJ-C) constitutive model that incorporates the strain-temperature coupling has been proposed and developed. A quasi-static uniaxial tensile model of the specimen is constructed based on ABAQUS and its secondary development, with model parameters calibrated via the the second-generation non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) method. A finite element simulation model for T-joint welding is subsequently established, upon which numerical simulation analyses of both the welding temperature field and post-welding deformation can be conducted. The results

Yi, Xiaolong, Meng, Dejian, Gao, Yunkai

OPTIMAL INVESTIGATION ABOUT CAB OF BSC RACING CAR BASED ON ERGONOMICS

2025-01-8669To be published on 04/01/2025

In the Baja competition, the racing cars need to run under a variety of complex off-road conditions such as pebble road, shell pit, the road with many broken stones, hump, water puddle and so on，in the endurance race，the driver even has to drive continuously for four hours. In the process of this high-intensity and high-concentration race, the irrational designs of cab in ergonomics will easily cause the driver's visual and handling fatigue, so that the driver's attention is not concentrated，and cause the security accidents. Moreover, the lower back pain, sciatic nerve discomfort, lumbar spine diseases and other occupational diseases are basically caused by uncomfortable driving posture and unreasonable manipulation interface, and these have a lot to do with unreasonable ergonomic designs. In order to solve the unreasonable designs of the cab in ergonomics and improve the safety and comfort of the driver, first of all, establish the overall model of BSC racing car in Catia to obtain a

Liu, Yuzhou, Liu, Silang

Validation of Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Models for ALPHA v3.0

2025-01-8521To be published on 04/01/2025

The Environmental Protection Agency’s Advanced Light-Duty Powertrain and Hybrid Analysis (ALPHA) modeling tool was initially created to simulate the Greenhouse Gas emissions from light-duty vehicles. ALPHA is used to predict tailpipe CO2 emissions and energy consumption from advanced automotive technologies. ALPHA is a physics-based, forward-looking vehicle computer simulation tool capable of analyzing various vehicle types with different powertrain technologies while replicating realistic vehicle behavior. ALPHA version 3.0 is the current version of the MATLAB/Simulink based software. Key changes made to ALPHA v3.0 include the addition of new light- and medium-duty vehicle models to support simulation of electrified vehicle architectures (hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and battery electric vehicles) aligning with the automotive industry transition towards electrified fleets. Each electrified vehicle model was tuned to replicate operational behavior of components (such as engine, transmission

Kargul, John, Moskalik, Andrew, Barba, Daniel, Butters, Karla

Study on Optimal Shift Schedule for Single-shaft Parallel PHEVs Considering Driver’s Performance Expectation

2025-01-8577To be published on 04/01/2025

In order to take into account the drivers’ performance expectations in the comprehensive performance optimization of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), we proposed an optimization method for the shift schedule of single-shaft parallel PHEVs considering drivers’ demands on both dynamic and economic performance. In accordance with torque distribution strategies developed for different working modes, the modes switching logic is formulated based on the demand torque along with the engine torque characteristics and the state of charge (SOC) of power battery. And a quantification model for driver’s intention is proposed using a fuzzy inference approach, which can compute the driver's dynamic and economic performance expectations using the driver's operation characteristics and vehicle status as input. With the help of a linear weighting method using the performance expectations as weights, a comprehensive performance evaluation function is constructed as the optimization objective of

Yin, Xiaofeng, Li, Hong

Effects of cell design improvement on an automotive PEMFC system

2025-01-8549To be published on 04/01/2025

The need for a clean mobility launched multiple research directions in the powertrain field. While initially the battery electric vehicle (BEV) seemed the universal solution, the succession of pandemic emergencies and the resulting energetic crisis have defined a new scenario based on the multi-energy approach. One of the most promising technologies is the use of hydrogen to be used in a fuel cell to generate electricity. This type of electric vehicles guarantees a faster refueling time and a longer driving range than the battery electric vehicle, becoming an enabling solution for long-haul applications. In this study a combined 3D-CFD and 0D system analysis of an automotive Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) was carried out. In the first part, starting from a conventional parallel channel flow field configuration, the use of an optimization tool allowed to identify the optimal configuration in terms of width of feed channels and the thickness of Gas Diffusion Layers of both

