Trajectory planning is a major challenge in robotics and autonomous vehicles, ensuring both efficient and safe navigation. The primary objective of this work is to generate an optimal trajectory connecting a starting point to a destination while meeting specific requirements, such as minimizing travel distance and adhering to the vehicle’s kinematic and dynamic constraints. The developed algorithms for trajectory design, defined as a sequence of arcs and straight segments, offer a significant advantage due to their low computational complexity, making them well-suited for real-time applications in autonomous navigation. The proposed trajectory model serves as a benchmark for comparing actual vehicle paths in trajectory control studies. Simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed method across various scenarios.

Soundouss, Halima, Msaaf, Mohammed, Belmajdoub, Fouad

Hydrogen Operation Strategies in a Turbocharged SI Engine: Challenges and Solutions

03-18-04-0024

06/05/2025

Hydrogen is a promising fuel for internal combustion engines, offering the potential for efficient, environmentally friendly, and reliable operation. With a large number of technical challenges, there is currently no mass production of hydrogen-powered engines despite great efforts. One of the key challenges is the complexity of optimizing hydrogen combustion and its control. Despite the variety of proposed operation strategies, questions regarding their comparative efficiency, interrelation, and mutual influence remain open, particularly in turbocharged engines with direct multi-injection. To explore various hydrogen operation strategies, a mathematical simulation of a turbocharged hydrogen-powered engine was performed over its full range of loads and speeds. This study employed a modified mathematical model based on Wiebe functions, which describes the combustion of a premixed mixture in the flame front, diffusion combustion, and relatively slow combustion occurring behind the flame

Osetrov, Oleksandr, Haas, Rainer

A Microgrid Vehicle-to-Grid Energy Scheduling Optimization Algorithm Based on Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II

2025-01-5035

05/30/2025

With the rapid expansion of the electric vehicle (EV) market, the frequency of grid-connected charging has concentrated primarily during peak hours, notably from 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m., resulting in substantial demand surges during both morning and evening periods. Such uncoordinated charging patterns pose potential challenges to the stability and economic efficiency of power systems. As vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology advances, facilitating bidirectional energy exchange between EVs and smart grids, the need for optimized control of EV charging and discharging behaviors has become critical to achieving effective peak shaving and valley filling in the grid. This paper proposes a microgrid energy scheduling optimization algorithm based on existing smart grid and EV charging control technologies. The method establishes a multi-objective optimization model with EVs’ 24-h charging and discharging power as decision variables and microgrid load rate, load

Fan, Longyu, Chen, Yuxin, Zhang, Dacai

Design Space Exploration of a Continuous Rubber Track System via Surrogate Modeling

02-18-04-0023

05/26/2025

Continuous rubber track systems for heavy applications are typically designed using multiple iterations of full-scale physical prototypes. This costly and time-consuming approach limits the possibility of exploring the design space and understanding how the design space of that kind of system is governed. A multibody dynamic simulation has recently been developed, but its complexity (due to the number of model’s inputs) makes it difficult to understand and too expensive to be used with multi-objective optimization algorithms (approximately 3 h on a desktop computer). This article aims to propose a first design space exploration of continuous rubber track systems via multi-objective optimization methods. Using an existing expensive multibody dynamic model as original function, surrogate models (artificial neural networks) have been trained to predict the simulation responses. These artificial neural networks are then used to explore the design space efficiently by using optimization

Faivre, Antoine, Rancourt, David, Plante, Jean-Sébastien

Variable Speed Limit Control Based on Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient under Mixed Traffic Environment

12-09-01-0004

05/06/2025

The existing variable speed limit (VSL) control strategies rely on variable message signs, leading to slow response times and sensitivity to driver compliance. These methods struggle to adapt to environments where both connected automated vehicles (CAVs) and manual vehicles coexist. This article proposes a VSL control strategy using the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm to optimize travel time, reduce collision risks, and minimize energy consumption. The algorithm leverages real-time traffic data and prior speed limits to generate new control actions. A reward function is designed within a DDPG-based actor-critic framework to determine optimal speed limits. The proposed strategy was tested in two scenarios and compared against no-control, rule-based control, and DDQN-based control methods. The simulation results indicate that the proposed control strategy outperforms existing approaches in terms of improving TTS (total time spent), enhancing the throughput efficiency

