Browse Topic: Computer simulation

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Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle-to-Home Strategy for Residential Power Supply Continuity and Load Management2026-24-0026To be published on 09/21/2026
Power supply continuity for household appliances during high-demand peaks or periods of low solar generation remains a critical challenge for modern residential energy systems. Hydrogen-powered Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) offer a compelling solution by extending their role from sustainable mobility to versatile mobile energy storage units. This study investigates the Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) operation of a high-performance fuel cell vehicle designed to provide backup power and peak-shaving capabilities in a domestic environment during high-demand or grid overload conditions. To evaluate this integration, a comprehensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation model was developed for a residential microgrid. The system comprises a photovoltaic array, a parallel battery energy storage system, and a Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle modeled according to the technical specifications of the Toyota Mirai, equipped with a high-efficiency 128 kW fuel cell stack (330 cells) and a dedicated 5.6 kg hydrogen
Federici, Leonardo, Pistritto, Antonino, Cozzolino, Raffaello
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Hydrogen Direct Injection in a CI Engine2026-24-0004To be published on 09/21/2026
Compression ignition (CI) engines are widely used in the transportation sector due to their high torque and efficiency. However, the current climatic framework limits their application, favouring the adoption of low- and zero-carbon technologies. In this context, hydrogen represents a viable energy source for driving CI engines towards clean combustion. The benefits of hydrogen enrichment in diesel engines have been extensively investigated, particularly in port fuel injection (PFI) configurations. In contrast, the addition of a hydrogen direct injection system within a Common Rail engine remains largely unexplored. In this work, a piezo-actuated outward-opening direct injector fuelled by hydrogen was investigated through a combined experimental and numerical approach. The experimental campaign was conducted on an optically accessible single-cylinder research engine (SCRE), with the injector mounted in the cylinder head. Different injection strategies were explored in terms of duration
Episcopo, Domenico, Rossetti, Salvatore, Mancaruso, Ezio, Saponaro, Gianmarco, Lorusso, Leonardo, Camporeale, Sergio, Laera, Davide
Comparative Analysis of BEV Performance from Simulated Environment and Physical Hardware Platform2026-24-0005To be published on 09/21/2026
The proliferation of simulation environments has accelerated technological progress across various scientific domains by offering a cost-effective and time-efficient framework for data acquisition and analysis. In the automotive sector, high-fidelity modeling of vehicle components and driving scenarios bypasses the logistical constraints associated with hardware procurement and the intensive requirements of large-scale testing infrastructures. However, pre-calibrated or native software models often imply simplified hypotheses, missing relevant aspects of the entire powertrain-to-wheel energy chain. This study presents a comparative analysis of battery performance within a battery electric vehicle (BEV) by synchronizing virtual simulations with experimental hardware at the test bench. The methodology involves the concurrent modeling of the driving environment, the vehicle chassis, and the propulsion system, followed by the execution of identical driving cycles on a physical platform
Sequino, Luigi, Sementa, Paolo, Altieri, Nunzio, Vaglieco, Bianca Maria, Sorrentino, Chiara
A Virtual-Physical Mapping Model for Aluminum Alloy Pitting Corrosion2026-99-1611To be published on 07/24/2026
Corrosion critically damages structural strength and affects the structural safety, so there is an urgent need for a method that can accurately model and predict corrosion. Digital twin technology offers new methodologies for corrosion research. This study develops a digital twin-enabled virtual-reality mapping model for simulating aluminum alloy pitting corrosion. The model accounts for the effect of temperature on corrosion and establishes temporal correlations between field conditions and simulations through damage factor (DF) analysis coupled with detailed fatigue rating (DFR) methodology. Experimental validation using 7A04 aluminum specimens confirms the model’s reliability, with maturity analysis demonstrating its applicability in aircraft corrosion research. Through numerical simulation methods, this study simulates the evolutionary law of pitting corrosion development, reflecting the level of structural pitting corrosion damage. This investigation establishes a fundamental
Lv, Shengli, Liu, Chenglong, Sun, Jingjue
Advanced Predictive Modeling of Pipeline Settlement in Rectangular Pipe Jacking Tunneling using Hybrid Deep Learning Techniques: A PSO-LSTM-Self Attention Approach2026-99-1648To be published on 07/24/2026
Nowadays, as computer technology makes quick progress, innovative algorithms like deep learning are getting used more and more in underground engineering and lots of other fields. When working on rectangular pipe jacking tunnel projects, accurately predicting the magnitude of pipeline settlement is really key to keeping the work moving smoothly. But traditional ground settlement prediction methods mainly rely on empirical formulas and numerical simulation software. When applied to tunnels with complex geometries, though, these methods usually don’t work as well as needed. To fix this problem, our study came up with a new model called PSO-LSTM-Self-Attention Mechanism (shortened to PSO-LSTM-SAM), specifically designed to predict pipeline settlement caused by rectangular pipe jacking work. This model takes the data collected from construction monitoring and uses that as the input for time series modeling work. That allows for in-depth analysis of real-time settlement data, and as a
Chen, Yi, Weng, Xiaoxuan, Zhang, Hong, Li, Yongsuo, Hu, Da
Seepage Detection in the Sealed Cabin of a Certain Type of Aircraft Based on an Enhanced Channel Attention Mechanism2026-99-1628To be published on 07/24/2026
With the advancement of the aviation industry, aircraft safety is a priority as closed cavities are susceptible to water infiltration during flight, which can lead to short circuits and operational problems. The current standard manual inspection is inefficient. Our paper describes an industrial vision inspection method that combines an enhanced channel attention mechanism with YOLOV9. 3,000 images generated by aircraft water penetration are replicated in a simulated environment, expanded to 6,000 by data enhancement techniques such as rotation and flipping, and then accurately annotated with targets for model training and validation. Feature extraction was improved on the standard YOLOV9 framework by adapting its weighting strategy to improve the SELayer channel attention mechanism to emphasize specific features of water infiltration. Experiments show a 4.7% improvement in accuracy on our dataset, with a single-frame inference time of 23 ms, which meets real-time requirements. This