Martoccia, Lorenzo, Antetomaso, Christian, Merola, Simona, Marra, Carmine, Breda, Sebastiano, D'Adamo, Alessandro

Development & Implementation of Simulink Powertrain & Simscape Thermal Modeling for a Virtual Co-Simulation Platform

2025-01-8196To be published on 04/01/2025

Thermal Modeling plays on an important role in nowadays high-fidelity vehicle modeling. As virtual platform development more and more usage case on powertrain development, and Model Predicted Control (MPC) turns to be a new widely applicable method to thermal system control. The need of a faster than real-time high-fidelity thermal modeling with powertrain system on virtual environment rises. Traditional thermal modeling tool such as GT-SUIT and AVL Simulation Suite can provide detail modeling capabilities, however, performance of simulation decreases while fidelity increases, especially in the co-simulation environment. In this paper, Simscape toolbox from MathWorks is proposed to do thermal modeling in the virtual platform for co-simulation. Simscape is part of MATLAB which is widely used in the co-simulation environment. Simscape can provide physics based thermal modeling like GT-SUIT or AVL, the main benefit of usage Simscape is to decrease the number and complexity of co

Fan, Shihong, Harber, John, Link, Brian

Impact of Connected and Automated Vehicles on Longitudinal and Lateral Performance of Heterogeneous Traffic Flow in Shared Autonomy on Two-Lane Highways

2025-01-8098To be published on 04/01/2025

Intelligent transportation systems and connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) are advancing rapidly, though not yet fully widespread. Consequently, traditional human-driven vehicles (HDVs), CAVs, and human-driven connected and automated vehicles (HD-CAVs) will coexist on the roads for the foreseeable future. Simultaneously, car-following behaviors in equilibrium and discretionary lane-changing behaviors make up the most common highway operations, which seriously affect traffic stability, efficiency and safety. Therefore, it’s necessary to analyze the impact of CAV technologies on both longitudinal and lateral performance of heterogeneous traffic flow. This paper extends longitudinal car-following models based on the intelligent driver model and lateral lane-changing models using the quintic polynomial curve to account for different vehicle types, considering human factors and cooperative adaptive cruise control. Then, this paper incorporates CAV penetration rates, shared autonomy

Wang, Tianyi, Guo, Qiyuan, He, Chong, Li, Hao, Xu, Yiming, Wang, Yangyang, Jiao, Junfeng

Validation of Product Requirements - Specifications Using Field Data and Next Generation Vehicle Design Strategy Using a Calibrated Digital Twin

2025-01-8344To be published on 04/01/2025

The engineering design process employs an iterative approach in which proposed solutions are conceived, evaluated and refined until they satisfy a priori requirements - specifications. This iterative cycle generally uses computer aided designs (CAD), engineering analysis (CAE), numerical simulations per operating scenarios, and laboratory or field prototype testing. The availability of product data can be applied to assess the vehicle requirements – specifications to facilitate the next generation design. However, the calibration and use of a digital twin facilitates exploration of tradeoffs between engineering design, product manufacturing, and business demands, plus a desire to shorten the overall time. For instance, digital twin technology enables the swift evaluation of vehicle performance in various configurations and operating conditions. The question arises of how to best integrate digital twin technology into the design process. This paper will review the engineering design

Manvi, Pranav, Suber II, Darryl, griffith, Kaitlyn, Turner, Cameron, Castanier, Matthew P., Wagner, John

Research and structural optimization of lattice core based on monocoque of Formula Student racing car

2025-01-8003To be published on 04/01/2025

Monocoque is a kind of integrated shell structure technology, which has gradually become the primary choice for various racing teams to make car bodies because of its advantages of small specific gravity and high specific strength. The unit of the monocoque is a carbon fiber composite sandwich structure, which is composed of two layers of carbon fiber skin inside and outside and core material between them. The inner and outer layers of the carbon fiber skin are stacked with carbon fiber composite materials of different directions and types. In this project, we plan to optimize the shape of the monocoque shell using the surface design software Alias, select core materials of different materials and structures, more advanced layups, and obtain feasible layup sequences and core material types through Hypermesh simulation and Matlab collaborative optimization, which will be verified by three-point bending experiments and circumferential shear experiments. Different from the previous

Cheng, Zhu H., Liu, JJ

A Collision Risk Assessment-Based Longitudinal Collision Avoidance Control Strategy for Tractor Semi-Trailers with Slip Ratio Control