Ding, Xibin, Zhang, Zhaolei, Liu, Zhizhen, Tang, Feng

A Study on Active Sound Design and Control Method for Vehicle Interior Hybrid Noise to Enhance Sound Quality

2025-01-0011

05/05/2025

With the current popularity of new energy vehicles and the continuous development of intelligent cabin technology, the demand for acoustic comfort within automotive cockpit is increasing. A multi-channel feedforward active sound design and control method was proposed to improve the sound quality of the hybrid broadband road and narrowband order noise inside the test vehicle. The method selectively designed the target amplitudes for broadband noise and narrowband noise in the vehicle to satisfy passengers comfort, mainly including the sound design phase and the control phase. During the sound design phase, objective sound quality parameter analysis was first conducted on the noise of the prototype vehicle, followed by an subjective evaluation of the sound quality with rating scale method. An active acoustic design strategy focusing on comfort, motivation sense were proposed, including a formula for the target amplitude of adjustment order and sound pressure level. The sound quality was

Liu, Xuexian, Xu, Wenxuan, Li, Rubin, Lu, Lu

Sonic Boom Velocity and Altitude Sensitivity Analysis of a Hypersonic Aircraft Concept

2025-01-0035

05/05/2025

During the last decades there has been a renewed interest in the development of a new generation of supersonic aircraft for civil purposes with limited implications to the environment. However, the noise generated by supersonic aircraft during supersonic flight, commonly referred to as "sonic boom", still creates annoyance to community on the ground that prohibits supersonic overland flight. To prepare for the advent of a new generation of supersonic aircraft and to define new regulations for them, an increasing number of sonic boom studies is being published. This paper presents numerical simulations of the sonic boom of a hypersonic (Mach 5) aircraft concept during the full flight envelope, including a sensitivity analysis of the two parameters velocity and altitude. The extensive simulations characterize the sonic boom distribution on ground, which is usually referred to as “sonic boom carpet”, caused by the aircraft for different speeds between Mach 1.2 and Mach 5.0, and for two

Graziani, Samuele, Jäschke, Jacob Jens, Viola, Nicole, Gollnick, Volker

Numerical Prediction of Fluid Flow Noise with a Hybrid CFD-Acoustics Approach

2025-01-0031

05/05/2025

This paper presents a fully parallelized Computational Acoustics (CA) module, integrated within the Simerics-MP+ platform, developed for the prediction of noise source power and far-field propagation across a range of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) applications. Utilizing the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FWH) acoustic analogy, the CA module seamlessly integrates with existing CFD workflows, offering minimal computational overhead with less than a 5% increase in runtime. Extensive validation has been conducted against analytical, numerical, and experimental data in various acoustic scenarios, including monopole and dipole noise emissions, flow around slender bodies, circular cylinders and aero-propellers. These validation studies underscore the reliability of the framework in accurately identifying noise sources and assessing the impact of design modifications, significantly reducing the need for expensive physical prototyping in industries such as automotive and aerospace. Building

Taghizadeh, Salar, Czwielong, Felix, Becker, Stefan, Varghese, Joel, Raj, Gowtham, Dhar, Sujan

Evaluation of Material Damping Ratio of 2-Wheeler Electronic Ignition Switch Module to Enhance its Finite Element Model Physics for Harmonic Response

2025-01-0109

05/05/2025

The proposed work performs the detailed investigation of material damping ratio for different Electronic Ignition Switch Module (EISM) used in two-wheeler automobiles. A Finite Element Method (FEM) based simulation model has been developed. The simulation is performed by matching the failure areas of critical components in the assembly with physical sinusoidal vibration based shaker table test. The results (particularly breakage) have been reproduced by utilizing different damping ratios for the assembly. The damping ratio parameter is further utilized to perform FEM based harmonic response analysis for different EISM and evaluate critical structural breakage zones. The breakage zones predicted by simulation are found to be aligned with breakage zones depicted by shaker table sinusoidal test results. The simulation outcomes are validated, specifically considering the damping ratio parameter. The FEM based harmonic response analysis has been performed for a particular acceleration

Shah, Viren, Kalurkar, Shantanu, Kumar, Rahul, Kushari, Subrata, Miraje, Jitendra, D, Suresh, Parandkar, Parag