Ye, Kaiyuan, Miao, Jun, Wang, Jianqiao, Huang, Yu, Lu, Panna
Study on the Aerodynamic Characteristics of Canard Configuration Missile Influenced by Aileron2026-99-1610To be published on 07/24/2026
The canard configuration has been widely adopted in short-range missiles. However, its main drawbacks include difficulties in roll control and a limited angle-of-attack (AoA) range. Compared to conventional canard missiles, the addition of a pair of control surfaces (referred to as “aileron”) behind the canard control surfaces achieves decoupling between the roll channel and pitch-yaw channel. To investigate the influence of ailerons on the aerodynamic characteristics of canard configuration missiles, numerical simulations were conducted for two typical flow conditions: subsonic (Mach 0.5) and supersonic (Mach2.0). The results show that the introduction of ailerons increases the normal force of missiles, causes the center of pressure to shift forward, and reduces the static stability of missiles, thus enhancing their maneuverability. When the ailerons control the roll channel, the effectiveness of the rolling moment remains consistent over the entire AoA range without adverse effects
Zhang, Zilun, Xu, Jiasheng, Mei, Zhiwei
Research on the Application of Eddy Current Retarders in Aircraft Arresting Systems2026-99-1621To be published on 07/24/2026
At present, the aircraft arresting system in our country is the fixed water turbine type. This kind of equipment cannot achieve the arrestment of multiple aircraft types, and the arresting distance cannot be adjusted. According to these problems of the aircraft arresting system in our country, the eddy current retarding device is added, based on the water turbine braking device of the aircraft arresting system. It derives the differential equation for an aircraft arresting system with a water turbine brake and eddy current retarder using mathematical modeling. Four types of aircraft parameters are selected, and MATLAB is used as a simulation tool to verify the reliability of the arresting system after installing the eddy current retarder. This research can improve the arresting support ability and make the arresting device meet the arresting requirements of different types of aircraft.
Wei, Yan, Feng, Chunchun, Wang, Jianwu, Li, Binghong, Yang, Yang
Biomimetic Design and Numerical Analysis of a VIV Suppression Fairing for Offshore Risers2026-99-1640To be published on 07/24/2026
As oil and gas exploitation advances into deep seas, risers linking offshore platforms and subsea extraction systems endure long-term complex marine loads. Fatigue damage from Vortex-Induced Vibration (VIV) has become a key factor limiting the safe operation of deep-sea engineering structures. To address this issue, a bionic adaptive rotating fairing, which is adjustable to ocean current directions, was designed. Its main components include buoyancy blocks, a fairing with spiral guide rails on the inner wall, and clamps, which work together to reduce VIV by regulating flow patterns. Numerical simulations of concave and convex fairings showed that under subcritical flow, shifting from a concave to convex cross-section gradually enhances the fairing’s drag and lift reduction effects on risers, with a steady improvement trend. Further comparisons were made between 0.25D convex fairings, 0.35D convex fairings, and bare risers, focusing on drag/lift reduction, vortex shedding frequency, and
Zhang, Xu, Song, Guangming, Wang, Baozhong, Zhao, Jinpeng, Chen, Qianshuo
Asteroid Landing Navigation Based on Invariant Extended Kalman Filter2026-99-1856To be published on 07/17/2026
Optical navigation serves as a critical modality for autonomous guidance during small celestial body landing missions. To address the inherent strong nonlinearities in both the lander’s dynamic model and optical observation model, this paper investigates an invariant extended Kalman filter algorithm based on Lie group structures. First, we establish the state model and optical observation model on the special Euclidean group. Subsequently, a linearized right-invariant error dynamics equation is derived using invariance theory, along with the formulation of state prediction models. Furthermore, the feature vector observation model is modified into a right-invariant observation form, enabling state correction through exponential mapping of innovation vectors. Numerical simulations using asteroid Eros 433 demonstrate that the proposed invariant extended Kalman filter (InEKF) outperforms the conventional extended Kalman filter (EKF) in both estimation accuracy and convergence speed
Liu, Zhengdong, ZHU, Shengying
Dynamic Characteristics Study of the Deployment Process of Aircraft Folding Wing2026-99-1860To be published on 07/17/2026
Folding wing mechanisms are widely applied in aircraft structural design. This design reduces the size of the aircraft, making it easier to store and transport. Whether the foldable wing can successfully deploy determines the completion of the flight mission. Therefore, it is crucial to study the kinematic and dynamic parameters of the mechanism during the deployment process. The deployment of the folding wing typically occurs within milliseconds. The flow field imposes aerodynamic loads on the mechanism, causing it to move, while the large deformation motion of the mechanism, in turn, affects the aerodynamic loads from the flow field. This is a typical fluid-structure interaction (FSI) process. Traditional CFD methods for solving the deployment process in a decoupled manner often result in large errors and cumbersome procedures. To investigate the aerodynamic loads and deformation of the folding wing mechanism during deployment, the ALE algorithm in LS-DYNA was selected to directly
Wei, Ting, Tong, Zongkai, Li, Naitian
Research and Analysis on Convergence in Hypersonic Slip Flow Numerical Simulation2026-99-1805To be published on 07/17/2026
With CFD technology, a numerical simulation method based on the Navier-Stokes (NS) equations with slip boundary conditions was established. For the flow conditions at altitudes of 60 km and 70 km with a Mach number of 20, the calculation convergence problem of slip flow was analyzed through a flat plate. The research shows that as the altitude increases, the degree of rarefaction increases, and the frictional drag decreases. Without slip, the viscous drag decreases from 17.8 N at an altitude of 60 km to 9.97 N at 70 km. With a slip, it decreases from 17.5 N to 9.63 N. After adding the slip condition, the calculation convergence is slower compared with that of the non-slip attached flow. The difference between the calculation results with and without slip increases as the altitude increases. During the iteration process, the difference between the cases with and without slip gradually decreases. The difference in viscous force between the cases with and without slip is 1.76% at 60 km