2025-01-8037To be published on 04/01/2025

With the advancement of intelligent transportation and smart logistics systems, tractor semi-trailers have gradually become one of the primary modes of transport due to their substantial cargo capacity. However, the ongoing increase in the number of tractor semi-trailers has also introduced traffic safety issues. Due to their significant spring mass and strong body strength, accidents involving tractor semi-trailers often result in severe consequences. Active collision avoidance control strategies provide assurance for vehicle safety. However, existing research predominantly focuses on passenger cars and small commercial vehicles. Research specifically addressing tractor semi-trailers, which have longer bodies and more complex dynamic characteristics, is relatively sparse. Therefore, this paper proposes a collision risk assessment-based longitudinal collision avoidance control strategy for tractor semi-trailers with slip ratio control. Firstly, the paper introduces the braking

Yan, Yang, Zheng, Hongyu

Modelling and Simulation of a Formula 1 Power Unit for 2026 and Predicting Formaldehyde Levels

2025-01-8004To be published on 04/01/2025

The transition to fully sustainable fuels, like ethanol, for Formula 1 power units in 2026 introduces challenges related to engine performance and emissions. The lower energy content of these fuels can have a negative impact on power output, while the increased levels of formaldehyde produced during combustion pose an environmental concern. This study aims to evaluate engine performance while meeting the FIA’s 2026 regulations using numerical simulations and to develop a method for estimating formaldehyde emissions produced during combustion. An F1 power unit model was developed in GT-Suite, incorporating all relevant regulations for 2026. The model was validated against literature data for combustion characteristics, such as laminar and turbulent flame speeds, and friction losses. Additionally, compliance with operational limits, such as energy flow restrictions, was confirmed. Suitable elementary and global reaction mechanisms for formation and destruction of formaldehyde were

Fuss, Nadine, Samuel, Stephen

Research on Sampling-Based Motion Planning and Control for Spiral Ramp in Underground Parking Garages

2025-01-8039To be published on 04/01/2025

Abstract:The slope and curvature of spiral ramps in underground parking garages change continuously, and often lacks of predefined map information. Traditional planning algorithms is difficult to ensure safety and real-time performance for autonomous vehicles entering and exiting underground parking garages.Therefore, this study proposed the Model Predictive Path Integral (MPPI) method, focusing on solving motion planning problems in underground parking garages without predefined map information.This sample-based method to allows simultaneous online autonomous vehicle planning and tracking while not relying on predefined map information ,along with adjusting the driving path accordingly.Key path points in the spiral ramp environment were defined by curvature, where reducing the dimensionality of the sampling space and optimizing the computational efficiency of sampled trajectories within the MPPI framework. This ensured the safety and computational speed of the improved MPPI method in

Liu, Zuyang, Shen, Yanhua, Wang, Kaidi

Experimental Analysis of Battery Thermal Management Techniques for Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries Using MATLAB Simulink, Simscape, and Stateflow Simulations

2025-01-8165To be published on 04/01/2025

The integration of lithium-ion batteries into electric vehicles represents a significant advancement in the automotive industry. These batteries are widely utilized in energy storage systems. The extended life cycle, low self-discharge rates, high energy density, and eco-friendliness of lithium-ion batteries are well-known. However, Lithium-ion batteries are highly sensitive to temperature, adversely affecting their performance, lifespan, and safety. Therefore, effective thermal management is critical to ensuring optimal operating conditions and mitigating the risk of thermal runaway. To address this, experimental study was conducted on various battery thermal management techniques, including active, passive, and hybrid approaches. These techniques were investigated for their cooling efficiencies under different operating conditions. The study utilized MATLAB Simulink, Simscape, and Stateflow to simulate the electro-thermal behavior of cylindrical lithium-ion battery cells, battery

Thangaraju, Shanmuganathan

Effects of lubricant oil loss on efficiencies and carbon emissions in Argon Power Cycle hydrogen-fueled engines