Simulation and Experimental: Enhanced Stability Control of Electric Vehicle Based on Phase Plane Boundary Analysis

10-09-02-0017

05/05/2025

To optimize vehicle chassis handling stability and ride safety, a layered joint control algorithm based on phase plane stability domain is proposed to promote chassis performance under complicated driving conditions. First, combining two degrees-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model considering tire nonlinearity with phase plane theory, a yaw rate and side slip angle phase plane stability domain boundary is drew in real time. Then based on the real-time stability domain and hierarchical control theory, an integrated control system with active front steering (AFS) and direct yaw moment control (DYC) is designed, and the stability of the controller is validated by Lyapunov theory. Finally, the lateral stability of the vehicle is validated by Simulink and CarSim simulations, real car data, and driving simulators under moose test and pylon course slalom test. The experimental results confirm that the algorithm can enhance the maneuverability and ride safety for intelligent vehicles.

Liao, Yinsheng, Zhang, Zhijie, Su, Ailin, Zhao, Binggen, Wang, Zhenfeng

Characterize the Sound Field Generated from a Vehicle Horn by Pellicular Analysis

2025-01-0058

05/05/2025

To predict the sound field produced by a vehicle horn requires a good source representation of it in the full vehicle model. This paper investigates the characterization of a physical vehicle horn by an inverse method called pellicular analysis. To implement this method, firstly an acoustic testing is performed to measure the sound pressure radiated from the horn at a certain number of microphone locations in a free field environment. Based on the geometry of a virtual horn, the locations of each microphone and measured sound pressure data, pellicular analysis is adopted to recover a set of vibration pattern of the virtual horn. The virtual horn and the recovered vibration information are then incorporated in a full vehicle numerical model to simulate its exterior sound field. The validity of this approach is confirmed by comparing the prediction for a horn in a production vehicle to the corresponding physical test which is required to meet the Brazilian regulation CONTRAN 764/2018.

Yang, Wenlong, Melo, Andre

Experimental Investigation on Genetic Algorithm Optimized Proportional Integral Derivative Based Active Suspension System

2025-01-0014

05/05/2025

In this work, Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimized Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller is employed in the active suspension. The PID gain values are optimally tuned based on the objective function by the Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE) criteria of various suspension measures like vehicle body displacement, suspension and tire deflections. The proposed GAPID controller is experimentally validated through the 3-DOF quarter-car (QC) test rig model. The fabricated model with passive suspension system (PASS) and active suspension system (ACSS) with an electrical actuator is presented. The schematic representation of the fabricated test set-up with and without ACSS is also illustrated. Further, simulation and experimental response of the fabricated model with and without ACSS are compared. It is identified that the proposed GAPID controller attenuates the sprung mass acceleration by about 41.64 % and 29.13 % compared with PASS for the theoretical as well as experimental cases

A, Arivazhagan, Kandavel, Arunachalam

Development of Offline Simulation Software for Active Sound Design in Electric Vehicles

2025-01-0017

05/05/2025

With the increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), Active Sound Design (ASD) has become a crucial method for enhancing both sound quality and the overall driving experience, addressing the absence of the distinctive engine sounds found in internal combustion vehicles. This paper presents an ASD offline simulation software developed on the MATLAB platform. The software integrates a vehicle dynamics model with three key sound synthesis algorithms—order synthesis, pitch shifting, and granular synthesis—enabling comprehensive control strategy development, real-time sound playback, and rapid adjustments. It comprises multiple functional modules, including configuration, order generation, pitch shifting, and granular synthesis interfaces, offering a user-friendly environment for flexible sound parameter tuning under various simulated driving conditions. Users can easily configure vehicle dynamics, adjust gain values, and visually manipulate sound parameters to create a customized ASD

Qian, Yushu, Xie, Liping, Xiong, Chenggang, Liu, Zhien

Application of AI/ML in Hydrobush Tuning to Enhance Overall Value Proposition

2025-01-0132

05/05/2025

In the highly competitive automotive industry, optimizing vehicle components for superior performance and customer satisfaction is paramount. Hydrobushes play an integral role within vehicle suspension systems by absorbing vibrations and improving ride comfort. However, the traditional methods for tuning these components are time-consuming and heavily reliant on extensive empirical testing. This paper explores the advancing field of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in the hydrobush tuning process, utilizing algorithms such as random forest, artificial neural networks, and logistic regression to efficiently analyze large datasets, uncover patterns, and predict optimal configurations. The study focuses on comparing these three AI/ML-based approaches to assess their effectiveness in improving the tuning process. A case study is presented, evaluating their performance and validating the most effective method through physical application, highlighting the potential