Hu, Junlin, Wang, Yaping, Gao, Yunguang, Wan, Lv, Pan, Sha
Hydrodynamic Analysis of Amphibious Aircraft Stability during Water Taxiing2026-99-1830To be published on 07/17/2026
When an amphibious aircraft is taxiing on a wavy water surface, the force of the water directly concentrates on the floats, directly affecting the stability of the aircraft’s taxiing process. The vortices generated by the wave undulations exert significant hydrodynamic forces on the floats, thus impacting the stability and maneuverability of the float’s taxiing process. This study uses CFD numerical simulation to simulate the float’s taxiing process on a wavy water surface. By comparing the pressure distribution and vortex contours of the float under different wave height parameters, the effect of wave height on the hydrodynamic mechanism can be elucidated. The results show that the effect of wave height on aircraft stability is closely related to the position of the impact point when the wave crest hits. At a wave height of 0.5 meters, if the impact point is close to the center of gravity, it can lead to instability of the aircraft. These conclusions provide an important theoretical
Zhang, Feifan, Li, Zhandong, Zhao, Jinfang, Kong, Fanwei, Qu, Ligang
Calculation and Analysis of Civil Aircraft Depressurization2026-99-1834To be published on 07/17/2026
Analysis of cabin depressurization is key to ensuring civil aircraft airworthiness safety. In this study, we use a comprehensive approach to analyze depressurization scenes under regulations such as CCAR 25.841. For cases with and without cabin altitude warnings, we calculated critical leakage areas using an orifice flow model and iterative numerical methods. This combines inputs like emergency descent envelopes, air supply rates, and cabin parameters. In our analysis, we evaluate system failure impact and structural breaches on cabin pressure dynamics. For cases where the critical leakage area failed to meet the limits, we use an equivalent safety analysis based on the Depressurization Exposure Index (DEI). This combines pressure and exposure duration to measure physiological risks. We validated this approach through Simulink simulations and case studies, and found that it supports airworthiness verification, emergency descent optimization, and structural design improvements. This
Zheng, Bian
A New Spike-Dual-Disk-Channel Concept with Openings on the Aerodisk2026-99-1841To be published on 07/17/2026
To reduce the drag and intense heating faced by the hypersonic vehicle during flight, a novel spike–dual-disk–channel configuration is proposed, featuring a slotted channel at the head and exhaust at the second aerodisk. Numerical simulations were conducted using Fluent at 30 km and 5 Ma in free-flow. The new configuration's comprehensive aerodynamic performance were evaluated and compared to those of the single-disk and dual-disk configurations. The simulation results indicate that the new configuration exhibits superior comprehensive aerodynamic performance compared to the single-disk configuration. In contrast to the dual-disk configuration, the new configuration slightly compromises drag reduction (by approximately 1%), but achieves significantly better thermal protection (by approximately 10%).
Luo, Shenxing, Fang, Shuzhou, Ye, Chen
Optimization of the Light Environment for the Remote Control Tower Humancomputer Interaction Interface Based on Ergonomics2026-99-1847To be published on 07/17/2026
The development of remote tower systems in aviation and the resurgence of multi-display interfaces and virtual environments have dramatically influenced ATC, increasing both controllers’ visual demands and their ergonomic needs. This study uses the Visual Ergonomics to study the impact of screen luminance level, along with color temperature, on trainees’ visual performance, fatigue, and physical discomfort in the control rooms of the Remote Tower. By combining a simulated remote control system with spectrometer measurements, PVT alertness tests, VMT (Visual Memory Test) measurements, and subjective evaluations, COST B21 can build up a multi-dimensional ergonomic assessment framework. Eight levels of display luminance (and color temperature) were tested, including two illuminance levels (300 lx and 400 lx) and four color temperature ranges (6000 K–9000 K). Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), these parameters were assigned weights to derive a Visual Ergonomics (VE) scoring model
Zhong, Linfeng, Hu, Ruohui, Luo, Peilin, Zuo, Qinghai, Zhong, Qingwei, Ai, Yi
Multi-Frame Centroid Extraction Method for Optical Navigation During the Approach Phase of Small Body2026-99-1851To be published on 07/17/2026
Autonomous optical navigation is one of the important navigation methods for the small bodies approach phase. To improve optical navigation performance during the approach phase to a small body, this paper presents a method for extracting the target centroid from sequential optical images. The process begins with fitting a minimum enclosing ellipse to the detected contours in each frame to obtain an initial estimate of the centroid. Building upon this, edge corner points across adjacent images are matched using normalized cross-correlation, and their displacement is tracked using optical flow techniques. The observed pixel trajectories are analyzed, and a predictive model of pixel motion is formulated based on the geometric relationship between the detector and the small body. By combining the directly extracted centroids with the predicted motion of key pixels, a fusion strategy is developed to improve the reliability of the centroid estimation. Finally, numerical simulation results
Liu, Jing, Zhu, Shengying
Research on Multi-Model Fusion Method for Small Satellite Abnormal State Detection Based on Machine Learning2026-99-1817To be published on 07/17/2026
Aiming at problems such as low efficiency and poor accuracy in fault identification for traditional small satellites, this paper proposes a multi-model fusion method based on machine learning. By constructing a telemetry data preprocessing module based on the Data Generation Adversarial Network, it effectively deals with outliers and fills missing values. Combining single model methods such as polynomial curve fitting, the grey model, and the ARMA model, and introducing the Long Short-Term Memory network and Gated Recurrent Unit to fuse with these models enhance the ability to process complex data features. The prediction results of each model are fused using machine learning methods, and finally, the fused value is taken as the final prediction result. The numerical simulation results show that this prediction method can predict the anomalies of different types of satellite telemetry parameters and has achieved good results.