2025-01-8436To be published on 04/01/2025

The trend of internal combustion engines is reducing or eliminating carbon emissions and improve the overall efficiency. The Argon Power Cycle (APC) hydrogen-fueled engine, specifically, can improve the thermal efficiency by using Argon as the working substance. At the same time, due to the utilization of hydrogen and pure oxygen, the combustion of the fuel in APC hydrogen-fueled engines produces zero carbon or NOx. However, during engine operation, lubricate oil consumption can still generate CO2 and becomes the only source for emission. Furthermore, the accumulation of CO2 under closed cycle can impede the condensation recovery of Argon and reduce the efficiency. In this study, a computational model was used to analyze the piston ring dynamics and surrounding gas flow in an APC hydrogen-fueled engine at a net indicated thermal efficiency of 62.4% (gross indicated thermal efficiency of 58.6%), and to investigate the effect of lubricate oil loss on the efficiency and carbon emissions

Wang, Chenxu, Li, Mo, SU, Xiang, Deng, Jun, Tian, Tian

Electrification Strategies and Power Distribution Method for Commercial Semi-Trailer

2025-01-8581To be published on 04/01/2025

Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) is the transition from conventional to electric vehicles, with the advantages of great power characteristics and low polluting emissions. A new hybrid power system was investigated by installing a motor on the axle of a conventional semi-trailer. The purpose is to reduce the fluctuation of longitudinal acceleration and improve driving comfort by filling the transmission output torque hole through the motor during the gear shift process. Models for the longitudinal motion of a commercial vehicle, the permanent magnet synchronous motor, and the motor power distribution method are established, and the system model is built using MATLAB/Simulink. The model-in-the-loop simulation control interface is created in ModelBase, and model-in-the-loop simulation under the full-throttle(WOT) and braking operating conditions is performed based on ModelBase. Due to the high-frequency jitter problem in the actual control of the motor, the torque output obtained from

Zhang, Hongyu, Wei, Zhengjun, Zhen, Ran, Shangguan, Wen-Bin

Optimization Design of Formula E Racing Car Transmission and Wheel System

2025-01-8505To be published on 04/01/2025

The paper provides a detailed analysis of the transmission system design under the single motor drive scheme, with a focus on the 2024 Formula SAE (FSAE). The selection of the motor type is determined based on race rules and battery box output power limits. In terms of transmission ratio design, this study takes into account the car's power, balancing acceleration ability and maximum speed to determine an optimal transmission ratio through theoretical calculations and empirical values. Furthermore, it explores how to optimize overall drive system performance by considering technical parameters, power requirements, economic considerations of each system assembly, and validates these findings through software simulations. Notably, significant improvements in reliability are achieved with the newly designed transmission system and wheel rim system while also proposing lightweighting methods for key components. We have carried out extensive verification in both simulation and real vehicle

Wang, Liuxin, Li, Chengfeng, Zhu, Xiran, Liu, Minmin

Development of the Power- and Usage-based Simulator for evaluating Off-road Mobile Machinery Energy Consumption

2025-01-8595To be published on 04/01/2025

This paper presents the development of a new vehicle simulation software, the Power- and Usage-Based Simulator Tool (referred to as the Power-Based Model), designed to predict fuel consumption and evaluate advanced powertrain technologies for off-road mobile machinery. The Power-Based Model integrates current research on fuel consumption simulation in the off-road vehicle sector and serves as a platform to pilot the development of advanced powertrain technologies such as battery-electric and fuel cell powertrains. The tool is aimed at predicting the necessary battery capacity and hydrogen storage requirements when transitioning to these advanced powertrains, thereby facilitating component sizing and fuel consumption reduction calculations. The Power-Based Model was developed with a strong focus on the unique operational characteristics of off-road machinery, ensuring that it realistically reflects real-world energy consumption and the competitive advantages of various fuel-saving

Kim, Namdoo, Seo, Jigu, Vijayagopal, Ram, Burnham, Andrew, makarczyk, David, Freyermuth, Vincent

Simulation-Based Study on the Influence of Multiple Ferromagnetic Particles on the Voltage Signal of an Inductive Sensor

2025-01-8398To be published on 04/01/2025

To address the issue of signal aliasing when multiple particles pass through a metallic particle sensor, which can lead to misidentification of particle count, we employ numerical simulation methods for an in-depth investigation. We developed a mathematical model of a three-coil inductive metal particle sensor to explore the signal variations induced by the passage of a single particle. We utilized micro-element simulation analysis to dissect the signal generated by a single particle, elucidating the underlying change process. Focusing on dual ferromagnetic particles as the subject of study, we conducted simulations and demodulation of the induced voltage under various combinations of sizes and spacings to investigate the influence patterns of two adjacent ferromagnetic particles on the sensor's induced signal. Further research into the peak signals of different diameter particles at a constant spacing revealed that, for a given spacing, the ratio of peak signals between particles of