Hazra, Sandip, Khan, Arkadip Amitava

Navigating Evolving Vehicle NVH Challenges with Application of Emerging Technologies in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

2025-01-0130

05/05/2025

The multifaceted, fast-paced evolution in the automotive industry includes noise and vibration (NVH) behavior of products for regulatory requirements and ever-increasing customer preferences and expectations for comfort. There is pressing need for automotive engineers to explore new and advanced technologies to achieve a ‘First Time Right’ product development approach for NVH design and deliver high-quality products in shorter timeframes. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are trending transformative technologies reshaping numerous industries. AI enables machines to replicate human cognitive functions, such as reasoning and decision-making, while ML, a branch of AI, employs algorithms that allow systems to learn and improve from data over time. The purpose of the paper is to show an approach of using machine learning techniques to analyze the impact of variations in structural design parameters on vehicle NVH responses. The study begins by executing the Design of

Miskin, Atul R., Parmar, Azan, Raj, Sonia, Himakuntla, Uma Maheswar

Data-Driven Machine Learning Approach for Rattle Risk Mitigation

2025-01-0126

05/05/2025

In the modern automotive industry, squeak and rattle issues are critical factors affecting vehicle perceived quality and customer satisfaction. Traditional approaches to predicting and mitigating these problems heavily rely on physical testing and simulation technologies, which can be time-consuming and resource-intensive, especially for larger models. In this study, a data-driven machine learning approach was proposed to mitigate rattle risks more efficiently. This study evaluated a floor console model using the traditional simulation-based E-line method to pinpoint high-risk areas. Data generation is performed by varying material properties, thickness, and flexible connection stiffness using the Hammersley sampling algorithm, creating a diverse and comprehensive dataset for generating a machine learning (ML) model. Utilizing the dataset, the top contributing variables were identified for training the ML models. Various machine-learning models were developed and evaluated, and the

Parmar, Azan, Rao, Sohan, Reddy, Hari Krishna

Image Processing-Based Chip Detection by KIZKI Algorithm and Its Optimization

2025-01-0168

05/02/2025

The process of producing aircraft parts involves the drilling of aluminum alloys. This creates a large amount of chips, which are removed using air, but sometimes they still remain within the holes. This is checked by inspectors through visual inspection. However, the quality of human inspection varies based on skill level and fatigue. Thus, image-based inspection should be used to stabilize and further improve inspection quality. This study aims to build a framework for chip detection based on image processing. Taking into account on-site implementation, the system must have low installation and running costs and be standalone. Therefore, we adopt the KIZKI algorithm, which satisfies these conditions. KIZKI means awareness in Japanese. This is a model of human peripheral vision and saccades. It does not require training like AI and can achieve high-speed and high-performance detection using a low-performance computer. In other words, there is no need for a computer with an expensive

Iinuma, Marin, Sato, Junya, Tsuji, Masahiko

Approach to Optimize the Airplane Boarding Process by Using Image Recognition and Stochastic Simulation to Predict Overhead Bin Fill Levels

2025-01-0164

05/02/2025

In single-aisle aircraft, the available storage space for carry-on baggage is inherently limited. When the aircraft is fully booked, it often results in insufficient overhead bin space, necessitating last-minute gate-checking of carry-on items. Such disruptions contribute to delays in the boarding process and reduce operational efficiency. A promising approach to mitigate this issue involves the integration of computer vision technologies with an appropriate data storage system and stochastic simulation to enable accurate and supportive predictions that enhance planning, reduce uncertainty, and improve the overall boarding process. In this work, the YOLOv8 image recognition algorithm is used to identify and classify each passenger’s carry-on baggage into predefined categories, such as handbags, backpacks, and suitcases. This classified data is then linked to passenger information stored in a NoSQL database MongoDB, which includes seat assignments and the number of carry-on items