Liu, Biyan, Chen, Ye, Guo, Qi
Numerical Simulation Study on the Transformation Process of Multiple Droplets into Liquid Films2026-99-1833To be published on 07/17/2026
The numerical simulation of the transformation process of multiple droplets into liquid films is a complex problem involving multiphase flow, interface dynamics, and heat and mass transfer. It usually requires the combination of fluid mechanics, interface science, and numerical calculation methods. Based on the smooth particle fluid dynamics method, this paper establishes a multiphase fluid-solid coupling interaction model among droplets, surrounding air and solid walls, and studies the dynamic change process of multiple raindrops dispersed in different grooves. The results show that when the contact Angle is small, the boundaries of multiple raindrops do not come into contact. The multiple raindrops evolve in their respective grooves and eventually form multiple raindrops that approach the steady-state contact Angle. The second situation is that the boundaries of multiple raindrops do not come into contact, the raindrops start to fuse, and multiple raindrops form a larger one. At this
Huo, Ye, Chen, Yongheng, Sun, Cunxiang
Cooperative Spacecraft Orbit Design for Small Body Exploration2026-99-1863To be published on 07/17/2026
To address the orbital design problem for cooperative observations with multiple spacecraft in small bodies exploration, this paper proposes an orbital design method that accounts for cooperative observation effectiveness, given the primary spacecraft’s orbital parameters and observation schedule. First, to accurately compute the visible regions on the small body surface, we develop a polyhedral equal-solid-angle resampling scheme based on the Hierarchical Equal Area iso-Latitude Pixelization (HEALPix), thereby constructing a pixel-based surface grid of the small body. Then, by taking the cooperative observed area ratio and the mean instantaneous field-of-view overlap ratio as effectiveness metrics, and the maneuver ΔV as a constraint, we formulate an optimization-based search strategy to solve for the optimal orbital configuration parameters within the search space. Numerical simulations show that the proposed method produces near-circular, non-coplanar configurations that satisfy
Cao, Yilin, Zhu, Shengying
Research on Battery Environment Heat Dissipation Control System2026-99-05357/10/2026
Batteries generate a large amount of heat during operation, and if it cannot be dissipated in a timely and effective manner, it will seriously affect the performance, lifespan, and even safety of the battery. Therefore, battery heat dissipation has become a key challenge in the development of new energy vehicles. The traditional liquid cooling system has problems such as complex design and control, and the need to improve heat dissipation efficiency. To address these issues, this study proposes an optimized design scheme for battery environment heat dissipation control system based on liquid cooling heat dissipation system. This study first conducted an in-depth analysis of the thermal generation mechanism of lithium-ion batteries and studied existing examples of thermal management schemes. On this basis, an innovative forward and reverse circulation device was designed, combined with a liquid cooling heat dissipation structure. The Keil uVision4 programming software was used to write
Ding, Xvqiang, Ni, Yiwei, Gu, Chen, Zhang, Jin, Chen, Mingyang, Jiao, Yunxiao
Design of a Quadrotor UAV Controller Based on Fractional-Order Sliding Mode2026-99-05857/10/2026
Aiming at the problems of model uncertainty, external disturbances and high-frequency chattering of traditional sliding mode control in complex working conditions for quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles, this paper proposes a control strategy based on fractional-order sliding mode. The quadrotor UAV control system has problems such as parameter uncertainty, multi-input multi-output, and sensitivity to internal and external disturbances. Traditional PID control has certain limitations. Sliding mode control has the advantages of strong robustness and simple implementation. Fractional-order calculus has hereditary and memory properties. The combination of the two has better control performance for nonlinear systems. To further improve the trajectory tracking performance of quadrotor UAVs, a fractional-order sliding mode controller is designed based on fractional-order theory and traditional sliding mode control. Finally, multiple experiments are conducted in Matlab/Simulink, including
Liu, Jingyi, Zhou, Qi, Wang, Jiajia, Lu, Zhaona
Study on the Effect of Flap Parameters on Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Marine Flap Rudder2026-99-05267/10/2026
By tweaking the flap’s deflection angle, the flap rudder significantly enhances the hydrodynamic performance. This study investigates the influence of the location of the flap rotation axis and the size of the flap’s deflection affect how well the rudder performs in the water, using computer simulations to obtain high-resolution flow-field data. The results demonstrate that the flap rudder consistently generates more lift than your standard rudder. Prior to stall, pushing the flap rotation axis further back results in less lift, but also less drag. For maximum lift at small or moderate angles of attack, a rotation axis located at 0.75 c provides the highest lift coefficient, whereas the 0.85 c configuration combined with δ = 25° offers the best compromise between postponed stall and maintained lift-to-drag ratio. Put the pivot at 85% chord and set the flap deflection to 25 degrees, and an optimal configuration is achieved in terms of lift and drag. The configuration yields a stall
Liu, Zirong, Wang, Jianming
Simulation Analysis and Optimization Design of Rim Clamping Mechanism2026-99-05337/10/2026
According to the working characteristics of the tire changer, the movement characteristics of its rim clamping mechanism are analyzed, and the complex movement structure is abstracted and simplified into four identical six-bar mechanism subunits. One of the subunits is taken as the research object, and the mathematical model of kinematic analysis is established. Using MATLAB software to simulate and analyze the motion law of each component, the mechanical characteristics of the component are analyzed. The optimization of the design parameters of the “six-bar mechanism subunit” is realized, the rim clamping mechanism becomes more stable, and the clamping force follows the diameter of the rim more closely.
Zhao, Fengqin, Zhou, Liyao, Wang, Mantong, Huo, Fengwei
Research on the Dynamic Simulation Method of Gearbox Based on ADAMS and MATLAB2026-99-05197/10/2026
The gearbox is a key component of the mechanical transmission system, and its fault diagnosis is essential to the reliability of the equipment. However, obtaining fault samples under actual working conditions for gearbox fault diagnosis is challenging. In this paper, the rigid-flexible coupling dynamic simulation model of the gearbox is established, and the co-simulation of gear normal, crack, and breakage is carried out in the ADAMS and MATLAB environments. The comparison between the simulated and measured signals shows that the simulation method can accurately reflect the key characteristics, such as rotation frequency and meshing frequency, and verify its reliability and accuracy. The research results can provide effective data support for gearbox fault diagnosis and improve the operational safety of mechanical systems.