Chen, Sen, Shen, Yitao, Wang, Zheyu, zheng, zheng, Qiang, Guiyan, HAO, YIN, Hu, Ting

Development of a Detailed Ignition Model with Energy Deposition and its Application to Full Engine Simulation

2025-01-8360To be published on 04/01/2025

A multi-dimensional model of the spark ignition process for SI engines was developed as a user-defined function (UDF) integrated into the commercial engine simulation software CONVERGE CFD. The model presented in this paper simulates energy deposition from the ignition circuit into the fuel-air mixture inside the cylinder. The model is based on interaction and collision between electrons in the plasma arc and the gas molecules inside the cylinder using parameters from the ignition circuit and gas inside the cylinder. Full engine simulations using CONVERGE CFD with the developed ignition model including the ignition circuit model, arc propagation model, and energy deposition model were performed to evaluate the validity and performance of the model and to compare with the ignition model provided by CONVERGE CFD. Two engines with different characteristics were used for comparison, a low turbulent port fuel injected single-cylinder CFR engine and a high turbulent direct injected engine

Kim, Kyeongmin, Hall, Matthew, Joshi, Sachin, Matthews, Ron

Development and Control System Design of an Electro-Pneumatic Variable Valve Actuator to be Retrofitted to an SI Engine

2025-01-8377To be published on 04/01/2025

In a conventional cam-based valve actuation system, the valve events are tied up with the rotation of the crankshaft. In contrast, the electronic variable valve actuation system enables flexible control of valve events independent of the crankshaft rotation. The present article discusses the development and control system design of a single-acting electro-pneumatic variable valve actuation (EPVVA) system that can be retrofitted to a conventional SI engine. The EPVVA system utilizes fast switching solenoid valves which modulate the flow of pressurized air in and out of a pneumatic chamber. The control system design is conducted in MATLAB Simulink platform using model-based approach. The valve actuator model is formulated such that it simulates the trajectory of the motion of the engine valve by numerically integrating a set of coupled differential equations that govern the thermo-fluid-dynamics and applied mechanics aspects of the valve actuation of the EPVVA system. The timings of the

Satalagaon, Ajay Kumar, Guha, Abhijit, Srivastava, Dhananjay Kumar

Exploring Hybrid TPMS Designs for Improved Energy Absorption in Vehicle Crashworthiness

2025-01-8726To be published on 04/01/2025

Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) structures have gained significant attention in recent years due to their excellent mechanical properties, lightweight characteristics, and potential for energy absorption in various engineering applications, particularly in automotive safety. This study explores the design, manufacturing, and mechanical performance of both general and hybrid TPMS structures for energy absorption. Three types of fundamental TPMS unit cells—Primitive, Gyroid, and IWP—were modeled using implicit functions and combined to form hybrid structures. The hybrid designs were optimized by employing Sigmoid functions to achieve smooth transitions between different unit cells. The TPMS structures were fabricated using Selective Laser Melting (SLM) technology with 316L stainless steel and subjected to quasi-static compression tests. Numerical simulations were conducted using finite element methods to verify the experimental results. The findings indicate that hybrid TPMS

Liu, Zhe, Wang, MingJie, Guo, Pengbo, Li, Youguang, Lian, Yuehui, Zhong, Gaoshuo

Efficient Simulation of Multi-Body Dynamics with Roller Guide Joints Using Julia

2025-01-8285To be published on 04/01/2025

Due to the existence of nonlinearities in mechanical systems, considerable concern has arisen regarding the effectiveness of solving multi-body dynamics (MBD) problems. Although simulations of traditional mechanisms with perfect joints could be solved with high efficiency, joints in practical applications are often characterized by clearances, leading to a significant reduction in simulation efficiency for such cases. Enhancing the effectiveness of solvers is essential for simulating systems with nonlinearities. This paper presents an exploration of using Julia, a high-performance, open-source programming language, to solve MBD problems based on index-1 differential-algebraic equations (DAE). Quaternions were utilized to represent the orientation of the rigid bodies. Alongside the modelling of common perfect joints, both planar perfect and imperfect roller guide joints were included to illustrate the method's adaptability in addressing non-standard joint types. Two case studies were