Bergmann, Jacqueline, Hub, Maximilian

Determining Worst-Case Execution Time Bounds for Multi-Core Processors

2025-01-0155

05/02/2025

Demonstrating deadline adherence for real-time tasks is a common requirement in all safety norms. Timing verification has to address two levels: the code level (worst-case execution time) and the scheduling level (worst-case response time). Determining which methodology is suited best depends on the characteristics of the target processor. All contemporary microprocessors try to maximize the instruction-level parallelism by sophisticated performance-enhancing features that make the execution time of a particular instruction dependent on the execution history. On multi-core systems, the execution time additionally is influenced by interference effects on shared resources caused by concurrent activities on the different cores, which are not controlled by the scheduling algorithm. In the avionics domain, the new FAA AC 20-193 / EASA AMC 20-193 guidance documents formalize predictability aspects of multi-core systems and derive adequate measures for timing verification. Timing verification

Kaestner, Daniel, Gebhard, Gernot, Huembert, Christian, Pister, Markus, Wegener, Simon, Ferdinand, Christian

Machine Learning-Based Vision Mapping and Planning for Flexibility in High-Mix Robotic Manufacturing

2025-01-0157

05/02/2025

Industries that require high-accuracy automation in the creation of high-mix/low-volume parts, such as aerospace, often face cost constraints with traditional robotics and machine tools due to the need for many pre-programmed tool paths, dedicated part fixtures, and rigid production flow. This paper presents a new machine learning (ML) based vision mapping and planning technique, created to enhance flexibility and efficiency in robotic operations, while reducing overall costs. The system is capable of mapping discrete process targets in the robot work envelope that the ML algorithms have been trained to identify, without requiring knowledge of the overall assembly. Using a 2D camera, images are taken from multiple robot positions across the work area and are used in the ML algorithm to detect, identify, and predict the 6D pose of each target. The algorithm uses the poses and target identifications to automatically develop a part program with efficient tool paths, including

Langan, Daniel, Hall, Michael, Goldberg, Emily, Schrandt, Sasha

Innovative High-Performance Active Dampers for Effective Mitigation of Helicopter Main Rotor Vibrations

2025-01-0163

05/02/2025

Helicopter vibrations, primarily generated by the main rotor-gearbox assembly, are a major source of concern due to their impact on structural integrity, cockpit instrument durability, and crew comfort. These vibrations are mainly transmitted through the gearbox’s rigid support struts to the fuselage, leading to increased cabin noise and potential damage to critical components. This paper presents a solution for vibration mitigation which involves replacing traditional gearbox support struts with low-weight, high-performance active dampers. Developed by Elettronica Aster S.p.A., these active dampers are designed as electro-hydraulic actuators embedded within a compliant structure. The parallel nested configuration of the system enables high power densities and effective vibration control, significantly reducing the transmission of harmful vibrations to the fuselage. The comprehensive model-based design process is detailed, describing the development and use of a high-fidelity physics

Bertolino, Antonio Carlo, Sorli, Massimo, Porro, Paolo Giovanni, Galli, Claudio

A New, Simple Method to Speed Cache Sifting

TBMG-53030

05/01/2025

Computer scientists have invented a highly effective, yet incredibly simple, algorithm to decide which items to toss from a web cache to make room for new ones. Known as SIEVE — a joint project of computer scientists at Emory University, Carnegie Mellon University, and the Pelikan Foundation — the new open-source algorithm holds the potential to transform the management of web traffic on a large scale.

Damping and Vibration Characteristics of Carbon Fiber Sandwich Beams with Corrugated Cores

05-19-01-0005

04/26/2025

Composite sandwich beams are widely favored for their high strength-to-weight ratio, so understanding their vibration characteristics is important for optimizing designs in critical industries. This study investigates, through experimental and statistical analyses, the impact of core geometry on the vibration characteristics of epoxy/carbon fiber composite sandwich beams featuring sinusoidal and trapezoidal cores. Modal tests were conducted to determine natural frequencies, damping ratios, and mode shapes. The height and angle of the cores were treated as key independent factors influencing the beams’ vibration characteristics. In both of the cores the damping ratio values increased about 25% and 35% with increasing the height and angle of the sinusoidal and trapezoidal cores, respectively. Additionally, response surface methodology (RSM) was used for statistical analysis of these input parameters’ effects on damping properties, and the optimal values of core’s geometries were