Li, Dongxiao, Zhang, Qianqi, Zhang, Zhongzheng, Li, Yongbo
Research on One-Way Multi-Lane Overtaking Based Warning System2026-99-05577/10/2026
In order to improve the driving safety of one-way multi-lane overtaking behavior, this paper designs and validates an overtaking warning system. By analyzing the dynamic characteristics and potential risks of the overtaking process, the prediction model of overtaking time and target lane safety gap is constructed, key parameters such as safety time distance and vehicle parameters are introduced, and three levels of danger levels and corresponding warning strategies are set. MATLAB simulation is used to verify the design of three types of typical overtaking scenarios (safe, cautious, and dangerous), and the test results show that the system can effectively differentiate the risk levels and output the warning consistent with the expectation, which verifies the reasonableness of the model and strategy
He, Yuanli, Mu, Junjie, Luo, Ying, Zhang, Wang, Wang, Qianwei
Mind the Gap: Quantifying Behavioral Fidelity in CARLA Using Naturalistic Drone Data2026-01-07717/1/2026
Rigorous validation of SAE Levels 3 and 4 autonomous systems increasingly relies on simulation. However, the simulation-reality gap remains a challenge for human-in-the-loop assessments. This study empirically quantifies the behavioral fidelity of the Car-Learning-to-Act (CARLA) simulator by recreating specific real-world traffic scenarios using the high-precision exiD drone dataset. Twenty-five participants performed a series of maneuvers, including lane changes and time-critical cut-ins. Their performance was analyzed using Dynamic Time Warping (DTW), driver profiling, and Time-to-Collision (TTC) metrics. The findings reveal a clear distinction between relative and absolute behavioral validity. In strategic decision-making tasks, the simulation demonstrated remarkably high temporal fidelity. DTW analysis explained 94% of the trajectory variance. Participants initiated lane changes with an average lag of -9 frames (0.36 s) compared to naturalistic references. These results indicate
Rebling, Patrick, Alphan, Metehan, Nenninger, Philipp
Dynamic Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles2026-01-07487/1/2026
This paper investigates the electromagnetic and circuit-level performance of an inductive power transfer (IPT) system for dynamic wireless charging of electric vehicles (EVs). Key design parameters affecting power transfer efficiency (PTE) are examined through a simplified Series–Series (SS) compensated IPT model using a Double-D coil geometry with shielded ferrite backing, developed in MATLAB. The framework evaluates the effects of air gap, lateral misalignment, load resistance, and operating frequency on overall system efficiency. Results show that PTE is highly sensitive to spatial alignment, with significant efficiency losses at air gaps greater than 10 cm and misalignments beyond 15 cm. A combined 3D surface plot confirms the compounded nonlinear influence of both parameters. Load resistance analysis identifies an optimal range of approximately 10–15 Ω, while frequency analysis indicates peak performance near 85 kHz, consistent with standard guidelines. These findings validate
Abdelrahman, Marwan, Sodre, Jose Ricardo
Passive Thermal Management of Battery Disconnect Units for Fast-Charging Electric Vehicles: A Comparative Study of Phase Change Material Heat Transfer Configurations2026-01-07597/1/2026
The widespread adoption of electric vehicles is currently hindered by long charging durations and limited infrastructure. While fast-charging technologies address these issues, they impose significant thermal loads on high-voltage components. Within this architecture, the Battery Disconnect Unit plays a critical role as it monitors and controls the connection between the battery, powertrain, and charging system. However, the high currents required for fast-charging often drive these units' temperatures beyond safe operating limits, necessitating advanced thermal solutions that do not require extensive redesigns of the vehicle's electrical layout. To address this challenge, this study proposes a passive thermal management solution using Phase Change Material heat transfer devices to enhance the thermal robustness of the component. The methodology employs a dual approach involving initial experimental testing to pinpoint specific thermal hotspots under high-power conditions, followed by
Salameh, Georges, Goumy, Guillaume, Frecinaux, Anthony, Ratajczack, Christelle, Palluel, Marlène, Noiseau, Pascal, Lardeux, Sébastien
Vision-Language Model Training for Code Generation from Requirements and Model-Based Artifacts2026-01-07707/1/2026
Recent advancements in Vision-Language Models have opened new possibilities for bridging the gap between Systems Engineering artifacts and automated code generation. Traditional Large Language Models are primarily trained on textual data and generic code repositories, which limits their ability to interpret graphical engineering artifacts such as Simulink block diagrams or system architecture models. In safety-critical domains like the automotive industry, these graphical models are central to development workflows and must remain closely aligned with textual requirements and implementation code to ensure traceability, compliance, and functional correctness. This paper proposes a Vision-Language Model-centered multimodal training framework for code generation that integrates textual requirements, graphical model-based artifacts, and annotated source code into a unified learning process. By leveraging models which combine vision encoders with language backbones, the approach enables the
Padubrin, Marcel, Kulzer, Andre Casal, Guerocak, Erol
Analytical Magnetic Circuit Modeling and Parameter Estimation of a PMSM for Spatial Harmonics and Radial Forces Characterization2026-01-06776/20/2026
This paper presents an analytical model for three-phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) based on Magnetic Equivalent Circuits (MECs). The approach combines a reduced magnetic network, formulated in the complex domain to simplify the mathematical development, with an offline parameter estimation procedure systematically applied for different harmonic orders. This enables the model to capture the spatial dependence of permeance variations and reproduce inductance and magnetic flux nonlinearities, while maintaining generality, physical interpretability, and computational efficiency. Numerical simulations are compared with Finite Element (FE) results to validate the model’s ability to predict current and torque harmonics and the resulting radial electromagnetic forces, demonstrating its suitability for fast Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) analysis and vibroacoustic optimization.