Tong, Jiachi, Meng, Dejian, Lian, Yubo, Gao, Yunkai, Yang, James

Artificial intelligent technique applied to semi-active vibration control of vehicle suspension system

2025-01-8270To be published on 04/01/2025

The study investigates to quantify the benefits of magnetorheological (MR) dampers in enhancing ride comfort, vehicle stability, and overall system performance in semi-active suspension systems. Magnetorheological (MR) dampers in semi-active suspension systems work together with active and passive suspension technologies to make them more effective and flexible. The study investigates to quantify the benefits of magnetorheological (MR) dampers in enhancing ride comfort, vehicle stability, and overall system performance in semi-active suspension systems. Magnetorheological (MR) dampers in semi-active suspension systems work together with active and passive suspension technologies to make them more effective and flexible. The complete dynamic system model encompasses essential performance parameters such as seat travel, body acceleration, passenger acceleration, suspension travel, and tire deflection. This research reveals that the suggested artificial intelligence, such as a variable

M.faragallah, Mohamed, Metered, Hassan, Mohamed, M.A., Essam, Mahmoud A.

Finite Element Simulation and Experimental Study of the In-Mold Graining Process

2025-01-8330To be published on 04/01/2025

In-Mold Graining (IMG) is an innovative production technology applied to the skin wrapping of automotive interior components. In the design of automotive interior components of door panels and instrument clusters, to overcome process-related problems, such as the thinning of grain patterns and excessive reduction in thickness, simulation of the skin vacuum forming process is required. The Thermoplastic Olefin (TPO) skin material is investigated in this paper, and a viscoelastic mechanical model for this material is established. Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA) is utilized to perform scan for frequency and temperature, and the tested data is used to obtain key model parameters of the viscoelastic constitutive model. Based on the experimental data, the study explores how to calculate the relaxation time spectrum to describe the viscoelastic properties of TPO material during the vacuum adsorption process. Numerical simulation of the vacuum adsorption process of TPO material is conducted

Chai, Bingji, Guo, Yiming, Xie, Xinxing, Zhang, Qu

Validation of Pedestrian Collision Reconstruction Using the PC-Crash Multibody Pedestrian Model

2025-01-8681To be published on 04/01/2025

When evaluating a collision between a vehicle and a pedestrian, a reconstructionist will often attempt to determine the location on the roadway where the first contact occurred, the speed of the vehicle at impact, the speed of the pedestrian at impact, and the motion of the pedestrian from first contact to rest. Computer simulation using a multibody pedestrian model is a method that can assist the reconstructionist to simultaneously determine the location of impact and the vehicle speed. Multibody simulation can also inform the reconstructionist’s determination of the speed of the pedestrian at impact, their body posture, and their motion from first contact to rest. PC-Crash is a collision simulation software that is widely used by the accident reconstruction community. PC-Crash includes a pedestrian multibody model that can be used for collision simulation. This article validates the use of the pedestrian multibody model in PC-Crash for analyzing pedestrian collisions. This model is

Rose, Nathan, Smith, Connor, Carter, Neal, Metanias, Andrew

Correlation Study of Low Frequency Engine Order Noise Prediction at Compressor Inlet for a PHEV and Resonator Tuning

2025-01-8643To be published on 04/01/2025

Sound Pollution has become one of the major environmental concerns for global automotive industry in the current era. Air Induction System (AIS) plays an important role in engine performance and vehicle noise. An ideal design of AIS provides debris free air for combustion and reduces the engine noise heard at snorkel. The objective of this work is to correlate low frequency engine order noise prediction at compressor inlet and snorkel inlet for a 2.0L I4 turbo engine of a Plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV) for better acoustic performance without compromising on engine performance. Commercial 1D simulation software GT-POWER, Simcenter 3D and Hypermesh is used for this work. Transmission loss results with respect to frequency of air-box with ducts and intake manifold with charge air cooler are plotted from 0 to 1000 Hz. The air intake system shows good correlation between 3D and 1D till 600 Hz. Compressor and snorkel noise results, especially the firing order and its harmonic orders are