Alwan, Majeed A., Abbood, Ahmed Sh., Farhan, Arkan J., Azadi, Reza

Cross-Scene Traffic Target Detection and Recognition Based on Improver YOLOv5s

12-09-01-0003

04/24/2025

Aiming at the problem of insufficient cross-scene detection performance of current traffic target detection and recognition algorithms in automatic driving, we proposed an improved cross-scene traffic target detection and recognition algorithm based on YOLOv5s. First, the loss function CIoU of insufficient penalty term in the YOLOv5s algorithm is adjusted to the more effective EIoU. Then, the context enhancement module (CAM) replaces the original SPPF module to improve feature detection and extraction. Finally, the global attention mechanism GCB is integrated with the traditional C3 module to become a new C3GCB module, which works cooperatively with the CAM module. The improved YOLOv5s algorithm was verified in KITTI, BDD100K, and self-built datasets. The results show that the average accuracy of mAP@0.5 is divided into 95.1%, 72.2%, and 97.5%, respectively, which are 0.6%, 2.1%, and 0.6% higher than that of YOLOv5s. Therefore, it shows that the improved algorithm has better detection

Ning, Qianjia, Zhang, Huanhuan, Cheng, Kehan

Transient Failure Analysis of Alloy Steel Welded Joints under Sudden Tension Load Condition

05-18-03-0025

04/21/2025

The study aims to evaluate the transient failure behavior of welding joints that are exposed to sudden tensile loading. The Mohr–Coulomb criterion’s fundamental theories are examined and evaluated. The failure function of Mohr’s envelope is first expanded into a polynomial in terms of the stress components (σp , τxy ) on the failure region up to the third order. Using ANSYS software, the transient failure response of welding joints was simulated. The Runge–Kutta fourth-order computational technique was employed to perform numerical analysis on transient failure response. Python software is used to develop a computer code for the time-dependent failure response of welding joints. The welded joint specimen is tested with the help of a UTM machine. The analytical results are compared with experimental results. A fractography study was carried out on the welded joint of the failure surface. In this context, the main focus is on SEM and EDS methods to determine the exact type of failure

Chavan, Shivaji, Raut, D. N.

Dynamic Analysis of Intake and Exhaust Valve Motion in a High-Performance 4-Stroke Engine. Part1 - Experimental Measurement of Valve Motion Using a High-Frequency Laser Sensor

2024-32-0083

04/18/2025

The motion of the intake and exhaust valves plays a pivotal role in determining operational efficiency and performance, especially in high-specific power 4-stroke engines. At high rpm levels, the dynamic behavior of the valve may deviate from the kinematic model established during the design phase. This discrepancy arises due to the high accelerations and forces to which the valve and other components of the valvetrain system are subjected. Notably, under such conditions, the valve may detach from the cam profile at the conclusion of the opening stroke and can exhibit a bouncing behavior during the closing stroke. Moreover, the elasticity of all valvetrain system elements introduces additional complexities. Factors such as timing chain elongation, camshaft carrier deformation, and valve stem compression can contribute to a deviation in phase compared to the initially defined kinematics. Within this context, the direct measurement of the valves motion represents fundamental information

Grilli, Niccolò, Romani, Luca, Raspanti, Sandro, Bosi, Lorenzo, Ferrara, Giovanni, Trassi, Paolo, Fiaschi, Jacopo, Guarducci, Edoardo

Numerical Investigation of Electrolyte Feed System Designs at the Stack Level of Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries

2024-32-0068

04/18/2025

The rise of electric vehicles (EVs) highlights the need to transition to a renewable energy society, where power is generated from sustainable sources. This shift is driven by environmental, economic, and energy security concerns. However, renewable energy sources like wind and solar are intermittent, necessitating extensive energy storage systems. Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) are promising for large-scale energy storage due to their long cycle life, scalability, and safety. In VRFBs, cells are typically connected in series to increase voltage, with electrolytes introduced through parallel flow channels using a single manifold. This design, while simple and low in pressure drop, often leads to imbalanced flow rates among cells, affecting performance. Balancing flow rates is crucial to minimize uneven overpotential and enhance durability, presenting an optimization challenge between achieving uniform flow and minimizing pressure drop. This study developed numerical models to