Luciano, Ludovica, Doria-Cerezo, Arnau, Salamone, Nicolò
Single Microphone Sound Source Localisation in Partially Known Environments Using Sequential Spatial Sampling2026-01-06816/20/2026
Sound source localization is a fundamental capability for environmental awareness in a wide range of applications, including automotive or automated vehicles. Microphone-array-based signal processing techniques are widely used for this task. However, achieving sufficient localization accuracy often requires a large number of microphones and wide array apertures, which can be incompatible with limited installation space and cost constraints. Moreover, standard array-processing methods often rely on free-field transfer functions. In environments with reflections, diffraction, and scattering, particularly under non-line-of-sight conditions, this mismatch can degrade both accuracy and interpretability. This paper presents a methodology for sound source localization in partially known environments that addresses these challenges by combining two ideas. First, the method reduces sensor requirements by exploiting sequential pressure measurements acquired at different spatial locations along a
Pirro, Giovanni Battista, Nijman, Eugene, Deckers, Elke, Denayer, Hervé
Impact of Door Dynamics on Vehicle Interior Low-Frequency Vibro-Acoustics2026-01-06796/20/2026
Interior acoustics represent an essential component of driving comfort in electric vehicles. Numerical simulation is an effective approach for assessing design concepts and enhancing acoustic performance. However, a fully coupled vibro-acoustic model for an entire vehicle remains computationally infeasible. Our approach couples mechanical and acoustic modal models on non-conforming interfaces in the low-frequency range, allowing independent mode combinations. Modal coupling reduces the computational effort significantly from full-order systems with millions of degrees of freedom to a selection of modes of the acoustic and mechanical systems. Modal models of the vehicle structure are derived from measurements with a laser-vibrometer and accelerometers while the interior acoustics are simulated numerically. Since laser-vibrometer measurements are restricted to the vehicle’s exterior surfaces and vibro-acoustic coupling occurs between the inner structural surface and the interior fluid
Gutbrod, Manuel, Gabriel, Christoph, Müller, Gregor Johannes, Toth, Florian
A Simplified Layered Model for Large-Scale Impact Simulations of Li-Ion Prismatic Cells14-15-02-00126/16/2026
This article presents a novel finite element modeling approach to predict the mechanical response of jellyrolls in large-scale explicit crash simulations up to the experimental occurrence of internal short-circuit. The proposed simplified layered model embeds membrane elements within a solid element mesh to improve the prediction in load cases dominated by the buckling and sliding of the jellyroll’s layered structure. The model was validated against experimental results from in-plane, out-of-plane, and bending tests on jellyroll samples extracted from prismatic lithium-ion cells. The experimental results confirmed the jellyroll’s high compressibility under out-of-plane loads and its behavior as a collection of unconnected layers under in-plane and bending loading. Compared to the widely used crushable foam model, the simplified layered model offered additional flexibility, especially for in-plane and bending load cases. Additionally, it meets critical time increment requirements for
Cioni, Daniele, Morin, David, Strating, Arjan, Kizio, Stephan, Costas, Miguel
A Holistic CFD Methodology for Full- and Multi-Cycle Simulation of Hydrogen Direct-Injection Internal Combustion Engines2026-37-00166/9/2026
Hydrogen is emerging as a viable energy carrier for the decarbonization of internal combustion engines (ICEs), representing a necessary step toward the long-term sustainability of this technology. In particular, hydrogen direct injection (DI) operation is receiving increased attention due to its inherent advantages over port fuel injection (PFI), such as reduced risks of abnormal combustion, higher specific power, and improved thermal efficiency. However, the mixture preparation process in DI operation generally leads to a stratified charge, especially under intermediate-to-late injection strategies, which in turn strongly affects ignition, combustion performance, and engine-out emissions. Therefore, investigating mixture formation, its key influencing parameters, and the resulting effects on the combustion process is essential for the proper design and optimization of hydrogen-fuelled DI ICEs. In this context, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) emerges as a powerful tool to address
Capecci, Marcolucio, Lucchini, Tommaso, Sforza, Lorenzo, Pezza, Vincenzo, Tosi, Sergio
Numerical Simulation of Spark-Ignited Flame Kernels towards Prospective Application to Hydrogen SI Engines2026-37-00156/9/2026
The ongoing energy transition demands the decarbonization of the transport sector, for which the use of premixed hydrogen in spark-ignition (SI) engines appears very promising. However, modeling the combustion of the lean hydrogen/air mixtures required for safe, efficient, and low-NOx engine operation involves multiple open issues. Correct prediction of flame kernel initiation and growth is a difficulty that hydrogen shares with hydrocarbon fuels, while properly accounting for the instabilities that characterize lean hydrogen flames is an additional demanding task. In this work, a 1D kernel expansion model of general validity recently proposed by the authors is implemented into OpenFOAM, an open-source 3D CFD software package, to enable numerical simulation of expanding spark-ignited flame kernels. Firstly, the OpenFOAM framework is presented focusing on XiFluid, its flame propagation model based on a regress variable whose evolution depends on the laminar flame speed. Then, the
Dotteschini, Enrico, Pretto, Marco, Giannattasio, Pietro, Gadalla, Mahmoud
Development and Validation of a One-Dimensional Model for an Opposed-Piston Free-Piston Engine Generator with Parametric Analysis2026-37-00216/9/2026
Opposed-piston free-piston engine generators (OFPEGs) are emerging as a promising technology for next-generation hybrid and electrified transportation systems due to their high efficiency, reduced mechanical complexity, and improved noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) characteristics. However, due to eliminating the conventional crankshaft mechanism and directly coupling a free-piston engine with linear generators, performance of OFPEG systems is governed by a strong coupling between piston dynamics, in-cylinder combustion processes, and electrical loading conditions. This coupling presents substantial challenges for system design, control, and optimization, limiting the further development and application of OFPEGs. Existing researches lack a comprehensive numerical model that integrates detailed in-cylinder thermodynamic process with control system of linear generator, and quantitative analysis of the effect of piston motion trajectory on system performance remains insufficiently
Wang, Jiayu, Morandi, Nicola, Lucchini, Tommaso, FENG, HUIHUA, Jia, Boru, Ren, Peirong
An Investigation on Eppler 387 and Selig 1223 Airfoils Integrated Wing Section for Solar-Powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle2026-01-50356/3/2026
This study examines the aerodynamic performance of a wing section incorporating high-lift airfoils for use in a solar-powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) operating at low speeds. This paper evaluates the aerodynamic performance of a wing section integrated with high-lift airfoils for application in a solar-powered UAV. The primary objective is to simulate low-speed flight conditions representative of solar-powered UAV missions in order to obtain relevant aerodynamic parameters by adopting Eppler 387 and Selig 1223 airfoils. Experimental and Numerical simulations are performed over a range of angles of attack to systematically assess key aerodynamic coefficients, including the coefficient of lift (Cl), coefficient of drag (Cd), and coefficient of pressure (Cp) to sustain the flight physics and steady level flight. A scaled prototype of the wing section is experimentally evaluated in a low-subsonic wind tunnel to validate the computational results under low-speed operating conditions
D., Lakshmanan, Swaminathan, Selvam
PMHS Sled Testing of Reclined Small Female Occupants: Pelvic Dynamics and Injury Evaluation2026-22-00015/28/2026
As automated vehicle technologies enable increased seat recline angles during travel, understanding the biomechanics of injury under these novel occupant postures becomes imperative. This study evaluated the pelvis injury response and associated kinematics of reclined small female post-mortem human surrogates (PMHS) subjected to frontal sled tests across three restraint configurations. Each configuration varied in seat stiffness and the presence of a knee bolster to assess their influence on pelvic dynamics and submarining risk. Nine PMHS tests were conducted using a consistent reclined posture (38° thorax, 75–80° pelvis angle) and production restraint systems. Submarining probability was estimated using a validated logistic regression referenced from previous study. Distinct pelvic kinematics, fracture patterns, and associated injury mechanisms emerged across the test configurations in the current dataset. Configuration 1, featuring a stiffer seat without a knee bolster, exhibited
Somasundaram, Karthik, Driesslein, Klaus, Pintar, Frank A.