Dixit, Manish, K, Srinivasan

3D Drive Unit - Pump Coupled Model to Predict Line Pressures during Vehicle Manoeuvres

2025-01-8623To be published on 04/01/2025

The drive unit, primarily consisting of an electric motor and a gearbox, need to be cooled and lubricated for its long life and efficient performance. In an extreme drive cycle condition, the pickup tube to the pump may get exposed to air, leading to a substantial loss in line pressure and a drop in oil flow rate to the subsystems. An advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation can provide insights into the oil delivery system and help in improving the oil sump design, optimizing the position of the pick tube to the pump and oil delivery lines. The current study employs a Volume of Fluid (VOF) based multiphase model implemented in a commercial CFD solver, Simerics-MP+. The drive unit lubrication system considered in the study consists of a gerotor pump, the entire oil delivery lines to the two subsystems and the drive unit casing. A multiphase simulation of the system with transient operation of the pump is computationally expensive. Therefore, a new methodology is

Joe, Erin Sam, Schlautman, Jeff, Manne, Venkata Harish Babu, Srinivasan, Chiranth, Pasunurthi, Shyam Sundar

Modelling spray washing with Lagrangian differencing dynamics

2025-01-8635To be published on 04/01/2025

Spray washing is commonly used in car manufacturing to clean and prepare surfaces for subsequent processes like coating and painting. It uses high-pressure spray to deliver cleaning solutions or water onto vehicle surfaces to remove dirt, oils, metal shavings, and contaminants. In the washing, for optimal washing quality, it is important to have proper nozzle arrangements, spray configuration, and vehicle positioning. Numerical simulations can be used to minimize the trial-and-error process and improve the quality. Spray washing involves strong discontinuities, fragmentation, violent free-surface changes, and complex multiphase flow, which are difficult to simulate using conventional grid-based methods. Lagrangian differencing dyanmics (LDD) [1] is a novel numerical method which has the features of being Lagrangian, meshless, and second-order accurate. It employs a meshless finite difference approximation scheme over scattered points, and solves the incompressible Navier-Stokes

Panov, Dmitrii Olegovich, Peng, Chong, Zhu, Huaxiang, Menon, Muraleekrishnan, Champaneriya, Vrajesh

Predictive steering angle generation algorithm for high-efficiency vehicle's path optimization

2025-01-8791To be published on 04/01/2025

Predictive performance simulation of a high-efficiency lightweight vehicle is performed through development of a multi-physics MATLAB Simulink model including advanced vehicle’s dynamics. The vehicle is put into a three-dimensional representation of the racetrack, including its limits, slope, banking, and adhesion coefficient along the model space, elaborated from the track GPS data points. The vehicle’s reference trajectory is not priorly provided to the model at the simulation start as, during run-time, a predictive Steering Angle Generation (SAG) algorithm based on NMPC (Nonlinear Model Predictive Control) computes the optimal steering angle input needed to drive the vehicle on the track within its limits. Computation is based on fast predictive simulations of a simplified version of vehicle’s dynamics modelling of the prototype. Each single simulation exploits a different possible steering angle to be applied by the virtual driver, starting from the initial conditions given by the

De Carlo, Matteo, Manzone, Simone, de Carvalho Pinheiro, Henrique, Carello, Massimiliana

Enhancing and Validating Numerical Models for Oil-Jet Cooing on Corrugated Surfaces of Electric Motor Windings

2025-01-8160To be published on 04/01/2025

The U.S. DRIVE Electrical and Electronics Technical Team has set a goal for 2025 to achieve a power density of 33 kW/L for electric vehicle (EV) motors. The increase in motor power density is highly dependent on effective thermal management within the system, making active cooling techniques like oil-jet impingement essential for continued advancements. Due to the time and expense of physical experimentation, numerical simulations have become a preferred method for design testing and optimization. These simulations often simplify the motor-winding surface into a smooth cylinder, overlooking the actual corrugated surface due to windings, thus reducing computational resources and mesh complexity. However, the coil's corrugated surface affects flow turbulence and heat transfer rates. This study utilizes three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations to investigate the impingement-cooling of an Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF) jet on a corrugated surface that replicates

Mutyal, Jayesh Ramesh, Champhekar, Omkar, Gurunadhan, Mohana, Konangi, Santosh, haghnegahdar, Ahmad