Suwanpakdee, Nut, Aiemsathit, Poramet, Charoen-amornkitt, Patcharawat, Suzuki, Takahiro, Tsushima, Shohji

Enhancements in Hydrogen Low Pressure Injection on Small Two-Stroke Engines

2024-32-0047

04/18/2025

The use of small 2-stroke crankcase scavenged engines running on hydrogen is very attractive for low power rates, when low cost and compact dimensions are the fundamental design constraints. However, achieving optimal performance with hydrogen fuel presents challenges, including uneven air-fuel mixtures, fuel losses, and crankcase backfiring. This research focuses on a small 50cc 2-stroke loop-scavenged engine equipped with a patented Low-Pressure Direct Injection (LPDI) system, modified for hydrogen use. Experimental results demonstrate performance comparable to the gasoline counterpart, but further optimizations are needed. Consequently, CFD-3D simulations are employed to analyses the injection process and guide engine development. The numerical analysis focuses on a fixed operating condition: 6000 rpm, Wide Open Throttle (WOT), with a slightly lean mixture and injection pressure fixed at 5 bar. A numerical model of the entire engine is set up with the primary objective of improving

Caprioli, Stefano, Schoegl, Oliver, Oswald, Roland, Kirchberger, Roland, Mattarelli, Enrico, Rinaldini, Carlo Alberto

Novel Statistical Modelling-Based Approach for Exhaust Mass Flow Calculation in Motorcycles

2024-32-0072

04/18/2025

The exhaust mass flow measurement for motorcycles poses a unique challenge due to presence of pulsations arising from an unfavorable combination of the engine displacement-to-exhaust system volume ratio and the long or even unequal ignition intervals. This pulsation phenomenon significantly impacts the accuracy of the differential pressure-based measurement method commonly employed in on-board measurement systems for passenger cars. This paper introduces an alternative approach calculating exhaust mass flow in motorcycles, focusing on statistical modelling based on engine parameters. The problem at hand is rooted in the adverse effects of pulsations on the differential pressure-based measurement method used in the EFM. The unfavorable combination of engine characteristics specific to motorcycles necessitates a novel approach. Our proposed alternative involves utilizing readily available OBD parameters, namely engine speed and calculated engine load as there is mostly no data for intake

Schurl, Sebastian, Sturm, Stefan, Schmidt, Stephan, Kirchberger, Roland

Dynamic Analysis of Intake and Exhaust Valve Motion in a High-Performance four Stroke Engine. Part 2 - Development of a Numerical Model for the Simulation of the Valvetrain

2024-32-0084

04/18/2025

The intake and exhaust valve motion have, as known, a pivotal role in determining engine operation and performances. When dealing with high specific power engines, especially at high rpm, the dynamic behavior of the valve can differ from the kinematic one defined during the design phase. This is related to the high acceleration and forces to which the valve and the other components of the valvetrain system are subjected. In particular, the valve can detach from the cam profile at the end of the opening stroke, and it can show a bouncing behavior during the closing stroke. In addition, all the elements of the valvetrain system are not infinitely rigid and aspects such as the timing chain elongation, the camshaft torsion and the valve stem compression can determine a change in phase with respect to the kinematic one. Since the high complexity level of valvetrains, advanced numerical simulations are mandatory to deeply analyze the behavior of the whole mechanism and each subsystem. The

Tarchiani, Marco, Romani, Luca, Raspanti, Sandro, Bosi, Lorenzo, Ferrara, Giovanni, Trassi, Paolo, Fiaschi, Jacopo

Estimationof Loads and Frame Deformation on Motorcycle Handling

2024-32-0012

04/18/2025

Motorcycle frames have been designed based on static stiffness, which are frame characteristics related to stability and maneuverability. With this approach, lightweight frames have been designed, while achieving stability and maneuverability have been an ongoing trial-and-error process. To further improve them, studies on dynamic frame deformation in motion have already been reported. However, the mechanism that can explain the relationship between frame deformation and motorcycle dynamics has not been clarified yet. It is necessary to clarify the relationship between frame deformation and the change in load acting on the vehicle due to frame deformation. In this study we focus on the relationship between time history deformation of the frame and the combined loads that cause such deformation. Focusing on the transient response during turns related to motorcycle handling, the dominant frame deformation and load relationships are identified. For this objective, we propose a method to