Intelligent Vehicle Trajectory Tracking Control Using ILQR-MPC15-19-02-00085/23/2026
Trajectory tracking control is a core technology in intelligent vehicle autonomous driving systems, directly influencing both driving safety and control accuracy. To overcome the limitations of traditional model predictive control (MPC) in real-time performance under complex operating conditions, as well as the limited robustness of linear quadratic regulators (LQR) against system uncertainties, this article proposes a hybrid iterative LQR–MPC (ILQR-MPC) control strategy. First, a dynamic model of the intelligent vehicle is developed to capture its behavior during high-speed driving and cornering. Next, an ILQR-MPC hybrid framework is designed. By exploiting the rapid iterative optimization capabilities of the ILQR algorithm, an initial control sequence is generated for the MPC, thereby reducing the computational load during MPC’s online rolling-horizon optimization. This approach preserves MPC’s advantages in handling constraints and maintaining robustness against parameter variations
Lai, Fei, Sun, Junhao, Huang, Chaoqun
Research on Temperature Measurement Requirements for Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage Water Pits2026-99-17055/22/2026
Solar seasonal thermal energy storage technology is an important means to solve the problem of seasonal uneven distribution of solar resources, and as the core component, the thermal storage capacity of the water pit directly affects the performance of the whole system. Accurately mastering the water pit temperature is essential for scientifically evaluating its thermal storage capacity. Based on the thermal storage water pit simulation software developed in the laboratory, this study focuses on determining the optimal number of temperature measurement points required for seasonal thermal energy storage water pits under an accuracy requirement of ±0.1°C, and establishes the mathematical relationship between the number of measurement points and the height-diameter ratio (H/D) as well as the inlet position. The proposed method can cover the temperature measurement point design for cylindrical and frustum-shaped water pits, and can also be referenced for prism-shaped configurations
Niu, Pengbin, Ma, Jianfu, Wang, Fangxing, Qi, Shiyu
Research on the Construction Scheme of Offshore Approach Embankment Based on Marine Environmental Elements2026-99-17075/22/2026
Based on the measured hydrological and meteorological data of Pikou Port Area, this paper adopts the numerical simulation method to analyze the impacts of different construction schemes of the approach embankment on the hydrological dynamics and scouring and silting environment in the project area. The results show that the flow velocity increases and the sedimentation rate decreases at the head of the approach embankment and in the permeable area, while the flow velocity decreases and the sedimentation rate increases on both sides. Through comparison, it is found that during the flood tide peak, the variation range of the flow velocity in Scheme One is 4.45 km2, slightly larger than that in Scheme Two; during the ebb tide peak, the variation range of the flow velocity in Scheme One is 13.87 km2, smaller than that in Scheme Two; and the variation range of scouring and silting in Scheme One is 2.55 km2, smaller than that in Scheme Two. From the perspectives of berthing stability and
Fei, Chengpeng, Chen, Mingbo, Zhou, Fang, Wang, Shiyue, Zhou, Siyang, Zhang, Fang
Research on Optimization Method for Composite Material Layup of 14MW-Class Wind Turbine Blade Structure2026-99-17265/22/2026
As the trend toward larger wind turbines continues, the increasing length of blades imposes higher demands on their structural properties. And in actual engineering, wind turbine blade accidents occur frequently. Consequently, ultra-long flexible blades at the hundred-meter scale typically employ composite materials. However, due to the high cost of composites, it is necessary to minimize blade weight to control costs. This study utilizes the MATLAB simulation platform combined with pattern search algorithms to optimize the composite layup of large wind turbine blade structures. The structural properties of the optimized design are then compared and analyzed against those of the reference structure. Simultaneously investigate the impact of different loads on the optimization results. The results demonstrate that the pattern search algorithm can optimize blade layup thickness, spar chordwise position, and spar width, yielding a new blade structure with improved performance. During
Cao, Guangchuan, Guo, Xia, Meng, Hang
Aerodynamic Performance and Wake Characteristics of Floating Offshore Wind Turbine under Pitch Motion2026-99-17155/22/2026
In actual marine environments, the aerodynamic behavior and wake properties of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) are largely shaped by the pitching movement of their supporting platforms. The present study examines the aerodynamic performance and wake characteristics of a complete wind turbine system, encompassing its blades, nacelle, and tower, through the application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the overset mesh method. This paper conducts an in-depth examination of how the amplitude and period of pitching motion influence the aerodynamic loads and flow field associated with wind turbines. The power and wake velocity results calculated in the study are compared with those obtained from numerical simulations by other researchers. The results indicate that the mesh and simulation parameters employed in this research precisely capture the aerodynamic characteristics and flow field surrounding the turbine. This work deliberates on how the amplitude and period of pitch
Chen, Wei, Chen, Jian, Chen, Ye, Sun, Haiying
Assessment of Flexibility Adequacy in Power Systems and Flexibility Resource Allocation2026-99-17175/22/2026
With the introduction of China’s dual-carbon goals (carbon peak and carbon neutrality), renewable energy has experienced rapid development in the country, particularly wind energy, which has established a pivotal role within the new energy sector. However, the inherent fluctuations in wind power generation pose significant challenges to maintaining grid stability and operational reliability. In power systems where the proportion of installed wind power capacity has significantly increased, the allocation of flexible resources becomes crucial. These resources help the system adapt to fluctuations in wind power generation and load demand, avoid wind power curtailment, and reduce costs. In addition, energy storage enhances grid flexibility and stabilizes renewable energy, but is constrained by high costs. Therefore, optimizing energy storage allocation and improving its economic efficiency have become urgent issues. This study focuses on flexibility adequacy assessment and resource