Enhancing and Validating Numerical Models for Oil-Jet Cooing on Corrugated Surfaces of Electric Motor Windings

2025-01-8148To be published on 04/01/2025

Mutyal, Jayesh Ramesh, Champhekar, Omkar, Gurunadhan, Mohana, Konangi, Santosh, haghnegahdar, Ahmad

FIT File Processing for Accident Reconstruction

2025-01-8696To be published on 04/01/2025

It is becoming increasingly common for bicyclists to record their rides using cycling computers and watches, the majority of which save the data they collect using the Flexible and Interoperable Data Transfer (.FIT) Protocol. As the contents of .FIT files are not readily accessible to users, the purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the differences induced by several common methods of analyzing .FIT files. We used a Garmin Edge 840 bicycle computer with a wireless wheel speed sensor to record ride data at both 1 Hz frequency and using the computer’s Smart Recording setting. The.FIT files were downloaded directly from the computer, uploaded to the test platforms, and then exported to .GPX, and/or .CSV formats: the platforms tested were Strava, RideWithGPS, Garmin Connect, and GoldenCheetah. Those same .FIT files were also converted directly to .CSV using the Garmin FIT Software Developer Kit (SDK) FitCSVTool utility, written to .KML files using a custom MATLAB script, and compared to

Sweet, David, Bretting, Gerald

Trajectory Tracking Fault-tolerant Control for Distributed Drive Electric Vehicles Considering Steering Actuator Faults

2025-01-8299To be published on 04/01/2025

Trajectory tracking control is a key component of vehicle autonomous driving technology. Compared with traditional vehicles, Distributed Driven Electric Vehicle (DDEV) is an ideal vehicle for trajectory tracking control because of its high space utilization, redundant control freedom and fast system response. However, the chassis execution system of DDEV has a relatively large number of sensors, which significantly increases its probability of failure. In this paper, we propose a trajectory tracking fault-tolerant control method for DDEV considering steering actuator faults. Firstly, we establish the dynamic model of the steering actuator and the trajectory tracking model of DDEV. The model is linearized and discretized by using Taylor series expansion and forward Euler method. Next, considering multi-objective constraints such as motion comfort, actuator saturation and road adhesion boundary, the trajectory tracking control strategy of DDEV is designed by using model predictive

Chen, Zhicheng, Teng, Yuhan

Parameter Virtual Calibration Method for Vehicle Path Tracking Controller Based on the Deep Reinforcement Learning

2025-01-8311To be published on 04/01/2025

Path tracking control, which is one of the most important foundations of autonomous driving, could help the vehicle to precisely and smoothly follow the preset path by actively adjusting the front wheel steering angle. Although there are a number of advanced control methods with simple structure and reliable robustness that could assist vehicles achieving path tracking, these controllers have many parameters to be calibrated, and there is a lack of guidance documents to help non-professional test site engineers quickly master calibration methods. Therefore, this paper proposes a parameter virtual calibration method based on the deep reinforcement learning, which provides an effective solution for parameter calibration of vehicle path tracking controller. Firstly, the vehicle trajectory tracking model is established through the kinematic relationship between the vehicle and the target path, combined with the Taylor series expansion linearization method. Next, a vehicle path tracking

Zhao, Jian, Guo, Chenghao, Zhao, HuiChao, Zhao, Yongqiang, Yu, Zhen, Zhu, Bing, Chen, Zhicheng

Reducing Power Consumption through Effective Data Sharing in Platooning Scenarios

2025-01-8051To be published on 04/01/2025

Platooning occurs when vehicles travel closely together to benefit from multi- vehicle movement, increased road capacity and reduced fuel consumption. This study focuses on the optimization of energy consumption under different driving scenarios and road conditions. To quantify the energy consumption, we first consider dynamic events that can affect driving, such as braking and sudden acceleration. In our experiments, we focused on modelling and analyzing the power consumption of autonomous platoons in a simulated environment. The main goal of experiments in a simulated environment is to develop a clear understanding of the different driving and road factors influencing power consumption and to identify optimization parameters. By simulating multiple driving scenarios under different road conditions, the key elements that influence energy consumption can be identified. The initial findings from the simulations suggest that by optimizing the inter- vehicle distances and keeping the

Khalid, Muhammad Zaeem, Azim PhD, Akramul, Rahman, Taufiq

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