Sakamoto, Kazunobu

Learned Human Eye Gaze for Object Tracking: A Preliminary Study

09-13-01-0004

04/15/2025

Visual object tracking technology is the core foundation of intelligent driving, video surveillance, human–computer interaction, and the like. Inspired by the mechanism of human eye gaze, a new correlation filter (CF) tracking algorithm, named human eye gaze (HEG) tracking algorithm, was proposed in this study. The HEG tracking algorithm expanded the tracking detection idea from the traditional detection-tracking to detection-judging-tracking by adding a judging module to check the initial and retrack the unreliable tracking result. In addition, the detection module was further integrated into the edge contour feature on the basis of the HOG (histogram of oriented gradients) extracting feature and the color histogram to reduce the sensitivity of the algorithm to factors such as deformation and illumination changes. The comparison conducted on the OTB-2015 dataset showed that the overall overlap precision, distance precision, and center location error of the HEG tracking algorithm were

Jiang, Yejie, Jiang, Binhui, Chou, Clifford C.

Compatibility between Stability and Curving Ability of Railway Vehicles Using Conventional and Unconventional Bogie Frame Models

02-18-03-0014

04/09/2025

This article analyses the fundamental curving mechanics in the context of conditions of perfect steering off-flanging and on-flanging. Then conventional, radial, and asymmetric suspension bogie frame models are presented, and expressions of overall bending stiffness kb and overall shear stiffness ks of each model are derived to formulate the uniform equations of motion on a tangent and circular track. A 4 degree of freedom steady-state curving model is formulated, and performance indices such as stability, curving, and several parameters including angle of attack, tread wear index, and off-flanging performance are investigated for different bogie frame configurations. The compatibility between stability and curving is analyzed concerning those configurations and compared. The critical parameters influencing hunting stability and curving ability are evaluated, and a trade-off between them is analyzed. For the verification, the damped natural frequencies and mean square acceleration

Sharma, Rakesh Chandmal, Sharma, Sunil Kumar, Palli, Srihari, Rallabandi, Sivasankara Raju, Sharma, Neeraj

Research on Joint Interference Suppression Strategy for Vehicle-Mounted Millimeter-Wave Radar

2025-01-8014

04/01/2025

In response to the issue of mutual interference among vehicle-mounted millimeter wave radars, this paper studies the widely used Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar. Firstly, a mathematical model of the working mechanism of FMCW radar is established, analyzing the interference mechanism of signals between FMCW radars from the perspectives of power level and signal waveform. Combining relevant research from domestic and international scholars, a joint interference suppression strategy is proposed, and three practical scenarios—following a vehicle, meeting another vehicle, and an intersection—are selected for validation. Finally, a microstrip antenna for the 77GHz frequency band of millimeter wave radar was designed according to actual requirements, and its beam scanning and low sidelobe weighting methods were verified.

Zhang, Ji, Han, Shuangqing

Tiny Spectral Sensor Identifies Materials

TBMG-52857

04/01/2025

Researchers have combined miniaturized hardware and intelligent algorithms to create a cost-effective, compact powerful tool capable of solving real-world problems in areas like healthcare.

Road Feel Simulation Feedback in a Bi-Directional Controlled Steer-by-Wire Front Steering System for Automobiles

2025-01-8297

04/01/2025

This study analyzes feedback and control methods for road feel simulation in automotive steer-by-wire front steering systems based on bidirectional control. Unlike traditional road feel design methods, this research employs a force-direct feedback-position type bidirectional control structure for the SBW system. It explores the mechanism of road feel generation in Electric Power Steering systems and designs a road feel simulation algorithm based on bidirectional control. Compared to conventional methods, the force direct feedback-position type bidirectional control method enables faster and more stable simulation of road feel torque. In low-speed driving, this approach provides higher steering ease, while at high speeds, the driving stability is enhanced, and both scenarios achieve an improved road feel. In the research, a complete vehicle model is established in Simulink at first, followed by a co-simulation with CarSim. A magic formula tire model and a nonlinear two-degree-of-freedom

Wang, Yuxuan, Zheng, Hongyu, Kaku, Chuyo, Zong, Changfu

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