Peng, Jian, Wei, Jinpeng, Zhu, Zhengyin, Hu, Jianmin, Li, Yuxiang, Miao, Gang, Zhang, Huaide
Coordinated Stability Control for Active Rear Steering Vehicles Based on Dynamic Stability Region2026-99-07135/15/2026
To improve the handling stability of four-wheel steering/drive vehicles under complex high-speed maneuvers, this study proposes a coordinated control strategy that incorporates Active Rear Steering (ARS) and Direct Yaw Moment Control (DYC) based on a dynamic stability region. Firstly, a four-wheel steering vehicle dynamics model including lateral motion and yaw motion is established, and the ideal values of the control variables are determined. Secondly, combined with the fuzzy control theory and double-line method, the boundary of the dynamic stability region is obtained in the sideslip angle-sideslip angle rate β−β̇ phase plane, and the vehicle state is categorized into stable, unstable, and critical stable region. Then, A hierarchical control architecture is designed based on the stability boundary. The upper controller comprehensively solves the target rear wheel angle and additional yaw moment through feedforward feedback control; the coordinated control layer allocates control
Nie, Kehe, Chen, Jin, Wang, Falong, Li, Ren, Bai, Xianxu
Research on Hole Enlargement Process and Modeling Optimization for Type III Hydrogen Storage Tanks2026-99-07205/15/2026
The global automotive industry is accelerating its transition toward low-carbon solutions, with hydrogen fuel cell vehicles offering core advantages of zero emissions and extended range. Their critical component is the Type III fiber-wound hydrogen storage tank, whose performance directly impacts vehicle operational safety and driving range. This technology has now achieved widespread adoption. However, two significant challenges persist in the dome region of these tanks: first, modeling accuracy is difficult to control due to dynamic variations in thickness and winding angles; second, fiber thickness buildup frequently occurs near the pole holes. These issues compromise both the design reliability and manufacturing quality of hydrogen storage tanks. Therefore, this study adopted a combined approach of theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. First, based on composite mechanics theory and calibrated with experimental data (Tensile, Compression, and Shear Tests on NOL and
Wang, Jianguo, Zhang, Qian, Cao, Xuewen, Zheng, Xuanxuan, Li, Jiajie
Study on the Hierarchical Control Algorithm of SMES-BESS Hybrid Energy Storage Based on VMD and Fuzzy Control2026-99-07105/15/2026
In China, the installed capacity of renewable energy sources such as wind and photovoltaic power has ranked first in the world for consecutive years, and new energy has become a core driver of energy structure transition. However, the strong volatility and intermittency of new energy output seriously affect the safe and stable operation of the power system, and high-efficiency energy storage technology is the key to solving this problem. Focusing on the short-term high-power charging and discharging characteristics of high-temperature superconducting magnets (SMES), this study proposes a Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) that combines SMES with Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) to enhance the short-term power support capability of electrochemical energy storage. Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) is introduced to establish a multi-level power allocation method, which addressing issues such as mode mixing, end effects, and low decomposition efficiency that are prone to occur in
Liu, Haiyang, Wang, Pengfei, Zhou, Wen, Lu, Jing, Wu, Yanan, Yin, Yunkuo, Jiang, Liping
Low Voltage Ride Through Strategy for Grid-Forming Converters Based on Adaptive Line Impedance and Current Constraint2026-99-07365/15/2026
To address the challenge of balancing voltage support and current limitation in grid-forming converters (GFCs)—a challenge induced by the uncontrollability of active power during transient faults in microgrids and weak grids—a low voltage ride through (LVRT) strategy utilizing adaptive virtual impedance with a variable resistance-to-inductance ratio is proposed. This strategy is designed to maximize the satisfaction of reactive power support and current limiting characteristics. By adaptively generating virtual impedance based on changing line parameters, the method enables adaptation to large disturbance conditions involving variations in line impedance and Short Circuit Ratio (SCR). First, a transient model of the virtual impedance for GFCs is established to clarify the transient instability mechanism. During the transient period, the power loop is controlled to prevent power angle divergence. Second, the influence mechanism of virtual impedance on reactive current and output current
Pang, Bo, Yang, Xiangzhen, Liu, Fang
Secondary Control Method for Parallel DC-DC Converters under FDI Attacks Based on Sliding Mode Observer2026-99-07085/15/2026
Currently, with the continuous development of electric vehicles, DC microgrids have attracted widespread attention due to their flexible access methods and high energy transmission efficiency. However, since the distributed secondary control of DC microgrids relies on information exchange through communication networks, false data injection (FDI) attacks on these networks may cause control algorithms to fail, leading to voltage deviations, output current imbalance, and in severe cases, system instability. This study focuses on DC microgrids based on parallel DC–DC buck converters and proposes a distributed secondary control strategy based on a sliding mode observer to address FDI attacks. By treating the system's FDI attack signals as an extended state, an extended sliding mode observer is designed to track the attack signals. Based on the observed attacks, a control algorithm is proposed that compensates the control inputs through the observer, ensuring proportional sharing of bus
Sun, Wei, Chen, Jing, Yu, Jinzhu, Yuan, Weibo, Peng, Bo, Lin, Fei
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